Pollution of the lithosphere. Environmental problems of the lithosphere Problems of the lithosphere presentation
Behavior and degradation of pollutants in soil.
The concentration, dispersion and decomposition of chemical elements in the soil depends on the chemical and physical properties of the soil (mechanical composition, acid-base and redox conditions, etc.), some of the elements pass into hardly soluble forms inaccessible to plants, others are accumulated and used by organisms, and others - easily soluble and washed out by soil waters.
Particularly hazardous pollutants.
Dioxins.
The main danger of dioxins lies in their ability to effectively accumulate in living organisms and cause long-term consequences of chronic poisoning in small doses. For the first time, mass lesions with dioxins occurred in Vietnam, as well as in Seves (Italy), the state of Missupi (USA), and in Japan (“yusho disease”).
Dioxins are formed as impurities in the products of many industries associated with the use of chlorine, bromine and their compounds (for example, pulp and paper production).
In Russia, in addition, the risk of dioxin pollution is highest in areas of intensive rice cultivation (Kuban, the lower Volga, the Far East, the Sea of Azov), where back in 1988-1992, during the survey of these areas, local dioxin contamination of products, waste water, emissions into atmosphere, soil and air on the territory of enterprises near production facilities. In Ufa, for example, sample surveys of chemical products based on chlorophenol showed that they contain 0.01-0.14 mg / kg of dioxins, that is, 10-30 times higher than the norms adopted, in particular, in the USA and Germany .
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).
These are very persistent organochlorine substances used in electrical and other industries, accumulate in ecosystems along trophic chains, primarily in the adipose tissue of animals.
It should be noted that almost all countries have adopted laws prohibiting or limiting the use of PCBs. In Russia, for example, a number of industries have been closed, MPCs have been developed (0.001 mg / m3 in the air and 0.06 mg / kg in the soil. Currently, an increased content of PCBs is observed near capacitor and metallurgical industries.
The main environmental pollutants in Russia.
In Russia, the main environmental pollutants are now:
1. Fuel and energy complex.
2. Metallurgical complex.
3. Chemical and petrochemical complex.
4. Transport and road complex.
5.Communal services.
6. Wastes of production and consumption.
7. Technogenic accidents and disasters.
Waste and handling
Methods for the neutralization, disposal and elimination of solid
household waste.
One of the massive soil pollution is municipal solid waste (MSW). About 500 kg of municipal solid waste is generated per city dweller during the year, of which 52 kg is polymer.
The problem of neutralization, utilization or liquidation of MSW is still relevant today. Numerous city dumps, occupying tens and hundreds of hectares of land, are sources of acrid smoke during the burning of household waste and pollution of groundwater due to the seepage of harmful substances into groundwater. Therefore, in recent years, much attention has been paid to the development of methods for the disposal or destruction of municipal solid waste.
The approximate composition of MSW in the cities of the Russian Federation includes the following components (% wt.): food waste - 33-43; paper and cardboard - 20-30; glass -5-7; textiles 3-5; plastic - 2-5; leather and rubber - 2-4; ferrous metal - 2-3.5; tree - 1.5-3; stones - 1-3; bones - 0.5-2; non-ferrous metals - 0.5-0.8; others - 1-2.
Currently, the following methods of disposal, disposal and elimination of solid waste are known:
Warehousing at the landfill;
Aerobic biothermal composting;
Burning at special waste incineration plants.
The choice of method is determined taking into account environmental, economic, landscape, land and other factors.
Storage of municipal solid waste |
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MSW). |
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The main method of disposal of solid waste as for |
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abroad, and in the Russian Federation is |
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storage at landfills. For creating |
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polygon allocate a land plot with an area |
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20-40 hectares with clay or heavy |
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loamy soil. The choice of this soil is due |
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next. Rain and melt waters pass |
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through a layer of municipal solid waste with a thickness of |
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several tens of meters, are extracted from it |
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soluble harmful components and form |
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landfill wastewater. Clay and loamy |
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soils prevent the penetration of such waste |
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water into groundwater layers. |
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The life of the landfill is 15-20 |
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years. The landfill must be located no closer than 500 m |
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hard coated. |
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Aerobic biothermal composting
solid The most promising household waste . is the disposal of solid waste at plants operating on the technology of aerobic biothermal composting. At the same time, solid waste is neutralized and turned into compost, which is an organic fertilizer containing nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and trace elements. As a result of the transformation into compost, the constituent elements of MSW are involved in the natural circulation of substances in the biosphere.
