The Old Russian chronicle of the XII century "The Tale of Bygone Years" introduces us to a very interesting event which happened in 862. It was in this year that the Varangian Rurik was invited by the Slavic tribes to reign in Novgorod.

This event became fundamental in counting the beginning of statehood Eastern Slavs and received the conditional name "The Calling of the Varangians." It is from Rurik that the countdown of the rulers of the Russian lands begins. Our history is very rich. It is filled with both heroic and tragic events, and all of them are inextricably linked with specific personalities that history has placed in chronological order.

Novgorod princes (862-882)

Novgorod princes of the pre-Kiev period. The state of Rurik - this is how the emerging Old Russian state can be called conditionally. According to The Tale of Bygone Years, this time is associated with the calling of the Varangians and the transfer of the capital to the city of Kyiv.

Kiev princes (882-1263)

We refer the rulers to the Kievan princes Old Russian state and Kiev principality. From the end of IX to early XIII century, the throne of Kyiv was considered the most prestigious, and it was occupied by the most authoritative princes (as a rule, from the Rurik dynasty), who were recognized by the rest of the princes in the order of succession to the throne. At the end of the 12th century, this tradition began to weaken, the influential princes did not personally occupy the throne of Kyiv, but sent their proteges to it.

Ruler	Years of government	Note
Yaropolk Svyatoslavich
Svyatopolk Vladimirovich	1015-1016; 1018-1019
Izyaslav Yaroslavich
Vseslav Bryachislavich
Izyaslav Yaroslavich
Svyatoslav Yaroslavich
Vsevolod Yaroslavich
Izyaslav Yaroslavich
Vsevolod Yaroslavich
Svyatopolk Izyaslavich
Mstislav Vladimirovich the Great
Yaropolk Vladimirovich
Vyacheslav Vladimirovich
Vsevolod Olgovich
Igor Olgovich	August 1146
Izyaslav Mstislavich
Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky
Vyacheslav Vladimirovich	August 1150
Izyaslav Mstislavich	August 1150
	August 1150 - early 1151
Izyaslav Mstislavich
Vyacheslav Vladimirovich		co-ruler
Rostislav Mstislavich	December 1154
Izyaslav Davydovich
Izyaslav Davydovich
Mstislav Izyaslavich
Rostislav Mstislavich
Izyaslav Davydovich
Rostislav Mstislavich
Vladimir Mstislavich	March - May 1167
Mstislav Izyaslavich
Gleb Yurievich
Mstislav Izyaslavich
Gleb Yurievich
Mikhalko Yurievich
Roman Rostislavich
Yaropolk Rostislavich		co-ruler
Rurik Rostislavich
Yaroslav Izyaslavich
Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich	January 1174
Yaroslav Izyaslavich	January - 2nd half 1174
Roman Rostislavich
Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich
Rurik Rostislavich	late August 1180 - summer 1181
Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich
Rurik Rostislavich	summer 1194 - autumn 1201
Ingvar Yaroslavich
Rurik Rostislavich
Rostislav Rurikovich	winter 1204 - summer 1205
Rurik Rostislavich
Vsevolod Svyatoslavich Chermny	August - September 1206
Rurik Rostislavich	September 1206 - Spring 1207
Vsevolod Svyatoslavich Chermny	spring - October 1207
Rurik Rostislavich	October 1207 - 1210
Vsevolod Svyatoslavich Chermny	1210 - summer 1212
Ingvar Yaroslavich
Mstislav Romanovich
Vladimir Rurikovich
Izyaslav Mstislavich	June - late 1235
Vladimir Rurikovich	late 1235-1236
Yaroslav Vsevolodovich	1236 - 1st half of 1238
Vladimir Rurikovich
Mikhail Vsevolodovich
Rostislav Mstislavich
Daniel Romanovich
Mikhail Vsevolodovich
Yaroslav Vsevolodovich

Grand Dukes of Vladimir (1157-1425)

The Grand Dukes of Vladimir are the rulers of North-Eastern Russia. The period of their reign begins with the separation of the Rostov-Suzdal principality from Kyiv in 1132 and ends in 1389, after the entry of the Vladimir principality into the Moscow principality. In 1169, Andrei Bogolyubsky captured Kyiv and was proclaimed the Grand Duke, but did not go to Kyiv to reign. From that time on, Vladimir received the status of grand duke and turned into one of the most influential centers of the Russian lands. After the start Mongol invasion Vladimir princes are recognized in the Horde as the oldest in Russia, and Vladimir becomes the nominal capital of the Russian lands.

Ruler	Years of government	Note
Mikhalko Yurievich
Yaropolk Rostislavich
Mikhalko Yurievich
Yuri Vsevolodovich
Konstantin Vsevolodovich
Yuri Vsevolodovich
Yaroslav Vsevolodovich
Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich	1246 - early 1248
Mikhail Yaroslavovich Khorobrit	early 1248 - winter 1248/1249
Andrey Yaroslavovich
Yaroslav Yaroslavovich Tverskoy
Vasily Yaroslavovich Kostroma
Dmitry Alexandrovich Pereyaslavsky	December 1283 - 1293
Andrey Alexandrovich Gorodetsky
Mikhail Yaroslavovich Tverskoy
Yuri Danilovich
Dmitry Mikhailovich Terrible Eyes (Tverskoy)
Alexander Mikhailovich Tverskoy
Alexander Vasilievich Suzdalsky
		co-ruler
Semyon Ivanovich Proud
Ivan II Ivanovich Red
Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy	early January - spring 1363
Dmitry Konstantinovich Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod
Vasily Dmitrievich

Moscow princes and grand dukes (1263-1547)

During the period of feudal fragmentation, Moscow princes were increasingly at the head of the troops. They managed to get out of conflicts with other countries and neighbors, seeking a positive solution to their own political issues. Moscow princes changed history: they overthrew Mongolian yoke restored the state to its former glory.

Ruler	Years of government	Note
	nominally 1263, actually from 1272 (no later than 1282) - 1303
Yuri Danilovich
Semyon Ivanovich Proud
Ivan II Ivanovich Red
Vasily II Vasilyevich Dark
Yuri Dmitrievich	spring - summer 1433
Vasily II Vasilyevich Dark
Yuri Dmitrievich Zvenigorodsky
Vasily Yurievich Kosoy
Vasily II Vasilyevich Dark
Dmitry Yurievich Shemyaka
Vasily II Vasilyevich Dark
Dmitry Yurievich Shemyaka
Vasily II Vasilyevich Dark
		co-ruler Basil II
Ivan Ivanovich Young		co-ruler
Dmitry Ivanovich Vnuk		co-ruler
		co-ruler of Ivan III

Russian tsars

Rurikovichi

In 1547 the sovereign of all Russia and Grand Duke Moscow Ivan IV Vasilyevich the Terrible was crowned tsar and received full title“Great Sovereign, by the grace of God the Tsar and Grand Duke of All Russia, Vladimir, Moscow, Novgorod, Pskov, Ryazan, Tver, Yugorsky, Perm, Vyatsky, Bulgarian and others”; subsequently, with the expansion of the borders of the Russian state, the title was added "Tsar of Kazan, Tsar of Astrakhan, Tsar of Siberia", "and the ruler of all the Northern countries."

Godunovs

Godunovs - ancient Russian noble family, which after the death of Fedor I Ivanovich became Russian royal dynasty (1598-1605).

Time of Troubles

At the very beginning of the 17th century, the country was struck by a deep spiritual, economic, social, political and foreign policy crisis. It coincided with the dynastic crisis and the struggle of boyar factions for power. All this has brought the country to the brink of disaster. The impetus for the beginning of the Troubles was the suppression of the royal dynasty of Rurikovich after the death of Fedor I Ioannovich and the not very clear policy of the new royal dynasty of the Godunovs.

Romanovs

The Romanovs are a Russian boyar family. In 1613, a Zemsky Sobor was held in Moscow to elect a new tsar. The total number of electors exceeded 800 representing 58 cities. The election of Mikhail Romanov to the throne put an end to the Troubles and gave rise to the Romanov dynasty.

Ruler	Years of government	Note
Mikhail Fedorovich
Patriarch Filaret		Co-ruler of Mikhail Fedorovich from 1619 to 1633 with the title "Great Sovereign"
Fedor III Alekseevich
Ivan V Alekseevich		Ruled until 1696 with his brother
		Until 1696 he ruled jointly with his brother Ivan V

Russian emperors (1721-1917)

The title of Emperor of All Russia was adopted by Peter I on October 22 (November 2), 1721. This adoption took place at the request of the Senate after the victory in northern war. The title lasted until February Revolution 1917.

Ruler	Years of government	Note
Peter I the Great
Catherine I
Anna Ioannovna
Elizaveta Petrovna
Catherine II the Great
Alexander I
Nicholas I
Alexander II
Alexander III
Nicholas II

Provisional government (1917)

In February 1917, the February Revolution took place. As a result, on March 2, 1917, Emperor Nicholas II abdicated the Russian throne. Power was in the hands of the Provisional Government.

After October revolution In 1917, the Provisional Government was overthrown, the Bolsheviks came to power and began building a new state.

These people can be considered formal leaders only because the post of General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Committee of the RCP (b) - VKP (b) - CPSU after the death of V. I. Lenin was actually the most important state position.

Kamenev Lev Borisovich		Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee
Sverdlov Yakov Mikhailovich		Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee
Vladimirsky Mikhail Fedorovich		And about. Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee
Kalinin Mikhail Ivanovich		Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, from 12/30/1922 - Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, from 01/17/1938 -
Shvernik Nikolai Mikhailovich		Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR
Voroshilov Kliment Efremovich		Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR
Brezhnev Leonid Ilyich		Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR
Mikoyan Anastas Ivanovich		Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR
Podgorny Nikolai Viktorovich		Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR
Brezhnev Leonid Ilyich
Kuznetsov Vasily Vasilievich
Andropov Yury Vladimirovich		Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council, at the same time General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU
Kuznetsov Vasily Vasilievich		And about. Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR
Chernenko Konstantin Ustinovich		Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council, at the same time General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU
Kuznetsov Vasily Vasilievich		And about. Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR
Gromyko Andrey Andreevich		Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR
Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeevich		Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council, at the same time General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU

General Secretaries of the Central Committee of the RCP(b), VKP(b), CPSU (1922-1991)

Khrushchev Nikita Sergeevich		First Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU
Brezhnev Leonid Ilyich		Until 04/08/1966 - First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, from 04/08/1966 - General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee
Andropov Yury Vladimirovich
Chernenko Konstantin Ustinovich
Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeevich

President of the USSR (1990-1991)

Presidency Soviet Union was introduced on March 15, 1990 by the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR with the introduction of appropriate amendments to the Constitution of the USSR.

Presidents of the Russian Federation (1991-2018)

The post of President of the RSFSR was established on April 24, 1991 on the basis of the results of the All-Russian referendum.

