What is an allied and allied coordinating connection. syntactic links. Compound sentences with non-union connection

ALLIED COMMUNICATION. Such a connection between single words and phrases, which is expressed by unions (see), for example, table and chair; I bought two pencils and a box of pens; the door opened and Marya Pavlovna entered; or rain, or snow, or will, or No; in the old but clean dress; then the sun will hide then shines too brightly; the prisoner turned pale, when he was called; he did not come, because his father died; papa says what he will buy me a horse, etc.

- between Prussia and Russia signed on 3 November. in Potsdam after the surrender of the Austrian army near Ulm. To P. s. Austria joined ...
- Team work bodies of the Union State and public authorities of the participating States, reflecting the political, social and economic interests of the Union State, ...
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- whale. revolutionary organization founded by Sun Yat-sen in 1905. See Tongmenghui...
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- connection of two or more circuits using a common magnetic flux. See induction law...
Marine vocabulary
- Pondicherry, Puttucci, a union territory within India. The area is 0.5 thousand km2. Population 0.5 million people . The administrative center is the city of Pondicherry...
between Russia and Prussia. Signed in Potsdam on October 22 on the part of Russia by Prince A. A. Czartorysky, on the part of Prussia by the state and cabinet minister Baron K. A. Hardenberg ...
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- Chinese revolutionary organization founded by Sun Yat-sen in 1905; see Tongmenghui...
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- in the USSR, a sovereign national Soviet socialist state, voluntarily united for the purpose of mutual assistance in the field of economic, political and defense with others ...
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- secret, between Russia and France. Developed during the negotiations between Alexander I and Napoleon I in Erfurt...
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- between Russia and France, confirmed the Treaty of Tilsit in 1807. Napoleon I recognized Russia's rights to Finland, Moldavia and Wallachia ...
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- The connection of homogeneous members or parts of a complex sentence with the help of unions. see homogeneous members of a sentence, a compound sentence ...
Dictionary of linguistic terms
- HF communication / s, ...
merged. Apart. Through a hyphen. Dictionary-reference
- HF-sw "...
- KV-sv "...
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- noun, number of synonyms: 1 connection ...
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"Allied bond" in books

Chapter nine. Union army

From the book Fifty Years in Service author Ignatiev Alexey Alekseevich

Novgorod - sovereign union community

From the book Course of Russian History (Lectures I-XXXII) author Klyuchevsky Vasily Osipovich

Novgorod - a sovereign union community Novgorod did not have its own permanent princes. In theory, the common property of the princely family, owned in turn by its senior representatives, the grand dukes, he became a draw in practice. Choosing princes arbitrarily on terms of hire and feed,

Allied diplomacy

From book one World War author Utkin Anatoly Ivanovich

Allied Diplomacy On the evening of January 19, 1915, the Germans launched their first Zeppelin raid against Britain. The war has acquired certain contours in the air, on land, sea and under water. Strange as it may seem to review it now, but by the spring of 1915 an optimistic

allied cavalry

From the book The Army of Alexander the Great the author Second Nick

Allied cavalry Greek cities - members of the Corinthian Union - were required to supply reinforcements to the expeditionary army in the form of cavalry and infantry contingents. However, obviously not all of these states had their own cavalry. Diodorus talks about the presence in the army

Allied conference in Sparta (432 BC).

From the book Volume 1. Diplomacy from ancient times to 1872. author Potemkin Vladimir Petrovich

Allied conference in Sparta (432 BC). After that, the Corinthians, Potideans and Perdiccas sent embassies to Sparta demanding the immediate convening of an all-union conference (syllogos) regarding Athens’ violation of the treaty of 445. This protest was supported by

Allied diplomacy

From the book The Forgotten Tragedy. Russia in World War I author Utkin Anatoly Ivanovich

Allied Diplomacy On the evening of January 19, 1915, the Germans launched their first Zeppelin raid against Britain. The war has acquired certain contours in the air, on land, sea and under water. Strange as it may seem to see it now, but by the spring of 1915 an optimistic attitude prevailed in the West.