In Russia, biothermal composting of MSW is carried out in Nizhny Novgorod and St. Petersburg. The productivity of such a plant reaches 1 million cubic meters. MSW per year.
Pollution and health
According to available data, the changed environment, combined with the wrong attitude of a person to his health, are
In 77% of cases the cause of diseases, - in 50% - the cause of death,
In 57% of cases - the cause of improper physical development.
Of the poisons that regularly enter the human body,
70% come from food,
20% - from the air and
10% - with water.
Food products.
Control over the content of harmful substances in food is carried out on 14 elements, the most dangerous and toxic of which are cadmium, mercury and lead. Cadmium is most found in plant foods and mushrooms, mercury and nitrosamines in fish products, lead in both plant and animal products. There are many pesticides in plant foods, nitrites are used as preservatives in the manufacture of sausages, ham, and many canned foods. Many of them are carcinogenic. Peanuts exported from other countries are 24% contaminated with aflatoxin.
Radionuclides migrate through food chains and enter the human body through food in radio-contaminated areas. The half-life of strontium-90 and cesium-137 (the fission products of uranium) occurs in about 30 years. Among food products that do not meet hygienic safety indicators, the largest share is:
Wine products (21%);
Honey and bee products (19%);
Drinks (15%);
Bakery and flour-grinding products (13%).
atmospheric air.
Atmospheric air is most polluted in large cities, industrial centers, especially with a developed metallurgical, processing and coal industry, where the main pollutants are dust, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, soot, nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, fluorine, phenol, metals, etc.
In such centers, the average incidence of the population is 40% higher than the norm for respiratory organs, 130% for diseases of the cardiovascular system, 176% for skin diseases, and 35% for malignant neoplasms.
At the same time, the least sensitive group of the population is aged 20-39 years, and the most sensitive are children from 3 to 6 years old (3.3 times higher) and over 60 years old (1.6 times).
Drinking water.
Up to 80% of all chemical compounds entering the external environment sooner or later enter water sources. In Russia, the quality of drinking water supplied to the population does not meet hygienic requirements for sanitary and chemical indicators in 20-25% of cases and for microbiological indicators - in 10-15% of cases. In general, about 50% of the population of the Russian Federation use water for drinking that does not meet hygienic requirements for various quality indicators. In most reservoirs of modern Russia, the water quality does not meet regulatory requirements. The process of increasing the number of objects with high (more than 10 MPC) and extreme levels of exceeding the norm (more than 100 MPC) continues. The water bodies of the lower reaches of the Volga, the southern Urals, Kuzbass, and some territories of the North are most polluted. In large cities of Russia, every year during the spring flood, the quality of drinking water deteriorates. In this regard, drinking water is hyperchlorinated, which, however, is unsafe for health due to the formation of organochlorine compounds. In 22% of cases, water in centralized water supply sources does not meet sanitary and chemical requirements. When using decentralized sources, 28% of sources do not meet sanitary and chemical standards, 29% do not meet bacteriological standards. In general, 50% of the Russian population continues to use unfit for drinking water. The situation with regard to water in Russia is especially difficult in the Arkhangelsk, Kursk, Tomsk, Yaroslavl, Kaluga and Kaliningrad regions, Primorsky Krai, Kalmykia and Dagestan.
In a number of regions, including our region, up to 64% of drinking water sources do not have sanitary protection zones.