Russian tsars in the 16th–17th centuries

IVAN IV VASILIEVICH THE TERRIBLE (08/25/1530-03/18/1584) - Grand Duke of Moscow and All Russia from 1533, the first Russian Tsar from 1547

The son of Grand Duke Vasily III Ivanovich and his second wife, Elena Vasilievna Glinskaya. In 1533 Vasily III died and the three-year-old Ivan Vasilyevich became the Grand Duke of Moscow.

In the early childhood of the Grand Duke, the state was ruled by his mother Elena Glinskaya. In 1538, she died suddenly and power actually passed to the Boyar Duma. Constant intrigues and a fierce struggle for power between various boyar groups had a significant impact on the formation of the character of the young sovereign. From the age of twelve, Ivan IV began to take independent solutions. In 1543, he ordered the boyar Andrey Shuisky to be sent to the kennels for desecration. Shuisky was killed on the way to prison. Many boyars Ivan sent some into exile, some into prison, and some ordered to cut out the tongue.

On January 16, 1547, in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin, Ivan IV Vasilyevich was married to the kingdom and was the first of the Moscow sovereigns to officially be called the king. This act meant that the Russian state placed itself on a par with the most powerful powers in Europe.

The first Russian tsar surrounded himself with new advisers, whose opinion on how to manage state affairs, he greatly valued. At that time, his confessor, the priest of the Kremlin Annunciation Cathedral Sylvester, the nobleman Alexei Adashev, Metropolitan Macarius, enjoyed a special influence on the tsar at that time. These people headed the new, near council under the sovereign (“ Chosen Rada”), pushing back the Boyar Duma. The Chosen Rada pursued a policy of state centralization, sought to reconcile the interests of the boyars, nobles, and clergy and subordinate them to national tasks. The reforms carried out by the Rada with the personal and very active participation of the tsar made it possible to significantly strengthen the Russian state and expand its borders.

In 1551, on the initiative of Ivan IV, the Stoglavy Cathedral took place, which made the most important decisions on the organization of church life. In May-October 1552, the tsar took part in the campaign against Kazan, which ended with the annexation of the Kazan Khanate. In 1556 the Astrakhan Khanate was conquered. In 1558, on the initiative of the king, Livonian War, the purpose of which was the return of Russian lands in the Baltic states.

In March 1553, Ivan IV fell seriously ill and was close to death. Boyars and princes had to swear allegiance to the prince, baby Dmitry. Dissensions arose among the boyars, in which Prince Vladimir Andreevich Staritsky, the tsar's cousin, also took part. The boyars were not opposed to swearing allegiance to Dmitry, but did not want to increase the power of the Zakharyin family, relatives of the prince. But in the end, the oath was taken. Ivan IV, who later recovered, viewed these disputes as a boyar conspiracy in favor of Vladimir Staritsky and treason.

Ivan IV was burdened by the fact that his actions were discussed by members of the "Chosen Rada" and the boyars. In con. 1550s Sylvester and Adashev were removed from Moscow. Later, many other boyars and nobles were subjected to persecution and executions. Metropolitan Macarius died in 1563.

In the winter of 1564–1565 Ivan IV unexpectedly left Moscow and moved to Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda. At his request, the entire state was divided into two parts - the oprichnina and the zemshchina. Oprichnina became a special inheritance, which was ruled by the tsar himself - it included many districts in different regions of the country, including part of the territory of Moscow. The oprichnina had its own army, its own thought, its own orders and the royal oprichnina court.

Life in Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda was organized according to the example and likeness of monasteries. The king's associates were considered monks, and the king himself was the abbot of this peculiar monastery.

With the help of the oprichnina troops, Ivan IV began the persecution of his subjects, for which he received his nickname Terrible. Over 4,000 people were executed during the oprichnina. Executions acquired a special scope in 1568–1570, when Novgorod and Pskov were defeated, Metropolitan Philip was secretly strangled, and several princely and boyar families were destroyed. Vladimir Andreevich Staritsky was also executed with the whole family. The king personally took part in many executions.

In 1572, the oprichnina was abolished, Ivan returned to Moscow, but the repressions continued for several more years. During the time of the oprichnina, the autocratic power of the tsar was significantly strengthened, but the state was subjected to terrible ruin.

In 1573 Ivan the Terrible set out to take the Polish throne. For two years, he negotiated this issue. In October 1575, Ivan IV unexpectedly renounced the royal throne and installed the baptized Tatar, Khan of Kasimov, Simeon Bekbulatovich, as Grand Duke in Moscow. He himself called himself the Prince of Moscow and left the Kremlin. And Ivan Vasilyevich wrote loyal petitions to Grand Duke Simeon: “To the Sovereign Grand Duke Simeon Bekbulatovich of All Russia, Ivanets Vasilyev with his children, with Ivanets and Fedorets, beats with his brow.” In the same year, new repressions began, which were now primarily subjected to former guardsmen. Only in August 1576 did Ivan IV return to the royal throne.

In 1579-1580. Russian troops suffered several serious defeats in the Livonian War. Ivan the Terrible decided to start peace negotiations and turned to the mediation of Pope Gregory XIII. In 1582–1583 peace agreements were signed with Poland and Sweden. The Livonian War ended with the defeat of Russia.

In 1582, Ivan the Terrible revised his attitude towards those executed during the years of the oprichnina. By his decree, the Synodik was compiled - a memorial list of the executed, for the repose of whose souls it was necessary to pray in all churches and monasteries.

Ivan the Terrible was married several times. In his first marriage to Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina-Yuryeva, he had three sons and three daughters. The first son, Dmitry, died in 1553 in infancy - he drowned in the lake during a pilgrimage royal family Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery. The second son, Ivan Ivanovich, died in 1581 at the hands of his father during a quarrel. The third son, Fyodor Ivanovich (1557–1598), succeeded to the throne after the death of his father. Daughters died in childhood.

After the death of Anastasia Romanovna in 1560, Ivan the Terrible had six more wives. In 1561 he married Maria Temryukovna Cherkasskaya. In this marriage, they had a son, Vasily, who died in childhood. In 1571, the tsar married Martha Sobakina, but she died 15 days later. The fourth wife of Ivan the Terrible was Anna Koltovskaya, but already in 1572 she was forcibly tonsured a nun. In con. In the 1570s, the fifth wife of the tsar, Anna Vasilchikova, ended up in the monastery. Then Ivan IV took his sixth wife - a certain Vasilisa Melentievna. But this marriage was not church. The last queen in 1580 was Maria Fedorovna Nagaya, in marriage with whom another son of Ivan the Terrible, Dmitry Ivanovich (1582-1591), was born.

IN last years Ivan IV was seriously ill for a long time. Various rumors circulated about the cause of his death. It was said that death happened "by the will of the stars." Later, a version spread that the tsar was poisoned not without the participation of Boris Godunov. It is only known that Ivan Vasilyevich died suddenly while playing chess.

Ivan IV the Terrible was the author of several epistles. Outstanding work ser. 16th century are his letters to Prince A. M. Kurbsky, in which he formulated his religious, historical and political views. According to modern researchers, Ivan the Terrible was the author of several church hymns (stichera) and hymns.

FEDOR IVANOVICH (May 31, 1557 - January 6, 1598) - Tsar from March 1584, the last Russian sovereign from the Rurik dynasty.

Son of Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible and Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina-Yuryeva. Since 1573, he was repeatedly nominated as a candidate for the Polish throne. After the death at the hands of Ivan IV of his eldest son Ivan (1582), Fedor became the actual heir to the throne, although his father considered him incapable of governing the state. Before his death, Ivan IV established a regency council to help Fedor from among the most influential boyars and two duma clerks - the Shchelkalov brothers.

The first years of the reign of Fyodor Ivanovich were marked by a fierce struggle between palace groups. According to contemporaries, Fedor Ivanovich paid little attention to state affairs. He devoted most of his time to the palace economy, decorating the Kremlin chambers, and made generous contributions to the monasteries. The king's favorite pastime was bear fights.

Since 1587, power in the country has actually been concentrated in the hands of the boyar.

BORIS GODUNOV (c. 1552-13.4.1605) - king from 1598

The son of the Vyazma landowner Fyodor Ivanovich Krivoy-Godunov. According to legend, the Godunovs and the related surname Saburovs were the impoverished descendants of the Tatar Murza Chet, who left the Golden Horde to serve the Moscow prince ca. 1330

After the death of his father, Boris was brought up in the family of his uncle Dmitry Ivanovich Godunov, who was enrolled in the guardsmen, and soon became the royal bedkeeper. Boris married the daughter of Malyuta Skuratov, Maria Grigoryevna. Boris's sister, Irina, became the wife of Tsarevich Fyodor Ioannovich. In 1584, Boris Fedorovich received the rank of boyar.

Under Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich, Godunov became one of the first persons in the state, and from 1587 he was titled "the royal brother-in-law and ruler, servant and equestrian boyar and yard voivode and ruler of the great states - the kingdom of Kazan and Astrakhan." In order not to leave service people, the main military force of that time, without workers on the estate, Boris Fedorovich was forced to pursue a policy of attaching peasants to the land. Decree of 1592/1593. the transfer of peasants from one owner to another on St. George's Day was prohibited, and a 5-year period for the search for fugitive peasants was established by decree of 1597.

At the Zemsky Sobor, convened after the death of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich on February 17, 1598, Boris Fedorovich was elected to the kingdom. Boris's sister Tsaritsa Irina Feodorovna retired to the Novodevichy Convent and took monastic vows there.

A well-educated and far-sighted man, Boris was the first of the Russian sovereigns who tried to attach Russia to the achievements European civilization: patronized foreigners, formed a detachment of bodyguards from German mercenaries, intended to open a university in Moscow, invited foreign masters - miners, cloth makers, watchmakers, architects, sent Russian youths to study abroad (to England, Germany and France).

Under him, intensive construction was carried out in Moscow: the first almshouses appeared, a water supply system was built in the Kremlin with a powerful pump that raised water from the Moscow River, a pillar of the Ivan the Great Bell Tower was built on, the border city of Smolensk is surrounded by a powerful fortress wall built by the architect Fyodor Kon. The crowning achievement of Godunov's creative efforts was to be the grandiose Holy of Holies Cathedral.

But all Godunov's plans were thwarted Time of Troubles. After the summer frosts of 1601 and 1602. A three-year famine began in the country, during which up to a third of the entire population died.

In 1604, the army of the impostor False Dmitry I, who declared himself the legitimate heir to the throne, Tsarevich Dmitry Ioannovich, began to invade Russia from the territory of Poland.

In the midst of the struggle with this adventurer, Tsar Boris died suddenly, perhaps he was poisoned. He was buried in the Archangel Cathedral of the Kremlin. But after False Dmitry I came to power, the bodies of Boris and his relatives were transported to the Ascension Varsonofiev Monastery on Sretenka and buried within the monastery fence. Later, under Tsar Vasily IV Shuisky, the ashes of the Godunovs were transferred to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery.

