A chess biography. FEB: Shakhmatov A.A.: Biography (text). Leading Research Fellow

Sh. was born into a noble family. Father - Alexander Alekseevich Shakhmatov, official, lawyer. Mother - Maria Fedorovna Bistrom. Sh. had three sisters, one half sister Natalia Alexandrovna and two uterine sisters - the eldest Evgenia (married Masalskaya) and the younger Olga. In May 1871, his father died, in January 1871, his mother. Three young children, Evgenia, Alexei and Olga, were taken in by their uncle Alexei Alekseevich Shakhmatov and his wife. Sh.'s early childhood was spent in the Saratov estate of his uncle, the village of Gubarevka, where there was a rich library. Alexei was educated in the humanities by his uncle, who had once graduated from the University of Heidelberg. The boy learned French, German, Greek and latin languages, was interested in Russian history. He studied mainly at home, periodically - in Moscow gymnasiums (he entered the private gymnasium of F.I. Kreitsman, graduated from the fourth Moscow gymnasium). In 1878, being a high school student, he wrote an article on the origin of languages and presented it to professors of Moscow University V.F. Miller, N.I. Storozhenko and F.F. Fortunatov. Since that time, his scientific communication and apprenticeship began, and Fortunatov, who attracted Sh., then an eighth grade schoolboy, as an unofficial opponent in the defense of A.A. Sobolevsky "Research in the field of Russian grammar". Sh.'s disagreement with some of the controversial provisions of Sobolevsky's dissertation and the discussion on the defense between the dissertation student and the schoolboy opposing him marked the beginning of a long-term hostile relationship between these scientists. In 1883, Mr.. Sh. entered the Faculty of History and Philology of Moscow University, which he graduated in 1887 (final candidate essay "On Longitude and Stress in Common Slavic Languages") and was left at the university to prepare for a professorship. In 1886, he published the first major scientific work, "A Study on the Language of the Novgorod Letters of the 13th and 14th Centuries." Having become in 1890 a Privatdozent of Moscow University, Sh. devoted his trial lecture on March 1, 1890 to the problem of reconstructing the literary heritage of the chronicler of the 11th century. Nestor ("On the writings of the Monk Nestor"). At the end of 1890, Mr.. Sh. resigned from the university and went to his Saratov estate Gubarevka, joined the Zemstvo head of the fifth section of the Saratov district, which included Gubarevka. On March 12, 1894, Sh.'s master's thesis "Research in the field of Russian phonetics" was defended at Moscow University, opponents - R.F. Brant, F.E. Korsh, V.F. Miller, F.F. Fortunatov. According to the results of the defense, Sh. was awarded not a master's degree, but a doctoral degree immediately. In 1909 Sh. was awarded academic degree PhD of Prague, and in 1910 Berlin University. In November 1894, on the proposal of academicians A.F. Bychkov and I.V. Yagicha Sh. was elected an adjunct of the Academy of Sciences. In 1897 he was elected an extraordinary academician, in 1899 - an ordinary one. At the Academy of Sciences, Sh. was engaged in compiling a dictionary of the Russian language (he headed this direction in 1897), studied the dialects of Slavic languages (except for Russian - Lusatian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovenian), for which in 1896 and 1903. went on business trips abroad. From 1898 he was a member of the Board of the Academy of Sciences, from 1906 he was the chairman of the Department of the Russian Language and Literature, he headed the publication of Izvestiya ORYaS. Since 1894, Sh. lived in St. Petersburg, where he married Natalia Alexandrovna Gradovskaya (daughter of the historian Prof. A.D. Gradovsky), from whom he had four children: Olga (1897), Alexandra (1898), Sofia (1901) and Ekaterina (1903). In 1905 he joined the Cadets, but over time, after 1907, he moved away from social activities. He was an honorary member and a member of a number of scientific societies: since 1895 - Society of amateurs ancient writing and art, since 1896 - Russian geographical society and the Moscow Society of Lovers of Natural Science, Anthropology and Ethnography, since 1899 - the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature, since 1900 - the Russian Bibliological Society and the Archaeographic Commission. Member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences (since 1904), corresponding member of the Krakow Academy of Sciences (since 1910).

chessov alexey alexandrovich chessov, chessov alexey alexandrovich surkov
June 5 (17), 1864

Alexey Alexandrovich Shakhmatov(June 5, 1864, Narva - August 16, 1920, Petrograd) - Russian philologist, linguist and historian, founder of the historical study of the Russian language, ancient Russian annals and literature, member of the Imperial Orthodox Palestinian Society.

1 Biography
2 Scientific contributions
- 2.1 In Ukrainian
3 Works
4 See also
5 Notes
6 Literature
7 Links

Biography

Born into a noble family. In 1874-1878 he studied at the Kreyman gymnasium (from I to IV grade), then at the 4th Moscow gymnasium. After graduating from the gymnasium with a silver medal, in 1883 he entered the Faculty of History and Philology of Moscow University. In 1884, his first article, “Studies on the Language of Novgorod Letters of the 13th and 14th Centuries,” was published in the “Research on the Russian Language”.

