Types of subordinate clauses with examples. Complex sentences with examples 10 complex sentences with different types of clauses
dinner was weedy and stuffy smelled of bread and shredded cabbage.
2) Fedka saw how the high bow of the steamer flew at them from the darkness with unstoppable force without noticing them, heading into the very middle of the ship.
3) Gerasimov looked at his feeder so much that he regretted asking the question.
4) The night was dark because the clouds covered the sky and did not let in the light of the stars.
5) As soon as the regiment left Ozerny, a cold rain began to fall.
6) From a distance one could see how bunches of mountain ash and hawthorn bloom under the sun.
7) Grinyuk, with his chin up, looked at the sky, where from time to time an almost regular disk of the moon slipped out from under tufts of clouds.
8) At that moment when Ivan entered the yard, there was just a pause.
9) The old ferry was pulled ashore and tied tightly to the ancient mighty willows so that it would not be carried away by the unstoppable spring flood.
10) Burying my chin in the snow, I struggled to figure out what to do.
Task 2 PRINT SIGNS, MAKE A NGN SCHEME WITH SEVERAL SUDDENDENTS, DEFINE THE TYPES OF SUBDENTAL SENTENCES AND THE TYPE OF SUBMISSION.
Only now did Frol see that it was completely dawn, that at the blue foot of the cliff above Svetlikha, white streaks of mist were swaying, that the stones on the shore had become bluish from the morning dew. SCHEME EXAMPLE [vb], (as...)
Place punctuation marks, determine the type of subordinate clauses.I don't know where the line is between friend and friend.
Here is a clearing where I recently collected porcini mushrooms between two streams.
I wanted to go somewhere where I can calmly indulge in my thoughts.
I don't know when it will be.
We get to know friends and relatives at the hour when trouble threatens.
People stop thinking when they stop reading.
When dusk came, I had to return home.
Pushkin writes that Tatyana "in her own family seemed like a stranger girl."
The boat that was approaching the shore was seen by the border guards.
The offensive proceeded as planned in the headquarters.
The sailing ship was far from the coast and went to where the sea and the sky merged into blue infinity.
Mark these statements with a + or - sign (if you agree with the statement - plus, if not, then put a minus
No. Approval +
1. A complex sentence consists of two simple sentences
2. Composition complex sentence includes a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses.
3. Simple sentences as part of a complex subordinate are always equal.
4. The subordinate clause with the main one is connected with a coordinating or subordinating connection.
5. Subordinating unions or allied words act as means of communication in a complex sentence.
6. Allied words answer questions and perform syntactic role.
7. Subordinate clauses in a complex sentence, depending on the meaning, are divided into explanatory, attributive, adverbial.
8. The type of the subordinate clause is determined by the union or union word.
9. The type of the subordinate clause is determined by the question posed from the main clause.
10. The main sentence from the subordinate clause in writing is usually separated by a comma, and in oral speech by a pause.
11. In complex sentences with several subordinate clauses, there can be such types of subordination: homogeneous, parallel and sequential.
12. In complex sentences with several subordinate clauses, there can be such types of subordination: coordinating, subordinating and non-union.
20. Types of clauses by value. NGN with different types of connection: types of subordination in simple sentences in NGN with several subordinate types subordinate clauses
In order to understand this article, you need to know what complex sentences are. Read about it here.
In a complex sentence, the main part and the subordinate part (or subordinate parts) are distinguished. The subordinate part depends on the main part.
Depending on the meaning, subordinate clauses are divided into several types: explanatory, defining,circumstantial, connecting.
Clauses of explanatory
Subordinate explanatory sentences serve to explain the word from the main part and answer case questions ( whom? what? to whom? what? whom? what? by whom? how? about whom? about what?).
The subordinate explanatory clause can be attached by conjunctions what, to, as if, as, like, as if etc. and allied words who, what, which, whose, where, where, from where, how, why, why, how much (these are the same words with which questions can begin).
