Biography of Anna Ulyanova. How did the fate of Lenin's elder sister Anna Ulyanova. Elizarova-Ulyanova, Anna Ilyinichna Information About

The life of this woman was amazing, as, indeed, of all members of the friendly Ulyanov family. After graduating from a gymnasium in Simbirsk, Anna Ilyinichna worked for some time as an assistant to a city teacher. elementary school. And then, when the older brother Alexander is going to St. Petersburg to enter the university, nineteen-year-old Anna goes there with him.
In St. Petersburg, she enthusiastically studies at the historical and literary department of the Higher (Bestuzhev) women's courses, studies foreign languages.
In 1887, a terrible blow suddenly fell upon her - the execution of her beloved brother, who was preparing an attempt on the tsar with his comrades. Before this blow, all other troubles faded: both his own arrest in connection with the “First March” case, and expulsion from St. Petersburg to the village of Kokushkino in the Kazan province.
The first arrest and deportation was followed by others - for a long 30 years the tsarist government kept the courageous revolutionary under its vigilant supervision and, at the slightest suspicion of "sedition", was immediately thrown into prison. And "sedition" just became the main content of Anna Ilyinichna's life - she devotes all her strength to illegal party work.
In 1900, Anna Ilyinichna took an active part in the creation of the Iskra newspaper. He actively collaborates in it and in such Bolshevik publications as Vperyod, Proletary, and Social Democrat. During the years of the first Russian revolution and during the years of reaction, carrying out various party assignments, Anna Ilyinichna travels to Moscow, Tomsk, Samara, and Kyiv. And in every city she is necessarily a member of the local committee of the RSDLP, carries out a lot of agitation and propaganda work among the masses.
But perhaps the basis main content throughout its activities - constant and active assistance to Vladimir Ilyich. She supplies her younger brother with all the literature he needs, manages his difficult publishing business, keeps proofreading his books.
In 1913, the Elizarov family moved to St. Petersburg. Immediately upon arrival, Anna Ilyinichna joins the daily work of Pravda. Conducts literary processing of correspondence received by the editorial office, writes a lot herself. And at the same time, he manages to conduct secretarial, and then publishing affairs of the Bolshevik journal Enlightenment.
Anna Ilyinichna devotes a lot of energy to the development of the mass proletarian women's movement. In 1914, on behalf of the party, she selects the editorial staff of the new Bolshevik magazine Rabotnitsa and participates in the release of its first issues.
World War brings her new worries. The hostilities incredibly complicated regular communication with the Zagoanichny Bureau of the Bolshevik Central Committee, with Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. Anna Ilyinichna does her best to keep this connection uninterrupted. “In St. Petersburg, I continued to correspond with foreign countries, collected money for illegal foreign literature, received and distributed it. In July 1916 I was arrested; at first, a link to Eastern Siberia was supposed, then it was replaced by exile to the Astrakhan province. When I was released in October, my husband managed to get permission to stay in St. Petersburg for treatment. A month later there was a search, but in view of the fact that nothing illegal was found, I was left in St. Petersburg for another month ... ".
On the very eve February Revolution a detachment of policemen again burst into the Elizarovs' apartment. Search again. Protocol. Jail. But this time not for long. Two days later, the rebellious St. Petersburg proletariat opened the prison doors to Anna Ilyinichnaya. At home, she told her loved ones with excitement and joy.