Methods Types of Olya's contusion. Damage and definitions from pollution damage to the environment from
environments are divided into economic, social and |
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environmental pollution. |
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moral. |
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Economic damage refers to the expressed |
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in the form of actual and possible losses, |
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caused to the economy by pollution |
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environment, or additional costs for |
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indemnification or prevention of these losses. |
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Harm to renewable resources may partially |
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filled with the forces of nature itself. For example, |
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polluted air is dispersed and mixed with |
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fresh as a result of the movement of air masses. |
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Pollution of water bodies is counteracted by a variety of |
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aquatic biota: algae, microbes, invertebrates. |
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By their activity they partially decompose some |
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pollutants by using them in food. |
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When crossing certain boundaries of pollution |
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natural object is no longer able to recover |
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on its own, and with further pollution, the life processes in it stop, the object becomes dead.
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Lithosphere The lithosphere is the outer solid shell of the Earth, which includes the entire Earth's crust with part of the Earth's upper mantle and consists of sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rocks. The lower boundary of the lithosphere is fuzzy and is determined by a sharp decrease in rock viscosity, a change in the propagation velocity of seismic waves, and an increase in the electrical conductivity of rocks. The thickness of the lithosphere on the continents and under the oceans varies and averages 5100 km, respectively.
The structure of the lithosphere A characteristic feature of the upper mantle is its stratification, established by geophysical research methods. At a depth of about 100 km under the continents and 50 km under the oceans below the sole of the earth's crust is the asthenosphere. This is a layer discovered in 1914 by the German geophysicist B. Gutenberg. In this layer, a sharp decrease in the propagation velocity of elastic vibrations was found, which is explained by the softening of the substance in it. It is assumed that the substance there is in a solid-liquid state; solid granules are surrounded by a film of melt. Above the asthenosphere, the mantle rocks are in a solid state and, together with the earth's crust, form the lithosphere. Thus, it is believed that the thickness of the lithosphere is km, including the earth's crust up to 75 km on the continents and 10 km under the ocean floor. Below the asthenosphere there is a layer in which the density of matter increases, which increases the propagation velocity of seismic waves. The layer is named after the Russian scientist B. B. Golitsin, who first pointed out its existence. It is assumed that it consists of superdense varieties of silica and silicates. The upper part of the earth's crust, constantly modified under the influence of mechanical and chemical influences of weather and climatic factors, plants and animals, stands out in a separate layer called the weathering crust. The structure of the lithosphere A characteristic feature of the upper mantle is its stratification, established by geophysical research methods. At a depth of about 100 km under the continents and 50 km under the oceans below the sole of the earth's crust is the asthenosphere. This is a layer discovered in 1914 by the German geophysicist B. Gutenberg. In this layer, a sharp decrease in the propagation velocity of elastic vibrations was found, which is explained by the softening of the substance in it. It is assumed that the substance there is in a solid-liquid state; solid granules are surrounded by a film of melt. Above the asthenosphere, the mantle rocks are in a solid state and, together with the earth's crust, form the lithosphere. Thus, it is believed that the thickness of the lithosphere is km, including the earth's crust up to 75 km on the continents and 10 km under the ocean floor. Below the asthenosphere there is a layer in which the density of matter increases, which increases the propagation velocity of seismic waves. The layer is named after the Russian scientist B. B. Golitsin, who first pointed out its existence. It is assumed that it consists of superdense varieties of silica and silicates. The upper part of the earth's crust, constantly modified under the influence of mechanical and chemical influences of weather and climatic factors, plants and animals, stands out in a separate layer called the weathering crust.
Man's impact on the lithosphere Man intensively affects the upper part of the solid shell of the Earth. Mostly this impact falls on the upper fertile layer of the lithosphere, the soil, thanks to which humanity satisfies the main part of its food needs. Fertile lands are conditionally renewable resources, but the time required for their restoration, i.e., the formation of a fertile layer, can be hundreds or even thousands of years. Under normal natural conditions, 1 cm of fertile soil thickness is formed over the years. The process is significantly accelerated with optimal agricultural practices, but even under these conditions, it takes at least 40 years to create a 1 cm fertile layer. On our planet, about 10% of the land is processed as arable land. At the beginning of the new millennium, humanity is likely to come closer to the full realization of all potential land resources. Almost the entire area used for agricultural crops has been developed since ancient times. The intensification of human agricultural activity and, above all, chemicalization cause changes in the established processes of the transformation of substances and energy in nature. Significant losses of substances, such as nitrogen, occur as a result of their volatilization from the soil and leaching. By the beginning of the new millennium, the expected losses of nitrogen, which is part of fertilizers, on the planet amounted to more than 40 million tons per year. Enrichment of the biosphere with nitrogen due to fertilizers is dangerous, as this leads to the accumulation of toxic nitrogen-containing organic compounds. Damage to soil fertility is caused by unregulated heavy rainfall and floods, irregular grazing, plowing of virgin and fallow lands, carried out without taking into account possible erosion.