Allied intervention and white politics

author

Allied intervention and white politicians Allied intervention was for white politicians and the military both a great success and an exorbitant political burden. As early as the spring of 1918, many opponents of the Bolsheviks seemed to expect nothing with such impatience as the intervention

Allied intervention and the white army

From the book Provincial "counter-revolution" [White movement and Civil War in the Russian North] author Novikova Ludmila Gennadievna

Allied Intervention and the White Army The dissatisfaction and opposition to intervention, quite clearly manifested among Northern politicians and the public, was perhaps nowhere so obvious as in the White Army. Conflicts between white officers and allies escalated

Union Territory of Chandigarh (Chandigarh, 238 km north of Delhi) Telephone code (STD) - 172chandigarhtourism.gov.incitco.nic.inPopulation - about 0.9 million people. (2001) Territory - 100 km2 Main languages - Hindi, Punjabi, English. Airport - 11 km south of the city center. Flights to Delhi daily. Railway

Operation Allied Force

From book big war author

Operation Allied Force Operation Allied Force is military operation bloc NATO against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from March 24 to June 10, 1999. NATO has invaded Yugoslavia before that. In 1995, for the first time, NATO aircraft launched heavy air strikes against

Operation Allied Force

From the book Tomorrow there will be war author Burovsky Andrey Mikhailovich

Operation Allied Force Operation Allied Force is a NATO military operation against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from March 24 to June 10, 1999. NATO has invaded Yugoslavia before. In 1995, for the first time, NATO aircraft launched heavy air strikes on Serbs to

ALLIED COMMUNICATION

The connection of homogeneous members or parts of a complex sentence with the help of unions. see homogeneous members of a sentence, compound sentence. cf. : unionless connection.

Dictionary of linguistic terms. 2012

1.2. Secondary Allied Link

The first direction of the destruction of the compositional canon is manifested in the absence of syntactic monofunctionality of composed members, which is compensated by their semantic one-dimensionality. This phenomenon has two varieties, differing in whether the semantic commonality of members initially exists or whether it appears only in a situation.

The type of constructions most mastered by the language with composed members that have an initial semantic commonality are constructions with pronouns (interrogative, negative, indefinite and generalizing) (Beloshapkova 1977: 23):

(3a) Noneandneveraboutthisnotthought.

(3b.) Whoandon thehow manylate?

They are adjoined by constructions with a close type of meaning, but expressed by non-pronominal words; cf. pronominal combination allandalways and non-pronominal

(4) Manyandoften(arrivemoreworse).

The commonality of the meaning of composed members can be embodied in their lexeme identity (or the identity of the root morpheme):

(5a) I'm talkingwithpoetandaboutpoet[example of V. Z. Sannikov].

(5 B) Fellon theicenotwithhorses,awithhorse:bigdifferenceformyequestrianpride(A. S. Pushkin).

(5v) AlthoughdecryptionlinearletterswascompletedinEnglandandEnglishman,onhisimagethoughtsMichaelVentrissmallerTotallooked likeon the"typicalEnglishman".

There are also such constructions in which the semantic commonality of the composed members is not initially set, but appears only in the situation:

(6a) clerk…veryfastandindifferentdirectionsstirredfingers(example from Peshkovsky 1956).

(6b) I thinkmyselfentitledwriteto youpencil,inbedandmosthomemadeletter(A. Blok).

(6v) foreveryouwriteletterspencilorinbed.

Thus, constructions of type (3)–(6) have the following common property that they contain such elements of the sentence that refer to the same element, but perform different roles with respect to it and, therefore, could be subordinated to it. At the same time, constructions (3)–(5) with a “soldered” semantic commonality of composed genes are grammaticalized to a greater or lesser extent, while constructions like (6) show the speaker’s special intention to point out the one-dimensionality of certain aspects of the situation with some actual at the moment points of view. This side of the matter was clearly described by A. M. Peshkovsky: realizing “certain subordinate members as homogeneous in some way, we get the opportunity to connect them with unions, no matter how far they are from each other both grammatically and logically” (Peshkovsky 1956 : 442). Sentence (6a) differs from the corresponding sentence of the essay in that speed and direction are perceived as one-dimensional characteristics of movement. In this regard, I would like to pay attention to constructions with interrogative pronouns of the type (3b) (Kreidlin 1983). In them, the difference from the corresponding sentence without an essay is not limited to an indication of the commonality of the composed interrogative elements. Let's compare (3b) and (7):

(3b) Whoandon thehow manylate?