Student of F. F. Fortunatov. It was first noticed in serious scientific circles after a speech during the defense of A. I. Sobolevsky of his master's thesis - on the phoneme system of the Proto-Slavic language. Shakhmatov made a convincing criticism of some important provisions of the report, which caused strong hostility to Sobolevsky, already known at that time for his scientific works. Tensions between scientists persisted until the end of Shakhmatov's life.

In 1887 he defended his dissertation on the topic "On longitude and stress in the common Slavic language", after graduating from the university he remained with him and by 1890 became a Privatdozent.

In 1890, Alexey Alexandrovich began to teach a course in the history of the Russian language at Moscow University. However, having barely begun teaching, A. A. Shakhmatov made an unexpected decision for fellow philologists to leave science and go to relatives in the Saratov village. Already from Saratov, in one of his letters to Fortunatov, Shakhmatov admits that he became interested in modern peasant management and now puts his whole soul into working for the benefit of the rural population surrounding him.

On July 1, 1891, Shakhmatov officially assumed the position of head of the zemstvo council and for two years actively participated in the economic life of the county entrusted to him. During the cholera epidemic in the spring of 1892, he contributed to the organization of medical care, busied himself with sending several sisters of mercy and paramedics to the volost.

In the same 1892, A. A. Shakhmatov resumed work on his master's thesis, and in 1893, at the invitation of the chairman of the Department of the Russian Language and Literature of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, Academician A. F. Bychkov, he accepted the title of adjunct of the Academy and returned to scientific activity.

In 1894, he submitted his work "Research in the field of Russian phonetics" for a master's degree, but he was awarded highest degree doctor of Russian language and literature.

The first scientific developments - in the field of dialectology. He made two expeditions in the mid-1880s. - to the Arkhangelsk and Olonets provinces.

After the death of Ya. K. Grota took upon himself the compilation of the first normative dictionary of the Russian language.

Since 1894 - an adjunct of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, since 1898 - a member of the Board of the Academy of Sciences, the youngest in the entire history of its existence (34 years old), since 1899 - active member AN. Since 1901 - a real state councilor. Since 1910, professor at St. Petersburg University.

Since 1906 - member of the State Council from the academic curia. Participated in the preparation of the reform of Russian spelling, carried out in 1917-1918.

Tombstone of A. A. Shakhmatov at the Volkovsky cemetery

Member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences (1904), Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Prague (1909), Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Berlin (1910), Corresponding Member of the Krakow Academy of Sciences (1910), Honorary Member of the Vitebsk Scientific Archival Commission, etc.

He died of inflammation of the peritoneum in Petrograd on August 16, 1920. He was buried at the Volkovsky cemetery.

After the death of the scientist in 1925-1927, his largely unconventional “Syntax of the Russian Language” was published, which had a significant impact on the development of syntactic theory in Russia. Shakhmatov was the first to make an attempt to identify the system in a huge variety syntactic constructions Russian language.

About the scientist, his sister - E. A. Shakhmatova-Masalskaya - left memoirs.

A street in Peterhof is named after the scientist.

Scientific contribution

After the works of Shakhmatov, any study on the history of Ancient Russia is based on his conclusions. The scientist laid the foundations of Old Russian textual criticism as a science.

The researcher made a particularly great contribution to the development of the textual criticism of ancient Russian chronicles, in particular, The Tale of Bygone Years. Comparison of various editions of this monument allowed Shakhmatov to come to the conclusion that the text that has come down to us is multi-layered in origin and has several stages of formation. Logical inconsistencies, text inserts that break a coherent text, absent in the Novgorod First Chronicle, according to Shakhmatov, are evidence of the existence of a hypothetical Initial Code, created approximately in the 90s. XI century. For example, in the text of the Novgorod First Chronicle there are no treaties between Russia and the Greeks of the 10th century, as well as all direct quotations from the Greek Chronicle of George Amartol, which was used by the compiler of the Tale of Bygone Years. Upon further study of the Initial Code, A. A. Shakhmatov discovered other logical inconsistencies. From this it was concluded that the basis of the Primary Code was some chronicle compiled between 977 and 1044. Its researcher called the Ancient vault.

Under the leadership of Shakhmatov, the Department of the Russian Language and Literature of the Imperial Academy of Sciences became the center of Russian philology. On the initiative of Shakhmatov, the Academy of Sciences published monographs, dictionaries, materials and studies on the Kashubian, Polabian, Lusatian, Polish, Serbian, and Slovenian languages. 1897 Shakhmatov headed the work on the academic dictionary of the Russian language. Participated in the preparation of the reform of Russian spelling, carried out in 1917-1918.

He derived the East Slavic languages from the "common Old Russian" language, the disintegration of which was delayed by the integration processes associated with state unity within the framework of Kievan Rus.

in Ukrainian

Alexey Shakhmatov - one of the authors of the work "The Ukrainian people in its past and present" (1916), took part in writing the declaration of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences "On the abolition of restrictions on the Little Russian printed word" (1905-1906), the author of detailed reviews of grammars Ukrainian language A. Krymsky and S. Smal-Stotsky, Ukrainian language dictionary B. Grinchenko.

Aleksey Alexandrovich was interested and sympathetic to the development of Ukrainian literature and the Ukrainian language, but was skeptical about the desire of the leaders of the “Ukrainian movement” to separate the Little Russian people from the single Russian people, which, according to Russian ethnographic ideas of that time, was divided into Belarusians, Great Russians and Little Russians.