Significant pollution of the fertile soil layer and the alienation of agricultural land is caused by the storage and (or) burial of industrial and domestic solid waste. The bulk of solid waste is generated at the enterprises of the following industries: mining and mining and chemical industry (dumps, slag, tailings); ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy (slags, slimes, dust, etc.); metalworking industries (waste, shavings, defective products); forestry and woodworking industry (logging waste, sawdust, shavings); energy thermal power plants (ash, slag); chemical and related industries (sludge, phosphogypsum, slag, cullet, plastics, rubber, etc.); food industry (bones, wool, etc.); light and textile industries.
Solid and toxic waste The modern period of development of production is characterized by an increasing volume and variety of final and intermediate products, an increase in the volume of natural resources involved in production activities, and an increase in the amount and variety of waste discharged into the environment. The volume of mining in our country almost doubles every 10 years, but at the same time, no more than 5% of the extracted raw materials go into finished products, while the overall coefficient of human economic activity is 1-2%. The rest of the mass - 95% in the form of waste is returned to the natural environment, polluting it. In Russia alone, 4.5 billion tons of production and consumption waste are annually stored on the surface of the earth. The total amount of accumulated waste is 50 billion tons, and more than 250 thousand hectares of land are occupied for storage. A great threat to the environment and human health is posed by toxic waste, which can contain toxic and harmful substances tens and hundreds of times more than the permissible norms. According to Academician B.N. Laskorin, their number in industrialized countries already in 1995 exceeded 30 billion tons in terms of absolutely dry weight. In the Russian Federation, 76 million tons of hazardous industrial waste are generated annually.
All this confirms the conclusions of scientists that the main reason for the negative impact on the environment is not so much the growth of production, but the lack of complex processing of minerals, as well as waste disposal. In different countries, the system of waste disposal and disposal developed differently. The level of this system was determined by the level of household and technological culture. For a long period, pollution of the natural environment by domestic and industrial waste was of a local nature. The natural dispersion and chemical decomposition of waste turned out to be sufficient for natural systems to be completely freed from pollutants as a result of self-purification processes. Until the 70s of the current century, due to the lack of effective means of industrial waste disposal, methods of their storage in city dumps along with household waste or in specialized landfills that had a primitive arrangement, which causes environmental pollution, were widely used. , pasty waste generated during production and consumption, as well as waste captured by treatment facilities during emissions into the atmosphere and discharges into water bodies. This also includes liquid waste prohibited from being accepted into the sewerage network and to treatment facilities.
For practical purposes, most often they use the classification of waste according to the place of their formation, while highlighting waste and secondary resources. Since waste is generated as a result of production activities and during their consumption, they are, respectively, divided into production and consumption waste. Production wastes are the remains of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, chemical compounds formed during the production of products or the performance of work and have lost their original properties in whole or in part. Consumption waste - products and materials that have lost their consumer properties in whole or in part as a result of physical or moral wear and tear and human activity. Among the classification features, the degree of impact of waste on the environment is important. Harmful (toxic) waste includes waste that has a harmful effect on the environment, pollutes, poisons and destroys it, creating a danger to living organisms. Toxic waste is waste containing or contaminated with materials of such a nature, in such quantities or in such concentrations that they pose a risk to human health and the natural environment.
