Simple syntactic construction examples. Complex syntactic constructions (CCS). "complex syntactic constructions" in books
C false syntactic constructions (SSC)- combining parts with different types of syntactic connection. Such constructions are very widespread in speech, and are equally often used in works of different functional styles. These are combined types of sentences, they are diverse in terms of possible combinations of parts in them, however, for all their diversity, they lend themselves to a fairly clear and definite classification.
Depending on various combinations of types of connection between parts, the following types of complex syntactic constructions are possible:
- with composition and submission: Lopatin began to feel sleepy, and he was delighted when the driver appeared at the door and announced that the car was ready.
- with essay and unionless connection: My direction is to another unit, but I lagged behind the train: let me, I think, I’ll look at my platoon and at my lieutenant.
- with subordination and unionless communication: On a walk in the forest, sometimes, while thinking about my work, I am seized by a philosophical delight: it seems as if you are deciding the conceivable fate of all mankind.
- with composition, subordination and unionless communication: But the river majestically carries its water, and what does it care about these bindweeds: spinning, they swim along with the water, as ice floes recently floated.
An example of parsing CCK:
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, with different types connection: unionless, coordinating and subordinating, consists of three parts connected asyndically (parts I and II) and by a coordinating connecting union and (parts II and III); Part I is a simple sentence, Part II is a simple sentence, Part III is a complex sentence with two subordinate clauses (goal and attributive) with parallel subordination. The clause of purpose depends on the whole main clause, answers the question for what purpose?, joins union to. The relative attributive depends on the noun path, answers the question what?, joins with an allied word which.
Lecture #14
COMPLEX SYNTAX CONSTRUCTIONS
Plan
Link types in complex syntactic constructions
Punctuation marks in complex syntactic constructions
Parsing
Literature
1. Valgina N.S. The syntax of the modern Russian language: [Textbook. for universities on special "Journalism"] / N.S. Valgin. - M.: Higher School, 1991. - 431 p.
2. Beloshapkova V.A. Modern Russian language: Syntax / V.A. Beloshapkova, V.N. Belousov, E.A. Bryzgunov. – M.: Azbukovnik, 2002. – 295 p.
Complex syntactic constructions are combinations of parts heterogeneous syntactic link. These are combined types of sentences, they are diverse in terms of possible combinations of parts, however, for all their diversity, they lend themselves to a fairly clear classification.
Depending on various combinations of types of connection between parts, the following types of complex syntactic constructions are possible.
1. Compound sentences, which include complex sentences (complex sentences with composition and subordination, complex sentences of mixed composition). The room we entered was divided by a barrier, and I could not see to whom my mother was speaking and bowing humbly.(Kaverin). Incessantly, involuntarily, my eyes met this terribly straight line of the embankment and mentally wanted to push it away, to destroy it, like a black spot that sits on the nose under the eye; but the embankment with the walking Englishmen remained in place, and I involuntarily tried to find a point of view from which I would not be able to see it(L. Tolstoy).
The sun has setandnight followed day without interval,asit usually happens in the south(Lermontov).
That was the time when the poems of Polonsky, Maikov and Apukhtin were known better than simple Pushkin melodies, and Levitan did not even know that the words of this romance belonged to Pushkin(Paust.).
Nearby may be writing and subordinating conjunctions: The weather was beautiful all daybut,whenwe sailed to Odessa, it began to rain heavily.
2. Compound sentences with non-union and allied connection of parts, including complex sentences. I appreciate it and do not deny its importance; this world rests on people like him, and if the world were left only to us, then we, with all our kindness and good intentions, would make of it the same thing that the flies from this picture(Ch.). In everything that fills the room, one feels something outdated, some kind of dry smoldering, all things exude that strange smell that flowers give, dried up by time to the point that when you touch them, they crumble into gray dust.(Bitter).
If ever your heart shrinks from fear for the little ones, cast aside all fears, extinguish anxiety, be firmly convinced: they are with me and, therefore, everything is in order.(Pavlenko).
(if…), , , [ sure in what? ]: and .