The dog opened his right languid eye and saw from the edge that he was tightly bandaged across his sides and stomach.(M.A. Bulgakov. “Heart of a Dog”) The subordinate clause answers the question “what?”: had seen- what? - that he is tightly bandaged across the sides and abdomen. Here what is a union.
I imagine what will be in the apartment now. (M.A. Bulgakov. “Heart of a Dog”) The subordinate clause answers the question “what?”: imagine- what? - what will be in the apartment now. Here what is a union word. It is the subject of the subordinate clause. The Endurance Prize was awarded to the last person to cross the river. The subordinate clause answers the question "to whom?": to that- to whom? - who swam the river last.
The type of a subordinate clause should be determined by the question it answers, and not by the union or allied word with which it is attached.
I saw a wolf come out of the forest. The subordinate clause answers the question "what?" (not "how?"): saw- what? - how a wolf came out of the forest.
I want you to act bolder and more decisively. The subordinate clause answers the question "what?": want- what? - so that you act bolder and more decisively. It is an explanatory clause, not a purpose clause (as one might think from the conjunction to).
Newton explained why apples always fall down. The subordinate clause answers the question "what?" (and not "why?"): explained- what? - why do apples always fall down. This is an explanatory adjective.
I asked my friend where he was going to go. The adverbial clause answers the question "what?": inquired- how? - where is he going to go. This is an explanatory clause, not a clause (as one might think from the allied word where).
Explanatory clauses perform the same role as additions (that is, the entire subordinate clause is, in fact, one big addition).
Clauses
The attributive clause defines some noun or pronoun from the main part and answers the questions " which?», « which?».
Most often, the attributive clause is attached with the help of allied words which, which, whose, what, where, when,where and etc.
I kissed Helena's hand in which she held her umbrella.(S. Dovlatov. “Ours”) The subordinate clause answers the question “which one?”: hand- what? - in which she kept an umbrella.
In those years, he was almost an assistant professor at a music school, where, on his initiative, a pop class was created.(S. Dovlatov. “Ours”) The subordinate clause answers the question “what?” (and not "where?"): schools- what? - where, on his initiative, a variety class was created. This is an attributive clause, not a place clause (as one might think from the allied word where).
At the moment when he drew back the curtains, a flash of lightning lit up the sky, and Fandorin saw behind the glass, right in front of him, a deathly white face with black holes in the eyes.(B. Akunini. "Azazel") The subordinate clause answers the question "what?" (and not "when?"): instant- which? - when he drew back the curtains. This is a relative clause, not a clause of time (as one might think from the allied word when).
Subordinate attributives perform the same role as definitions.
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Considers the structure of phrases and sentences. At the same time, the construction and punctuation of various types of complex sentences usually cause particular difficulty, especially with three or more predicative parts. Let us consider, using specific examples, the types of NGN with several subordinate clauses, the ways of connecting the main and subordinate parts in them, the rules for punctuation marks in them.
Complex sentence: definition
To clearly express a thought, we use a different sentence characterized by the fact that two or more predicative parts are distinguished in it. They can be equivalent in relation to each other or enter into a relationship of dependence. NGN is such a sentence in which the subordinate part is subordinate to the main part and joins it with the help of subordinating conjunctions and / or For example, " [Styopka was very tired in the evening], (WHY?) (since he walked at least ten kilometers in a day)". Hereinafter, the main part is denoted, round - dependent. Accordingly, in NGN with several clauses, at least three predicative parts are distinguished, two of which will be dependent: “ [The area, (WHAT?) (which they were passing now), was well known to Andrei Petrovich], (WHY?) (since a good half of his childhood passed here)". It is important to correctly determine the sentences where you need to put commas.
NGN with multiple clauses
A table with examples will help determine what types of complex sentences with three or more predicative parts are divided into.