Radioactive waste Radioactive waste (RW) - waste containing radioactive chemical elements and having no practical value. According to the Russian "Law on the use of atomic energy" (November 21, 1995, 170-FZ), radioactive waste (RW) is nuclear materials and radioactive substances, the further use of which is not expected. Under Russian law, the import of radioactive waste into the country is prohibited. Often these are the products of nuclear processes such as nuclear fission. Most of the RW is the so-called "low-level waste" with low radioactivity per unit mass or volume. This type of waste includes, for example, used protective clothing that is slightly contaminated, but still represents a risk of radioactive contamination of the body through skin pores, respiratory tract, water or food. radioactive chemical elements nuclear fission respiratory tract water
Disposal of radioactive waste The choice of a place (site) for disposal or storage of radioactive waste depends on a number of factors: economic, legal, socio-political and natural. A special role is assigned to the geological environment - the last and most important barrier to protect the biosphere from radiation hazardous objects.5-7 The disposal site should be surrounded by an exclusion zone in which the appearance of radionuclides is allowed, but beyond its borders, activity never reaches a dangerous level. Foreign objects may be located no closer than 3 zone radii from the disposal point. On the surface, this zone is called a sanitary protection zone, and underground it is an alienated block of a mountain range. The alienated block must be removed from the sphere of human activity for the period of decay of all radionuclides, therefore it must be located outside the mineral deposits, as well as outside the zone of active water exchange. Engineering activities carried out in preparation for waste disposal should ensure the required volume and density of RW disposal, the operation of safety and supervision systems, including long-term monitoring of temperature, pressure and activity at the disposal site and the alienated block, as well as the migration of radioactive substances through the mountain range .
Garbage civilization In connection with the growth of the population of the Earth, the growth of industrial production, the problem of accumulation of household waste becomes more difficult. For each resident of Moscow, on average, there is a kg of garbage per year, for a resident of Western Europe - kg, for the USA - kg. Each city dweller in the United States annually throws away on average 80 kg of paper, 250 metal cans from drinks, 400 bottles. Waste in municipal landfills, seeping into the soil, pollutes groundwater. In the US, more than 200 million tons of household waste accumulate annually, half of which is taken out to suburban landfills. American scientists have found that in the early 1980s alone, millions of plastic bags, 35 million plastic and 70 million glass bottles, various other plastic products, and 5 million old shoes floated in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean. It is no coincidence that in the West, in relation to our time, the term garbage civilization is sometimes used.
The ten most polluted cities on Earth include several large settlements in China and India, cities in Peru and Zambia, as well as Dzerzhinsk and Norilsk in Russia. The number of disadvantaged areas included, among others, the Ukrainian Chernobyl and the Azerbaijani Sumgayit. As a rule, the cause of pollution of territories is heavy industry. In India, for example, there are a huge number of chromium processing plants, and the Chinese provinces of Linfen and Tianjin are distinguished by a huge concentration of sulfur in the air. Residents of the Peruvian city of La Roya are exposed to toxic emissions from a local factory for a long time, and 99 percent of local children are prone to serious illnesses due to high levels of lead in their blood. Ukrainian Chernobyl is notorious for the terrible catastrophe that occurred on April 26, 1986, when the fourth power unit of the local nuclear power plant exploded, and Sumgayit in Azerbaijan is a major industrial center with developing metallurgy, engineering and a number of other vital industries. Russian Dzerzhinsk was the largest center for the production of chemical weapons until the end of the Cold War, and the Norilsk region is still home to the world's largest complex for the smelting of heavy metals. Life expectancy in these cities sometimes reaches 42 years for men and 47 years for women.
Land reclamation One of the most important directions in the field of nature protection is the reclamation of lands disturbed as a result of human industrial activity and their return for further use. Especially a lot of agricultural and forest lands are disturbed as a result of the development of mineral deposits in an open way. The purpose of reclamation is to bring lands into a condition suitable for their use in the interests of agriculture, forestry and water management, civil and road construction. Reclamation issues are resolved for each open pit, taking into account geological, mining, technological and economic factors. Mining technical reclamation provides for the surrender of land to users for subsequent biological reclamation and should be provided for during the design and operation no later than within a year after the completion of the development of the deposit. Mining and technical land reclamation includes: - removal of the fertile soil layer from the areas allotted for mining, and its storage in temporary dumps; – layout of overburden dumps in order to form areas suitable for reclamation and construction of access roads, drainage and other reclamation measures; – dumping on the reclaimed surface of the fertile soil layer and its layout and other engineering and technical solutions. Mining and technical reclamation of lands disturbed by open-pit mining is carried out by organizations that develop deposits on their own and at their own expense. The cost of reclamation is included in the estimate for the development of the deposit.