3. In complex syntactic constructions, all types of communication are possible.
1) Compound sentences, which include complex sentences (complex sentences with composition and subordination, complex sentences of mixed composition). The room we entered was divided by a barrier, and I could not see to whom my mother was speaking and bowing humbly.(Kaverin). Incessantly, involuntarily, my eyes met this terribly straight line of the embankment and mentally wanted to push it away, to destroy it, like a black spot that sits on the nose under the eye; but the embankment with the walking Englishmen remained in place, and I involuntarily tried to find a point of view from which I would not be able to see it(L. Tolstoy).
2) Compound sentences with non-union and allied connection of parts, including complex sentences. I appreciate it and do not deny its importance; this world rests on people like him, and if the world were left only to us, then we, with all our kindness and good intentions, would make of it the same thing that the flies from this picture(Chekhov). In everything that fills the room, one feels something outdated, some kind of dry smoldering, all things exude that strange smell that flowers give, dried up by time to the point that when you touch them, they crumble into gray dust.(Bitter). If ever your heart shrinks from fear for the little ones, cast aside all fears, extinguish anxiety, be firmly convinced: they are with me and, therefore, everything is in order.(Pavlenko).
3) A polynomial complex sentence. They could hear the skids creaking in the street, how the coal trucks were passing to the factory, and how half-frozen people shouted hoarsely at the horses.(Mamin-Sibiryak). If Nekhlyudov had then clearly realized his love for Katyusha, and especially if then they began to convince him that he could not and should not join his fate with such a girl, then it could very easily happen that he, with his straightforwardness in everything, would decide that there is no reason not to marry a girl, whoever she may be, if only he loves her(L. Tolstoy). cm. also subordination of sentences (subordination in the article).
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Complex syntactic structures
From the book Language and Consciousness author Luria Alexander RomanovichPOLYMERIC COMPLEX SENTENCES
Theme V
1. Text level: STS, text.
2. Offer level: PP, SP, SSK.
3. The word level is a syntaxeme (SPS is a word in a sentence), a phrase.
Polynomial complex sentences - SME / MchSP.
Complex syntactic constructions - CCK.
The predicative unit is PE.
A simple sentence can be made up of syntaxes or phrases, or formations of both. Complex sentences are made up of simple sentences. From complex sentences , simple sentences and complex syntactic constructions(SSC)add up STS .
Compound sentences are of two types. :
1) Binary complex sentences - consist of two predicative units with one type of connection (coordinating, subordinating or non-union).
2) Polynomial complex sentences - consist of three or more predicative units (PU).
SSK is made up of binary complex sentences. There can be several of these binary sentences, and there are several types in the SSC syntactic connection. The grass is green, the sun is shining, because spring has come(SSK, since in this construction there is both an allied and a subordinating relationship).
SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES OF SME AND SSC
In modern grammar polynomial complex sentence- this is a type of complex sentence consisting of three or more predicative units connected by one type of syntactic connection.
Complex syntactic construction is a special syntactic unit consisting of binary complex sentences of various types.
SMEs and SSCs have a lot in common. For this reason, not all scientists share them.
Similarities between SMEs and SSCs :
1. Number of predicative units (always many PUs).
2. The complex nature of the thought expressed in them. Possibility highlighting semantic parts in their composition.
For example: 1 It was nice to ride: 2 warm dim day, 3 around many colors and larks, 4 blowing nice light breeze ... (A.P. Chekhov). Before us is a construction consisting of 4 predicative units. This is MchBSP. See the diagram in the notebook! If there were no first part, then with enumerative relations of simultaneity, the selection of semantic parts would be inappropriate (because these are sentences of the same order).
3. Special Uses of Syntactic Links (only in SME and SSK):
a) Confluence of unions. An example from The Blind Musician: 1 Blind knew, 2 what out the window watching the sun and 3 what 4 ifhe will stretch hand at the window 3 then from the bushes dew will fall . What if is a confluence of unions. Communication is coordinative what... and what- but it's not SSP. 1-2 SPP, 1-3 SPP, 3-4 SPP.
b) Skip alliances. Example: 1 I knew, 2 what soon exam and 3need to him get ready . 1-2 SPP,1-3 SPP.