FEDOR BORISOVICH GODUNOV (1589-10.06. 1605) - Tsar from April 14 to June 10, 1605. The son of Tsar Boris Fedorovich Godunov and Maria Grigoryevna, nee Skuratova-Belskaya. The young sovereign surprised those who communicated with him with his knowledge of the sciences. They made a map of the Russian state with their own hands. “Although he was young,” a Russian contemporary wrote about him, “he surpassed everyone in sense and reason. Malice and all wickedness was by no means hated. Tsar Fyodor Godunov ruled the country for less than two months. After the death of Boris Godunov, the main part of the Russian army went over to the side of the impostor False Dmitry I. An uprising broke out in the capital against the Godunovs. Fyodor Borisovich was deposed from the throne and, together with his mother, was imprisoned in the old boyar court of the Godunovs. From the camp of False Dmitry I, nobleman M.A. Molchanov arrived in Serpukhov. On June 10, 1605, Fyodor Borisovich and his mother were strangled by Molchanov and his henchmen. Officially announced the death of the Godunovs from the "potion" (poison).

VASILY IV IVANOVICH SHUISKY (1552 - 12.09.1612) - Russian Tsar in 1606-1610.

He came from a family of Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal princes, the son of Prince Ivan Andreevich Shuisky. In 1584 he was granted the rank of boyar. In 1591, he led the investigation into the circumstances of the death of Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich in Uglich. In 1605, Vasily Ivanovich was one of the governors who defeated the army of the impostor False Dmitry I near the village of Dobrynichi. In June 1605, shortly after the accession of the impostor, he led a conspiracy against him, was exposed and sent into exile. However, some time later he was returned from exile and in May 1606 led a new conspiracy that ended in the death of False Dmitry I.

On May 19, 1606, Vasily Ivanovich was elected to the kingdom by an incomplete Zemsky Sobor. Soon, the remains of Tsarevich Dmitry were transported from Uglich to Moscow. On the initiative of Vasily Shuisky, the church council of 1606 canonized the tsarevich as a saint. In 1606–1607 The troops of Vasily Shuisky crushed the uprising led by Ivan Bolotnikov. However, during 1607-1608. the tsarist army was defeated by the army of False Dmitry II, who approached Moscow in the summer of 1608. In September 1609, the Polish king Sigismund III began the siege of Smolensk. On July 17, 1610, in the battle near the village of Klushino, Shuisky's troops were defeated by the army of the crown hetman S. Zholkevsky.

On July 19, 1610, an uprising broke out in Moscow, as a result of which Vasily Ivanovich was deposed from the throne and forcibly tonsured a monk. In September 1610, he was extradited to Hetman Zolkiewski and taken along with his two brothers to Smolensk and then to Poland. Vasily Ivanovich died in captivity in Gostyn Castle near Warsaw.

FALSE DMITRYI (? - 17.5.1606) - impostor, Russian tsar in 1605-1606.

According to the Moscow authorities, the impostor was Grigory (Yuri) Bogdanovich Otrepiev, a fugitive monk of the Kremlin Chudov Monastery, who fled to Lithuania in 1602. There he declared himself miraculously saved Tsarevich Dmitry, son of Tsar Ivan IV. However, these assumptions caused reasonable doubts. Even contemporaries were struck by the sophistication of False Dmitry in military affairs, in the intricacies of European politics. Interest in this problem was added by the assertion of Konrad Bussov that the first of the famous Moscow impostors was an illegitimate son Polish king Stefan Batory.

The Russian historian S. F. Platonov believed: “It cannot be assumed that the impostor was Otrepiev, but it cannot also be argued that Otrepiev could not be him: the truth is still hidden from us.”

It remains hidden to this day. But be that as it may, the impostor, using the secret help of the Polish king Sigismund III, recruited a small army (according to various estimates, from 4 to 6 thousand people) and in October 1604 crossed the border of the Moscow state. Many Russian people believed in the miraculous salvation of Tsarevich Dmitry, it was beneficial for others to think so, fighting under the banner of the impostor with the army of Boris Godunov. By the end of November 1604, the power of False Dmitry was recognized by many cities and volosts. However, on January 21, 1605, he suffered a crushing defeat from the troops of Boris Godunov near the village of Dobrynichi and fled to Putivl. After the death of Boris Godunov in April 1605, most of the Russian troops stationed near Kromy went over to the impostor.

The united army moved to Moscow. On June 20, 1605, the impostor solemnly entered the Russian capital and a month later he was married to the kingdom under the name of Dmitry. Even earlier, his envoys and the Moscow boyars brutally dealt with the family of Boris Godunov, strangling his son Fyodor, who occupied only two months royal throne, and the widow Tsarina Maria Grigorievna. But the reign of the impostor was short-lived. Moving towards Moscow, False Dmitry was generous with promises. He kept some of them: he granted a number of privileges to the southern Russian cities, gave gifts to the Cossacks, insisted on restoring the right of the peasants to pass from one owner to another. But not all promises were kept. Moreover, the daily activities of the tsar and his inner circle, his open disregard for Russian customs, caused a sharp rejection of the church, the boyars, and the majority of the townspeople. Muscovites were especially unhappy, suffering from the arbitrariness of the Cossack and gentry environment of False Dmitry. The situation was heated to the extreme by his marriage to the Catholic Marina Mniszek, a magnificent wedding with which took place on May 8, 1606.

Muscovites grumbled, and among the boyars a conspiracy was ripening, headed by the boyar Prince Vasily Ivanovich Shuisky. At dawn on May 17, bells were rung throughout Moscow. A rumor spread throughout the city that the Poles wanted to kill the sovereign. Crowds of townspeople began to smash the courtyards of the Poles. Taking advantage of the turmoil, Shuisky's people broke into the palace and disarmed the guards of False Dmitry. The king tried to escape, but, having jumped out of the palace window from a height of 20 cubits, he broke his leg and was killed. The corpse of False Dmitry was dragged to Red Square and thrown into the mud in the middle of the market rows. Heralds read letters in the squares, denouncing the imposture of Grishka Otrepyev. Three days later, his body was buried in a field outside the Serpukhov Gates. Some time later, a rumor spread in the city about witchcraft, that strange blue lights were burning over the burial place of the impostor at night. The corpse of False Dmitry I was dug up, burned at the stake, the ashes were mixed with gunpowder and fired from a cannon in the direction from which he had come to Moscow.

FALSE DMITRY II("Tushinsky Thief")(? - December 11, 1610) - an impostor who pretended to be "Tsar Dimitri Ivanovich" (that is, False Dmitry I), who allegedly escaped the reprisals of Muscovites.

He appeared in the spring of 1607 in the city of Starodub in Seversk Ukraine. Cossacks, Poles and Lithuanians, who participated in the Rokoshe uprising against King Sigismund III, began to flock to the new impostor. Tsar Vasily IV Shuisky at first underestimated the impending danger. And only after the defeat of his governors in the battle of Volkhov in May 1608, he tried, but unsuccessfully, to organize a rebuff to the campaign of False Dmitry II against Moscow.

Coming out to the capital, the impostor nevertheless could not master it. Well-fortified Moscow stubbornly resisted, hoping for help from the northern Russian cities. The troops of False Dmitry II were located in the village of Tushino, a few miles north-west of the capital at the confluence of the small river Skhodnya into the Moscow River. Here he sat Boyar Duma, his orders worked, from here his detachments left to fight and rob Russian cities and lands that did not submit to him. The wife of False Dmitry I, Marina Mnishek, was also brought here to the impostor, who “recognized” her husband in him. They surprisingly quickly hit it off and together began to rule their bandit "kingdom".

For almost a year and a half, the siege of Moscow by the “Tushins” continued. Deliverance came from Novgorod, where M. V. Skopin-Shuisky, having gathered the zemstvo army and attached to it hired Swedish detachments, moved with them to the rescue of Moscow. Adherents of the Tushino impostor left him very quickly. In December 1609, leaving the empty camp near Moscow, he secretly, hiding in a cart with dung, fled to Kaluga. Here, in the new "capital", on December 11, 1610, False Dmitry II was killed by his own guards.

FALSE DMITRY III (? - July 1612) - an impostor who pretended to be "Tsar Dmitry Ivanovich" (i.e., False Dmitry II), who allegedly escaped murder for the second time in Kaluga. Its origin is unclear. According to one version, the real name of the impostor is Sidorka, according to another, Matyushka (Moscow clerk). In March 1611, he appeared in Ivangorod, where Cossacks began to flock to him. Unsuccessfully tried to get support from the Swedes. In December 1611, he occupied Pskov with the Cossacks (hence his nickname Pskov Thief). In addition to the Pskovites, part of the detachments of the First Home Guard, who were stationed near Moscow, swore allegiance to him. The reckless arbitrariness, debauchery and violence perpetrated by the new "tsar" and his army soon aroused the discontent of the Pskovites. In May 1612, False Dmitry III fled from Pskov, but was overtaken by the Pskov governor Prince I. A. Khovansky, returned to Pskov and imprisoned, and in July 1612 was taken to Moscow. According to some sources, he was already killed on the way, according to others - he was executed in the camp of the First Militia near Moscow, according to others - he was hanged in Moscow after the accession of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov.

Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov (July 12, 1596-July 13, 1645) - Tsar since 1613, the first of the Romanov dynasty.

The son of the boyar Fyodor Nikitich Romanov (later Patriarch Filaret) and Xenia Ivanovna Romanova (née Shestova, monastic Martha). After forced tonsure and exile to distant monasteries of his parents, five-year-old Mikhail Fedorovich lived in the family of his aunt Marfa Nikitichna Cherkasskaya. Since 1605, after the return of his mother from the Zaonezhsky churchyards, he lived with her in Klin, in one of the Romanov family estates. After the capture of Moscow by the Poles, he ended up in a city besieged by the Zemstvo militias. He was released along with other Moscow boyars on October 22, 1612. Together with his mother, he left for Kostroma and there he learned about his election as tsar at the Zemsky Sobor convened in Moscow. February 21, 1613 Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was elected to the kingdom. On May 2, he arrived in Moscow and on June 11, 1613, he was married to the kingdom.

The new sovereign inherited the heavy legacy of ten years of Troubles, war and intervention. Military conflicts with the Commonwealth and Sweden continued. The Swedes, led by King Gustav II Adolf, made a number of new attempts to take Pskov. In the central part of Russia, the moment of greatest danger was the autumn of 1618, when the Polish army, led by Prince Vladislav and Hetman K. Khodkevich, approached Moscow and again occupied the village of Tushino, which was the residence of False Dmitry II during the Time of Troubles. However, neither the Swedes nor the Poles managed to achieve their goals. The invaders, defeated in the attacks, were forced, in the end, to withdraw the troops that had suffered heavy losses and begin peace negotiations. Stolbovsky peace with Sweden (1617) and the Deulino truce with the Commonwealth (1618) brought

The Muscovite state had huge territorial losses, but was given a much-needed peaceful respite.