Where is the Russian nationality, which we spoke about above and which we wanted to recognize as the natural bearer and representative of state interests? Do we recognize only the Great Russian people as such a Russian people? Wouldn't this recognition be a serious crime against the state created and endured by the entire Russian tribe in its totality? Will the decision to declare the Little Russians and Belarusians “foreigners” belittle the very significance of the Russian nationality in our state, introducing it into the relatively narrow limits of the Muscovite state of the 16th-17th centuries?

A. Chess. On the state tasks of the Russian people in connection with the national tasks of the tribes inhabiting Russia. "Moscow Journal", 1999, No. 9.

Shakhmatov, unlike other Russian philologists - Sobolevsky, Florinsky, Yagich, Korsh, and others, saw the reason for the desire of a part of the Ukrainian intelligentsia to separate not ideological and political aspects, but the reaction to prohibitive measures in relation to the Ukrainian language.

Works

A Study on the Language of the Novgorod Letters of the 13th and 14th Centuries (1886)
Study on the Nestor Chronicle (1890)
On the writings of St. Nestor (1890)
Studies in Russian phonetics (1893)
A few words about Nestor's Life of Theodosius (1896)
The oldest editions of the Tale of Bygone Years (1897)
The starting point of the chronology of the Tale of Bygone Years (1897)
Kiev-Pechersk Patericon and Caves Chronicle (1897)
About the initial Kiev chronicle (1897)
Chronology of the most ancient Russian chronicles (1897)
Review of Eugen Scepkin's "Zur Nestorfrage" (1898)
Initial Kyiv chronicle and its sources (1900)
Research on the Dvinsky charters of the 15th century (1903)
Yermolinskaya chronicle and Rostov sovereign code (1904)
The Tale of the Calling of the Varangians (1904)
Korsun legend about the baptism of Vladimir (1908)
One of the sources of the chronicle legend about the baptism of Vladimir (1908)
Searches for the most ancient Russian chronicles (1908)
Preface to the Primary Kiev Code and Nestor Chronicle (1909)
Mordovian ethnographic collection (1910)
A note on the compilation of the Radziwill Chronicle List (1913)
On the question of ancient Slavic-Celtic relations (1912)
Nestor Chronicle (1913-1914)
Nestor the chronicler (1914)
Tale of Bygone Years (1916)
The Life of Anthony and the Caves Chronicle
Kyiv Initial Code 1095
An Outline of the Modern Literary Language (1913)
Essay on the most ancient period in the history of the Russian language (1915)
Introduction to the course of the history of the Russian language (1916)
Review of the work of P. L. Mashtakov: “Lists of the rivers of the Dnieper basin”, compiled by Academician A. A. Shakhmatov. Petrograd, 1916.
Notes on the history of the sounds of the Lusatian languages (1917)
Note on the language of the Volga Bulgarians (1918)
Syntax of the Russian language (1 vol. - 1925; 2 vol. - 1927)
The most ancient fate of the Russian tribe (1919)
Review of Russian chronicles of the XIV-XVI centuries. - M.; L.: 1938.

Notes

Makarov V. Chess in Gubarevka // Volga, 1990, No. 3
Encyclopaedia of History of Belarus: U 6 vol. T. 2: Belitsk - Anthem / Redkal.: B. І. Sachanka and insh. - Minsk: BelEn, 1994. - T. 2. - 537 p. - 10,000 copies. - ISBN 5-85700-142-0. (in Belarusian)
ALL PETERHOF || History. Toponymy. Chess street. Retrieved January 2, 2013. Archived from the original on January 5, 2013.
Danilevsky I. N. The Tale of Bygone Years. Hermeneutic Foundations of Source Studies of Chronicle Texts, Moscow, Aspect-Press, 2004
Ukrainian people in its past and present. two volumes
Russian liberal intelligentsia and political Ukrainophilism
from. 89
Yuri Shevelov. Shakhmatov Aleksey // Encyclopedia of Ukrainian Studies (in 10 volumes) / Editor-in-Chief Volodymyr Kubiyovich. - Paris, New York: "Young Life", 1954-1989
Timoshenko P. O. O. Chess about Ukrainian. mov // Ukr. language at school, part 4, 1956.
Encyclopedia of Literature and Arts of Belarus: U 5 vol., Vol. 1. A capela - Gabelin / Redkal.: I. P. Shamyakin (gal. ed.) and insh. - Minsk: BelSE im. Petrus Brovki, 1984. - T. 1. - 727 p. - 10,000 copies. (Belarusian)

Literature

Chess // encyclopedic Dictionary Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.
Makarov V. I., Kogotkova T. S. Aleksey Alexandrovich Shakhmatov (1864-1920) // Domestic lexicographers: XVIII-XX centuries / Ed. G. A. Bogatova. - M.: Nauka, 2000. - S. 187-218. - 512 p. - 1000 copies. - ISBN 5-02-011750-1.
Makarov V. I. A. A. Shakhmatov. - M.: Enlightenment, 1981. - 160 p. - (People of science). - 60,000 copies. (reg.)
Makarov V. I. “This never happened in Russia before ...”: The Tale of Academician A. A. Shakhmatov. - St. Petersburg: Aleteyya, 2000. - 416 p. - 1200 copies. - ISBN 5-89329-191-1. (in trans.)

