Presentation. "Invasion of the Persian troops on Hellas". presentation for a history lesson (grade 5) on the topic. Video lesson "Invasion of the Persian troops on Hellas I. Organizational moment

In today's lesson, you will learn how the Greeks, despite the numerical superiority of the enemy, were able to defend their independence.

After the death of Darius, his son Xerxes became the ruler of the Persian state. In 480 BC. e. King Xerxes led his hordes to Hellas. Most of the soldiers of Xerxes were recruited from the conquered peoples. They were alien to the interests of the Persian king and nobility.

A narrow strait separated Europe from Asia. By order of Xerxes, bridges were built that connected both banks, but a storm broke out and demolished these bridges. Enraged, Xerxes ordered the heads of the builders to be cut off, and he appointed the sea an unprecedented punishment. Weeping whipped him with whips, saying: “Oh, you bitter sea moisture! Here's to you from our master! Remember well, the king will cross you, whether you like it or not!” (Fig. 2) Other craftsmen built a new bridge. The crossing to the European coast lasted seven days.

Rice. 2. Crossing the Hellespont ()

A huge army invaded Northern Greece. He was followed by a convoy with food, herds of bulls were driven. Along the coast was the Persian fleet. This happened 10 years later, in 480 BC. e., after the Battle of Marathon. Having crossed the Hellespont to the European coast, the army moved along the European coast, and having invaded Northern Greece, began to occupy region after region. The Greeks did not dare to open battle.

The only way that led from Northern to Central Greece was the Thermopylae Pass, which 300 Spartans and 700 Thespians under the command of Leonidas decided to defend, blocking the Persians from the road. The detachment led by Leonidas heroically defended Thermopylae, but could not resist because of the betrayal of one Greek, who led the Persians to the rear of the troops of King Leonidas. Wanting to save the army from defeat, Leonid ordered the immediate retreat of the Greek troops, and he himself fell on the battlefield with a detachment of selected infantry from 300 Spartans. A monument in the form of a stone lion was erected at the site of the battle with the inscription: “Wanderer, take the message to all the citizens of Lacedaemon: having honestly fulfilled the law, here we lie in the grave” (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. Monument to Leonid and 300 Spartans ()

Having taken possession of Thermopylae, the hordes of Xerxes poured into Central Greece. Robbing its regions, trampling down fields, cutting down vineyards and olive trees, the invaders approached Athens.

By decision of the National Assembly, the inhabitants of Attica hastily left their homes. Many women, old people and children moved to the island of Salamis under the protection of the fleet. Able to bear arms, men boarded the ships. All of Attica was deserted. The Persians entered Athens, set them on fire, destroyed the temples. Persian warships anchored in a bay near Athens. Nearby, in the narrow strait between Salamis and Attica, was the fleet of the Greeks, numbering about four hundred ships. From here one could see how the most beautiful of the cities of Hellas burned.

At a general council of military commanders, many commanders insisted on withdrawing the fleet to the Isthmus of Corinth to protect southern Greece. Only the Athenian strategist Themistocles urged to fight in the Salamis Strait, where the Hellenes are familiar with every pitfall, all wind directions. He begged to think about the fate of the Athenian women and children. The Greeks argued for a long time, not knowing what to do. But at dawn they saw that the exits from the strait were blocked by the Persian fleet. The battle became inevitable.

Xerxes watched his progress, seated on a golden throne, from the high bank of Attica. The superiority in the number of ships created confidence in victory. Meanwhile, a strong wind picked up. He rocked the high-deck ships of the Persians, but was not dangerous to low triremes. The Greeks dealt the first blows to the enemies.

The battle was described by its participant, the poet Aeschylus. “A loud cry was heard: “Forward, sons of Hellas! Save your homeland, save your wives, your children, the temples of your father's gods, the tombs of your ancestors: now the battle is for everything! ... First, the army of the Persians stood firm; when the ships crowded in the strait, they could not give help to each other and hit their own with their copper noses - then they all died. And under the wreckage of the broken ships, under the blood of the dead, the expanse of the sea hid” (Fig. 4).