The main concern of the first years of the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was the reconstruction of the economy that had fallen into complete decline, the strengthening of the shaken state apparatus. The activities of Zemsky Sobors, which considered the most important issues of state policy, became noticeably more active.

The number of nationwide orders has increased. In addition to the full restoration of the former administrative institutions, the quarter orders were finalized and a number of new ones were created - Cossack, Pansky, New quarter and the order of the Big Treasury.

In 1619, the father of Tsar Filaret returned from Polish captivity, who was immediately elected Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia. Until his death in 1633, Patriarch Filaret actually ruled the state.

The measures of the authorities allowed the country to get stronger, but the forces of the state and the people were restored slowly. The war with Poland for the return of Smolensk and Chernigov lands, which began in 1632, was lost. Other important events of the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich were the capture of Azov by the Don Cossacks in 1637 (“Azov Seat”) and the further development of Siberia. The cities of Tambov, Kozlov, Penza, and Simbirsk were founded in the south of Russia. Mikhail Fedorovich was married twice - the first marriage to Maria Vladimirovna Dolgorukova (she died 4 months after the wedding), the second - to Evdokia Lukyanovna Streshneva. All of his 10 children were born from his second marriage.

ALEXEY MIKHAILOVICH (March 19, 1629-January 29, 1676) - Tsar since 1645, from the Romanov dynasty.

The son of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich from his marriage to Evdokia Lukyanovna Streshneva. Alexey Mikhailovich from a young age, under the guidance of the "uncle" boyar B. I. Morozov, was preparing for state activities. In the early years of the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich Morozov became the first person at his court.

The main concern of the new government was the replenishment of the state treasury. To this end, in 1646, the royal decree increased the duty on salt. Due to the sharp rise in the price of salt, the population refused to buy it, and the revenues of the treasury fell. In 1647 the salt tax was abolished. At the same time, tax arrears for the previous two years began to be collected from the taxable population. In 1648, the mass discontent of the townspeople in Moscow led to the "Salt Riot". Alexei Mikhailovich was forced to make concessions. Morozov was exiled to the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery. His place at court was taken by the boyar N. I. Romanov and Prince Ya. K. Cherkassky. Later, Alexei Mikhailovich brought talented statesmen N. I. Odoevsky, A. L. Ordin-Nashchokin, A. S. Matveev closer.

In September 1648, after the pacification of the unrest, the tsar convened the Zemsky Sobor, which adopted the Council Code of 1649, which became the main legislative act of the Russian state for almost two centuries. In 1650, the tsar again turned to the Zemsky Sobor for support in connection with the uprisings in Pskov (“Pskov Gil”) and Novgorod.

In 1649–1652 the so-called township building was carried out - white settlements (private estates exempted from taxes) in the cities were unsubscribed “to the sovereign”, and their inhabitants, along with black (state) settlements, began to pay taxes to the treasury Alexei Mikhailovich took a number of measures to protect Russian trading people from competition by foreign merchants. In 1649, a decree was issued on the expulsion of English merchants from Russia. The decree motivated this measure with the following arguments: because of the British, Russian merchants "impoverished", and the latter "enriched"; in addition, the English "did a great evil deed with all the land, they killed their sovereign Carlus the king to death." The decision of Alexei Mikhailovich remained unchanged even after the personal intervention of the son of King Charles I, who was executed during the English Revolution, the future King Charles II: And they are worthy of execution for their evil deeds, and not mercy. And in the Moscow state it is still obscene for such villains to be.” Alexei Mikhailovich contributed to the adoption of the Customs (1653) and Novotrade (1667) statutes, which encouraged the development of domestic and foreign trade.

In the early years of the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, the cultural and religious life of Russia intensified. At the end of the 40s. 17th century at his court, a “Circle of zealots of piety” (“God-lovers”) was formed under the leadership of the royal confessor Stefan Vnifantiev. The activities of the Moscow Printing House expanded, among the publications of which books of an educational nature stand out. In 1649, the “Cathedral Code” and “Code of Court Cases” were printed and reprinted many times here. In 1653, the Pilot was published - a set of church rules and regulations. In 1647, a translated work was published - “The Teaching and Cunning of the Military Structure of Infantrymen” by Johann Jacobi von Wahlhausen. The members of the Vnifantiev circle are credited with spreading literacy and establishing schools in Russia. Alexei Mikhailovich issued a series of decrees condemning those who organized or participated in "demonic games": fortune-telling, Christmas masquerades, invited buffoons, etc.

Alexei Mikhailovich provided patronage to zealots of the Orthodox faith who advocated changes in church life. An innovation in the practice of worship was the sermons with which the priests addressed the parishioners. The tsar supported the reforms of the new Patriarch Nikon, considering the unification of church rites of the Russian and Greek churches a necessary prerequisite for the growth of the international authority of the Russian state. However, soon, due to Nikon's claims to supreme power in the state, Alexei Mikhailovich broke off relations with him and, at a church council in 1666, acted as one of the main accusers of the patriarch. In the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, a split occurred in the Russian Orthodox Church. Opponents of church reform - the "Old Believers" more than once "revolted the people" against the tsar and the patriarch. The stronghold of the Old Believers became Solovetsky Monastery. From 1668 to 1676 the royal governors could not bring the monks into obedience. The "Solovki seat" ended after the death of the tsar.

In con. 40 - early. 50s 17th century the construction of defensive fortifications on the southern borders of the country continued. The Belgorod zasechnaya line was built, stretching for almost 500 versts; Tambovskaya line passed in the eastern direction, along the Kama coast - the Zakamskaya line. In a relationship Crimean Khanate Moscow sought to achieve a peaceful course of affairs; Khan and the Crimean nobility were sent annual "wake" - generous gifts of money and furs.

In 1654 Left-Bank Ukraine was annexed to Russia. As a result of the Russian-Polish war of 1654-1667. returned Smolensk Seversk land with Chernigov and Starodub. Russo-Swedish War 1656–1658, undertaken in order to achieve access to the Baltic Sea, ended with the conclusion of the Valiesar truce, which was beneficial for Russia, but later, under the influence of failures in the Russian-Polish war, its terms were revised when the Peace of Cardis was signed in 1661.

Long wars demanded the strain of all the financial possibilities of the state. In the interests of service people, there was a further expansion of serfdom. The government levied extraordinary taxes from merchants and townspeople: “fifth money”, “tenth money” (respectively 20 and 10% of the value of the property), took large loans from monasteries. In 1654, the government introduced copper money into circulation, which was supposed to circulate on a par with silver. However, after a few years, the accelerated issue of copper money led to their depreciation. The critical situation in the country, one of the manifestations of which was the "Copper Riot" in 1662 in Moscow, forced the authorities to abolish copper money. In 1670–1671 The tsarist army suppressed the uprising of Stepan Razin, which engulfed the southern and part of the central regions of Russia.

There was a further development of Siberia. In 1648, the Cossack Semyon Dezhnev discovered the strait separating Eurasia from North America (now the Bering Strait). In con. 40 - early. 50s 17th century explorers Vasily Poyarkov and Erofei Khabarov made trips to the river. Amur and brought the population of this region to Russian citizenship. In 1655, the Kalmyks recognized themselves as subjects of the Russian Tsar. Russian embassies were sent to the khans of Khiva and Bukhara, as well as to China. By order of Alexei Mikhailovich, information was collected about India and the routes to this country.

Aleksey Mikhailovich actively recruited foreigners, mainly military specialists, doctors, and manufacturers. In the Russian army, the importance of "foreign regiments" sharply increased. In 1669 in the village. Dedinovo on the Oka was built a three-masted ship "Eagle" and several small vessels. The first Russian Naval Charter was drawn up for the flotilla.

By the end of his reign, the king less and less turned to the advice of "the whole earth." The activities of Zemsky Sobors gradually faded away. The personal power of the sovereign increased significantly, the competence of the central authorities expanded, and the influence of the prikaz bureaucracy increased. In 1654, by decree of Alexei Mikhailovich, the “Order of his great sovereign of secret affairs” was created, where all the threads of state administration converged, he oversaw all civil and military affairs that were under the jurisdiction of others public institutions. In 1672, in Zapisny Prikaz, a historical and genealogical work was compiled on the Romanov dynasty, designed to show its succession to the Rurik dynasty: the richly illustrated Titularnik included a portrait gallery of Russian sovereigns, drawings of coats of arms of cities and regions, as well as images of foreign monarchs.

At the court of Alexei Mikhailovich, outstanding scientists and educators Simeon Polotsky, Epiphanius Slavinetsky, icon painter Simon Ushakov and others worked.

An adherent of Western European innovations, Alexei Mikhailovich started gardens and "gardens" in Moscow and the royal villages near Moscow, including for the needs of Apothecary order. In with. Preobrazhenskoye, a “comedy temple” was built, where in 1672 the first theatrical performance took place. Rebuilt and decorated with. Izmailovo. In 1669, a grandiose wooden palace was erected in the village. Kolomenskoye, nicknamed by contemporaries "the eighth wonder of the world." In Moscow, a stone Embassy yard was built, as well as a new Apothecary yard, where, according to the royal decree, the poor and wanderers were fed.

Alexey Mikhailovich left an extensive literary heritage: letters, memoirs, poetry and prose (“Message to Solovki”, “The Tale of the Repose of Patriarch Joseph”, unfinished notes on the Russian-Polish war). Unofficially, Alexei Mikhailovich was called Quiet.

From the first marriage of Alexei Mikhailovich with Maria Ilinichnaya Miloslavskaya, sons were born - the future tsars Fedor Alekseevich and Ivan V - and a daughter Sofya Alekseevna (future ruler); from the second marriage, with Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina, - the future Tsar Peter I.

FEDOR ALEKSEEVICH (05/30/1661-27/04/1682) - Tsar from 1676

The son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and his first wife Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya. Like other children from his first marriage, Fedor Alekseevich was a pupil of Simeon Polotsky, a supporter of Russia's rapprochement with the countries of the Catholic world, knew Polish and latin languages, wrote poetry. During his reign, in 1678, a general census of the population was carried out, which made it possible already in 1679 to introduce household taxation. In 1682, a specially convened Zemsky Sobor abolished localism. The government of Fedor Alekseevich began preparations for a war with Sweden for the return of the lands lost during the Time of Troubles along the river. Neva and in Karelia, but the betrayal of the Ukrainian hetman P. D. Doroshenko, who captured Chigirin in 1676, and the war with Ottoman Empire forced the Moscow authorities to abandon plans to fight for the Baltic states.

At the end of the reign of Fedor Alekseevich, the persecution of the Old Believers was intensified. On April 14, 1682, Archpriest Avvakum Petrov and other prisoners from Pustozero were burned “for great blasphemy against the royal house”.