You know, the workers broke into the station, the police did not even resist, they immediately gave the keys. They open our cell: “Comrades, come out, you are free, there is a revolution in Petrograd!” We all rushed to embrace our liberators. Everything has been destroyed there now, the site is burning with might and main.
Immediately after the February Revolution, the publication of Pravda resumed. Anna Ilyinichna joined the editorial board of the newspaper. Became editorial secretary.
In the first days after the arrival of V. I. Lenin from emigration in April 1917, the light burned for a long time in the Elizarovs’ apartment on Shirokaya Street in the evenings: Vladimir Ilyich told his sisters and Mark Timofeevich Elizarov
about life in Switzerland, about how he and his companions managed, despite all the obstacles, to get to revolutionary Petrograd ...
Then came the weekdays. The editorial office of Pravda, where Anna Ilyinichna was now working with her brother. Conversations with the workers who came here by the hundreds. The Rabotnitsa magazine was revived. Editing it was entrusted to Anna Ilyinichna.
Following the July events - new unrest. For the fate of my brother. Agents of the Provisional Government persistently searched for Vladimir Ilyich. They also visited with searches the apartment of the Elizarovs, where V. I. Lenin and N. K. Krupskaya were registered. The Elizarovs had to urgently change their place of residence. They moved to Maly Prospekt of the Petrograd side.
The junkers' defeat of the editorial office of Pravda forced Anna Ilyinichna to switch to trade union work among the weavers. She began to visit factories, get acquainted with the life of female workers. And when in October it was decided to publish the magazine "Tkach", Anna Ilyinichna, by her own admission, led "all the work of the editor, secretary, proofreader" in it.
In the early morning of October 24, the authorities closed the Bolshevik printing house "Trud", where "Tkach" was supposed to be printed. And although the printing house was again in the hands of the Bolsheviks on the same day, the events that had begun pushed the worries about the magazine far away.
At the call of the party, the St. Petersburg proletariat, the soldiers and sailors of the Baltic took up arms against the Provisional Government. In these responsible revolutionary days, Anna Ilyinichna, as the eldest in the family, takes upon herself all the worries about her younger brother. Not afraid of the dangers, “she brought dinner to Vladimir Ilyich directly to Smolny, knowing that without this he would not remember the dinner, immersed in a great cause,” recalled Anna Ilyinichna’s close friend, P.F. Cudelli.
When the revolution won, Anna Ilyinichna returned to the magazine. The first issue of "Tkach" was published on November 7, 1917. In the following issues, Anna Ilyinichna published under the signatures “A. AND." and "A. Ilyin” several articles, as well as her translation from Italian Ada Negri's "Child of the Factory" poem. Judging by the style, A. I. Elizarova-Ulyanova also wrote the leading articles of The Weaver, which simply and intelligibly describe the goals and objectives of the workers' and peasants' power.
After moving Soviet government in Moscow, Anna Ilyinichna headed the Department of Child Protection of the People's Commissariat for Social Security (later Narkompros). From 1921 to 1932 she worked at Eastpart and then at the Marx-Engels-Lenin Institute. She reviewed Lenin's collections, participated in the publication of the Collected Works of V. I. Lenin, gave advice on certain periods and facts from the life of V. I. Lenin. Particularly interesting are her memories of Vladimir Ilyich.
Of great value is also Anna Ilyinichna's book about her older brother - "Alexander Ilyich Ulyanov and the case of March 1, 1887."
A. I. Elizarova-Ulyanov died in October 1935. Her grave is located in Leningrad, on the Literary bridges of the Volkov cemetery.