(7) Whoon thehow manylate?

In (3b) we are dealing with a simple set of two questions: Wholate?On thehow manylate? In (7) only one question is presented - the magnitude of the delay of each of the latecomers, or, more precisely, about the compliance between the (already known) set of latecomers and the set of time intervals that characterize the magnitude.

The next direction in which the writing canon is being blurred is associated with constructions containing the so-called secondary allied connection (Priyatkina 1977, Grammar 1980: 179):

(8a) Hesings,andnot bad.

(8b) Boywalks,butfew.

(8v) Uswas toshort-lived,butparting.

In these sentences, the union connects elements that are already connected to each other by a subordinate relationship. Therefore, when the union is eliminated from the sentence, it does not lose its coherence: walks,butfew=> walksfew. Such an allied connection is called secondary, since it is, as it were, “superimposed” on the subordinate connection, which is the primary basis of the phrase.

Constructions of type (3)–(7) and constructions of type (8) are usually considered as fundamentally different (Priyatkina 1977, Grammar 1980, Sannikov 1980). Indeed, there are serious differences between them, which we will dwell on later. However, it is impossible not to notice that the constitutive property of the secondary allied connection - the imposition of the composition on the subordination - is equally applicable to both types of constructions. True, this overlay occurs in several different ways. In (3)–(7), the terms connected by the union are subordinate to some third one, and in (8) one of them is subordinate to the other. Therefore, by the way, composed series of type (3)–(7) can consist of three or more terms, while series of type (8) are always two-term.

Thus, somewhat expanding the accepted word usage, we will say that there are two types of constructions with a secondary allied connection - constructions with primordial subordination of composed members (conditionally - type A) and constructions with primordial subordination (conditionally - type B). Let us turn to the similarities and differences between the constructions of type A and type B.

Constructions of both types are usually pronounced with a separate logical stress on each of the composed members. Consider the offer

(9) ATthisyearis herestedon thesouth,butsavage.

If you pronounce it with the first logical stress on combinations on thesouth, then the union will connect the elements on thesouth and savage, and the construction will be of type A. If the logical stress falls on the verb, then the composed elements will be a combination restedon thesouth and savage, and the structure will fall into type B.

The constructions of both types are opposed to the corresponding constructions without composition by their communicative organization. The secondary connection divides the sentence into as many separate statements as there are composed members. The multiplicity of logical stresses noted above is also connected with this. It is characteristic that in those cases when subordinate elements each have such a large communicative weight that they are incompatible within the framework of one statement, the essay turns out to be obligatory:

(10a) Heleftfarandfor a long time.

(10b) *Heleftfarfor a long time.

Let us now turn to the differences between constructions of type A and type B. The most significant of these is what semantic relationship is established between the composed members. Let us return, for example, to sentence (6b) (type A). The speaker informs us that in the situation described, he considers the elements “pencil”, “in bed” and “the most homely writing” as one-dimensional, brought, according to A. M. Peshkovsky, under the same rubric (“informal relations between the author letter and its addressee).

In example (8a) (type B), the speaker does not at all suggest that we consider the meanings “sings” and “not bad” at least in some sense to be semantically one-dimensional. Union and only turns a single statement "he sings well" into two separate ones - "he sings" and "he does it well". The difference between constructions of type A and type B is well reflected in the terms of V. Z. Sannikov: “semantic-composing construction” (type A) vs. "communicative-composing construction" (type B).

As example (8a) shows, the semantic components connected by the union in constructions of type B are not independent, but nested one into the other. This explains another difference between types A and B: in constructions of type A, the union is allowed or(see (6c)), while in constructions of type B it is impossible.

