Coordinating conjunctions in Russian. Coordinating and subordinating conjunctions. The concept of coordinating conjunctions
Which are necessary to link components in a complex sentence, homogeneous members in a sentence, as well as individual sentences in one text.
In Russian in class allied words and unions include those words that are responsible for syntactic links in a sentence or word form. Unlike prepositions that perform a service function in unity with case nouns forms, this part of speech is not only not connected in any way with the grammatical form of the connected words, but is generally indifferent to their belonging to any part of speech. The same thing can connect as nouns (for example, " i have a dad and a mom”), as well as verbs (“ boy singing and dancing""), adjectives (" girl is beautiful and smart”), adverbs and even those words that belong to different parts of speech. The only condition is the coincidence of their syntactic functions - for example: " write beautifully and without errors ".
Many unions and allied words should not so much establish a connection as identify and concretize it. This is another of their distinctive abilities that prepositions do not have. The latter with case inflection not only reveal the connection, but at the same time form it.
Unions are not only not considered members of the proposal - they do not change. By origin, they are divided into derivatives - for example, to, as if in which one can trace the method-formation connection with those significant words from which these unions were formed. Another variety is non-derivative unions, which are not related by origin in today's Russian with other parts of speech. These are unions or, yes, and.
And according to the method of use, the following forms are distinguished:
- non-recurring or single - however, but;
- pairs or doubles, for example, how…and if…then;
- recurring is and…and, neither…nor.
Based on the structure, unions are divided into simple ones, which are written without spaces - ah, because, and into components- while, since.
By the nature of the syntactic relations expressed with their help, there are coordinating and subordinating conjunctions.
Coordinative types connect equal components - such as parts
According to their meaning, coordinating allied words are:
- connectives that express the enumeration relation - yes, and, also, and...and, also;
- adversative, expressing the attitude of opposition - however, but, ah, same;
- dividing, expressing the relationship of mutual exclusion - or ... or, or, then ... then;
- explanatory, which express the relation of explanation - like that, exactly;
- joining, expressing the relation of joining - and also, yes and.
Their other variety - subordinating unions - is designed to show the dependence of one component on another, linking together, mainly links complex sentence. Sometimes they are also used in simple sentences for heterogeneous and homogeneous members.
For example, subordinating conjunctions although, as, as if, as if, than.
The day in winter is shorter than the night. The lake is like a mirror. As you can see, subordinating conjunctions connect any members of the sentence. They can be either homogeneous or heterogeneous.
Separate compound conjunctions are used in cases where there is a main and several. These are, for example, such words: who, where, which, which, whose, where, how much, from where, why, why, how much.
According to the value parameter, subordinating conjunctions are of the following categories:
- causal - because, since, for;
- temporary - when, only, while, hardly;
- target - in order to, in order to;
- conditional - if, if, if;
- explanatory - how, what, to;
- concessions - although; although;
- comparative - as, as if, exactly, as if, than;
- consequences - so.
Before starting to study the topic "Composing conjunctions", let's consider in which section of the Russian language they are included. In the Russian language there are service parts of speech, where particles, prepositions, conjunctions and copulas are studied. They do not have a nominative function, i.e. do not name objects, signs, phenomena, but help to express the relationship between them. In a sentence, they are not members and are used as a formal grammatical means of the language. They have no stress, they are unchangeable and morphologically indivisible.
Unions
Unions connect homogeneous members simple sentences and part of a complex sentence. They are composing and subordinating.
Homogeneous members of a sentence and parts of a compound sentence can connect coordinating conjunctions.
Unions and their groups
By value, these unions are divided into the following groups:
1. Connecting: and, yes (and), neither ... nor, and ... and. For example: Write and read in Russian. It rained all day and the wind continued to whistle outside the window. And he listens to everything Yes shakes his mouth. Neither wind, neither storm, neither the thunder could not keep him from the trip. And first, and second, and the third was brought to the table without delay.
2. Nasty: but, yes (but), but, however, the same. For example: Father said a the whole family listened attentively. Today is cloudy, but warm. Small, Yes remote. It was difficult there but very interesting. The officer approached the building but not in a hurry to enter the entrance.
3. Dividing: or, or…or, either, or…or, then…that, or…either, not that…not that. For example: Whether sun, either snow, either love, either no. To be or not to be? Wet dogs wandered around or sat waiting for food. Or I had to go ahead or stay and wait. Sharp gusts of wind then plucked the leaves from the trees, then branches were bent to the ground.