In November 1880, Anna successfully graduated from the Simbirsk Mariinsky Women's Gymnasium, receiving a "large size" silver medal and a certificate from the Ministry of Public Education for the title of home teacher.

In the autumn of 1893, together with her family, she moved from Samara to Moscow, where she joined the social democratic movement the following year, establishing contact with the workers' circles "Moscow Workers Union" of Mickiewicz, Maslennikov and Chorba. She was translated from German language the play by G. Hauptman “Weavers” and a brief brochure was compiled on the book by E. M. Dementiev “The Factory, what it gives to the population and what it takes”; these works were widely read by the workers of Moscow and the Moscow region.

In 1908-1909, Moscow organized the publication of Lenin's book "Materialism and Empirio-Criticism". From 1909 to 1913. together with her sister M. I. Ulyanova, husband M. T. Elizarov and mother V. I. Lenin M. A. Ulyanova lived in Saratov on Ugodnikovskaya (now Ulyanovsk) street in house No. regional museum local history - the apartment-museum of the Ulyanov family) A. I. Ulyanova, together with her sister M. I. Ulyanova, established ties with local revolutionary leaders. They communicated with the foreign center, with V. I. Lenin. Under the leadership of the sisters, at the beginning of 1911, the Saratov organization of the RSDLP, defeated by the Okhrana, was restored. The leading core of the group was: M. I. Ulyanova, S. S. Krzhizhanovsky, workers: A. A. Larionov, A. V. Simonov, I. V. Nefedov, A. A. Gogolkin, Ya. Beschastnov. In the spring of 1911, the legal Social-Democratic Privolzhskaya Gazeta began to appear. The Saratov organization of the RSDLP was one of the first to react positively to the decision of the meeting of the members of the Central Committee to convene the VI (Prague) Conference of the RSDLP and then approved its decisions aimed at strengthening the illegal party and fighting the liquidators and otzovists. The vigorous activity of the organization alarmed the authorities, and on the night of May 8, 1912, searches were carried out and 13 people were arrested, including M.I. Ulyanova, A.I. Ulyanova-Yelizarova and other members. At the end of May, A. I. Ulyanova managed to break out of prison and take measures to establish further party work of the Saratov organization of the RSDLP. M. I. Ulyanova and other members of the organization were exiled to the Vologda province. In 1913, in St. Petersburg, she worked at Pravda, as a secretary of the Enlightenment magazine and a member of the editorial board of the Rabotnitsa magazine. Organized in Russia the collection of funds for the party and the transportation of literature. Arrested in 1904, 1907, 1912, 1916, 1917.

In 1918-1921, she was the head of the department of child protection at the People's Commissariat for Social Security, then at the People's Commissariat for Education. One of the organizers of Eastpart and.

Until the end of 1932 - a researcher; secretary and member of the editorial board of the Proletarian Revolution magazine.

In 1924, after the death of V. I. Lenin, Elizarova was seconded by the Central Committee of the RCP (b) to Leningrad to collect materials about the Ulyanov family for writing scientific work on this topic. During these researches in the archives of the Ministry of the Interior, Elizarova learned something that was already known to another group of researchers as a result of searching for Lenin's ancestors in Ukraine to clarify his possible hereditary illness: Lenin's grandfather was a Jewish cantonist. However, at the same time, the Central Committee of the RCP (b) ordered to keep information about this in strict confidence. Elizarova protested against such a decision of the Central Committee, as she considered it unfair and violating the principle of national equality, but as a member of the party she was forced to obey, although she did not put up with it. It is known that on December 28, 1932, she wrote a letter to Stalin, in which she reminded him of Lenin’s Jewish roots, that her brother Vladimir always spoke quite well about the Jews, and she is very sorry that this fact about the Ulyanov family has not yet been made public. The letter was written by Elizarova in order to oppose

Anna Ilyinichna Ulyanova

Occupation:

revolutionary

Date of Birth: Place of Birth:

Nizhny Novgorod,
the Russian Empire

Citizenship:

Russian Empire Russian Empire →
USSR USSR

Date of death: A place of death:

Moscow, USSR

Father:

Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov

Mother:

Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova

Spouse:

Mark Timofeevich Elizarov

Children:

Georgy Yakovlevich Lozgachev

Wikipedia has articles about other people with the surname Elizarova. Wikipedia has articles about other people with the last name Ulyanov. See also: Ulyanov family

Anna Ilyinichna Elizarova-Ulyanova(1864-1935) - the elder sister of V. I. Lenin, an active participant in the Russian revolutionary movement, Soviet statesman and party figure. Member of the RSDLP - VKP(b) since 1898.

  • 1 Biography
    • 1.1 Family
    • 1.2 Addresses
  • 2 Memory
  • 3 notes
  • 4 Literature
  • 5 Sources

Biography

The grave of Anna Ulyanova on Literatorskie mostki in St. Petersburg.