(11)*Hesings,ornot bad.

The point here is that the union or is in principle able to connect only such statements about which the speaker admits that only one of them can take place, and at the same time it is not known in advance which one. If we speak

(12) Tomorrowwelet's goincinemaorintheatre,

then we admit that each of the possibilities can be realized separately (although, perhaps, we do not exclude the possibility that both are realized at once). Otherwise, that is, if the speaker did not allow their separate implementation, he would have to use the union and:

(13) Tomorrowwelet's goincinemaandintheatre.

It is this property, the independent separate realizability of both alternatives, that is violated in (11). If the second alternative is fulfilled (“he sings well”), then the first one is certainly fulfilled (“he sings”).

Now that we have discussed the similarities and differences between Type A and Type B constructions, we can return to the question posed above, the question of the internal sources of decanonization in these constructions. In order to discover them, one should turn to a deeper - semantic - level of presentation of sentences, at which their meaning is revealed more explicitly. We will demand from this level that, in particular, the semantic spheres of action of valence words be presented explicitly on it (but the semantic decomposition of these words themselves has not been carried out).

Consider sentences (14a, b) with conjunction but:

(14a) Herestedon thesouth,butsavage(type A).

(14b) Herested,butfew(type B).

First of all, it is important to emphasize that in the semantic structure of sentences (14a)–(14b) there is not one proposition, but two. This follows already from the very semantics of the union but, which characterizes the relationship between two events: R,butQ= "it is natural to expect that the event R accompanied by an event not-Q; in this case event R accompanied by the event Q'" (Levin 1970: 78). Semantic structure of sentences with union but should explicitly indicate those events R and Q, the relationship between which is described by this union. Reconstructing these events, we obtain structure (15a) for sentence (14a), and structure (15b) for (14b):

(15a) "he rested in the south, but he rested as a savage";

(15b) "he rested, but he rested little."

Additional evidence in favor of the two-part structure of structures (15a)–(15b) is the fact that each of the elements connected by the union in (14a)–(14b) has a logical accent that marks separate statements.

Structures (15a)–(15b) obviously do not contradict the canon of the composition. In them, the union connects units of the same type - whole propositions. On the way from these structures to sentences (14a)–(14b), there must be a transformation similar in its tasks to the transformation of the coordinative abbreviation, but not coinciding with it in terms of application. Both transformations reduce identical components in composed propositions. But if the coordinative contraction requires that the composed members resulting from the contraction have the same syntactic and communicative functions in the original propositions, then this condition is not satisfied for the transformation that generates constructions with secondary allied connections. In case (14a), the composed terms on thesouth and savage perform different syntactic functions, although they are semantically matched. In case (14b), the difference from the coordinative abbreviation is even more significant: in the first proposition of the structure (15b) there is no component at all, semantically associated with the element “little”, and, in addition, the abbreviated component rested performs significantly different communicative roles in composed propositions (rheme in the first proposition and theme in the second). However, it is beyond our task to give a complete formal description of this transformation. It is more important for us to note that it is precisely at the moment when this transformation is carried out that the destruction of the compositional canon occurs.

So, constructions with a secondary allied connection are constructions whose semantic structures still have the properties of a canonical composition, while surface structures already lose them.

However, the canon has a certain stability, and incentives of sufficient strength are needed to go beyond it. In constructions of type A and B, these stimuli seem to be different.

Type A constructions are based on the speaker's desire to find something in common in the different, to bring heterogeneous phenomena under a single heading, if this meets his communicative needs in this situation. This factor operates the easier, the easier it is to find a commonality in subordinate elements, the more “on the surface” this common lies, the less it depends on the context (cf. the chain (3)–(4)–(5)–(6)) .

Type B constructions, as we have already noted, do not impose on us the view that the elements connected by the union are one-dimensional. For these elements, the only thing that is common is that they perform the same communicative role - the role of a rheme - in the corresponding propositions of the semantic structure. Here the actor is responsible for decanonization, requiring the most compact expression of two communicatively independent propositions.