Rice. 4. Battle of Salamis ()

The Salamis victory was decisive in the course of the Greco-Persian wars. After the defeat, Xerxes left Greece, leaving part of the land army in it. And a year later, in the battle of Plataea, it was also defeated. The Greeks defended their independence in a hard and long struggle.

Bibliography

A.A. Vigasin, G.I. Goder, I.S. Sventsitskaya. Ancient world history. Grade 5 - M .: Education, 2006.
Nemirovsky A.I. A book to read on the history of the ancient world. - M.: Enlightenment, 1991.

historylib.org()
ancienthistory.spb.ru ()
Home-edu.ru ()

Homework

How did the Greeks prepare for the Persian invasion?
Why was the command of the Greek army entrusted to the Spartans?
Why did the Greeks defeat the outnumbered Persian army?

Lesson plan on the topic:

"Invasion of the Persian troops on Hellas"

Lesson Objectives:

Educational:

the formation and development of skills that allow you to work with text, with a historical map in the classroom

analyze historical source

Developing:

the formation of skills to generalize

the use of displayed information in various sign systems - a table, a map, an audiovisual series

Educators:

development of cognitive activity

ability to communicate in groups

Expected results:

Subject:

They will learn to determine the reasons for the victories of the Greeks, assess the results of wars, characterize the personalities of Xerxes and Themistocles;

Get the opportunity to learn how to analyze opinions, events, draw your own conclusions, argue your own point of view.

Metasubject:

cognitive: supplement and expand knowledge about the Greco-Persian wars (Thermopylae and Salamis battles), search for the necessary information;

Communicative: apply the rule of business cooperation, take part in a collective discussion;

Personal: retain motivation for learning activities, show interest in new learning material, evaluate their own learning activities.

Solved learning problems : Why were the Greeks able to win the Greco-Persian Wars?

Equipment: computer, multimedia projector, screen, presentation for the lesson "Invasion of Persian troops on Hellas".

During the classes:

I.Organizing time.

II.Creation of a problem situation. Formulation of the problem. Versions.

What threat hung over Greece at the beginning of the 5th century. BC.? Prove that this threat was great. (Invasion of the Persians. Huge army.)

Did the danger of invasion still exist after the victory at the Battle of Marathon? Why? (The Persians wanted to take revenge, punish the Greeks for the victory at Marathon and enslave.)

What year was the Battle of Marathon?

Did Persia remain a strong power? Was Greece strong?

(Yes. Persia is a great power that unites many peoples. Greece is divided)

Judging by the forces of the belligerents, what should be the results of the Greco-Persian wars? But the Greeks won.

Problem: Why were the Greeks able to win the Greco-Persian Wars?

There are versions, assumptions? Write them down in short sentences.

The teacher writes on the blackboard:

The Greeks united;

New military tactics, the appearance of the fleet;

The art of generals;

Courage, heroism, etc.

III.Knowledge update. Activity planning:

Conversation about the features of Greek democracy.

What do we need to know? (new events in the life of the Greeks, how they prepared for wars, results and significance)

Plan for learning new material.

1. Preparation of Greece for a new war with the Persians.

2.Invasion of the troops of Xerxes in Greece.

3. Fight in the Thermopylae Gorge.

4. Battle of Salamis.

Finding a solution to a problem.

Independent work with the text of the textbook. Study the actions of Themistocles.

Expressing opinions.

Many Greeks regarded the Persian defeat at Marathon as the end of the war, but the more far-sighted of them thought otherwise. In order to defend their independence, the Greek cities had to forget about internal strife, unite their forces and create one large powerful army. During these years, an intelligent and energetic citizen of Athens, Themistocles, came to the fore. He was a participant in the Battle of Marathon and was well aware that the Persians would soon invade Greece again. Speaking at the National Assembly, he said: “Our homeland - Hellas - is divided into dozens of states that often fight with each other. To defeat the Persians, the Greeks must forget their mutual enmity and unite." Themistocles traveled to different cities of Greece, in the end, the military alliance, to which he called, was created. The command of the united army was entrusted to the Spartans, as they had the best infantry. The creation of the fleet is associated with the name of Themistocles. Speaking at a public meeting, he said:

If the Persian king moves to Hellas with his main forces, we cannot defeat him on land. Our salvation lies in the creation of a mighty fleet, because the Hellenes are better than other peoples at managing ships and fighting at sea.