She was born on August 14 (26), 1864 in Nizhny Novgorod as the first child in the family of a school teacher of mathematics and physics Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov and Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova (Blank). Since 1869, the family lived in Simbirsk. In November 1880, Anna successfully graduated from the Simbirsk Mariinsky Women's Gymnasium, receiving a “large size” silver medal and a certificate from the Ministry of Public Education for the title of home teacher.

Since 1883, she studied at the Bestuzhev Higher Women's Courses in St. Petersburg. In 1886, she first took part in a political demonstration organized by students on the 25th anniversary of the death of N. A. Dobrolyubov. She was arrested in the case of her brother Alexander Ulyanov as a participant in the assassination attempt on March 1 (13), 1887 on Alexander III and sentenced to 5 years of exile, which she served in the village of Kokushkino, Kazan, Samara. In July 1889 she married Mark Elizarov.

In the autumn of 1893, together with her family, she moved from Samara to Moscow, where the following year she joined the social democratic movement, establishing contact with the workers' circles of Mickiewicz, Maslennikov and Chorba. She translated G. Hauptmann's play “Weavers” from German and compiled a brief brochure based on the book by E. M. Dementiev “The Factory, what it gives to the population and what it takes”; these works were widely read by the workers of Moscow and the Moscow region.

In 1896, A. I. Elizarova moved to St. Petersburg, where she organized the connection of the arrested Lenin with the St. Petersburg Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class, supplied Lenin with literature, copied party documents and letters written by him in secret in prison.

In the summer of 1897, she went abroad, where she established contact with G. V. Plekhanov and other members of the Emancipation of Labor group. In the autumn of 1898 she became a member of the first Moscow Committee of the RSDLP, where she worked together with M. F. Vladimirsky, A. V. Lunacharsky and others. When Lenin was in exile, she organized the publication of his work The Development of Capitalism in Russia.

In 1900-1902 in Berlin and Paris, and then in Russia, she worked to distribute Iskra. 1903-1904 at party work in Kyiv and St. Petersburg. Participant in the Revolution of 1905-1907; member of the editorial board of the publishing house "Forward". She translated into Russian the book by W. Liebknecht about the Revolution of 1848, etc.

In 1908-1909, Moscow organized the publication of Lenin's book Materialism and Empirio-Criticism. In 1913, she worked in Pravda in St. Petersburg, as a secretary of the Enlightenment magazine and a member of the editorial board of the Rabotnitsa magazine. Organized in Russia the collection of funds for the party and the transportation of literature. Arrested in 1904, 1907, 1912, 1916, 1917.

After the February Revolution of 1917, he was a member of the Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP, secretary of Pravda, then editor of the journal Weaver. Participated in the preparation October revolution 1917

In 1918-1921, she was the head of the department of child protection in the People's Commissariat for Social Security, then in the People's Commissariat for Education. One of the organizers of Eastpart and the V. I. Lenin Institute.

Until the end of 1932 - researcher at the Institute of Marx - Engels - Lenin; secretary and member of the editorial board of the journal Proletarian Revolution. In 1924, after the death of V. I. Lenin, Elizarova was seconded by the Central Committee of the RCP (b) to Leningrad to collect materials about the Ulyanov family in order to write a scientific work on this topic. During these researches in the archives of the Ministry of the Interior, Elizarova learned what was already known to another group of researchers as a result of searching for Lenin's ancestors in Ukraine to clarify his possible hereditary illness: Lenin's grandfather was a Jew from the cantonists. However, at the same time, the Central Committee of the RCP (b) ordered to keep information about this in strict confidence. Elizarova protested against such a decision of the Central Committee, as she considered it unfair and violating the principle of national equality, but as a member of the party she was forced to obey, although she did not put up with it. It is known that on December 28, 1932, she wrote a letter to Stalin, in which she reminded him of Lenin's Jewish roots, that her brother Vladimir always spoke quite well about the Jews, and she is very sorry that this fact about the Ulyanov family has not yet been made public. The letter was written by Elizarova in order to speak out against anti-Semitism, which was then intensifying in the USSR. An appeal to Stalin did not bring results, and two years later Elizarova wrote to Stalin again on this topic, but then the deterioration in the international situation led to Stalin again refusing to publish these data. In 2011, Elizarova's letter from 1932 was exhibited at the Historical Museum in Moscow as part of the exhibition "What is written with a pen" (autographs of prominent figures of the Soviet state).