4. Comparative: like…and; not only but). For example: Guests how unexpectedly arrived so suddenly they left. They visited Not only in Moscow, but and in Kyiv.
5. Connecting: yes, and, also, also. For example: We are learning, adults are learning too. He laughed at us also became fun. We were praised for our work yes and for the children too
Differ:
Singles: but...
Recurring: and...and, or...or, either...either, neither...nor...
Double: like...and, not only...but also...
Spelling of coordinating conjunctions. Punctuation marks
A comma is placed before the union and when it connects parts of a complex sentence.
before the union and the comma is not put if it connects two members of the sentence.
When repeating the union and a comma is placed after each member of the sentence connected by it.
Before opposing alliances ah, but, yes (but) always put a comma: The sky was overcast, but there was no more rain. We went to the commandant a the son went into the room. Small spool, Yes roads.
Unions are written together: also, also, but. To make sure that also, also, but unions, you need instead too, also substitute union and, but instead but- union but. If such a stand is possible, then these are unions and they need to be written together.
1. I too wrote, but Same(pronoun then and particle same) while listening carefully.
2. Poet also sang well. They all same way(adverb So and particle same) every day waiting for letters from children.
3. Hide for that(pretext per and demonstrative pronoun then) wood. Worked a lot but all finished.
Conclusion
Sentences with coordinating conjunctions are very widely used in the scientific, colloquial, official vocabulary of the Russian language. They make our speech rich and interesting.
Line UMK VV Babaytseva. Russian language (5-9)
Russian language
Conjunctions and allied words: functions, features, differences
By the ninth grade, students should know what a union is, its functions, features in structure and meaning; correlation of conjunctions and meanings of compound sentences; be able to distinguish between subordinating conjunctions and allied words in complex sentences.Purpose of unions
Subordinating conjunctions and allied words in complex sentences
In the same, ninth, grade, the guys learn that subordinate clauses are attached to the main clause or to another subordinate clause with subordinating conjunctions (simple and compound) or allied words.
As you can see, in some cases, simple subordinating conjunctions and allied words coincide (in spelling). How can a ninth grader distinguish a union from a union word (for example, what, how, when) in a complex sentence?
To distinguish a union from an allied word, you must remember:
1) Subordinating unions are not members of the subordinate clause, but serve only to attach subordinate clauses to the main or other subordinate clause:
Allied words not only “attach” subordinate clauses to the main clause (or to another clause), but are also members of the clauses:
2) In some cases, the union can be omitted, but the allied word cannot:
3) Union can only be replaced by another union:
4) A union word can only be replaced by a union word or those words from the main clause to which the subordinate clause belongs, for example:
The authors of this textbook draw the attention of ninth graders that the ability to distinguish between conjunctions and allied words is necessary for the correct intonation of a sentence, since often allied words are the semantic center, they are highlighted by logical stress.
We consolidate the knowledge gained about unions and allied words in practice
In a series of exercises aimed at developing the ability to distinguish between subordinating conjunctions and allied words is given. Here are some of these exercises.
This model or its fragments can be used both in grade 9 and in grades 7-8.
We believe that the proposed teaching model will help the teacher to “dot all the and” when studying conjunctions and allied words in the Russian language lessons: consider their functions, structural features and meanings of conjunctions, their use in complex sentences; features of the use of allied words in complex sentences.
Before starting to study the topic "Composing conjunctions", let's consider in which section of the Russian language they are included. In the Russian language there are service parts of speech, where particles, prepositions, conjunctions and copulas are studied. They do not have a nominative function, i.e. do not name objects, signs, phenomena, but help to express the relationship between them. In a sentence, they are not members and are used as a formal grammatical means of the language. They have no stress, they are unchangeable and morphologically indivisible.
Unions
Unions connect homogeneous members of simple sentences and parts of a complex sentence. They are composing and subordinating.
Homogeneous members of a sentence and parts of a compound sentence can connect coordinating conjunctions.
Unions and their groups
By value, these unions are divided into the following groups:
1. Connecting: and, yes (and), neither ... nor, and ... and. For example: Write and read in Russian. It rained all day and the wind continued to whistle outside the window. And he listens to everything Yes shakes his mouth. Neither wind, neither storm, neither the thunder could not keep him from the trip. And first, and second, and the third was brought to the table without delay.
2. Nasty: but, yes (but), but, however, the same. For example: Father said a the whole family listened attentively. Today is cloudy, but warm. Small, Yes remote. It was difficult there but very interesting. The officer approached the building but not in a hurry to enter the entrance.