He was married by his first marriage to Agafya Semyonovna Grushetskaya (she died in childbirth in 1681). The second marriage - with Marfa Matveevna Apraksina - was childless.

IVAN V ALEKSEEVICH (June 27, 1666-January 29, 1696) - Tsar since 1682

The son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and his first wife M. I. Miloslavskaya. As a result of a sharp struggle between two court parties - the Miloslavskys, supported by the rebellious archers, and the Naryshkins, to whose family the second wife of Alexei Mikhailovich belonged, after the death of the eldest son of Alexei Mikhailovich, Tsar Fedor Alekseevich (1682), Ivan, proclaimed by the Zemsky Cathedral, was crowned king " the first" king, and his half-brother Peter, who became the "second" king. In the early childhood of Ivan and Peter, real power was concentrated in their hands. older sister Princess Sophia Alekseevna.

In 1689, power actually passed to Peter. Distinguished by poor health, Ivan did not take any part in public affairs either under Sophia or under Peter, staying, according to his contemporaries, "in unceasing prayer and firm fasting." He was married to P. F. Saltykova; their daughter Anna Ivanovna in 1730–1740. occupied the imperial throne.

SOFIA ALEKSEEVNA (September 17, 1657-July 3, 1704) - princess, ruler of the Russian state in 1682-1689. under the juvenile tsars Ivan V and Peter I.

The daughter of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich from the first wife of M. I. Miloslavskaya. She received an excellent education: her teachers were Simeon Polotsky, Sylvester Medvedev, Karion Istomin.

After the death of the tsar's brother Fyodor Alekseevich (April 27, 1682), Sophia actively joined the struggle of the court parties, grouped around the Miloslavskys and Naryshkins (relatives of the second wife of Alexei Mikhailovich). At first, the supporters of the Naryshkins won, proclaiming the youngest son Alexei Mikhailovich, ten-year-old Peter I, the king.

After the Streltsy rebellion that broke out in Moscow on May 15, 1682, both parties eventually compromised: two half-brothers Ivan V (son of Alexei Mikhailovich from his first marriage) and Peter I were proclaimed kings. On May 29, Sofya Alekseevna became the ruler under both underage kings. Her name was included in the official royal title "Great Sovereigns and the Great Empress Princess and Grand Duchess Sofia Alekseevna ...". In 1684, Sophia ordered that her image be minted on coins. Since 1686, she called herself autocrat, and in January 1687 she formalized this title by a special decree. The closest advisers to Sophia were the boyar Prince V.V. Golitsyn, the Duma clerk F.L. Shaklovity and others.

In the autumn of 1682, with the help of the noble army loyal to her, Sofya Alekseevna suppressed a riot in Moscow, Prince I. A. Khovansky and his closest relatives, who were declared the instigators of the riot, were executed.

In an effort to stabilize the state of affairs in the state, the government reduced the number of archery regiments in Moscow, replacing those removed with selected people from the border regiments. In 1683, a decree was issued on the capture of runaway serfs and their return to their masters or eternal exile in Siberian cities. The order of 1684 allowed the peasants who went out to the cities to stay in the settlements, but henceforth prohibited such exits. Sophia's government continued a fierce struggle with the Old Believers. In 1683, a decree was issued on the widespread investigation and trial of schismatics.

The courtyard of Sofya Alekseevna became the center of the cultural life of Moscow and all of Russia. A significant event in the history of Russian education was the opening in 1687 in the Moscow Zaikonospassky Monastery of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. The period of Sophia's reign is characterized by the desire to attract foreigners to the Russian service - merchants, experts in crafts, scientists.

The government of Sofya Alekseevna pursued an active, albeit unpopular, foreign policy. In 1684, the terms of the Peace of Cardis of 1664 with Sweden were confirmed, in 1686 the "Eternal Peace" was concluded with the Commonwealth, in 1689 it signed Nerchinsk Treaty with China, which established a border line between the two states. During her reign, Russia joined the alliance of a number of European states against

Ottoman Empire (“Holy League”), which resulted in the unsuccessful Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689. The failure of the Crimean campaigns became a harbinger of a new turmoil.

In 1689, Sophia's relations with the boyar-noble group that supported Peter I sharply escalated. Peter's marriage to E.F. Lopukhina (January 27, 1689), which became a formal confirmation of his coming of age, deprived Sophia of the right to guardianship. On August 7, an anonymous letter appeared in Moscow about the allegedly preparing campaign of Peter's "amusing" troops from the village of Preobrazhenskoye to the Kremlin with the aim of assassinating Tsar Ivan V. Sophia decided to take preemptive measures. By her personal order, detachments of archers were put up in the Lubyanka and in the Kremlin. Forewarned in advance, Peter demanded an explanation from his sister. Losing supporters and feeling the growing influence of Peter, the princess decided to reconcile with him. On August 27, accompanied by the boyars, she left for the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, where by that time Peter and his entourage had moved and where numerous representatives of the Moscow nobility flocked, seeking to show loyalty to the youngest of the kings. Halfway, near the village of Vozdvizhenskoye, Sophia received an order to return to Moscow. Here, the archers accompanying her were defeated and partly arrested. Shaklovity was executed at the walls of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, V.V. Golitsyn and his relatives were sent into exile to the north. Returning to Moscow, Sophia gave the boyars permission to freely go to the Trinity.

On September 7, Peter issued a decree on the exclusion of the royal title from the name of Sophia, Ivan V meekly agreed with his brother's decision. Sofya Alekseevna was removed from the court and imprisoned in the Novodevichy Convent. For "strong maintenance" at the monastery, a guard was posted from the soldiers of the Preobrazhensky Regiment.

During the Streltsy rebellion of 1698, Sophia's supporters, taking advantage of the absence of Peter, who was with the Great Embassy in Europe, intended to "shout out" her to the kingdom. Urgently returning to Moscow, Peter personally interrogated his sister. Sophia with dignity rejected involvement in the rebellion. Nevertheless, as a warning to his sister, Peter ordered the execution of archers near the walls of the Novodevichy Convent. For several months, the bodies of the archers hung in front of the windows of Sophia's cell. In October 1698, Sophia was tonsured a nun under the name of Susanna. She spent the last years of her life in a convent. She was buried in the Smolensky Cathedral of the monastery.

4. RUSSIAN TSAR-KHANS OF THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY The dynastic history of the tsars-khans of the Great = "Mongolian" Empire until the XIV century is very poorly known. In general, the XIII century is a dark and deep antiquity. Only from the moment of the great = "Mongolian" conquest does history become clearer.

author

7. RUSSIAN TSAR-KHANS OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY 7.1. VASILY I VASILY I DMITRIEVICH 1389–1425 after , , . See fig. 6.26. On the pages of Western European chronicles, he was reflected as Habsburg "VENTSESLAV" 1378-1400 on. The name VENTSSLAV could mean either the CROWN OF GLORY, or the GLORIOUS CROWN, or

From the book Reconstruction world history[text only] author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

7. RUSSIAN TSARS KHANS OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY 7.1. VASILY III VASILY III IVANOVICH, also bore the names: IVAN, VARLAAM, GABRIEL, p.68, and also, p.173. See fig. 7.4, fig. 7.5 and fig. 7.6. Ruled in 1505–1533 by, or 1507–1534 by,. On the pages of Western European chronicles reflected as

From the book Reconstruction of World History [text only] author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

6. RUSSIAN TSAR-KHANS OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY 6.1. BORIS "GODUNOV" BORIS FEDOROVICH "GODUNOV" 1598-1605 by . See fig. P1.27. He is the son of the previous Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich. See fig. 8.2. At first - a calm reign without major internal unrest. Government of Boris Fedorovich

From the book Slavic Conquest of the World author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

2.7. Etruscan Roman kings of Tarquinia It is believed that “at the head of Rome were the Etruscan kings. According to Roman legends, these were TARQUINIUS Priscus, Servius Tullius and TARQUINIUS the Proud ... In Etruscan written monuments, the name TARCHUNYES is indeed found (! - Auth ..), that is

From the book Reconstruction true history author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

8. Emperors of the Great Empire = Russian Tsar-Khans of the 16th century Vasily III Vasily III Ivanovich, also bore the names: Ivan, Varlaam, Gabriel, p. 68, and also, p. 173. Ruled in 1505-1533 according to, or 1507-1534 according to,. On the pages of Western chronicles reflected as Habsburg, that is

From the book of Et-Russians. The mystery they don't want to solve author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

2.7. Etruscan Roman kings of Tarquinia It is believed that “at the head of Rome were the Etruscan kings. According to Roman legends, these were TARQUINIUS Priscus, Servius Tullius and TARQUINIUS the Proud ... In Etruscan written monuments, the name TARCHUNYES is indeed found (! - Auth.), That is

From the book The Millennium Battle for Tsargrad author Shirokorad Alexander Borisovich

APPENDIX I Grand Dukes of Moscow and Russian tsars (names: years of reign - years of life) Ivan I Danilovich Kalita: 1328-1340 - 1283-1340 Semyon Ivanovich Proud: 1340-1353 - 1316-1353 Ivan II Red: 1353-1359 - 1326-1359 Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy: 1359-1389 - 1350-1389 Vasily I Dmitrievich: 1389-1425 - 1371-1425 Vasily II

author Istomin Sergey Vitalievich

author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

4.4. Russian Tsars-Khans of the 14th century The dynastic history of the Tsars-Khans of the Great Empire until the 14th century is very poorly known. In general, the XIII century is a dark and deep antiquity. Only from the moment of the “Mongolian” conquest, history becomes clearer. Apparently, with the emergence of a huge Empire

From the book Book 1. Western myth ["Ancient" Rome and "German" Habsburgs are reflections of the Russian-Horde history of the XIV-XVII centuries. Legacy of the Great Empire in a cult author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

5.5. Russian Tsars-Khans of the 15th century Vasily IVASILY I DMITRIEVICH 1389–1425 after,,. See fig. 1.25. On the pages of Western European chronicles, he was reflected as Habsburg "VENTSESLAV" 1378-1400 on. The name VENTSLAV could mean either the CROWN OF GLORY, or the GLORIOUS CROWN, or came from the name

From the book Book 1. Western myth ["Ancient" Rome and "German" Habsburgs are reflections of the Russian-Horde history of the XIV-XVII centuries. Legacy of the Great Empire in a cult author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

6.6. Russian Tsars-Khans of the sixteenth century Vasily IIIVASILY III IVANOVICH, also bore the names: IVAN, VARLAAM, GABRIEL, p. 68, and also, p. 173. See fig. 1.33. Ruled in 1505–1533 by, or 1507–1534 by,. On the pages of Western European chronicles was reflected as Habsburg, that is

From the book Book 1. Western myth ["Ancient" Rome and "German" Habsburgs are reflections of the Russian-Horde history of the XIV-XVII centuries. Legacy of the Great Empire in a cult author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

7.6. Russian Tsars-Khans of the seventeenth century Boris "Godunov" BORIS FEDOROVICH "GODUNOV" 1598-1605 on. See fig. 1.46. He is the son of the previous Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich. At first - a calm reign without major internal unrest. The government of Boris Fedorovich is trying to achieve

From the book The Golden Age of Sea Robbery author Kopelev Dmitry Nikolaevich

Russian tsars and sea robbery Ivan the Terrible and the “Muscovite Admiral” Carsten Rode In 1561, the Livonian Order collapsed. The vacuum on the Baltic shores created by his disappearance was quickly filled by neighbors, dividing the lands and spheres of influence of the once powerful

From the book I know the world. History of Russian tsars author Istomin Sergey Vitalievich

The first Russian tsars Grand Duke and Tsar Ivan IV - (1533–1584) Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich - (1584–1598) Tsar Boris Godunov - (1598–1605) Tsar Fyodor Godunov - (1605) Tsar False Dmitry I - (1605–1606) Tsar Vasily Shuisky -

The history of Russia goes back more than a thousand years, although even before the advent of the state, a variety of tribes lived on its territory. The last ten-century period can be divided into several stages. All the rulers of Russia, from Rurik to Putin, are people who were true sons and daughters of their eras.