Type of subordination of the subordinate part of the main | Example |
Sequential | The guys rushed into the river with a run, the water in which had already warmed up enough, because the last few days had been incredibly hot. |
Parallel (non-uniform) | When the speaker finished speaking, there was silence in the hall, as the audience was shocked by what they heard. |
Homogeneous | Anton Pavlovich said that reinforcements would soon arrive and that you just need to be patient a little. |
With different types of submission | Nastenka reread the letter for the second time, which was trembling in her hands, and thought that now she would have to quit her studies, that her hopes for new life were not justified. |
Let's figure out how to correctly determine the type of subordination in NGN with several subordinate clauses. The examples above will help.
Sequential submission
In a sentence " [The guys ran into the river] 1 , (the water in which has already warmed up enough) 2 , (because the last few days have been incredibly hot) 3»First, we select three parts. Then, with the help of questions, we establish semantic relationships: [... X], (in which ... X), (because ...). We see that the second part has become the main one for the third.
Let's take another example. " [There was a vase with wild flowers on the table], (which the guys gathered), (when they went to the forest on an excursion)". The scheme of this NGN is similar to the first: [... X], (which ... X), (when ...).
With homogeneous subordination, each subsequent part depends on the previous one. Such NGN with several subordinate clauses - examples confirm this - resemble a chain, where each subsequent link joins the one in front.
Parallel (heterogeneous) subordination
In this case, all subordinate clauses refer to the main part (to the whole part or the word in it), but they answer different questions and differ in meaning. " (When the speaker finished speaking) 1 , [there was silence in the hall] 2 , (as the audience was shocked by what they heard) 3 » . Let's analyze this NGN with several clauses. Its scheme will look like this: (when ...), [... X], (since ...). We see that the first subordinate part (it stands before the main one) denotes time, and the second - the reason. Therefore, they will answer different questions. Second example: [Vladimir certainly needed to find out today] 1, (at what time the train from Tyumen arrives) 2, (in order to have time to meet a friend) 3". The first subordinate clause is explanatory, the second is purpose.
Homogeneous submission
This is the case when it is appropriate to draw an analogy with another well-known syntactic construction. For registration of PP with homogeneous members and such NGN with several subordinate clauses, the rules are the same. Indeed, in the sentence [Anton Pavlovich talked about] 1, (that reinforcements will arrive soon) 2 and (that you just need to be patient a little) 3» subordinate parts - 2nd and 3rd - refer to one word, answer the question "what?" and both are explanatory. In addition, they are interconnected with the help of the union and, which is not preceded by a comma. Imagine this in a diagram: [... X], (what ...) and (what ...).
In NGN with several subordinate clauses, with homogeneous subordination between the clauses, any coordinating conjunctions are sometimes used - the punctuation rules will be the same as in the design homogeneous members- and the subordinating union in the second part may be completely absent. For example, " [He stood at the window for a long time and looked] 1, (as cars drove up to the house one after another) 2 and (workers unloaded building materials) 3».
NGN with several subordinate clauses with different types of subordination
Very often, four or more parts are distinguished as part of a complex sentence. In this case, they can communicate with each other in different ways. Let's look at the example in the table: [Nastenka re-read the letter for the second time, (which was shaking in her hands) 2 , and thought] 1 , (that now she would have to quit her studies) 3 , (that her hopes for a new life were not justified) 4". This is a sentence with parallel (heterogeneous) (P 1,2,3-4) and homogeneous (P 2,3,4) subordination: [... X, (which ...), ... X], (what ...), (what ... ). Or another option: [All the way Tatyana was silent and only looked out the window] 1, (behind which flashed small, closely located villages) 2, (where people fussed) 3 and (work was in full swing) 4)". This is a complex sentence with sequential (P 1,2,3 and P 1,2,4) and homogeneous (P 2,3,4) subordination: [... X], (followed by ...), (where ...) and (... ).
