Superlatives in Russian examples. Comparison of quality adjectives in English. Comparative degree of adjectives in English. Comparative degree
The grammatical feature of qualitative adjectives is the presence of degrees of comparison.
The degree of comparison is a grammatical category of adjectives that expresses differences in the degree of manifestation of quality. For example: strong - stronger, stronger, less strong, strongest, most powerful, least strong, most powerful, strongest of all, strongest of all.
There are 3 degrees of comparison of qualitative adjectives:
1) positive degree (positive),
2) comparative degree (comparative),
3) superlative degree (superlative).
Positive degree of comparison shows that the given attribute of an object is not compared with a similar attribute in another object. The initial (initial) form of the adjective is considered as a positive degree, for example: fast, hospitable, careless; stuffy, sad, light, petty, small, proud, resolute, bold, skillful, skillful, wonderful, charming, appropriate, instant.
comparative shows that a given attribute of an object is manifested to a greater or lesser extent compared to a similar attribute in another object, for example: bolder, more bold, less bold; higher, higher, less high.
The comparative degree serves as a means of comparison in quality:
Homogeneous Items: this morning is cloudier than yesterday; the children's faces become happier at the sight of their mother;
- dissimilar objects with the same properties: melon is sweeter than watermelon; the son is superior to the father; sister is younger than brother;
- the same subject: Before the session, students become more responsible and conscientious.
comparative formed:
1) in a synthetic way; means of expressing the degree of comparison are suffixes -ee- (-she-), -e, -she-;
2) analytical way; means of expressing the degree of comparison are additional words more- less;
3) in a suppletive way; means of expressing the degree of comparison is the change of bases: good - better, best; bad - worse, worse; little- smaller.
The comparative degree of an adjective has two forms: simple (synthetic) and compound (analytical).
Simple Comparative Degree
1) -her(s): round- round-her (round-her); beautiful - beautiful - her (beautiful - her); long-th - long-her (long-her); lingering - lingering-her (stretching-her);
2) -e, if:
a) the stem of an adjective ends in g, k, x, d, t,cm followed by an alternation of the consonant stem: hot- hot; dear-oh - dear; quiet- quiet; young-oh - younger; rich - rich; clean - clean;
b) the adjective has a suffix -k- (-ok-, -ek-) followed by truncation of the suffix and alternation of the stem consonant: low - lower; narrow-th - already; high - higher; close - nearer;
3) -she if the stem of the adjective ends in g, k followed by truncation of these consonants: far-th - farther; long-th - long-she; thin-th - thinner.
Forms of degrees of comparison on -her(s), -e, -she on-, which brings the added value of softening the degree of quality dominance; compare: more - more; more interesting - more interesting; more fun- more fun; closer- tighter; heavier - heavier; tastier- tastier.
A number of adjectives have variant comparative forms: big - more, more; distant - further, further; long- longer, longer; late- later, later; early - earlier, earlier; small - less, less.
Not all qualitative adjectives form a simple comparative form.
These include:
1) adjectives with suffix -sk- (-esk-): comic, tragic, friendly, fraternal, hypocritical;
2) some adjectives with a suffix -n-: blood, manual, sick, early, superfluous;
3) adjectives with a suffix -ov- (-ev-): free, business, ordinary, combat, mass;
4) many verbal adjectives with the suffix - l-: lethargic, rotten, tired, hoarse, hoarse;
5) some adjectives with a suffix -k-: unsteady, impudent, brittle, sticky, sludgy, timid, greedy, tenacious, chilly;
6) some non-derivative adjectives: old, proud.
Complex form of the comparative degree is formed in all adjectives that name a feature that can manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent. It is formed by adding additional words to the positive degree more, less; For example: more important, less affectionate.
Superlatives shows that a given attribute of an object is manifested to the greatest or least degree compared to a similar attribute in another object, for example: Supreme; deepest; the brightest; the narrowest; least sweet; the most interesting; smarter than everyone.
Superlatives also have synthetic and analytical form.
Simple superlative form formed from the basis of the positive degree of the adjective by adding suffixes:
1) -eysh-: white-th - white-eysh-th; rich-th - rich-eysh-th; brave-th - brave-eysh-th; wonderful-th - wonderful-eysh-th;
2)-aysh- to adjectives with stems on g, k, x and followed by alternating consonants: high-th - high-aysh-th, deep-th - deep-aysh-th, quiet-th - tish-aysh-th.