Postage stamp of the USSR, 1964

Wrote a book of memoirs about V. I. Lenin. She died on October 19, 1935 in Moscow. She was buried at the Literary bridges of the Volkovsky cemetery in Leningrad, next to her mother, husband and younger sister Olga.

Family

  • Husband - since July 1889, Mark Timofeevich Elizarov (1863-1919), the first People's Commissar of Railways after the October Revolution. Died of typhus.
  • Adopted son - Georgy Yakovlevich Lozgachev-Elizarov (1906-1972). Since the 1930s, he lived and worked in Saratov, first as an investigator, then as an engineer, later on he was engaged in journalistic activities.
  • Pupil - Nikolai Vladimirovich Elizarov (Jiang Jingguo) (1910-1988), the eldest son of Chiang Kai-shek, future President of the Republic of China (1978-1988).

Addresses

  • September 1915 - September 1917 - Petrograd, Shirokaya st., 32.
  • 1919-1935 - Moscow, Manezhnaya st., 9.

Memory

  • In 1964, a postage stamp of the USSR was issued, dedicated to A. I. Elizarova-Ulyanova.
  • In 1964, Polozova Street in Leningrad was renamed Anna Ulyanova Street (it had this name until 1991)
  • From 1961 to 1993 Yakovoapostolsky Lane in Moscow bore her name.
  • Since 1979, there has been Elizarov Street in Tomsk (named after Anna and her husband Mark Elizarov).

Notes

  1. Memorial plaque in Moscow on Manezhnaya street, 9
  2. Elizarova-Ulyanova Anna Ilyinichna - an article from the Bolshoi Soviet encyclopedia(3rd edition)
  3. A document confirming Lenin's Jewish roots is exhibited in Moscow (Russian). Jewish.ru Global Jewish Online Center (May 24, 2011). Retrieved April 1, 2012. Archived from the original on June 18, 2012.
  4. Kostyrchenko G. V. Stalin's secret policy: power and anti-Semitism. - Moscow: International relations, 2003. - 784 p. - (Library of the Russian Jewish Congress). - 3000 copies. - ISBN 5-7133-1071-X.
  5. Museum-apartment of the Elizarovs in St. Petersburg

Literature

  • Ulyanova-Elizarova A.I. About V.I. Lenin and the Ulyanov family: Memoirs, essays, letters, art. - M.: Politizdat, 1988. - 415 p. - ISBN 5-250-00169-6
  • Ulyanov D. I. Essays different years: Memoirs, correspondence, art. - 2nd ed., add. - M.: Politizdat, 1984. - 335 p.
  • Ulyanova M. I. About Vladimir Ilyich Lenin and the Ulyanov family: Memoirs. Essays. Letters. - 2nd ed., add. - M.: Politizdat, 1989. - 384 p. - ISBN 5-250-00661-2

Sources

  • Pinchuk L. Elder sister, in the book: Women of the Russian Revolution, M., 1968.
  • Valika D. A., A. I. Ulyanova-Elizarova, in the book: Our glorious countrywomen, Gorky, 1968.
  • Drabkina E. A. I. Ulyanova-Elizarova. - M., 1970.

Elizarova-Ulyanova, Anna Ilyinichna Information About

About the Ulyanovs Soviet years Numerous books and articles have been written. They were presented to us as an example of an ideal family, almost all of whose members became revolutionaries. But was it really so perfect?