Punctuation marks at the junction of unions
To arrange in a complex sentence, it is usually enough to correctly determine the boundaries of the predicative parts. The complexity, as a rule, is the punctuation of NGN with several subordinate clauses - examples of schemes: [... X], (when, (which ...), ...) or [... X], [... X], (how (with whom ...), then ...) - when two subordinating unions (allied words) are nearby. This is characteristic of sequential submission. In such a case, you need to pay attention to the presence of the second part of the double union in the sentence. For example, " [An open book remained on the sofa] 1, (which, (if there was time) 3, Konstantin would certainly have read to the end) 2 ". Second option: " [I swear] 1 , (that (when I get back from my trip home) 3 , I will definitely visit you and tell you everything in detail) 2 ". When working with such NGN with several clauses, the rules are as follows. If the second clause can be excluded from the sentence without compromising the meaning, a comma is placed between unions (and / or allied words), if not, it is absent. Let's return to the first example: " [There was a book on the sofa] 1, (which had to be finished in time) 2 ". In the second case, with the exclusion of the second subordinate part grammatical structure sentences will be broken by the word "then".
Should be remembered
A good assistant in mastering the NGN with several subordinate clauses - exercises, the implementation of which will help consolidate the knowledge gained. In this case, it is better to act according to the algorithm.
- Read the sentence carefully, mark the grammatical foundations in it and indicate the boundaries of the predicative parts (simple sentences).
- Select all means of communication, not forgetting about compound or used conjunctions.
- Establish semantic connections between the parts: to do this, first find the main one, then ask a question (s) from it to the subordinate (s).
- Build a diagram, showing on it with arrows the dependence of parts on each other, put punctuation marks in it. Move commas into the written sentence.
Thus, attentiveness in the construction and analysis (including punctuation) of a complex sentence - NGN with several subordinate clauses specifically - and reliance on the above features of this syntactic construction ensure the correct execution of the proposed tasks.
Complex sentences may have not one, but several subordinate clauses.
Complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses are of two main types:
1) all subordinate clauses are attached directly to the main clause;
2) the first clause is attached to the main clause, the second - to the first clause, etc.
I. Clauses that are attached directly to the main clause can be homogeneous and heterogeneous.
1. Complex sentences with homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses.
With this subordination, all subordinate clauses refer to one word in the main clause or to the entire main clause, answer the same question, and belong to the same type of subordinate clauses. Between themselves, homogeneous subordinate clauses can be connected by coordinating unions or union-free (only with the help of intonation). The connections of homogeneous clauses with the main clause and between themselves resemble the connections of homogeneous members of the sentence.
For example:
[I came to you with greetings, to tell], (that the sun has risen), (that it trembled with hot light on the sheets). (A. Fet.)
[That, (who lives the real life), (who has been accustomed to poetry since childhood),forever believes in the life-giving, full of reason Russian language]. (N. Zabolotsky.)
[At the end of May, the young bear was drawn to her native places], (where she was born) and ( where the months of childhood were so memorable).
In a complex sentence with homogeneous subordination, the second subordinate clause may not have a subordinating conjunction.
For example: ( If there is water) and ( there won't be any fish in it), [I don't trust water]. (M. Prishvin.) [ Let's shudder], (if suddenly a bird flies) or ( elk trumpets in the distance). (Yu. Drunina.)
2. Complex sentences with heterogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses (or with parallel subordination). With such subordination, the subordinate clauses include:
a) to different words of the main sentence, or one part to the whole main, and the other to one of its words;
b) to one word or to the entire main clause, but they answer different questions and are different types of subordinate clauses.
For example: ( When I have a new book in my hands), [I feel], (that something living, speaking, wonderful came into my life). (M. Gorky.)
(If we turn to the best examples prose), [then we will make sure], (that they are full of genuine poetry). (K. Paustovsky.)
[From the world (which is called children's), door leading to space], (where they dine and drink tea) (Chekhov).
II. Complex sentences with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses.
This type of complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses includes those in which the clauses form a chain: the first clause refers to the main clause (subordinate clause of the 1st degree), the second clause refers to the clause of the 1st degree (subordinate clause of the 2nd degree) etc.