There are some features in the formation of superlatives:
Adjective heavy forms superlatives with alternation w//g and k//h: heavy - the most difficult;
adjectives close, low form the superlative by adding a suffix with truncation of the generating stem and subsequent alternation of consonants h// f: close - nearest, low - lowest.
In modern Russian, the simple form of the superlative has two meanings:
1. Top Quality Value that belongs to a person or subject and for which this subject stands out from a number of similar ones. In the superlative form, there is an indication of the circle of persons or objects from which they stand out with the highest degree of quality. This indication usually occurs in:
In the form of R.p. plural with prepositions from, among: the greatest of scientists; the tastiest of fruits; the strongest among peers;
In the form of R.p. no suggestions: the most beautiful city in Europe; the most famous museum in the world; the widest river in the country;
AT T.V. form plural with a pretext between: the greatest among generals;
- in the form of P.p. with prepositions in, on: the highest mountain in the world; the deepest lake on earth; beautiful place on the board; the largest lake in Siberia.
The use of the superlative degree is possible without any restrictions: sweetest person; main character; strongest athlete.
2. The value of the ultimate degree of quality is beyond comparison with other subjects, For example: Above the forest stood the gentlest radiance of the mountain range. Herbs - the surest remedy for colds.
Superlatives on -eysh-, -aysh- can be combined with attachment nai-, which brings an additional amplifying value, cf., for example: the most difficult - the most difficult; the strictest - the most strict; the most interesting - the most interesting; deepest- deepest; fullest - fullest.
adjectives big, high, low, good, bad form the following forms of superlatives: greater, higher, lower, better, worse.
Not all qualitative adjectives form a simple superlative form.
These include:
1) adjectives with a suffix -sk-, -esk-: fraternal friendly, enemy, demonic, hellish, ugly;
2) some adjectives with a suffix -n-: native, efficient, bloody, quarrelsome, redundant;
The most charming, the most empathetic, the most sweet, the thickest, the least broad, the least funny. This method is productive even for those adjectives that do not have a simple superlative form, for example: the most friendly, the most combative, the most sinuous, the most efficient, the least friendly, the least catchy;
2) by adding words everyone Total to a simple form of the comparative degree of the adjective, for example: most important, sweetest of all.
From the forms of degrees of comparison should be distinguished words of subjective quality assessment, which combine the designation of a feature with an expression of its evaluation by the speaker. The words of the subjective quality assessment express the emotional assessment of the indicated feature or indicate its real greater or lesser degree.
The words of subjective quality assessment are expressed in the following forms:
1) in adjectives with suffixes -enk- (-onk-), -yoshenek- (-oshenek-), -yohonek- (-ohonek-), -yusenk-, For example: black, yellow, dry, white, happy, alone, tiny, thin;
2) in adjectives with suffixes -usch- (-yusch-), -enn-: furious, huge, thin, fat, broad, tall;
3) in adjectives with prefixes archi-, pre-, times-, super-, ultra-: cheerful, archival, super-powerful, super-strong, cute, loud, ultra-modern;
4) in adjectives formed by pure or prefix repetition: black-black, old-old; soft-soft; interesting - interesting; high-high.
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Which acts as the original form: kind - kinder, more / less kind, kindest, kindest, kindest of all.
It expresses the attribute of a given object beyond comparison with the attribute of another object, in relation to the degree of manifestation of the attribute, it is neutral.
comparative
Comparative forms denote:
1. A sign that is manifested in one subject to a greater extent than in another.
- Elbrus higher Kazbek.
- This first sound was followed by another, harder and lingering...
- (I. S. Turgenev)
- Further experiments were more complex than the previous ones.
- (Academician I.P. Pavlov)
2. A sign that manifests itself differently in the same object at different times, is contained either to a greater or lesser extent.
- I am now more modest became in desire
- My life or you dreamed of me ...
- (S. A. Yesenin)
- Faith has become more restrained than it was.
Comparative degree can be simple(consist of one word) and composite(composed of two words).