But where to get the money to build a fleet? - the Athenians asked.

You all know, answered Themistocles, that in the south of Attica there are silver mines belonging to the Athenian state. Usually we divide the mined silver among all citizens. I propose to abandon this money and build warships with it.

The popular assembly accepted the proposal of Themistocles, and by the beginning of a new war with the Persians, the Athenians had two hundred triremes. Triere was a shallow ship with three rows of oars. The sails played an auxiliary role: before the battle they were usually removed by triremes, thanks to the coordinated actions of 180 rowers and the helmsman, they developed speed at that time (up to 18 km), was mobile, capable of making sharp turns, passing through narrow straits without running aground.

On the screen, students are provided with images of trieres.

The following questions are suggested:

What measures to prepare for a new war with the Persians were carried out at the suggestion of Themistocles?

What is the essence of the unification of the Greek policies into a single army?

2.Invasion of the troops of Xerxes in Greece.

A new campaign against Greece was organized by Xerxes, who became king after the death of Darius. This happened 10 years after the Battle of Marathon. Xerxes had many ships and countless troops recruited from conquered peoples. From the city of Sardis and Asia Minor came a huge army of Persians. It came to the Hellespont. (what two parts of Eurasia does the strait separate?). By order of Xerxes, a bridge was built over a kilometer long. But a strong storm arose and destroyed the bridge. Xerxes was furious, he ordered the builders of the bridge to be executed, the unruly sea to be whipped and, as a punishment, iron chains to be lowered into it. Other craftsmen built a new bridge. They put 360 ships close to each other at anchors and tied them together for strength. The crossing to the European coast lasted seven days.

Further, the army moved along the European coast, and the fleet went along the coast (Persian ships were heavy and clumsy, adapted for sailing on the high seas). The army was followed by a convoy with food. The army of Xerxes invaded northern Greece and began to occupy area after area. The Greeks did not dare to open battle. The only passage between northern and middle Greece was Thermopylae. It was convenient to defend the narrow Thermopylae passage: to the left of the Greeks, almost sheer cliffs rose up, to the right there was a cliff to the sea. The Greeks built defensive walls and towers. Xerxes was informed that the united Greek army occupied the Thermopylae Gorge and blocked the Persians from moving forward. The students on the screen are given map No. 1. The invasion of Xerxes' troops into Greece.

Working with a historical map:

What two parts of Eurasia are separated by the Hellespont?

Show the borders of the Persian state before the start of the war?

List the Greek city-states that took an active part in the war with Persia?

Fizkulminutka.

Group work:

1 gr.: Battle of Thermopylae.

2 gr.: Battle of Salamis.

3. Fight in the Thermopylae Gorge (students' story).

The Greek commanders sent a detachment to Thermopylae, in which there were only a few thousand soldiers. It was commanded by the Spartan king Leonidas. He so skillfully directed the actions of his soldiers that a huge army of the Persians for four whole days tried to conquer the gorge, which was defended only by a small detachment. The Persian warriors, seized with fear, ceased to obey their generals, and they were driven into the attack with whips. Xerxes was furious: his vast army was defeated.

On the screen, students are given fragments from the work of Herodotus "History" about the battle of Thermopylae to analyze the historical source.

VII.212... The barbarians attacked in the expectation that, given the small number of enemies, they would all be wounded and unable to resist, but the Hellenes fought in succession, except for the Phocians. The Phokians were sent to guard the mountain path.

213. Meanwhile, the Persian king did not know what to do. Then a certain Epialtes appeared to him and, for a reward, showed the Persians a path leading through the mountains to Thermopylae, and thereby destroyed the Hellenes who were there.