in) Structurally redundant components. 1 days were such blessed,2 Italy such fertile, 3 mood such joyful, 4 what the past seemed like smoke . There are index words in three parts. 4 - adverbial adverbial degree (good to what extent?). 1-4, 2-4, 3-4 are SPPs, but 1, 2, 3 also interact with each other (1-2, 2-3 are BSPs). This is a complex syntactic construction. In this SSC, there are more binary SPs than predicative units (PP - 4, and SP - 5).
d) SMEs and SSCs have alliances with different scope (high-low-mid / high-low). 1 Him seemed, 2 what they were all busy only those(explain) , 3 what thoroughly concealed their ignorance and dissatisfaction with life(explanatory / local-relative), and 4 myself is he, 5 to not extradite them their anxiety(infinitive sentence, adverbial purpose), 4 Nice smiled and said about trifles. It is possible to single out two semantic parts: CSO between the parts is connecting, CSO is causal (=connective-resultant, because part 2 is the result of what is done in the first). Unions usually have a high range of action, usually connecting (composing), which connect semantic parts. Unions that attach blocks or chains of subordinate clauses have an average range of action.(ex. union what joins the second and third parts to the first). Alliances that attach one PU to another have a low range of action(union to attaches the subordinate 5 to the main 4). In each construction, these can be different unions.
e) SMEs and SSCs often use double alliances (if…then, when…then, because…what). In binary sentences, they are also used, but much less frequently. In polynomial constructions, they are used more often in order to clearly show the relationship between the main and subordinate parts. See the example from The Blind Musician above.
4. Only in polynomial constructions and SSC there is such a phenomenon as complication of subordination . This is the feature that makes them similar to each other. Types of complicated subordination: parallel, serial, homogeneous.
a) Sequential or chain submission - this is a type of complicated subordinating relationship, in which a subordinate clause is attached to the main clause, this subordinate clause becomes the main one for the next one. Example: 1 What say normal people, 2 ifthey will hear, 3 what Mr Einstein six years thought about emptiness 4 which (both the conjunction word and the subject) nobody not interesting . This can be called a chain of adjectives. It is possible to distinguish degrees of dependence of subordinate clauses.
b) Homogeneous submission - this is a type of complicated subordinating relationship, in which two or more subordinate clauses belong to one main, which are attached to the main one by one type of subordination(all with determinant or conditional or double subordination) and belong to the same semantic type(all explanatory, adverbial). Usually they are also joined by the same means of communication (conjunction as), but this is not necessary! Example: 1 I want to tell, 2 as beautiful flowering meadow early morning, 3 as in rough grass leaves accumulates crystal a drop dew, 4 what (joint word) bright should in the meadow from your feet, 5 as good ordinary in the rays of the sun horsetail . All subordinate clauses are joined by a verbal connection, all are explanatory. 2, 3, 4, 5 form a block of adnexal, they are homogeneous. Homogeneous into a block, the latter - into a chain with degrees of dependence.
in) Heterogeneous / parallel subordination - this is a type of complicated subordinating relationship, in which two or more subordinate clauses belong to one main clause, which differently attached to the main part(for example: one by a conditional connection, the other by a determinant one), and subordinate clauses belong to different semantic types. An example of such a design: 1 When I and Belokurov walked near the house, 2 suddenly moved in spring into the yard stroller, 3 in which (associative word) sat our old friend . If the subordinate clauses are both circumstantial (one place, the other time), both are joined by a determinant connection, then they are considered as homogeneous, and not as heterogeneous. Sometimes it can be considered as heterogeneous. For Gogolina T.V. these are homogeneous clauses (because the connection is the same).
*d) Exists transitional type between homogeneous and heterogeneous subordination . Not all scientists agree with the concept of "transitional type". That's what Babaitseva calls him. Some scholars consider heterogeneous and parallel subordination as two independent types of subordination. For the transitional type, they use the term "parallel subordination". 1 I knew, 2 what soon exam and 1 constantly thought,3 what it's time (state category word) to begin to him get ready . They refer to different words. In terms of structure, this is a heterogeneous subordination, but in terms of semantics (because the subordinate clauses are the same), this is a homogeneous subordination. The second type is parallel subordination.