Shakhmatov, Alexey Alexandrovich Information About

(born in 1864) - an outstanding scientist. From the nobles of the Saratov province. He studied at the 4th Moscow gymnasium. While still at the gymnasium, he began to study the monuments of Old Russian literature from manuscripts and wrote two articles that appeared in 1882 in the "Archiv für slavische Philologie" ("Zur Kritik der altrussischen Text", vol. V, and "Zur Textkritik des Codex Sviatoslavi vom J . 1073", vol. VI). In 1883, Mr.. Sh. entered the Moscow University, the Faculty of History and Philology. During his stay at the university, in the same "Archiv" he published in 1883 his first work on the history of the Russian language, containing comments on the dissertation of A.I. ("Beiträge zur russisch. Grammatik", vol. VII). In 1884, in the academic "Studies in the Russian Language" (vol. I), his "Studies on the Language of the Novgorod Letters of the 13th and 16th Centuries" appeared, remarkable for the accuracy and rigor of the method used by the author. After completing the course, Sh. was left at the university. In 1890, Mr.. Sh., after passing the master's exam, became a Privatdozent. At this time, he read a systematic course on the history of the Russian language, published in a lithographed edition. In 1891, Mr.. Sh. was appointed zemstvo chief, but did not remain in this position for long. In 1893-94. in the "Russian Philological Bulletin" his "Research in the field of Russian phonetics" was published. W. submitted this work in 1894. for a master's degree, but the Faculty of History and Philology awarded him the highest degree: Doctor of Russian Language and Literature. In 1894, Sh. was elected an adjunct of the department of the Russian language and literature of the Academy of Sciences; at present he is an ordinary academician and manager of the Russian department of the academic library.
In 1903 Sh. was one of the most active initiators of the preliminary congress of Slavists and worked out the program of the Slavic Encyclopedia. In the field of historical and literary history Sh. was attracted by chronicles, a patericon, and a chronograph. His research radically changes our understanding of these monuments. These include: "A Few Words about the Nester's Life of Theodosius" ("News of the Department of the Russian Language and Literature", vol. I, book I and in the "Collection of the Department", vol. 64); "The Kiev-Pechersk Patericon and the Caves Chronicle" ("Izvestia", vol. II, book 3); "Kiev-Pechersk patericon and the life of Anthony" ("J. M. N. Pr.", 1898); "On the question of the origin of the chronograph" ("Collection", vol. 66); "Misyur Munekhin's Travels and the Chronograph" ("Izvestiya", VI, I); "The starting point of the chronology of the Tale of Bygone Years"; "Chronology of the most ancient Russian chronicles"; "The oldest editions of the Tale of Bygone Years" ("J. M. N. Pr.", 1897); "On the initial Kiev chronicle" ("Readings in the General. History and Antiquities", 1897); "The Simeon Chronicle of the 16th century and the Trinity Chronicle of the beginning of the 14th century." ("News", V).

Linguistic works of Shakhmatov. Already in the first works of Sh., containing a number of amendments to editions Old Russian texts, independent views on various controversial issues of the historical phonetics of the Russian language are noticeable. In "Beiträge zur russischen Grammatik" a number of valuable remarks are made, especially on the classification and characterization of Old Russian manuscripts by locality. The results of his study of manuscripts were soon supplemented and verified by the author with observations on living Northern Great Russian dialects, thanks to a trip to the Olonets province, where he paid special attention to the pronunciation of modern ancient reflexes and is rich in deep and new observations and conclusions. Concerning, in addition to the above main content, a number of other obscure issues of Old Russian phonetics, Sh.'s dissertation is one of the most important works of recent times in the history of the Russian language. The article dates back to 1894: "On the question of the formation of Russian dialects" ("Russian Philological Bulletin", No. 3), subsequently expanded and revised by the author ("On the question of the formation of Russian dialects and Russian nationalities", in the Journal of the Ministry of Public Education ", 1899, April) and concluding a number of interesting and fresh thoughts on the primary and modern groupings of Russian dialects, formed under the influence of various historical conditions . Sh.'s appearance in the Russian Language and Literature Department of the Imperial Academy of Sciences coincides with the resumption of the department's printed organ, Izvestiya Otdel. Russian Language and Literature, etc., which was once edited by I. I. Sreznevsky. Not content with participating in the publication as one of the editors, W. becomes one of the most active employees of Izvestia, a rare book that does not include any of his work. So, in the very first volume of Izvestia (1896) there are printed: excellent programs compiled by him for collecting the features of the northern and southern Great Russian dialects (books 1 and 3) and a rich collection of "Materials for the study of Great Russian dialects", extracted by him from the received to the academy of answers to the programs sent out (books 2, 3 and 4). The third article was also published there: "On the History of the Sounds of the Russian Language. Softened Consonants. Chapter I. The All-Slavic Epoch. Chapter II. The All-Russian Epoch" (Book 4), which contains several valuable considerations on the palatalization of consonants in Russian and Slavic languages in general. In the following 1897, in addition to continuing "Materials for the Study of Great Russian Dialects" (books 1 and 2), Sh. published only a number of critical reviews (on Sobolevsky's "Experience in Russian Dialectology", on the anniversary collection Xαριστήρια in honor of Korsh, on the Yaroslavl regional Yakushkin's dictionary, etc.). In the same year, he published the first issue of the second volume of the new academic dictionary of the Russian language, which came under its main editorship after the death of Y.K. In 1898, in addition to the new issue of the dictionary of the Russian language, which has been published regularly since then, one issue a year, Sh. published in Izvestia a new article on Slavic accentology, adjacent to his previous works in this area: Slavic languages" (vol. III, book 1), as well as the continuation of "Materials for the study of Great Russian dialects" (books 1 and 2), which are also found in 1 book. Volume IV of Izvestia (1899). After some interval in the linguistic activity of Sh., due to his temporary passion for some historical and literary issues (on the composition of the ancient Russian chronicles), he again returns to his research in the field of historical phonetics of the Russian and Slavic languages, entitled "On the history of the sounds of the Russian language." In addition to the question "about the common Slavic ä" ("Izvestia", vol. VI, 1901, book 4), in this series of works, he is especially interested in the question of Russian full agreement ("Izvestia", vol. VII, 1902, book. 2), in connection with which he cites a number of highly interesting phonetic phenomena in Russian and other Slavic languages, which he first noted and collected under the name of the "third full vowel" ("First and second vowels. Combinations with short smooth ones. Replacement of long smooth syllabic and 3rd full agreement "(Izvestia, vol. VII, 1902, books 2 and 3, and vol. VIII, 1903, book 1). If the hypothesis put forward here by Sh. to explain these phenomena, and may, with further verification of it turn out to be unfounded, then the researchers of this issue will still have to reckon with it for a long time, and in any case they will have the duty to explain in one way or another the remarkable consistency and repetition of the facts noted by Sh. about "Russian and Slovenian Akania" (in "Collection of articles in honor of F. F. Fortunatov", pp. 1-92), which is an interesting attempt to compare two similar phenomena of Russian and Slovenian phonetics. t for another 40 years), Sh. currently occupies one of the very first places among our specialists in the history of the Russian and Slavic languages, in terms of the depth of knowledge, originality and independence of views, and the abundance of scientific works of paramount importance. In this Dictionary Sh. placed articles about the Tale of Bygone Years and the Russian language.