Comparative Degree Education
| initial form of the adjective | Means of Education of the Comparative Degree | Comparative adjective |
| spicy interesting nonsensical | simple form -her (-her) | acute her (her) interesting her more meaningless |
Adjectives with stems in r, k, x, d, t, st hot quiet expensive young steep | -e+ alternation of the final consonant of the stem | hot e hush e dearer e younger e steep e |
Adjectives with suffixes - to -, -OK -(-ek -) bottom k uy high ok uh | -e+ suffix truncation - to -, -OK -(-ek -) | lower e higher e |
long thin | -she+ truncation of the final consonant stem r, k | share she tone she |
tall large | on - + -she(-e) | above for more |
good bad little | from other bases | it is better worse smaller |
| solid weak sweet | Composite form more or less words | harder less weak more sweet |
Qualitative adjectives with suffixes do not have a simple comparative degree - sk -, -ov -, -l -, -n -(they don’t have short forms either!): friendly, massive, bloody, emaciated, etc. This also includes adjectives with the suffix - to - such as fusible, bulky, heavy, separate non-derivative words (flat, dilapidated, proud, sloping) and words denoting animal colors: brown, savrasy, etc.
Superlatives
Superlatives denote:
1. A feature that is manifested in a given subject to the highest degree or more than in all other subjects.
- Elbrus - highest from the mountains of the Caucasus.
- In this group Ivanov - most capable and hardworking student.
- you today the best.
2. The ultimate degree of quality without comparison with other subjects, including as part of set expressions: the kindest soul, the worst enemy.
- Has come the most important stage in your life.
- Everything needs to be figured out smallest details.
Superlative education
| initial form of the adjective | Superlatives | Superlative adjective |
| strict brief quiet tall | simple form -ash -+ alternating final consonant stem | watchman ish ii short ish ii hush ish ii high ish ii |
brave wonderful | -eysh - | brave eysh ii miraculous eysh ii |
high ok uh beautiful | nai -+ -sh- (truncation of the suffix - OK -) nai - + -eysh - | highest the most beautiful |
good bad little | from other bases | best the worst less |
| solid accessible | Composite form word most | the hardest the most accessible |
loyal cheerful | words most, least | most faithful least cheerful |
sad clever interesting | compare. step. adj. + genitive pronoun all - all | the saddest of all smarter than everyone the most interesting |
Qualitative adjectives with suffixes do not form a simple superlative form - sk -, -n -, -ov -(-ev -), -to -, -ast -, -ist -: native , business , loud , loud , colorful , sprawling , thoroughbred , many words with suffixes - Liv -, -chiv -, -ovate - (-evat -): boisterous, talkative, whitish.
Again, remember that the adjective ( Adjective) is a word that denotes a sign of an object, person or phenomenon. It answers the question "what?". Let's look at how to form degrees of comparison of adjectives in English.
All adjectives are divided into two groups: qualitative ( qualitative) and relative ( relative). But not all of them can be compared. For example, "wooden" is a relative adjective and we cannot say "more wooden". And quality adjectives can be represented in positive (beautiful), comparative (more beautiful) and excellent (most beautiful) degrees of comparison. And now we will talk about each degree in detail.
Comparative degree of adjectives in English. Comparative degree
First, let's briefly talk about the positive degree. The positive degree is a simple form of the adjective: smart, cheerful, gentle. This form is found in dictionaries. For example: brave(brave), new(new), cold(cold).
The comparative degree is used when comparing the characteristics of two or more objects, persons. Words like “faster”, “higher”, “stronger” are comparative adjectives. How to form it?
- To short adjectives (consisting of one or two syllables), you need to add the ending -er: cheap(cheap) - cheaper(cheaper), narrow(narrow) - narrower(already), long(long) - longer(longer).
- -e, then we just add -r: close(close) - closer(closer).
- If the adjective ends in -y, then -y changes to -i: lucky(lucky) - luckier(more lucky) easy(simple) - easier(easier).
- If the adjective ends with a vowel + consonant combination, then the final consonant is doubled: big(large) - bigger(more), hot(hot) - hotter(hot).
- The comparative degree of long adjectives (more than 2 syllables) is formed using the words more(more) and less(less): expensive(expensive) - more expensive(expensive), serious(serious) - less serious(less serious) comfortable(convenient) - more comfortable(more comfortable).
Superlative adjectives in English. superlative degree
If a comparative degree requires two objects to compare characteristics, then a superlative degree requires several objects, among which we will single out one “best”. To form this degree, we do the following:
- Add an ending to short adjectives -est: thin(thin) - the thinnest(the thinnest), fast(fast) - the fastest(the fastest). At the same time, the adjectives -e, -y and to a consonant letter they obey the same rules as in the formation of a comparative degree: the simplest(simplest), the busiest(busiest).