*e) Contaminated type of complicated subordination , involving the combination of previous types of subordination in different versions. "Anna Karenina": 1 Now She understood,2 what Annane could have been in purple and 3 what (confluence of unions) her charm is exactly therein (SIS), 4 what it's brighter your outfit, 5 what outfit never cannot be seen on it. There are two blocks of homogeneous subordinate clauses. Types of complicated subordination: 2 and 3 belong to 1 - this is a homogeneous subordination, 4 and 5 belong to the 3rd - this is also a homogeneous subordination. 1->3->4; 1->3->5 is sequential subordination. Thus, there is a contaminated / combined type of complicated subordinating relationship, because there is both homogeneous and consistent subordination.
The difference between SMEs and SSCs is one :in a polynomial complex sentence, only one type of syntactic connection is always used, and in SSK there are always several of them .
The division of complex sentences into polynomial, SSK and others began in the 50s of the XX century. This was discussed in detail. They distinguished complex sentences of binary type and sentences with large quantity components (this group was called differently). Tutorial released Alexander Nikolaevich Gvozdev . He singled out complex sentences with composition and submission. The textbook came out a little later. Vera Arsentievna Beloshapkova . V.A. Beloshapkova called such proposals "complex sentences of a complicated type". The textbook came out later. A.G. Rudneva . He called them "complex sentences of mixed construction". In the 70s of the XX century, many textbooks and various terminological designations appeared at once:
a) Leonard Yurievich Maksimov (classmate of Demidova KI). He used the term "polynomial complex sentence".
b) In the traditional school textbook (Maksimova, Kryuchkov), the term "SP with different types of communication" appeared, in parallel there was the term "SP with several subordinate clauses".
c) At the same time, a textbook by Nina Sergeevna Valgina was published, which proposed the term "complex syntactic constructions". This term has become entrenched in science.
Anna Nikolaevna Chesnokova and Galina Ivanova Tretnikova - textbook, collection "Synthesizing tasks in grammar" (70s - early 80s). A.N. Chesnokova and G.I. Tretnikova wrote an article that describes the SSC according to 4 criteria (structure, semantics, function and style). Both N.S. Valgina, and G.I. Tretnikova, and Chesnokova under the SSC understood any sentences in which there are more than three predicative units.
In the latest textbooks (90s - early 2000s), it is customary to divide into SMEs and SSCs (but Dibrova does not assume such a division), in the textbook by P.A. Lekant, SMEs and SSCs are separated (but not described in great detail). In the last textbook by N.S. Valgina there is a division into polynomial complex sentences and complex syntactic constructions.
AT school grammar there is no rigid, formal division into polynomial complex sentences and complex syntactic constructions, there are not even such terms, but in fact such a division exists in school grammar. The terms proposed by Kryuchkov and Maksimov exist to this day. A complex syntactic construction in a school textbook is called a complex sentence with different types of connection, and among polynomial complex sentences, NGN with different types of subordinate clauses are distinguished. JV school classification:
2. NGN (MsNPP - NGN with several clauses)
4. SPS with different types of communication (= SSK)
*About the school. In NGN with several subordinate clauses, complex types of subordination are used. Types of complicated connection:
1) Consistent submission.
2) Parallel subordination: homogeneous / heterogeneous subordination. Parallel is opposed to sequential, and for this it stands out. In many manuals that come out in addition to the textbook, they try to abandon the term parallel subordination. And soon it will be like this: consistent, homogeneous, heterogeneous submission.
Syntax - branch of linguistics that studies the structure of sentences and phrases.
Syntagmatic relations between words (or groups of words);
Structure, generation and perception of sentences;
Syntactic units;
Consideration of the types of syntactic links.
Syntactic construction - it is any combination of words or groups of words that have a direct relationship.
Connection - realized valence. Valency is the ability of a language unit to be combined with units of the same level. Valency is most often not fully realized.
Syntactic units
Taxonomic- individual word forms in the sentence ( He left for the city 4 taxonomic units).
Functional- taxonomic units or groups of taxonomic units that perform a specific function in a sentence.
Syntactic links
Non-directional communication - equal communication (or mutual subordination);
Directed connection - subordination (one unit is the main one, the second is dependent).