(1864-1920) - member of the Academy of Sciences (since 1894), chairman of the Department of the Russian Language and Literature of the Academy of Sciences (since 1906); founder and editor of the periodical organ of the Academy of Sciences "Proceedings of the Department of the Russian Language and Literature".
As a linguist gained world fame for his works on the East Slavic languages ("On the language of the Novgorodian letters", 1885, "Study on the Dvina letters", 1903, "A few notes on the language of the Pskov monuments", 1909, "Essay on the most ancient period in the history of the Russian language", 1915, " Introduction to the course of the history of the Russian language", 1916. and many others). In addition, Shakhmatov also worked in the field of studying other Slavic languages, and also published an extensive "Mordovian ethnographic collection" (1910). Sh.'s works on language concern mainly two main issues - the history of sounds and the connection between the history of language and the history of the people; this connection is established by him ch. arr. on the basis of sound phenomena and partly on the basis of dictionary borrowings from other languages. According to Sh., the sociological basis for language changes is political regroupings, migrations of peoples, transfers and clashes of cultures. different peoples, moreover, he understands culture idealistically - as an expression of the "national spirit".
Works that characterize the language outside the historical perspective (in the sense indicated above) are almost non-existent in Sh. among the works of Sh. we almost do not find monographs on morphology and syntax. These two departments are represented only by his general courses: "History of declension forms in the Russian language" (lithographed. ed. 1911), "Essay on the modern Russian literary language" and "Syntax of the Russian language" (1925 and 1927).
Both in restoring the proto-language and epochs not attested by written monuments, and in restoring epochs attested by written monuments, S. resorted to the comparative method, finding that the facts of living folk dialects provide more valuable and reliable evidence than written monuments. Building his scheme of the history of the language Ch. arr. Based on a comparison of living dialects, Sh. however, worked hard on the study of ancient monuments in order to find out to what extent they can reflect the phenomena of the living language of the environment in which they arose. This study led him to conclusions about the existence of different spelling systems, which did not always correspond to the peculiarities of living speech, in different cultural centers and about the existence in ancient Russia special book (not everywhere the same) pronunciation, different from the living, as well as literary "koine", different from the living dialects of the masses.
Lit .: Vinogradov V. V., A. A. Shakhmatov, P., 1922; "Proceedings of the Department of the Russian Language and Literature Russian Academy Sciences", vol. XXV (dedicated to the memory of Shakhmatov, there is also a bibliography of his works), Petrograd, 1922.