Allied and allied coordinating communication is one of the ways to build. Without them, speech is poor, because they provide more information and are able to contain two or more sentences that tell about different events.

Complex sentences and their types

Depending on the number of parts, complex structures are divided into two- and polynomial. In any of the options, the elements are connected either by an allied connection (which, in turn, is provided by the corresponding part of speech), or by an allied one.

Depending on what types of relationships are present, complex formations create the following groups:

Difficult sentence with non-union and allied coordinating connection: The sky darkened sharply, a distant rumble was heard, and a wall of rain covered the ground, nailing the dust and washing away the city's smog.
Constructions that combine elements with a subordinate relationship, for example: The house we entered was depressing, but in this situation we had no choice..
Compound sentences with subordinating and non-union types of connections: No matter how he hurried, but his help was too late: the wounded were taken away by another car.
In polynomial constructions, subordinating, unionless and allied coordinating communication can be used simultaneously. The next time the phone rang, Mom answered it, but only heard the voice of a robot saying that her loan was overdue.

It is important to be able to distinguish between complex sentences and constructions complicated, for example, by homogeneous predicates. As a rule, in the first case, there are several grammatical bases in the syntactic lexical unit, while in the second there will be one subject and several predicates.

Unionless constructions

In this type of lexical constructions, 2 or more simple sentences can be combined, which are interconnected by intonation and meaning. They can be related to each other in the following ways:

The sentences are linked by an enumeration. The evening gradually faded away, the night fell to the earth, the moon began to rule the world.
Constructions in which elements are divided into several parts, two of which are opposing fragments. The weather was as ordered: the sky cleared of clouds, the sun shone brightly, a light breeze blew over the face, creating a slight coolness. In this union-free construction, the second fragment, consisting of 3 simple sentences, connected by enumerative intonation, explains its first part.
Binary combination of simple elements into a polynomial complex structure, in which parts are combined into semantic groups: The moon rose over the ridge, we did not immediately notice it: the haze hid its radiance.

An allied, like an allied coordinating connection, in an integral connection separates individual sentences from each other with punctuation marks.

Commas in non-union polynomial constructions

In complex compounds, their parts are separated by commas, semicolons, dashes and colons. The comma and semicolon are used in enumeration relations:

The parts are small in size and related to one another in meaning. Silence fell after the thunderstorm, followed by a light whisper of rain.
When parts are too common and not connected by a single meaning, a semicolon is put. Daisies and poppies covered the entire clearing; Grasshoppers chirped somewhere below.

Associative constructions are most often used to convey a large amount of information that is not always connected in meaning.

Dividing characters in non-union compounds

These signs are used for the following types of relations between the elements of a syntactic construction:

Dash - when the second part is sharply opposed to the first, for example: We knew about his fears - no one knew about the readiness to die.(In a similar construction with an allied, as well as an allied coordinating connection between the parts, I would like to put the union "but").
When the first part tells about a condition or time, then a dash is also placed between it and the second fragment. The rooster crowed - it's time to get up. In such sentences, the conjunctions “if” or “when” are suitable in meaning.
The same sign is put if the second part contains a conclusion about what was said in the first. I had no strength to object - he silently agreed. In such allied constructions, "therefore" is usually inserted.
When the second part of the sentence is compared and determined by what is told in the first. He gives a speech - breathes hope into people. In these constructions, you can add "as if" or "as if".
In sentences with an explanatory connection and justification of the reason, a colon is used. I will tell you in essence: you can not let your friends down.

Sentences with an allied, as well as an allied, coordinating connection between parts are separated by signs depending on their semantic relationship.

Compound constructions

In sentences of this type, a coordinative connection is used, carried out with the help of coordinating conjunctions. In this case, between their parts can be:

Connecting relationships connected by unions and, yes or, particles also, too, and neither ... nor. Birds don't chirp, mosquitoes don't chirp, cicadas don't chirp.
Unions are used in separating relations what and, or, particles whether ... whether, not that ... not that other. Whether the wind brings an incomprehensible sound, then he himself is approaching us.
Sentences with both unionless and allied coordinating relations with comparative relations indicate the identity of events, but in the second case with the use of unions namely and i.e. Everyone was happy for him, that is, that is what he read on their faces.
Explanatory relations tend to use conjunctions yes, but, ah, particles but, therefore other. A blizzard was rampant outside the window, but it was warm near the fireplace in the living room.