The main historical stages of the development of Russia

Historians consider the following classification to be the most convenient:

Board of the Novgorod princes (862-882);

Yaroslav the Wise (1016-1054);

From 1054 to 1068, Izyaslav Yaroslavovich was in power;

From 1068 to 1078, the list of rulers of Russia was replenished with several names at once (Vseslav Bryachislavovich, Izyaslav Yaroslavovich, Svyatoslav and Vsevolod Yaroslavovichi, in 1078 Izyaslav Yaroslavovich ruled again)

The year 1078 was marked by some stabilization in the political arena, until 1093 Vsevolod Yaroslavovich ruled;

Svyatopolk Izyaslavovich was on the throne from 1093 to;

Vladimir, nicknamed Monomakh (1113-1125) - one of the best princes of Kievan Rus;

From 1132 to 1139, Yaropolk Vladimirovich had power.

All the rulers of Russia from Rurik to Putin, who lived and ruled during this period and up to the present, saw their main task in the prosperity of the country and strengthening the role of the country in the European arena. Another thing is that each of them went to the goal in his own way, sometimes in a completely different direction than his predecessors.

The period of fragmentation of Kievan Rus

During the feudal fragmentation of Russia, changes on the main princely throne were frequent. None of the princes left a serious mark on the history of Russia. By the middle of the XIII century, Kyiv fell into absolute decline. It is worth mentioning only a few princes who ruled in the XII century. So, from 1139 to 1146 prince of Kiev was Vsevolod Olgovich. In 1146, Igor II was at the helm for two weeks, after which Izyaslav Mstislavovich ruled for three years. Until 1169, such people as Vyacheslav Rurikovich, Rostislav Smolensky, Izyaslav Chernigov, Yuri Dolgoruky, Izyaslav the Third managed to visit the princely throne.

Capital moves to Vladimir

The period of formation of late feudalism in Russia was characterized by several manifestations:

The weakening of the Kiev princely power;

The emergence of several centers of influence that competed with each other;

Strengthening the influence of the feudal lords.

On the territory of Russia, 2 most major centers influences: Vladimir and Galich. Galich is the most important political center at that time (located on the territory of modern Western Ukraine). It seems interesting to study the list of rulers of Russia who reigned in Vladimir. The importance of this period of history has yet to be assessed by researchers. Of course, the Vladimir period in the development of Russia was not as long as the Kyiv period, but it was after it that the formation of monarchical Russia began. Consider the dates of the reign of all the rulers of Russia of this time. In the first years of this stage in the development of Russia, the rulers changed quite often, there was no stability that would appear later. For more than 5 years, the following princes have been in power in Vladimir:

Andrew (1169-1174);

Vsevolod, son of Andrei (1176-1212);

Georgy Vsevolodovich (1218-1238);

Yaroslav, son of Vsevolod (1238-1246);

Alexander (Nevsky), great commander (1252-1263);

Yaroslav III (1263-1272);

Dmitry I (1276-1283);

Dmitry II (1284-1293);

Andrei Gorodetsky (1293-1304);

Michael "Saint" of Tver (1305-1317).

All the rulers of Russia after the transfer of the capital to Moscow until the appearance of the first tsars

The transfer of the capital from Vladimir to Moscow roughly coincides chronologically with the end of the period of feudal fragmentation of Russia and the strengthening of the main center of political influence. Most of the princes were on the throne longer than the rulers of the Vladimir period. So:

Prince Ivan (1328-1340);

Semyon Ivanovich (1340-1353);

Ivan the Red (1353-1359);

Alexei Byakont (1359-1368);

Dmitry (Donskoy), famous commander (1368-1389);

Vasily Dmitrievich (1389-1425);

Sophia of Lithuania (1425-1432);

Vasily the Dark (1432-1462);

Ivan III (1462-1505);

Vasily Ivanovich (1505-1533);

Elena Glinskaya (1533-1538);

The decade before 1548 was a difficult period in the history of Russia, when the situation developed in such a way that the princely dynasty actually ended. There was a period of stagnation when boyar families were in power.

The reign of tsars in Russia: the beginning of the monarchy

Historians distinguish three chronological periods in the development of the Russian monarchy: before the accession to the throne of Peter the Great, the reign of Peter the Great and after it. The dates of the reign of all the rulers of Russia from 1548 to the end of the 17th century are as follows:

Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible (1548-1574);

Semyon Kasimovsky (1574-1576);

Ivan the Terrible again (1576-1584);

Fedor (1584-1598).

Tsar Fedor did not have heirs, so she interrupted. - one of the most difficult periods in the history of our country. Rulers changed almost every year. Since 1613, the country has been ruled by the Romanov dynasty:

Mikhail, the first representative of the Romanov dynasty (1613-1645);

Alexei Mikhailovich, son of the first emperor (1645-1676);

He ascended the throne in 1676 and ruled for 6 years;

Sophia, his sister, ruled from 1682 to 1689.

In the 17th century, stability finally came to Russia. The central government has strengthened, reforms are gradually beginning, which have led to the fact that Russia has grown territorially and strengthened, the leading world powers began to reckon with it. The main merit in changing the face of the state belongs to the great Peter I (1689-1725), who simultaneously became the first emperor.

Rulers of Russia after Peter

The reign of Peter the Great is the heyday when the empire acquired its own strong fleet and strengthened the army. All the rulers of Russia, from Rurik to Putin, understood the importance of the armed forces, but few were able to realize the huge potential of the country. An important feature of that time was the aggressive foreign policy of Russia, which manifested itself in the forcible annexation of new regions (Russian-Turkish wars, the Azov campaign).

The chronology of the rulers of Russia from 1725 to 1917 is as follows:

Catherine Skavronskaya (1725-1727);

Peter II (killed in 1730);

Queen Anna (1730-1740);

Ivan Antonovich (1740-1741);

Elizaveta Petrovna (1741-1761);

Petr Fedorovich (1761-1762);

Catherine the Great (1762-1796);

Pavel Petrovich (1796-1801);

Alexander I (1801-1825);

Nicholas I (1825-1855);

Alexander II (1855 - 1881);

Alexander III (1881-1894);

Nicholas II - the last of the Romanovs, ruled until 1917.

This ends a huge period of development of the state, when the kings were in power. After the October Revolution, a new political structure appeared - the republic.

Russia during the Soviet era and after its collapse

The first few years after the revolution were difficult. Among the rulers of this period, Alexander Fedorovich Kerensky can be distinguished. After the legal registration of the USSR as a state and until 1924, Vladimir Lenin led the country. Further, the chronology of the rulers of Russia looks like this:

Dzhugashvili Joseph Vissarionovich (1924-1953);

Nikita Khrushchev was First Secretary of the CPSU after Stalin's death until 1964;

Leonid Brezhnev (1964-1982);

Yuri Andropov (1982-1984);

General Secretary of the CPSU (1984-1985);

Mikhail Gorbachev, the first President of the USSR (1985-1991);

Boris Yeltsin, leader of independent Russia (1991-1999);

The current head of state, Putin, has been the President of Russia since 2000 (with a break of 4 years, when Dmitry Medvedev was in charge of the state)

Who are the rulers of Russia?

All the rulers of Russia from Rurik to Putin, who have been in power over the entire more than a thousand-year history of the state, are patriots who wished the flourishing of all the lands of a vast country. Most of the rulers were not random people in this difficult field and each made his own contribution to the development and formation of Russia. All the rulers of Russia, of course, wanted goodness and prosperity for their subjects: the main forces were always directed to strengthening borders, expanding trade, and strengthening defense capabilities.

Alexey Mikhailovich(1629-1676), tsar since 1645. Son of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich. During the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, the central government was strengthened and serfdom took shape (Sobornoe ukaz 1649); reunited with the Russian state Ukraine (1654); returned Smolensk, Seversk land, etc.; uprisings were suppressed in Moscow, Novgorod, Pskov (1648, 1650, 1662) and peasant war under the leadership of Stepan Razin; There was a split in the Russian Church.

Wives: Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya (1625-1669), among her children is Princess Sophia, the future tsars Fedor and Ivan V; Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina (1651-1694) - Peter's mother

Fedor Alekseevich(1661-1682), tsar since 1676. Son of Alexei Mikhailovich from his first marriage with M.I. Miloslavskaya. Under him, various groups of boyars ruled. Household taxation was introduced, localism was abolished in 1682; the unification of Left-bank Ukraine with Russia was finally fixed.

Ivan V Alekseevich (1666-1696), tsar since 1682. Son of Alexei Mikhailovich from his first marriage to M.I. Miloslavskaya. Sickly and incapable of state activity, he was proclaimed king along with younger brother Peter I; until 1689, sister Sophia ruled for them, after her overthrow - Peter I.

Peter I Alekseevich (Great) (1672-1725), tsar from 1682 (reigned from 1689), first Russian emperor(since 1721). The youngest son of Alexei Mikhailovich - from his second marriage with N.K. Naryshkina. He carried out public administration reforms (the Senate, boards, bodies of higher state control and political investigation were created; the church was subordinate to the state; the country was divided into provinces; a new capital, St. Petersburg, was built). He pursued a policy of mercantileism in the field of industry and trade (the creation of manufactories, metallurgical, mining and other plants, shipyards, marinas, canals). He led the army in the Azov campaigns of 1695-1696, the Northern War of 1700-1721, the Prut campaign of 1711, the Persian campaign of 1722-1723, etc.; he commanded troops during the capture of Noteburg (1702), in battles at Lesnaya (1708) and near Poltava (1709). He supervised the construction of the fleet and the creation of a regular army. Contributed to the strengthening of the economic and political position of the nobility. At the initiative of Peter I, many educational establishments, Academy of Sciences, adopted civil alphabet, etc. The reforms of Peter I were carried out by cruel means, by extreme exertion of material and human forces, oppression of the masses (head tax, etc.), which entailed uprisings (Streletskoye 1698, Astrakhan 1705-1706, Bulavinskoye 1707-1709, etc.), mercilessly suppressed by the government. Being the creator of a powerful absolutist state, he achieved recognition for Russia by the countries of Western Europe of the authority of a great power.