220. Leonidas sent allies away to save them from destruction. It is not befitting for him and his Spartans to leave the place to protect which he was just sent ...

222 ... only the Thespians and Thebans remained with the Lacedaemonians. The Hellenes knew about certain death threatening them from the enemy who bypassed the mountain. Therefore, they showed the greatest military prowess and fought the enemy with desperate and insane courage.

To analyze a historical source, it is proposed to use a memo for working with text.

Read the text

Divide the text into parts and highlight the main idea in each

Read the text a second time and check if all the main ideas are reflected in the plan.

Write down the resulting plan in a notebook

None of the Spartans survived. The Greeks remembered the feat of the Spartans for many centuries. On the site of the battle, they erected a monument, on the pedestal of which they placed the lines of their best poet, dedicated to the dead heroes:

O traveler, tell the Spartans of our demise:

Faithful to our laws, we are dead here.

The monument was crowned with a figure of a seated lion as a reminder of the Spartan king Leonidas, whose name means "like a lion". The heroic death of the defenders of the Thermopylae Gorge in 480 BC. e. has become a symbol of military courage in world history.

4. The battle of Salamis (the story of the students).

Having captured Thermopylae, the Persian army rushed deep into Greece. The Greek commanders understood that the city would not be able to withstand a long siege by a powerful army. Therefore, by decision of the National Assembly, the inhabitants of the city were transferred to the island of Salamis under the protection of the Greek fleet. When the Persians entered Athens, the city was empty. Then the soldiers of Xerxes set him on fire. The Greeks did not consider themselves defeated. Their army and navy were saved. Themistocles believed that the first thing to do was to destroy the strong Persian fleet. Therefore, the battle had to take place at sea in the narrow Strait of Salamis. There was enough room for light and fast Greek triremes, but the bulky Persian ships could not move freely there. The naval victory of the Greeks was to decide the fate of the entire war.

However, the Greeks doubted that Themistocles was right. Then Themistocles decided to resort to cunning. He secretly sent a spy warrior into the Persian camp. He was supposed to tell Xerxes supposedly true information that the Greek fleet was going to leave the island of Salamis. The Persian king believed the report and ordered the ships of the Greeks to block the way. The exits from the Salamis Strait were closed by Persian ships. The battle in the Salamis Strait became inevitable.

The presentation and plan of the battle is presented on the slide.

Realizing that he was defeated, Xerxes feared that the Greeks would cut off his path back to Persia. In Greece, he left only a few detachments led by experienced commanders. The site of the battle was chosen outskirts of the city of Plataea. The Greek army was commanded by the outstanding Spartan commander Pausanias. The Battle of Plataea ended the war between the Greeks and the Persians in the Balkan Peninsula. The victory in the wars went to the Greeks not by chance. The cohesion of the Greek policies helped to defeat a terrible enemy, far superior in strength to them.

IV.Fixing new material:

Exercise:Students complete the timeline.

Problem solving expression.

What conclusion can we draw from the problem? Have we solved the problem of the lesson? What versions are confirmed?

5. Homework briefing: paragraph 35, answer questions.

6 .Creative task: Imagine yourself as an Athenian craftsman who became a rower or trireme warrior. Describe how the night before the Battle of Salamis passed. What role did your ship play in the battle? Students work in groups. Once prepared, the children “defend” their work.

7. Reflection of activities: summing up, voicing and arguing assessments.

Preparing for war

In 490 BC. the famous Battle of Marathon took place, as a result of which the Persians were expelled from the territory of the Balkan Peninsula, and the myth of their invincibility was dispelled. However, immediately after the return of the troops to their homeland, the Persian king Darius began to prepare for a new campaign, gathering a huge army.

Many inhabitants of Hellas (as the Greeks themselves called their country) were sure that they should not wait for a new attack.