Presentation on the discipline: "Ecology" on the topic: "Ecological problems of the lithosphere. Soil protection and rational use of subsoil” Prepared by: student of group 403 Oleinikov V.A. Ilyichevsk - 2013 Contents: Introduction 1. General concept of the lithosphere. 2. Ecological problems of the lithosphere: - erosion; - pollution; - secondary salinization and waterlogging; - alienation of land. 3. Measures for the protection of soils. 4. Rational use of subsoil. Conclusion Introduction The lithosphere is the environment of all mineral resources, one of the main objects of anthropogenic activity (components of the natural environment), through significant changes, which develops a global environmental crisis. In the upper part of the continental crust, soils are developed, the importance of which for humans can hardly be overestimated. 1. General concept of the lithosphere The lithosphere is the outer shell of the "solid" Earth, located below the atmosphere as the asthenosphere. and hydrosphere Power above the lithosphere varies from 50 km (under the oceans) to 100 km (under the continents). It consists of the earth's crust and the substrate, which is part of the upper mantle. 2. Ecological problems of the lithosphere Alienation of lands Erosion Pollution Secondary salinization and waterlogging Erosion Soil erosion is the destruction and removal of the upper most fertile horizons and underlying rocks by wind (wind erosion) or water flows (water erosion). Lands that have undergone destruction in the process of erosion are called eroded. Erosion processes also include technical erosion of agricultural (destruction of land), military erosion (funnel, trenches), irrigation (destruction of soil during the laying of canals and violation of irrigation norms). Pollution Soil pollution is the introduction of new (not typical for it) physical, chemical agents into the soil, an excess of their agents or concentrations of the natural average annual level in the period under consideration. The main pollutants of the soil: - pesticides (toxic chemicals); - mineral fertilizers; - waste production; - gaseous emissions; - oil and oil products. 3. Measures for soil protection Removal and preservation of the soil layer Anti-erosion measures remove the soil layer during all work that violates it or reduces its properties (construction work, laying communication lines, mining, etc.). The removed soil layer is used for reclamation of disturbed lands. It can be folded into temporary dumps (cavaliers). - organization of surface water runoff; - creation of a stable sod cover of perennial grasses (or shrubs); - application of anti-erosion materials and structures (geosynthetic materials, biomats, geomats); - planting forest strips, etc. Reclamation (improvement) of polluted soils, carrying out measures to remove pollutants (or reduce the degree of pollution). To restore soils contaminated with metals, solutions of lime and phosphates with additions of organic substances are used. The method is based on the conversion of dissolved forms of metals into hardly soluble ones. 4. Rational use of subsoil - ensuring the completeness of geological study, rational integrated use and protection of subsoil; - conducting state expertise and state accounting of mineral reserves, as well as subsoil plots used for purposes not related to the extraction of minerals; - ensuring the most complete extraction from the subsoil of the reserves of the main and, together with them, occurring minerals and associated components; - protection of mineral deposits from flooding, flooding, fires and other factors that reduce the quality of minerals and the industrial value of deposits or complicate their development; - prevention of subsoil pollution during work related to subsoil use, especially during underground storage of oil, gas or other substances and materials, disposal of hazardous substances and production waste, wastewater discharge; - prevention of accumulation of industrial and domestic wastes in catchment areas and in groundwater deposits used for drinking or industrial water supply. Conclusion Due to the increase in the scale of anthropogenic impact (human economic activity), especially in the last century, the balance in the biosphere is disturbed, which can lead to irreversible processes and raise the question of the possibility of life on the planet.
The lithosphere is polluted by liquid and solid pollutants and wastes. It has been established that annually per inhabitant of the Earth forms Careless and illiterate handling of land today has become the most
actual problem.