3. Dividing: or, or…or, either, or…or, then…that, or…either, not that…not that. For example: Whether sun, either snow, either love, either no. To be or not to be? Wet dogs wandered around or sat waiting for food. Or I had to go ahead or stay and wait. Sharp gusts of wind then plucked the leaves from the trees, then branches were bent to the ground.
4. Comparative: like…and; not only but). For example: Guests how unexpectedly arrived so suddenly they left. They visited Not only in Moscow, but and in Kyiv.
5. Connecting: yes, and, also, also. For example: We are learning, adults are learning too. He laughed at us also became fun. We were praised for our work yes and for the children too
Differ:
Singles: but...
Recurring: and...and, or...or, either...either, neither...nor...
Double: like...and, not only...but also...
Spelling of coordinating conjunctions. Punctuation marks
A comma is placed before the union and when it connects parts of a complex sentence.
before the union and the comma is not put if it connects two members of the sentence.
When repeating the union and a comma is placed after each member of the sentence connected by it.
Before opposing alliances ah, but, yes (but) always put a comma: The sky was overcast, but there was no more rain. We went to the commandant a the son went into the room. Small spool, Yes roads.
Unions are written together: also, also, but. To make sure that also, also, but unions, you need instead too, also substitute union and, but instead but- union but. If such a stand is possible, then these are unions and they need to be written together.
1. I too wrote, but Same(pronoun then and particle same) while listening carefully.
2. Poet also sang well. They all same way(adverb So and particle same) every day waiting for letters from children.
3. Hide for that(pretext per and demonstrative pronoun then) wood. Worked a lot but all finished.
Conclusion
Sentences with coordinating conjunctions are very widely used in the scientific, colloquial, official vocabulary of the Russian language. They make our speech rich and interesting.
Coordinating conjunctions are divided into the following groups according to their meaning:
1. Connecting unions: and, Yes (=and), and...and, neither...neither, too, also. Express the value of homogeneity, similarity in the enumeration of the same type of events, situations.
- Still the grass is full of transparent tears,
- And thunder rumbles in the distance.
- (A. A. Blok)
- "Hey Dunya! - the caretaker shouted, - put the samovar Yes go get some cream."
- (A. S. Pushkin)
Recurring union neither...neither used in negation, strengthening it. Unions too and also along with the main meaning of the connection, shades of identification and attachment are brought in.
- Daughter studied at home and grew up well, boy too studied badly.
- (L. N. Tolstoy)
2. Opposing alliances .
The general meaning of opposition, incompatibility is manifested in two types of relationships: comparisons and contrasts. Comparison is expressed by unions a, same, opposition - unions but, but, but, Yes (=but), a, only.
- People crossed flooded places without much difficulty, horses same got it again.
- (V.K. Arseniev)
- Heard the ringing Yes you don't know where he is.
- The song over the house fell silent, but over the pond the nightingale started his own.
- (V. G. Korolenko)
3. Dividing alliances or, or, or...or, or...or express relations of mutual exclusion, alternative, choice.
- Or howling storms
- You, my friend, are tired
- Or dozing under the buzz
- Your spindle?
- (A. S. Pushkin)
- Or the whole world went crazy or he, Valka, began to go crazy.
- (V. I. Belov)
Union then...then relations are transferred alternation.
- That truth breathes everything in it,
- That everything in it is feigned and false!
- (M. Yu. Lermontov)
Relations indistinction expressed by repeated conjunctions either...either, not that...not that.
- Not that thoughts, not that memories, not that dreams wandered in Olenin's head.
- (L. N. Tolstoy)
4. Comparative or gradation unions: how...so, Not only...but also, but...but, if not...then.
- Siberia has many features how in nature, so in human manners.
- (I. A. Goncharov)
- We Not only before the coup but we entered it.
- (A. I. Herzen)
Unions how...so, Not only...but also emphasize the mandatory nature of the connection, enhance the meaning of similarity, similarity.
5. Connecting unions: and, yes and, yes and...then. They serve to connect words in a phrase and sentence, add new information to the content. Lekant P. A. highlights " special connecting": and, besides, Besides, otherwise, not that, not that.
- My sister was a good cook yes and sewed well.
- Kashtanka ran back and forth and did not find the owner, meanwhile it was getting dark. (In the meantime, an affiliative union.)
- (A.P. Chekhov)
6. Explanatory unions: that is, namely, somehow, or. They express the relationship of refinement between the members of the sentence, parts of the complex sentence and independent sentences.
- I stayed here for a week that is until Sunday or Monday.