I thought differently Themistocles, an Athenian politician who for a long time held the position of archon and was the de facto ruler of Athens. Themistocles traveled a lot in Greece, trying to create an alliance between cities to fight a dangerous enemy. He managed to unite 30 cities, including Athens and Sparta. In addition, Themistocles insisted that in order to increase military power, it was necessary to create a navy. For the construction of the fleet, funds were used from the sale of silver mined in Attica. Previously, these incomes were distributed among the citizens of Athens. But Themistocles managed to convince people that it was more correct to invest in building a fleet. His efforts were crowned with complete success. By the beginning of the new military campaign, Athens had a powerful fleet of 180 ships.

§2. Persian invasion

In 480 BC The Persian king Xerxes, the son of Darius, gathered a huge army and fleet and moved against the Greeks. It was decided to cross the Hellespont to Europe. By order of the king, bridges were erected, but at that time a storm broke out. High waves demolished the erected structure. This event angered Xerxes, and he ordered the heads of the people responsible for the construction of bridges to be cut off, and the sea to be carved with whips. Then new bridges were built. After that, the crossing began, which lasted 7 days and nights.

The hordes of Xerxes quickly conquered Thrace and Macedonia and invaded Northern Greece.

Most of the cities surrendered without a fight - the way to the south was open. It was decided to give the Persians a fight in the narrow Thermopylae Gorge, a small passage between the mountains and the sea, connecting Northern and Central Greece.

The command was given to the Spartan king Leonid, who had 7 thousand people at his disposal, including 300 Spartans. For several days, the Greeks held back the attacks of the Persians. Until a local resident showed the invaders a bypass through which they managed to throw troops, passing behind the lines of the Greeks. Upon learning of this, Leonid ordered to retreat, and he, along with 300 Spartans, remained to cover the retreat. All the warriors, along with their king, fell in battle. This event went down in history as an example of selfless courage and patriotism. Subsequently, a statue of a lion was installed in the gorge, on the pedestal it was written: “Traveler, go to erect to our citizens in Lacedaemon that keeping their covenants, here we died with our bones.”

Persian defeat

Having won a victory at Thermopylae, the Persians went to Athens, plundering and ruining the cities along the way. In the face of the impending threat, the People's Assembly decided to transport all women, old people and children to the island of Salamis, located near Attica. All able-bodied men went into the army or navy. The Persians entered deserted Athens, killed several hundred old people who refused to leave their homes, ravaged and burned the city. Soon the Persian fleet approached the shores of Attica. Not far away, in the strait between Salamis and Attica, was the fleet of the Greeks, consisting of 380 triremes, ships with three rows of oars on each side. They accommodated 180 rowers and about 30 warriors. They were opposed by a Persian fleet of 700 ships. In the morning the battle began. The Greek triremes, lighter and more maneuverable, crowded the Persian fleet, ramming their ships, breaking their oars, pushing them aground.

As a result, a significant part of the Persian fleet was lost. The remaining ships were forced to retreat.

After the defeat at Salamis, Xerxes with the remnants of the fleet was forced to leave Greece. The experienced commander Mardonius remained at the head of the Persian land army. He continued south, seeking to invade the Peloponnese. In 479 BC the combined army of the Greeks, led by the Spartan aristocrat Pausanias, finally defeated the Persian army at the Battle of Plataea. Mardonius died, and the army fled from Greece.

In the next 30 years of the war, the Persians did not think about invading Europe. Now the battles were for control of the Aegean Sea and the coast of Asia Minor. As a result, in 449 BC. peace was concluded, securing the victory of the Greeks. According to the agreement, the Persian king undertook not to send the fleet into the Aegean Sea, and liberated the Greek cities in Asia Minor. The Greeks promised not to invade the territory of Persia. The main reason for the victory of the Greeks in the war should be considered their desire for freedom, solidarity and courage. Unlike the Persian army, which consisted of representatives of different tribes who were forcibly drafted into the army and therefore did not want to fight, the Greek army was united by the idea of \u200b\u200bdefending their homeland.

Lesson summary

Let's summarize the lesson:

1) After the Battle of Marathon, the Greeks began to prepare for war: they built a fleet and united in an alliance;

2) in 480 BC Persian troops invaded Greece;

3) the major battles of this war were: the battle in the Thermopylae Gorge, the Salamis naval battle and the battle of Plataea;

4) the result of the Greco-Persian wars was the unconditional victory of the Greeks.