Anna Ulyanova-Elizarova
Anna, the eldest daughter of Ilya Nikolaevich and Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanov, was born on August 14 (26), 1864. After graduating from the Simbirsk Mariinsky Women's Gymnasium with a silver medal, she entered the Bestuzhev Higher Women's Courses in St. Petersburg. In 1886, she participated in a student demonstration, and was subsequently arrested in the case of her brother Alexander, who was accused of attempting to assassinate the tsar. The girl was sentenced to five years of exile, which she served in the village of Kokushkino, as well as Kazan and Samara. In July 1889, Anna married Mark Timofeevich Elizarov. She continued to actively participate in the social-democratic movement, was repeatedly arrested. After the revolution, Anna Ilyinichna Elizarova worked in the People's Commissariat for Social Security and in the People's Commissariat for Education, was researcher Institute of Marx - Engels - Lenin. She died on October 19, 1935.

Alexander Ulyanov
Alexander was born on March 31 (April 12), 1866. After graduating from high school with a gold medal, he entered St. Petersburg University. In December 1886, together with a fellow student P.Ya. Shevyrev created the "Terrorist faction" of the party "People's Will". Members of the faction planned to carry out an assassination attempt on the king. Alexander sold his gymnasium gold medal and with this money he bought explosives for the bomb. The attempt was supposed to take place on March 1, 1887, but it was prevented. 15 participants in the conspiracy were arrested, including Ulyanov. The court sentenced the "main conspirators" to execution by hanging, which took place on May 8 (20), 1887.

Olga Ulyanova
Olga was born on November 4 (16), 1871. She, who graduated from the gymnasium with a gold medal, was denied the position of a teacher as the sister of a state criminal. Nevertheless, in 1890 she managed to enter the Physics and Mathematics Department of the Bestuzhev Courses. Olga was a smart and gifted girl: she drew beautifully, knew several languages ​​and dreamed of becoming a doctor. However, having studied at the courses for only six months, Olga died of typhoid fever. In a fatal twist of fate, it happened on the fourth anniversary of her brother's execution.

Dmitry Ulyanov
Younger brother Lenina Dmitry was born on August 16 (28), 1874. In 1893, he entered the medical faculty of Moscow University, began to attend illegal Marxist circles of the Moscow Workers' Union. In November 1897 he was arrested and expelled from the university for revolutionary activity. Only in 1901, he was still able to get a medical degree at the Yuryev (Tartu) University. Until the revolution, Dmitry Ilyich Ulyanov combined medicine with revolutionary activities. He served as a military doctor, then helped establish Soviet power in the Crimea, worked in the People's Commissariat of Health, the clinic of the Kremlin Sanitary Administration ... He died on July 16, 1943.

Maria Ulyanova
Maria, the most youngest child Ulyanov, was born on February 6 (18), 1878. After graduating from the gymnasium in 1895, she tried to enter the Bestuzhev courses, but was not accepted and completed a two-year course for domestic teachers. In 1898, Maria Ulyanova, like her brothers and sisters, joined the RSDLP. She was a propagandist in workers' circles, distributed illegal literature, and was arrested several times. In the end, Maria managed to go abroad and get a teacher's diploma at the Sorbonne French. Returning to Russia, she worked as a governess, a front-line sister of mercy - and at the same time continued her revolutionary activities. Maria Ilyinichna died relatively early - on June 12, 1937, at the age of 59.

Rock Ulyanovs
What is the result? The Ulyanov family can hardly be called exemplary. The eldest son Alexander tried to start his "career" with the murder - and paid dearly for it. In addition, the whole family suffered because of him, which the authorities began to consider unreliable. The talented Olga died early from an illness. The rest spent their youth in prisons and exile. Often, historians pay attention to the fact that almost all the Ulyanovs remained childless. Anna and Mark Elizarov had only adopted children. Vladimir and Nadezhda Krupskaya had no children. Maria Ulyanova did not marry. And only Dmitry had a daughter from his second marriage and an illegitimate son. Maybe they, who were engaged in the revolution, were not up to family joys? Or was it just fate?

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