Wives: Evdokia Fedorovna Lopukhina, mother of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich;
Marta Skavronskaya, later Catherine I Alekseevna

Catherine I Alekseevna (Marta Skavronskaya) (1684-1727), empress from 1725. The second wife of Peter I. She was enthroned by the guards, headed by A.D. Menshikov, who became the de facto ruler of the state. Under it, the Supreme Privy Council was created.

Peter II Alekseevich (1715-1730), Emperor from 1727. Son of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich. In fact, A.D. Menshikov, then the Dolgorukovs, ruled the state under him. He announced the cancellation of a number of reforms carried out by Peter I.

Anna Ivanovna(1693-1740), Empress from 1730. Daughter of Ivan V Alekseevich, Duchess of Courland from 1710. She was enthroned by the Supreme Privy Council. In fact, E.I. Biron was the ruler under her.

Ivan VI Antonovich (1740-1764), emperor in 1740-1741. Great-grandson of Ivan V Alekseevich, son of Prince Anton Ulrich of Brunswick. E.I. Biron ruled for the baby, then mother Anna Leopoldovna. Overthrown by the guard, imprisoned; killed when V.Ya.Mirovich tried to free him.

Elizaveta Petrovna(1709-1761/62), empress since 1741. Daughter of Peter I from marriage with Catherine I. Enthroned by the guards. She contributed to the elimination of the dominance of foreigners in the government, nominated talented and energetic representatives from among the Russian nobility to government posts. Actual leader domestic policy under Elizabeth Petrovna there was P.I. Shuvalov, whose activities are associated with the abolition of internal customs and the organization of foreign trade; rearmament of the army, improvement of its organizational structure and control systems. During the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna, the orders and bodies created under Peter I were restored. The rise of Russian science and culture was facilitated by the establishment, on the initiative of M.V. Lomonosov, of Moscow University (1755) and the Academy of Arts (1757). The privileges of the nobility were strengthened and expanded at the expense of the serfs (distribution of land and serfs, a decree of 1760 on the right to exile peasants to Siberia, etc.). Peasant protests against serfdom were brutally suppressed. The foreign policy of Elizabeth Petrovna, skillfully directed by Chancellor A.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, was subordinated to the task of fighting against the aggressive aspirations of the Prussian king Frederick II.

Peter III Fedorovich (1728-1762), Russian emperor since 1761. German prince Karl Peter Ulrich, son of the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp Karl Friedrich and Anna, the eldest daughter of Peter I and Catherine I. From 1742 in Russia. In 1761 he made peace with Prussia, which nullified the results of the victories of Russian troops in the Seven Years' War. Introduced German orders in the army. Overthrown in a coup organized by his wife Catherine, killed.

Catherine II Alekseevna (Great) (1729-1796), Russian Empress from 1762. German Princess Sophia Frederick Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst. Came to power, overthrowing with the help of the guard Peter III, her husband. She formalized the class privileges of the nobles. Under Catherine II, the Russian absolutist state significantly strengthened, the oppression of the peasants intensified, and a peasant war took place under the leadership of Emelyan Pugachev (1773-1775). The Northern Black Sea region, Crimea, the North Caucasus, Western Ukrainian, Belarusian and Lithuanian lands (in three sections of the Commonwealth) were annexed. She pursued a policy of enlightened absolutism. From the late 80's - early 90's. actively participated in the fight against French Revolution; pursued freethinking in Russia.

Pavel I Petrovich (1754-1801), Russian emperor from 1796. Son of Peter III and Catherine II. Introduced a military-police regime in the state, Prussian orders in the army; restricted the privileges of the nobility. He opposed revolutionary France, but in 1800 he made an alliance with Bonaparte. Killed by conspiring nobles.

Alexander I Pavlovich (1777-1825), emperor since 1801. The eldest son of Paul I. At the beginning of his reign, he carried out moderate-liberal reforms developed by the Unofficial Committee and M.M. Speransky. In foreign policy maneuvered between Britain and France. In 1805-1807 he participated in anti-French coalitions. In 1807-1812 he temporarily became close to France. He led successful wars with Turkey (1806-1812) and Sweden (1808-1809). Under Alexander I, East Georgia (1801), Finland (1809), Bessarabia (1812), Azerbaijan (1813), and the former Duchy of Warsaw (1815) were annexed to Russia. After the Patriotic War of 1812, he headed the anti-French coalition of European powers in 1813-1814. Was one of the leaders Congress of Vienna 1814-1815 and organizers of the Holy Alliance.

Nicholas I Pavlovich (1796-1855), Russian emperor since 1825. Third son of Emperor Paul I. Honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1826). Ascended the throne after the sudden death of Alexander I. Suppressed the Decembrist uprising. Under Nicholas I, the centralization of the bureaucratic apparatus was strengthened, the Third Department was created, the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire was drawn up, and new censorship charters were introduced (1826, 1828). The theory of official nationality gained currency. The Polish uprising of 1830-1831 and the revolution in Hungary of 1848-1849 were suppressed. An important aspect of foreign policy was the return to the principles of the Holy Alliance. During the reign of Nicholas I, Russia participated in the Caucasian War of 1817-1864, the Russo-Persian War of 1826-1828, Russian-Turkish war 1828-1829, Crimean War 1853-1856.

Alexander II Nikolayevich (1818-1881), emperor since 1855. The eldest son of Nicholas I. He carried out the abolition of serfdom and then carried out a number of other bourgeois reforms (zemstvo, judicial, military, etc.) that contributed to the development of capitalism. After the Polish uprising of 1863-1864, he switched to a reactionary internal political course. Since the late 1970s, repressions against revolutionaries have intensified. In the reign of Alexander II, the accession to Russia of the Caucasus (1864), Kazakhstan (1865), most of Central Asia(1865-1881). A number of attempts were made on the life of Alexander II (1866, 1867, 1879, 1880); killed by the people.

Alexander III Alexandrovich (1845-1894), Russian emperor since 1881. Second son of Alexander II. In the first half of the 1980s, in the conditions of the growth of capitalist relations, he abolished the poll tax and lowered redemption payments. Since the 2nd half of the 80s. carried out counter-reforms. Suppressed the revolutionary-democratic and labor movement, strengthened the role of the police and administrative arbitrariness. Into the reign Alexander III the annexation of Central Asia to Russia (1885) was basically completed, the Russian-French alliance was concluded (1891-1893).

Nicholas II Aleksandrovich (1868-1918), the last Russian emperor (1894-1917). Eldest son of Alexander III. His reign coincided with rapid development capitalism. Under Nicholas II, Russia was defeated in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, which was one of the reasons for the revolution of 1905-1907, during which the Manifesto was adopted on October 17, 1905, allowing the creation political parties and established the State Duma; Stolypin agrarian reform began to be carried out. In 1907 Russia became a member of the Entente, in which it joined the 1st world war. From August 1915 supreme commander. During the February Revolution of 1917 he abdicated. Shot with his family in Yekaterinburg

Peter I Alekseevich 1672 - 1725

Peter I was born on 05/30/1672 in Moscow, died on 01/28/1725 in St. Petersburg, Russian tsar from 1682, emperor from 1721. The son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich from his second wife, Natalia Naryshkina. He ascended the throne for nine years, together with his elder brother Tsar John V, under the regency of his elder sister, Princess Sofya Alekseevna. In 1689, the mother married Peter I to Evdokia Lopukhina. In 1690 a son, Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich, was born, but family life did not work out. In 1712, the tsar announced his divorce and married Catherine (Marta Skavronskaya), who from 1703 was his actual wife. In this marriage, 8 children were born, but except for Anna and Elizabeth, they all died in infancy. In 1694, the mother of Peter I died, and two years later, in 1696, his elder brother, Tsar John V, also died. Peter I became the sovereign sovereign. In 1712, the new capital of Russia was St. Petersburg, founded by Peter I, where part of the population of Moscow was transferred.

Catherine I Alekseevna 1684 - 1727

Catherine I Alekseevna was born on 04/05/1684 in the Baltic States, died on 05/06/1727 in St. Petersburg, the Russian Empress in 1725-1727. The daughter of the Lithuanian peasant Samuil Skavronsky, who moved from Lithuania to Livonia. Before the adoption of Orthodoxy - Marta Skavronskaya. In the autumn of 1703, she became the actual wife of Peter I. The church marriage was formalized on February 19, 1712. Following the decree on succession to the throne, not without the participation of A.D. Menshikov, she bequeathed the throne to the grandson of Peter I - 12-year-old Peter II. She died May 6, 1727. She was buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg.

Peter II Alekseevich 1715 - 1730

Peter II Alekseevich was born on 10/12/1715 in St. Petersburg, died on 01/18/1730 in Moscow, the Russian emperor (1727-1730) from the Romanov dynasty. The son of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich and Princess Charlotte Christina Sophia of Wolfenbüttel, the grandson of Peter I. Elevated to the throne through the efforts of A.D. Menshikov after the death of Catherine I, Peter II was not interested in anything but hunting and pleasure. At the beginning of the reign of Peter II, power was actually in the hands of A. Menshikov, who dreamed of intermarrying with the royal dynasty by marrying Peter II to his daughter. Despite the engagement of Menshikov's daughter Maria to Peter II in May 1727, Menshikov's dismissal and disgrace followed in September. Peter II was under the influence of the Dolgoruky family, I. Dolgoruky became his favorite, and Princess E. Dolgorukaya became his bride. The real power was in the hands of A. Osterman. Peter II fell ill with smallpox and died on the eve of the wedding. With his death, the Romanov family was interrupted in the male line. He was buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg.

Anna Ioannovna 1693 - 1740

Anna Ioannovna was born on 01/28/1693 in Moscow, died on 10/17/1740 in St. Petersburg, the Russian Empress in 1730-1740. Daughter of Tsar Ivan V Alekseevich and P. Saltykova, niece of Peter I. In 1710 she was married to the Duke of Courland Friedrich-Welgem, soon became a widow, lived in Mitau. After the death of Emperor Peter II (he did not leave a will), the Supreme Privy Council at a meeting in the Lefortovo Palace on 01/19/1730 decided to invite Anna Ioannovna to the throne. In 1731, Anna Ioannovna issued a Manifesto on the nationwide oath to the heir. 01/08/1732 Anna Ioannovna, together with the court and the highest state. Institutions moved from Moscow to St. Petersburg. Power during the reign of Anna Ioannovna was in the hands of E. Biron, a native of Courland, and his proteges.