At the theater of Dionysus

Repetition: 1. The Persians, through ambassadors, demanded land and water from the Greeks. What did it mean: A) plots near water bodies B) eat and drink C) subordination 2. Indicate the reason for the Greco-Persian wars: A) Persian hatred of the Greeks B) aggressive foreign policy of the Persians C) conflict over Sparta 3. Whom the People's Assembly in Athens was chosen as a strategist to fight the Persians: A) Aminius B) Mardonius C) Miltiades

After the Battle of Marathon, the threat from Persia continued. This was well understood by Themistocles. At his suggestion, the Athenians built a fleet of 200 triremes. Thanks to Themistocles, 30 Hellenic states created a Union of thirty Hellenic states to fight the Persians. Preparing for war

Battle in the Thermopylae Gorge King Leonid and 300 Spartans, at the cost of their lives, covered the retreat of the main Greek army. Not a single Spartan surrendered to the Persians. Subsequently, an inscription was made on the monument in the gorge: “Traveler, take the message to all citizens, tell the Spartans about our death: we are true to our laws, we died here with our bones”

The Persians had 800 ships located in three groups, blocking the exit from the strait. The Greeks have 200 built in 2 lines. A strong wind started. Themistocles gave the order to attack the Persian left flank. The Greek ships rammed the Persian ones, and those, pressed against each other, could not accelerate and did not cause any harm to the Greeks. Soon the Persians were attacked by the Greek center and right flank. The Persians moved in a panic to the straits clogged with their own ships. Battle of Salamis

The Persians moved in a panic to the straits clogged with their own ships. As a result of this grandiose battle, the Persians lost more than 200 ships, and the Greeks of the Battle of Salamis

Greco-Persian wars Date of the battle Name of the battle Result of the battle 490 BC Marathon victory of the Greeks (Athenians) 480 BC Thermopylae defeat of the Greeks 480 BC Salamis victory of the Greeks 479 BC near the city of Plataea, the victory of the Greeks, the defeat of the remnants of the Persian army In a difficult and long struggle, the Greeks defended their independence

Vocabulary: Themistocles is a Greek general. Leonidas - Spartan king. 480 BC - Battle at the Thermopylae Pass. 480 BC - Battle of Salamis. 479 BC - Battle of Plataea. Trier - a Greek ship with 3 rows of oars (180 rowers). Xerxes is the king of Persia.

Sources Vigasin A.A., Goder G.I. Sventsitskaya I.S. Ancient world history. Textbook for grade 5. - M .: Education, 2008 Goder G.I. Workbook on the history of the ancient world. Issue 2 - M.: Enlightenment, 2004 Araslanova O.V., Solovyov K.A. Lesson developments on the history of the Ancient World. A guide for the teacher - M .: Education, 2009 School Encyclopedia. History of the Ancient World. - M .: "OLMA - PRESS", 2003 Internet resources

§ 1 Preparation for war

Many inhabitants of Hellas (as the Greeks themselves called their country) were sure that they should not wait for a new attack.

Themistocles, an Athenian politician who for a long time held the position of archon and was the de facto ruler of Athens, thought quite differently. Themistocles traveled a lot in Greece, trying to create an alliance between cities to fight a dangerous enemy. He managed to unite 30 cities, including Athens and Sparta. In addition, Themistocles insisted that in order to increase military power, it was necessary to create a navy. For the construction of the fleet, funds were used from the sale of silver mined in Attica. Previously, these incomes were distributed among the citizens of Athens. But Themistocles managed to convince people that it was more correct to invest in building a fleet. His efforts were crowned with complete success. By the beginning of the new military campaign, Athens had a powerful fleet of 180 ships.

§ 2 Persian invasion

The hordes of Xerxes quickly conquered Thrace and Macedonia and invaded Northern Greece.

§ 3 Defeat of the Persians

As a result, a significant part of the Persian fleet was lost. The remaining ships were forced to retreat.