- We use long adjectives with words most(most) and least(least): talented(talented) - the most talented(the most talented), interesting(interesting) - the least interesting(least interesting).
When forming this degree, it is necessary to use the article the as described in the examples above.
Special adjectives
And in English there is a list of adjectives that can be used both with suffixes and with words more/most, less/least.
| Word | Translation |
|---|---|
| Able | Capable |
| Angry | Evil |
| Clever | Clever |
| Common | General |
| Cruel | Cruel |
| Friendly | Friendly |
| Gentle | Gentle |
| handsome | Beautiful |
| Narrow | Narrow |
| Pleasant | Nice |
| politics | Polite |
| Quiet | Quiet |
| Serious | Serious |
| Simple | Simple |
| Sour | Sour |
Exception adjectives
There are also adjectives, the degrees of comparison of which are not formed according to the general rule. These adjectives, as well as their forms, should be known by heart.
- Good – better – the best(good - better - best).
- Bad – worse – the worst(bad - worse - worse).
- Little – less – the least(small - less - smallest).
- Many/much – more – the most(many - more - the largest).
- old – older – the oldest(old - older - oldest).
- old – elder – the eldest(old - older - oldest) - about family members.
- Late – later – the latest/last(later - later - last / last in time).
- Late – the latter – the last(late - the second of the two listed - the last in order).
- near – nearer – the nearest(closer - closer - closest in distance).
- near – nearer – next/the next(closer - closer - next in time / next in order).
- Far – farther – the farthest(furthest - farthest - farthest).
- Far – further – the furthest(distant, distant - further - further / additional).
We suggest you study the table with degrees of comparison.
| Adjective | Degrees of comparison | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Positive | Comparative | excellent | |
| Short, 1-2 syllables | Adjective cheap |
+ er
cheaper |
+ est
the cheapest |
| Long words of 2 or more syllables | Adjective expensive |
More/less+ adjective more/less expensive |
The most/least+ adjective the most/least expensive |
(*.pdf, 180 Kb)
These are the basic rules for the formation of degrees of comparison of adjectives in English. Don't forget to take a test at the end to check how well you remember this material.
Test
Degrees of comparison of adjectives in English
Adjectives in Russian. They are indispensable when it is necessary to compare one characteristic of an object or phenomenon with another. Let's try to understand the intricacies of this topic.
Adjective
Before you start studying the topic "Degrees of comparison of adjectives in Russian", you need to find out how this part of speech differs from all others. And she really has a lot of features. It is hard to imagine our speech without this colorful, graceful group. With the help of adjectives, we describe appearance (short, handsome, unsightly), character (kind, grouchy, difficult), age (young, old). However, not only human qualities, but many other things can be represented with their help. For example, not a single work of art is complete without the use of adjectives. And even more so the lyrics. Thanks to this part of speech, stories, poems, novels acquire expressiveness and figurativeness.
It helps to form such artistic means as epithets (dazzling beauty, wonderful morning), metaphors of a stone heart), comparisons (looks like the happiest; the sky is like an azure watercolor).
A distinctive feature of adjectives is their ability to form short forms. The latter always play the role of a predicate in a sentence, which gives this part of speech another advantage - to give any text dynamics.
What is a degree?
Anyone who studies the Russian language faces this question. The degree of comparison of adjectives is a characteristic that helps to compare one object with another.
For example, we have two balls in front of us. They are exactly the same, only one of them is slightly different in size. We need to compare them with each other and conclude: one ball more another. We can approach this issue from a different angle and note that one ball smaller than the second one. In both cases, we used a word that characterizes the degree of comparison of these objects.
Now let's add to our objects one more of the same, but much larger. We need to distinguish it from others. How are we going to do it? Of course, use comparison. Only now you need to indicate that the third ball is different from the first and second at once. In this case, we say that he the largest among them.
It is for this that we need. We will describe each of their types in detail below.
comparative
When we have an adjective in front of us, which no one compares with anything, then it is characterized by a positive degree. But if one object needs to be compared with another, then we will use the comparative degree of the adjective.
It has two subspecies. The first is called simple, or suffixal. This means that the word used in this degree has a suffix characteristic of it.
For example: This table chic. Neighbor's table smarter ours.