Ivan VI Antonovich 1740 - 1764

John Antonovich was born on 08/12/1740, killed on 07/07/1764, Russian emperor from 10/17/1740 to 11/25/1741. Son of Anna Leopoldovna and Prince Anton Ulrich of Braunschwetz- Brevern-Luneburg, great-grandson of Tsar Ivan V, great-nephew of Empress Anna Ioannovna. On November 25, as a result of a palace coup, the daughter of Peter I, Elizabeth Petrovna, came to power. In 1744, Ivan Antonovich was exiled to Kholmogory. In 1756 he was transferred to the Shlisselburg fortress. On July 5, 1764, Lieutenant V. Mirovich tried to free Ivan Antonovich from the fortress, but failed. The guards killed the prisoner.

Elizaveta Petrovna 1709 - 1762

Elizaveta Petrovna was born on December 18, 1709 in the village of Kolomenskoye, near Moscow, died on December 25, 1761 in St. Petersburg, the Russian Empress in 1741-1761, the daughter of Peter I and Catherine I. She ascended the throne as a result of a palace coup on November 25, 1741, during which representatives of the Brunswick dynasty (Prince Anton Ulrich, Anna Leopoldovna and John Antonovich), as well as many representatives of the "German Party" (A. Osterman, B. Minich, and others) were arrested. One of the first acts of the new government was to invite Elizaveta Petrovna's nephew Karl Ulrich from Holstein and declare him heir to the throne (future Emperor Peter III). In fact, Count P. Shuvalov became the head of domestic policy under Elizabeth Petrovna.

Peter III Fedorovich 1728 — 1762

Peter III was born on 02/10/1728 in Kiel, killed on 07/07/1762 in Ropsha near St. Petersburg, Russian emperor from 1761 to 1762. Grandson of Peter I, son of the Duke of Holstein-Gottop Karl Friedrich and Tsesarevna Anna Petrovna. In 1745 he married Princess Sophia Frederica Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbskaya (future Empress Catherine II). Having ascended the throne on December 25, 1761, he immediately stopped hostilities against Prussia in the Seven Years' War, ceded all the conquests to his admirer Frederick II. The anti-national foreign policy of Peter III, the disdain for Russian rituals and customs, the introduction of the Prussian order in the army caused opposition in the guard, which was headed by Catherine II. During the palace coup, Peter III was arrested and then killed.

Catherine II Alekseevna 1729 - 1796

Catherine II Alekseevna was born on 04/21/1729 in Stettin, died on 11/06/1796 in Tsarskoe Selo (now the city of Pushkin), Russian Empress 1762-1796. She came from a small North German princely family. Born Sophia Augusta Frederick of Anhalt-Zerbst. Received home education. In 1744, she was summoned to Russia with her mother by Empress Elizaveta Pertovna, baptized according to Orthodox tradition under the name of Catherine and named the bride of Grand Duke Peter Fedorovich (future Emperor Peter III), whom she married in 1745. In 1754 Catherine II gave birth to a son, the future Emperor Paul I After the accession of Peter III, who was increasingly hostile to her, her position became precarious. On June 28, 1762, relying on the guards regiments (G. and A. Orlovs and others), Catherine II made a bloodless coup and became an autocratic empress. The time of Catherine II is the dawn of favoritism, characteristic of European life in the second half of the 18th century. Having parted with G. Orlov in the early 1770s, in subsequent years the empress changed a number of favorites. As a rule, they were not allowed to participate in solving political issues. Only two of her famous favorites - G. Potemkin and P. Zavodovsky - became major statesmen.

Pavel I Petrovich 1754 - 1801

Pavel I was born on September 20, 1754 in St. Petersburg, killed on March 12, 1801 in the Mikhailovsky Castle in St. Petersburg, Russian Emperor 1796-1801, son of Peter III and Catherine II. He was brought up at the court of his grandmother Elizabeth Petrovna, who intended to make him the heir to the throne instead of Peter III. The main educator of Paul I was N. Panin. Since 1773, Paul I was married to Princess Wilhelmina of Hesse-Darmstadt, after her death in 1776 - Princess Sophia Dorothea of ​​Württemberg (Maria Feodorovna in Orthodoxy). He had sons: Alexander (future Emperor Alexander I, 1777), Constantine (1779), Nicholas (future Emperor Nicholas I, 1796), Mikhail (1798), as well as six daughters. Among the guards officers, a conspiracy matured, about which the heir to the throne, Alexander Pavlovich, was aware. On the night of March 11-12, 1801, the conspirators (Count P. Palen, P. Zubov and others) entered the Mikhailovsky Castle and killed Paul I. Alexander I came to the throne, in the very first weeks of his reign, returning many exiled by his father and destroyed many of his innovations.

Alexander I Pavlovich 1777 - 1825

Alexander I was born on 12/12/1777 in St. Petersburg, died on 11/19/1825 in Taganrog, the Russian emperor 1801-1825, the eldest son of Paul I. By the will of his grandmother Catherine II, he was educated in the spirit of the enlighteners of the 18th century. His mentor was Colonel Frederic de La Harpe, a republican by conviction, a future figure in the Swiss revolution. In 1793, Alexander I married the daughter of the Margrave of Baden, Louise Maria Augusta, who took the name of Elizaveta Alekseevna. Alexander I succeeded to the throne after the assassination of his father in 1801, undertook broadly conceived reforms. Main executor social transformation Alexander I became in 1808-1812. his secretary of state M. Speransky, who reorganized the ministries, created the state. advice and held financial reform. In foreign policy, Alexander I participated in two coalitions against Napoleonic France (with Prussia in 1804-05, with Austria in 1806-07). Having been defeated at Austerlitz in 1805 and Friedland in 1807, he concluded the Peace of Tilsit in 1807 and an alliance with Napoleon. In 1812, Napoleon invaded Russia, but was defeated in the course of patriotic war 1812. Alexander I at the head of the Russian troops, together with the allies, entered Paris in the spring of 1814. He was one of the leaders of the Congress of Vienna in 1814-1815. According to official data, Alexander I died in Taganrog.

Nicholas I Pavlovich 1796 - 1855

Nicholas I was born on 06/25/1796 in Tsarskoye Selo, now the city of Pushkin, died on 02/18/1855 in St. Petersburg, Russian emperor (1825-1855). The third son of Paul I. From birth recorded in military service, Nicholas I was brought up by Count M. Lamsdorf. In 1814 he traveled abroad for the first time under the Russian army under the command of his elder brother Alexander I. In 1816 he made a three-month journey through European Russia, and from October 1816 to May 1817 he traveled and lived in England. In 1817 he married the eldest daughter of the Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm II, Princess Charlotte Frederick Louise, who took the name of Alexandra Feodorovna. Under Nicholas I, the monetary reform of the Minister of Finance E. Kankrin was successfully carried out, streamlining monetary circulation and protecting the backward Russian industry from competition.

Alexander II Nikolaevich 1818 - 1881

Alexander II was born on 04/17/1818 in Moscow, killed on 03/01/1881 in St. Petersburg, Russian Emperor 1855-1881, son of Nicholas I. His tutors were General Merder, Kavelin, as well as the poet V. Zhukovsky, who instilled in Alexander II liberal views and romantic attitude to life. 1837 Alexander II made a long journey through Russia, then in 1838 - through the countries of Western Europe. In 1841 he married the princess of Hesse-Darmstadt, who took the name of Maria Alexandrovna. One of the first acts of Alexander II was the pardon of the exiled Decembrists. 02/19/1861. Alexander II issued a manifesto on the liberation of the peasants from serfdom. Under Alexander II, the annexation of the Caucasus to Russia was completed and its influence in the east expanded. The structure of Russia included Turkestan, the Amur region, the Ussuri Territory, the Kuril islands in exchange for the southern part of Sakhalin. He sold Alaska and the Aleutian Islands to the Americans in 1867. In 1880, after the death of Empress Maria Alexandrovna, the Tsar entered into a morganatic marriage with Princess Ekaterina Dolgoruky. A number of attempts were made on the life of Alexander II, he was killed by a bomb thrown by the People's Will I. Grinevitsky.

Alexander III Alexandrovich 1845 - 1894

Alexander III was born on 02/26/1845 in Tsarskoye Selo, died on 10/20/1894 in the Crimea, Russian Emperor 1881-1894, son of Alexander II. The mentor of Alexander III, who had a strong influence on his worldview, was K. Pobedonostsev. After the death of his elder brother Nicholas in 1865, Alexander III became heir to the throne. In 1866, he married the bride of his deceased brother, the daughter of the Danish king Christian IX, Princess Sophia Frederica Dagmar, who took the name of Maria Feodorovna. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-78. was the commander of the Separate Ruschuk Detachment in Bulgaria. He created the Volunteer Fleet of Russia since 1878, which became the core of the country's merchant fleet and the reserve of the navy. Having ascended the throne after the assassination of Alexander II on March 1, 1881, he canceled the draft constitutional reform signed by his father immediately before his death. Alexander III died in Livadia in the Crimea.

Nicholas II Alexandrovich 1868 - 1918

Nicholas II (Romanov Nikolai Aleksandrovich) was born on May 19, 1868 in Tsarskoe Selo, shot on July 17, 1918 in Yekaterinburg, the last Russian emperor 1894-1917, the son of Alexander III and the Danish princess Dagmara (Maria Feodorovna). From February 14, 1894, he was married to Alexandra Feodorovna (nee Alice, Princess of Hesse and the Rhine). Daughters Olga, Tatyana, Maria, Anastasia, son Alexei. He ascended the throne on October 21, 1894 after the death of his father. On February 27, 1917, Nicholas II, under pressure from the high military command, renounced the throne. On 03/08/1917 he was "imprisoned". After the Bolsheviks came to power, the regime of his maintenance was sharply strengthened, and in April 1918 the royal family was transferred to Yekaterinburg, where they were placed in the house of mining engineer N. Ipatiev. On the eve of the fall Soviet power in the Urals, in Moscow, it was decided to execute Nicholas II and his relatives. The murder was entrusted to Yurovsky and his deputy Nikulin. The royal family and all close associates and servants were killed on the night of 16 July 17, 1918, the execution took place in a small room on the ground floor, where the victims were brought under the pretext of evacuation. According to the official version, the decision to kill the royal family was made by the Ural Council, which feared the approach of Czechoslovak troops. However, in recent years it became known that Nicholas II, his wife and children were killed on the direct orders of V. Lenin and Y. Sverdlov. After the remains of the royal family were discovered and, by decision of the Russian government, on July 17, 1998, they were buried in the tomb of the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg. Russian Orthodox Church abroad canonized Nicholas II as a saint.