Chess as a historian. In their scientific papers W. acts not only as a linguist, but also as a historian. The main theme of Sh.'s historical research is the initial stages of the history of the East. Slavs; the main theme in the study of texts is the chronicle, mainly in its most ancient part. Proceeding from the preconceived scheme of proto-languages and their division into "families", adverbs and dialects, Sh. rejected the independence of Ukrainian and Belarusian peoples, which were for him "Russian nationalities". With this concept, corresponding to the ideology of Great Russian great-power chauvinism, he tried to reconcile the scheme of primary isolation and independence of the ancient East Slavic tribes, prompted by historical facts and diametrically opposed to the first one. Developed in detail as early as 1899 (On the Question of the Formation of Russian Dialects and Russian Nationalities), Sh.'s views were again confirmed by him in later works, especially in the study The Ancient Fates of the Russian Tribe (1919). The entire amount of attracted historical facts designed to substantiate and strengthen the basic idea of the primordial unity of the "Russian" people. With its political edge, this work is at the same time directed against the doctrine of the dialectical nature of the historical process. Sh. reduced the historical process to the resettlement of the East. Slavs and their various movements under the "pressure" of other peoples, who were also in a state of migration.
Sh.'s scientific merits in the field of studying the Russian chronicle are much more significant. Sh. significantly changed his views on the chronicle, showing that in each vault a number of strata from more ancient vaults are found. Having separated from the Lavrentiev, Ipatiev and other chronicles the more ancient Tale of Bygone Years, Sh. showed that even within the latter there are layers of more ancient vaults. As a result of a thorough analysis, the results of which are set forth by Sh. in "Investigation of the most ancient chronicle vaults" (1908), he came to the conclusion that the Kyiv 1039 was the most ancient vault; on the basis of Kiev was compiled in 1050 Novgorod and in 1073 Kiev-Pechersk; both last vaults formed the basis of the 2nd Kiev-Pechersk vault 1093-96. The 2nd Kiev-Pechersk set, according to Sh., was the immediate predecessor of the Tale of Bygone Years, compiled by Nestor. After Nestor, according to Sh., "The Tale of Bygone Years" was remade again, and initially Sh. assumed 4 editions of it, later it consisted of 3. One of the editions of "The Tale of Bygone Years" was included in the Laurentian Code, the other in the Ipatiev Code, but both were already in a revised form. Sh. belongs to a valuable attempt to restore, by analyzing the text, not only the original edition of the Tale, but also the oldest set of 1039.
The limitation of Sh. as a bourgeois scientist was reflected in the fact that many of his conclusions are based on subjective impressions. Its analysis is formal, not connected with the analysis of socio-economic conditions, the development of which actually determined the course of development of chronicle writing. In this respect, Sh. stands behind even V. S. Ikonnikov, and even more so E. V. Anichkov, who tried to link their analysis with the study of socio-economic conditions in the study of ancient monuments (the so-called "Grigory's Word" and others).
Lit .: A list of Sh.'s works in the Izvestia of the Russian Language and Literature Department of the Russian Academy of Sciences, vol. XXV, P., 1922; there are also a number of articles summing up the results of his scientific work in various fields. The best presentation of Sh.'s views on chronicle writing in the collective History of Russian Literature until the 19th Century, ed. A. E. Gruzinsky and others, vol. I, Mir publishing house, Moscow, . More briefly, these views are set forth in the book. Speransky M., History of ancient Russian literature, 3rd ed., M., 1920. Kritich. note about conclusions Sh. refers. chronicle: Istrin V. M., Notes on the beginning of Russian chronicle writing, "Proceedings of the Russian Language and Literature Department of the Russian Academy of Sciences", vols. XXVI and XXVII, L., 1923-24; Bykovsky S. N., Tribe and Nation in the Works of Bourgeois Archaeologists and Historians and in the Coverage of Marxism-Leninism, "Communications of the GAIMK". [L.], 1932, No. 3-4; Nikolsky N.K., The Tale of Bygone Years as a source for the history of the initial period of Russian writing and culture, vol. 1, in book. Collection of Russian Language and Literature of the Academy of Sciences, vol. II, no. 1, Leningrad, 1930.

This work was written for the competition "Face of Russia".

Every nation has three great assets - this is its history, its native land and its culture. Undoubtedly one of the largest and most meaningful parts culture is language. For us Russians, this is the Russian language, the splendor of which foreign writers and poets have repeatedly spoken about, about which Turgenev composed his famous prose poem, which was spoken and created by such great people as Peter the Great, Pushkin, Lermontov, Tolstoy ...
You can tell a lot about the Russian language, it has a very rich history. But perhaps one of the most important events throughout his life is the spelling reform of the Russian language in 1918. It was as a result of this reform that the Russian language became what it is now. New rules appeared regarding endings, prefixes, a solid sign, the letters “fita”, “yat” and “and decimal” disappeared from the alphabet ... The language has become the way we see it today. It has acquired the outlines that we see in the morning paper or on the monitor screen.
Back in 1904, the Spelling Subcommittee of the Imperial Academy of Sciences was developing a draft Spelling Reform. The best minds looked for flaws in the then existing language, calculating with great meticulousness the benefits of innovations. Thus, it was calculated that by changing the rule regarding the hardness of consonants at the end of words, in the direction of abolishing the writing of a hard sign, the printed text became about one-thirtieth shorter than its previous length. But this is a trifle compared to the fact that many words began not only to be written, but also to sound in a new way. Namely, the endings of feminine pronouns have changed, for example, modern word Before the reform, “her” sounded like “her”, and “they” like “one”.
The head of the Academy during the drafting of the reform was Aleksey Aleksandrovich Shakhmatov.