In the first case, the adjective is in the positive degree. In the second, the suffix "her" was added to it and with the help of this they compared one table with another.
The second type is the composite degree. As the name implies, its formation does not occur with the help of morphemes, but with the use of special words.
For example: This project is very successful. The last project was more successful.
The word "more" helps us compare one project to another.
Another example: We have valuable information. The previous one turned out less valuable.
Now, with the help of the word "less", we indicated a sign that manifested itself to a lesser extent.
It is worth remembering that the degrees of comparison of adjectives in the Russian language, regardless of varieties, are formed only from neither possessive nor relative ones possess this ability.
Superlatives
In some situations, we need not only to compare one object or phenomenon with another, but to distinguish it from all similar ones. And here we will also come to the aid of the degree of comparison of adjectives in Russian. This degree of comparison is called excellent, which already implies the highest limit.
Like comparative, it has two varieties.
With the help of suffixes, a simple degree is formed.
For example: Ivanov strongest of all the athletes on the team.
The word "strong" with the suffix -eysh- formed and singled out the athlete Ivanov among other members of the team.
Next example: New tulle the most beautiful from what I have seen.
In this case, the auxiliary word "most" gave this sentence the same meaning as in the previous example. This form is called composite.
Sometimes it can be accompanied by the prefix nai- to enhance: the most beautiful.
Peculiarities
In some cases, the forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives have exceptions.
These include the words "good" and "bad". When we begin to compare objects with their help, we will encounter some difficulties.
For example: We have good evening. Let's try to form a chain of degrees of comparison.
In a simple comparison, we will see that the word "good" does not exist. He is replaced by "better". And for the word "bad" let's choose "worse". Such a phenomenon in Russian is called suppletivism of the foundations. This means that the word needs to change dramatically in order to form a comparative degree.
Conclusion
Thus, we managed to find out not only the basics, but also some nuances on the topic "Degrees of comparison of adjectives in Russian".
Now this rule will not cause you any difficulties, since it is quite simple.
Quality adjectiveshave degrees of comparison. They express a greater or lesser degree of quality in a given subject compared to another subject.
For example: (My house is more beautiful than your house). sometimes the comparison takes place within the same object (increase or decrease) in different periods of its development, i.e. at the present moment, compared to its past state.
For example: (Demand for a product has become higher than last year).
Adjectives have two degrees of comparison:
comparative;
excellent.
1.Comparative adjective means that some feature is manifested to a greater or lesser extent in one subject than in another.
For example: I am happier than you. Your briefcase is heavier than mine. My dog is smarter than yours.
The comparative degree is:
A) simple
B) complex
BUT) Simple comparative degree formed with suffixes:
"her" (s): For example: beautiful - more beautiful, smart - smarter, cold - colder;
"e" (with alternation of the last consonant of the stem or without alternation):
For example: big - more, short - shorter, sweet - sweeter;
"she": For example: old - older, young - younger.
Sometimes, when forming the comparative degree of an adjective, a different root is used.
Good is better, bad is worse, small is less.
Adjectives in the form of a simple comparative degree do not change and do not have endings!
B) Compound Comparative is formed from the full form of the positive degree of the adjective with the help of particles more and less.
Big - more (less) big, beautiful - more (less) beautiful.
2) Superlative adjectives.
The superlative degree shows that some feature is manifested in the given subject to the greatest extent, in comparison with the same feature in other homogeneous subjects.
This is my best game; He is the smartest boy in the class.
Superlatives are:
A) simple
B) complex
The superlative degree of an adjective can change by gender, number, and case.
(We approached the highest mountains).
BUT) simple superlatives formed with the help of suffixes "eysh", "aysh".
For example: stupidest, deepest, rarest, closest
Sometimes, when forming the superlative degree of an adjective, a different root is used.
For example: Good is the best, bad is the worst.
B) Compound Superlative is formed from the full form of the positive degree of the adjective using the particles most, most and least.
For example: Small - the smallest, the smallest, the least small, smart - the smartest, the smartest, the least smart.
Adjectives in the superlative degree, like the full forms of the positive degree of adjectives, change in gender, number and case.
Publication date: 01/28/2012 17:58 UTC
- Morphological analysis of the adjective in Russian.
- Full and short forms of adjectives. Declension and spelling of case forms of adjectives in Russian.
- The concept of an adjective. Morphological features of adjectives. Classes of adjectives in Russian.