The lithosphere is contaminated with liquid and
solid pollutants
and waste. It is established that every year
per inhabitant of the Earth is formed
one ton of waste, including more than
50 kg polymeric, hardly biodegradable.
Soil pollution sources can be classified as follows:
Residential buildings and public utilitiesenterprises (including
pollutants of this
source categories predominate
household waste, food waste,
construction debris, waste
heating systems that came to
disrepair household items
household items, etc.); Industrial enterprises (in
solid and liquid industrial
waste is constantly present
substances capable of
toxic effect on living
organisms, including plants).
Transport (when the engines of the internal
combustion, nitrogen oxides are intensively released,
lead, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, soot and
other substances deposited on the surface
Earth or absorbed by plants. AT
in the latter case, these substances also enter
into the soil and are involved in the circulation associated with
food chains)
Agriculture (soil pollution in agriculture occurs due to the introduction of huge amounts of mineral fertilizers and poison
Agriculture (soil pollution in agriculture occursdue to the introduction of huge amounts of mineral fertilizers and
pesticides. It is known that in the composition of some pesticides
contains mercury). Establishment of maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances in
soil is currently still at the very beginning of development. MPC
established for about 50 harmful substances, mainly
pesticides used to protect plants from pests and
diseases. However, the soil is not
belongs to those environments
who directly
affect health
man, while the air
and water along with
pollutants
consumed alive
organisms.
The adverse effect of soil pollutants is manifested through the trophic chain. Therefore, in practice, to assess the degree of soil pollution
The adverse effect of soil pollutants manifests itself throughtrophic chain. Therefore, in practice, to assess the degree of pollution
soil, two indicators are used:
Maximum allowable
concentration in soil (MAC),
mg/kg;
Permissible residual
quantity (DOK), mg/kg
masses of vegetation. So,
for chlorophos MPC is 1.0
mg/kg, DOC=2.0 mg/kg. For
lead MPC=32 mg/kg, DOC in
meat products is
0.5 mg/kg.
Sanitary control of soil pollution in urban areas is carried out by the sanitary and epidemiological service. Under her control are also transporters.
Sanitary control of soil pollution in urban areas is carried outsanitary and epidemiological service. Under its control are also the transportation of waste,
coordination of places of storage, burial and processing.
The soil belongs to three-phase systems, however, physical and chemical processes,
flowing in the soil are extremely slow, and air and water dissolved in the soil
do not have a significant accelerating effect on the course of these processes.
Therefore, the self-purification of the soil, in comparison with the self-purification of the atmosphere and
hydrosphere, occurs very slowly. According to the intensity of self-purification, these
components of the biosphere are arranged in the following sequence: atmosphere -
hydrosphere - lithosphere. As a result, harmful substances in the soil gradually
accumulate, over time become a threat to humans. Soil self-purification
can mainly occur only when polluted with organic waste, which
undergo biochemical oxidation by microorganisms. At the same time, heavy
metals and their salts gradually accumulate in the soil and can only be lowered into more
deep layers. However, with deep plowing of the soil, they may again be on
surface and enter the food chain. So intense
industrial development
production leads to growth
industrial waste, which
combination with household
waste significantly affect
the chemical composition of the soil, causing
worsening
her qualities. Soil pollution in Novosibirsk
Hazardous biological waste polluted the land
agricultural purposes livestock farms
in the Novosibirsk region, reported the Information
agency "Svetich" in the Office of Rosselkhoznadzor for NSO.
In 2013, inspectors of the Rosselkhoznadzor Department for
Novosibirsk Region as part of supervisory activities for
compliance with the requirements of the land legislation were
8 pig-breeding complexes and 3 farms were checked,
raising cattle. AT
storage areas for pig manure and waste disposal
livelihoods of cattle on land plots
for agricultural purposes, samples were taken
soil. According to the results of laboratory studies in 29
soil samples revealed excess of permissible norms
by the content of enterococci, in 25 samples - by the content
coli. In addition, 27 samples revealed
alkalization of the soil, in 2 samples an excess was found
maximum allowable concentration for zinc content.