Alexey Alexandrovich was born on June 5, 1864 in Narva. An interesting fact is that his mother had a dream about how he became a world-famous scientist.
FROM early childhood Alyosha was surrounded by a special environment, which forms a craving for knowledge in a small child. His mother, Maria Fedorovna, studied European languages from early childhood; father, Alexander Alekseevich, received a higher legal education at the St. Petersburg School of Law and on his own went up the career ladder from junior assistant secretary of the Senate to senator and privy councillor.
Quite unexpectedly, in 1870, two loving, devoted hearts - a mother and a father - one after another leave three small children, leaving them in the care of the brother of the late Alexander Alekseevich, by the will of fate.
So suddenly orphaned children remain to live in the village of Gubarevka, Saratov province, together with Alexei Alekseevich Shakhmatov. Fortunately, here they are surrounded by the same atmosphere of mutual understanding and striving for mental and spiritual development. Three children brought up by him are read by the classics of Russian and French literature. They also continue their language training - Olga Nikolaevna, aunt, teaches them French, English, German and Latin.
At the age of ten, Alexei entered the Moscow private gymnasium F.I. Kreyman, but did not stay there for a long time - having fallen ill and yearning for home, he returned to the estate that became his native, where his comprehensive education continued. Throughout his life, he could feel calm only near the hearth.

“In general, I love any family, I love this family, blissful harmony, I adore the principles on which the family is based,” Alexei Shakhmatov later admitted.

Now he took his studies even more seriously: surrounded by books in the classroom, Alyosha studied the history of Russia, comprehending every event. At the same time, he began to work on his own "Epistle on History".
In the ongoing process of learning, a year passed, and Alexei Alekseevich Shakhmatov, with Alyosha, who became attached to him, went abroad for treatment. It would seem that they went to rest, but upon arrival in Munich, the boy went to the Royal Library, where he studied the works of ancient historians and geographers. The main conclusion that Alexey made at that time was the need for the scientist to study the primary source first.
Then they moved to Leipzig, where the boy attended the University Library. Immediately, a bold decision comes to him - to enter one of the Leipzig gymnasiums in order to expand his primary education.
Here, Alexei developed an attraction to the study of literature.
In 1879, Shakhmatov went to study at the Moscow 4th Gymnasium, where he continued to study his favorite subjects - history and literature. Under the influence of the works of the outstanding Russian linguist F.I. Buslaev, he began to see in the language not a repository of words and sounds, but a reflection inner peace man, history, culture, life... Language ennobles history, religion, and literature.
Now Alexei Alexandrovich began his own research on the origin of Indo-European words. The work turned out to be so serious that V.F. Miller, Doctor of Comparative Linguistics, to whom she got from N.I. Storozhenko exclaims:
"Nikolai Ilyich! And you think I'll believe that a boy wrote all this? Never!.."
From the summer of 1879, Shakhmatov studied the newly reprinted Life of Theodosius on the advice of F.F. Fortunatov and, comparing it with the original, found more than six hundred inaccuracies in the translation, which he wrote about in his work “On the Criticism of Old Russian Texts (On the Language of The Life of Theodosius)”.
It was the teaching and the desire for knowledge, for a brighter future, which enlightenment bestows, that helped early childhood Shakhmatova as a person.
In the autumn of 1883, Alexei Alexandrovich became a student of the historical and philological faculty of Moscow University. Here he gets the opportunity to work under the supervision of such philologists as F.E. Korsh, N.S.Tikhonravov, F.F. Fortunatov.
During his student years, Shakhmatov wrote many works, among which "Studies on the Language of the Novgorod Letters of the 13th and 14th Centuries" stood out.
Also during this period, Alexei Alexandrovich started work on collecting ethnographic materials, drawing up a program of work and sending it to the provinces.
After completing the basic course of study, Shakhmatov is offered to stay at the university as a Privatdozent. He agreed, however, after some time, he decided to abandon his lectures and leave for Gubarevka, where he would continue to write the work “Studies in Russian Phonetics”, while simultaneously working as a zemstvo chief.
The period from 1892 to 1894 turned out to be difficult for Shakhmatov - hard everyday work left almost no time for Scientific research. However, he manages to complete his work for a master's degree.
In 1893, the outstanding academician Ya.K. Grot, who worked on the Dictionary of the Modern Russian Language. He bequeaths his business to Shakhmatov, and instead of receiving a Master's degree, he immediately becomes a Doctor of Science and leads the work on the Dictionary. First of all, he proves the need for a complete change in the program for compiling the Dictionary, due to the fact that, including only literary language, academicians forget about the great variety of Russian dialects and dialects.
Work on the dictionary lasted until 1907, and already in 1898 Shakhmatov became an ordinary academician. In 1899 he was elected director of the first Russian branch of the Library of the Academy of Sciences. And here the seething energy of Alexei Aleksandrovich finds its outlet - reorganization immediately begins, and as a result, the library becomes accessible not only to academicians, but also to ordinary scientists, teachers of gymnasiums and even students! Shakhmatov himself constantly organized the work of the institution, trying for the benefit of education.
In 1904, the Department of the Russian Language and Literature (ORYaS) decides to create a spelling commission that will consider questions about Russian spelling, which included Shakhmatov. For many years, already as the Chairman of the ORJAS, he continued to work on the reform of Russian spelling, until, finally, the revolutionaries came to power. December 23 People's Commissar of Education A.V. Lunacharsky signed the "Decree on the introduction of a new spelling", which was the result of many years of work of the commission, which was headed by Shakhmatov after the death of Fortunatov.
After the revolution, Alexey Alexandrovich devoted himself entirely to the affairs of education. No commission is complete without his participation. However, Shakhmatov finds the strength to simultaneously conduct his scientific research: in the period from 1918 to 1919, his works “Volokhi of Old Russian Literature”, “Notes on the Language of the Volga Bulgarians”, “Ancient Destinies of the Russian Tribe” were published.
The winter of 1919-1920 is coming. Due to the lack of electricity, the temperature in the library is low. And every evening, Shakhmatov carries firewood to the third floor so as not to freeze and continue working on his new work - "The Syntax of the Russian Language." This work is so grandiose that only the brilliant mind of Alexei Alexandrovich is able to cover it all. In mid-December 19, Olga Nikolaevna, who became his mother, dies, and in February, Olga Alexandrovna, her younger sister. Alexey Alexandrovich plunges into work to drown out grief ...
Meanwhile, his strength was weakening, and in June 1920 a council of surgeons diagnosed Shakhmatov with a fatal diagnosis.
Trying to the end not to leave work and maintain clarity of mind, Alexey Alexandrovich dies in the early morning of August 16 from an illness caused by overwork and malnutrition.