The concept of a syntactic function is difficult to define. We can say that the syntactic function is the relation of the unit to the sentence in which it is included. For example, in a sentence The birds are flying word birds refers to the sentence as the subject (within certain concepts and terms), and the word are flying- as a predicate. To elucidate some syntactic functions, a framework of a construction of a smaller volume than a sentence is sufficient, cf. big bird, where the syntactic function of the word big- definition for a name bird- is clear within the framework of this construction, that is, outside the sentence.
The existing theories of the syntactic structure of a sentence differ mainly in what syntactic units they operate on and what connections they establish between these units.
OFFER- the basic unit of syntax, designed to perform a communicative function - the function of a message. The main features of P. that distinguish it from other syntactic. units - words (word forms) and phrases, are predicativity, intonation formality and grammatical organization.
Predicativity called the grammatical complex. meanings that correlate P. with the act of speech, its participants, and the designated reality by placing it in a specific temporal and modal plane. Thus, the content of P., on the one hand, correlates with the moment of speech and is interpreted as related to the present, past or future (or as not having a specific temporal localization), and on the other hand, either as real - corresponding to reality, or as unreal - desired, possible, expected. The expression of predicativity relies primarily on the personal forms of the verb, which themselves have predicative morphological. categories of time and mood, but it can be determined by the very meaning of syntactic. P.'s models in combination with intonation suitable for this situation.
In syntactic P.'s structure can be distinguished two main aspects: constructive and communicative. The constructive aspect is connected with the study of words and phrases with t. sp. syntax connections and relations between them, its division into members of the proposal and the allocation of Ch. members that form the basis of the structure of P. - its predicative core, as well as other aspects of grammar. organization. As for the communicative aspect of P., then those content and structural properties of P. belong to it, thanks to which it acquires the ability to express a certain purposeful "speech action" - a message, a question, an incentive, etc. In this case, the first plan are such parameters of speech as the presence of a certain actual articulation, word order and intonation (and, accordingly, the choice of the most suitable linear-intonational structure of speech in its construction). Sometimes, to distinguish between these two aspects of P., oppositions of P. and statements are used.
Wood - a graphic representation of the structure of a syntactic construction, the elements of which are dots (nodes) connected by lines or arrows (branches) reflecting syntactic links. The top of the tree is then the node from which the arrows only exit, but which they do not enter.
Traditional grammar
Functional units - members of the proposal. Connections are non-directional and directed.
The subject is what the sentence is talking about.
Agreement is a type of grammatical connection, where the dependent word acquires the same grammatical meanings that the main word has.
Management - the dependent word acquires certain grammatical meanings that the main word does not have, but which the main word requires.
Adjacency - the connection is expressed by the order of words and intonations.
Dependency Grammar
Formal representation of the structure of a sentence in the form of a hierarchy of components, between which a dependency relationship is established.
The units are taxonomic; connections are only subordinate; top - a verb-predicate or its significant part; function words with nouns ...
Grammar of Tenier
L. Tenier "Fundamentals of Structural Syntax". M., Progress, 1988.
The units are functional; connections are only subordinate; the top is a verb, all other units obey it directly or indirectly. Directly subordinate units are divided into actants and sirconstants.
Actants - functional units that replace the obligatory verb-predicate valences in a non-elliptical sentence.
Sirconstants - functional units, the presence of which reflects the optional valencies of the verb-predicate (usually a circumstance).
Borders are fuzzy. The first actant is traditionally considered the subject, the subject of the action.
Grammar of direct constituents
L. Bloomfield, C. Hockett, Z. Harris.
The NN grammar is a formal representation of the structure of a sentence in the form of a hierarchy of linearly non-intersecting elements nested in each other, maximally independent of each other.
NS is usually 2. Each is further divided into 2. This procedure must be repeated until the morpheme.
Every complex unit is made up of two simpler and non-overlapping units called its direct constituents.
Units - NS; connections are non-directional; NS are characterized in terms of grammatical classes (noun, verb, auxiliary verb, prepositions, etc.).
Peculiarities:
- elements - sequences of word forms with different complexity;
Preserves both syntactic and linear structure;