Often, it is conjunctions and particles that explain what connects simple sentences into a single compound structure.

Complex sentences with mixed types of communication

Constructions, where there is an allied and allied coordinating connection at the same time, are quite common. Separate blocks can be distinguished in them, each of which contains a few simple sentences. Inside the blocks, some elements are connected with others in meaning and separated by punctuation marks with or without unions. In a complex sentence with a non-union and allied coordinative connection, the line between them is separating signs, although individual blocks may not be connected in meaning.

c) causal unions. Since, because, for, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, because, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, etc .;

d) the union of the investigation. So that;

e) comparative conjunctions. Like, as if, as if, exactly, like, like, etc .;

e) conditional unions. If, if, if, if, once, etc.;

g) unions are concessive. Although, let, let, despite the fact that and others;

h) target unions. To, in order to, then to, etc.

union of consequence see subordinating conjunctions (in the article union).

allied connection. The connection of homogeneous members or parts of a complex sentence with the help of unions. See homogeneous members of a sentence, compound sentence. Cf .: unionless connection.

allied subordination see allied subordination (in the article subordination of proposals),

allied word. Significant word serving as a means of communication subordinate clause with the main and simultaneously performing the function of a member of the proposal. The relative pronouns who, what, which, whose, what, how much and pronominal adverbs where, where, where, how, when, why, why, why, etc. act as allied words. homonymous union as and allied word what, union when and allied word when, union as and allied word as. I thought that Konovalov had changed from a wandering life (Gorky) (which is a union). - I have no time to retell everything that Evgeny still knew (Pushki n) (which is an allied word in the role of an addition). Grigory smelled of sadness and desolation when he entered the yard of the estate overgrown with swan through the fallen gate, (Sholokhov) (when - union). - I had to sit, write, listen to stupid or rude remarks and wait to be fired (Ch. e x o c) (when is an allied word in the role of a circumstance of time). Krainev raised his head and saw a column of cars (Popov) drive through the open gate (as a union, close in meaning to the union that was used to draw attention to the action referred to in the subordinate clause) .- Everyone watched how they unfolded and planes come in from the rear (Fedin) (as a union word with the meaning “how” and as a circumstance of the mode of action).

special vocabulary. Words and phrases that name objects and concepts related to various areas of human labor activity and are not commonly used. The special vocabulary includes terms and professionalisms.

spirants. Same as fricative consonants.

spontaneous(lat. spontaneus - spontaneous). Independent, unconditioned, free. Spontaneous sound changes (not due to the position of the sound).

way of verbal action. The lexico-grammatical category of the verb, interacting with the category of aspect and expressing those meanings that are associated with the process of action (some moment of its implementation, intensity of manifestation, internal dissection, etc.). The main meanings associated with the expression of the mode of the verbal action are as follows:

4) the meaning of initiative in perfective verbs formed with the help of prefixes WHO; vz; for-, for-. Inflame, ignite, wave, scream, walk, thunder, run, blow;

2) the meaning of limiting the action in time, in the fullness of its manifestation in perfective verbs formed with the prefix on- or multiple attachments. Lie down, dream, cry, swim, jump, whistle, sit, stand, trample, make noise, hold back, think;

3) the meaning of effectiveness (completeness of the action, completion of the process, exhaustion of the action) for perfective verbs formed with prefixes pro-, from-, u-, from-. Oversleep (all night), sit (trousers), lie down (hand), ship, warm up, dine, make noise, get tired, chill, get wet, injure, cripple, dry out, scribble (all paper);

4) distributive (distributive) meaning of perfective verbs with prefixes re-, over- and several attachments. Whiten, chop, bite, break, wash, spoil, throw, bite, close, open;

5) the value of the intensity of the onset of action in perfective verbs formed with the suffix -well-.. Burst, gush, laugh;