The work "Syntax of the Russian language" formed the basis modern science about syntax, as well as many other works of an outstanding scientist, became fundamental in their fields.
Thanks to the efforts of Alexei Alexandrovich Shakhmatov, the Russian language was born again, becoming more beautiful and diverse. He gave us one of the brightest pearls of our culture, and for this he deserves eternal memory, and not oblivion.
It is sad that many people do not know about him, although they speak Russian.
I believe that this man of genius deserves to become the face of Russia, as his mind and wisdom are combined with such qualities as selflessness, honesty and love for the Motherland.

Born into a noble family, in 1883 he entered the Faculty of History and Philology of Moscow University. In 1884, his first article, "Studies on the Language of the Novgorod Letters of the 13th and 14th Centuries," was published in "Studies in the Russian Language."

In 1887 he defended his dissertation on the topic "On longitude and stress in the common Slavic language", after graduating from the university he remained with him and by 1890 became a Privatdozent.

In 1894 he put forward his work "Studies in the field of Russian phonetics" for a master's degree, but he was awarded the highest degree of doctor of the Russian language and literature.

The first scientific developments - in the field of dialectology. He made two expeditions in the mid-80s. - to the Arkhangelsk and Olonets provinces.

After the death of Ya. K. Grota took upon himself the compilation of the first normative dictionary of the Russian language.

From 1894 he was an adjunct of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, from 1898 he was a member of the Board of the Academy of Sciences, the youngest in the entire history of its existence (34 years old), from 1899 he was a full member of the Academy of Sciences. Since 1910 professor at St. Petersburg University.

From 1906 - member of the State Council from the Academic Curia. Participated in the preparation of the reform of Russian spelling, carried out in 1917-1918.

Best of the day

He died of exhaustion in Petrograd in August 1920.

After the death of the scientist in 1925–1927, his largely unconventional Syntax of the Russian Language was published, which had a significant impact on the development of syntactic theory in Russia. In it, Shakhmatov for the first time made an attempt to identify the system in a huge variety of syntactic constructions of the Russian language.

About the scientist, his sister - E. A. Shakhmatova-Masalskaya - left memoirs.

Scientific contribution

Shakhmatov traced the history of ancient Russian chronicles of the 11th-16th centuries, for the first time using the comparative historical method to study them, thanks to which he established the time of creation, the sources and contribution of each of the authors of the oldest chronicles, the composition of the text of The Tale of Bygone Years. After the works of Shakhmatov, any study on the history of ancient Russia is based on his conclusions. The scientist laid the foundations of textual criticism as a science.

Under the leadership of Shakhmatov, the Department of the Russian Language and Literature of the Imperial Academy of Sciences became the center of Russian philology. On the initiative of Shakhmatov, the Academy of Sciences published monographs, dictionaries, materials and studies on the Kashubian, Polabian, Lusatian, Polish, Serbian, and Slovenian languages. In 1897, Shakhmatov led the work on an academic dictionary of the Russian language. Participated in the preparation of the reform of Russian spelling, carried out in 1917-1918.

He deduced the East Slavic languages from the “common Old Russian” language, the disintegration of which, in his opinion, began already in the 7th century [source not specified 339 days], but was delayed by integration processes associated with state unity within Kievan Rus

in Ukrainian

Aleksey Shakhmatov - one of the authors of the work "The Ukrainian people in its past and present" (1916), took part in writing the declaration of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences "On the abolition of restrictions on the Little Russian printed word" (1905-1906), the author of detailed reviews on the grammar of the Ukrainian language A. Krymsky and S. Smal-Stotsky, Ukrainian language dictionary B. Grinchenko.

Aleksey Alexandrovich was interested in and sympathetic to the development of Ukrainian literature and the Ukrainian language, but was skeptical about the desire of the leaders of the “Ukrainian movement” to separate the Little Russian people from the single Russian people, which, according to ethnographic ideas of that time, was divided into Belarusians, Great Russians and Little Russians.