For example: [ Young Cossacks rode vaguely and held back tears], (because they were afraid of their father), (who was also somewhat embarrassed), (though I tried not to show it). (N. Gogol)
The specificity of the subordinate parts in this case is that each of them is subordinate in relation to the previous one and main in relation to the next one.
For example: Often in autumn I would closely watch falling leaves to catch that imperceptible split second when a leaf separates from a branch and begins to fall to the ground.(Paustovsky).
With sequential subordination, one subordinate clause can be inside another; in this case, there may be two subordinating unions nearby: what and if, what and when, what and since, etc.
For example: [ The water crashed so scary], (what, (when the soldiers ran below), raging streams were already flying after them) (M. Bulgakov).
There are also complex sentences with a combined type of subordination of subordinate clauses.
For example: ( When the chaise left the yard), [he (Chichikov) looked back and saw], (that Sobakevich was still standing on the porch and, as it seemed, was peering, wanting to know), (where the guest will go). (Gogol)
This is a complex sentence with parallel and sequential subordination of subordinate clauses.
Punctuation marks in a compound sentence with several subordinate clauses
A comma is placed between homogeneous subordinate clauses not connected by coordinating unions.
For example: I realized that I was lying in bed , that I'm sick , that I was just delirious.(Cupr.)
I envy those who spent their lives in battle , who advocated a great idea.(Ec.)
We remember that great hour when the guns fell silent for the first time , when all the people met the victory both in the cities and in every village.(Isak.)
Comma not put between homogeneous subordinate clauses connected by a single connecting union (regardless of whether there is a subordinating union or a union word with both subordinate clauses or only with the first one).
For example: I believe that nothing goes unnoticed and that every slightest step we take matters for the present and future life.(Ch.)
The militia brought Prince Andrei to the forest, where the wagons stood and where there was a dressing station.(L. T.)
When it began to rain and everything around sparkled, we followed the path ... out of the forest.(M.P.).
On repeat coordinating conjunctions a comma is placed between subordinate subordinate clauses.
For example: Everyone learned that the lady had arrived, and that Kapitonich let her , and that she is now in the nursery ...(L. T.).
Unions whether ... or when connecting the predicative parts of a complex sentence, they are considered as repeating, and homogeneous subordinate clauses are separated by a comma, which is placed before or.
For example: Whether weddings were started in the city, or whoever celebrated a name day cheerfully, Pyotr Mikhailovich always talked about it with pleasure.(Pis.).
In case of heterogeneous subordination, subordinate clauses are separated or set off by commas.
For example: As soon as the heat dropped, it began to get cold and dark in the forest so quickly that I did not want to stay in it.(T.)
Whoever has not experienced excitement from the barely audible breathing of a sleeping young woman will not understand what tenderness is. (Paust.).
With sequential and mixed subordination, a comma is placed between the subordinate parts according to the same rules as between the main and subordinate parts.
For example: Would our wanderers be under their native roof , if they could know , what happened to Grisha.(necr.)
Helen smiled like this , who spoke , that she did not allow , so that anyone can see her and not be rapt.(L. T.)
Any , who in life fought for the happiness of being himself , knows , that the strength and success of this struggle depends on the confidence , with which the seeker goes to the goal(M.P.)
A comma is placed between two adjacent subordinating unions or between an allied word and a subordinating union, as well as when a coordinating and subordinating unions meet, if the internal subordinate part is not followed by the second part of the double union this or that.
For example: The bear fell in love with Nikita so much that , when he went somewhere, the beast sniffed the air anxiously.(M. G.)
We were warned that , if if the weather is bad, the tour will not take place.
The night is over and , when the sun rose, all nature came to life.
The removal of the second (inner) part here does not require the restructuring of the first adnexal part.
If the subordinate clause is followed by the second part of the complex union then, so, then a comma is not put between the previous two unions.
For example: The blind man knew that the sun was looking into the room, and that if he stretched out his hand through the window, dew would fall from the bushes.(Kor.)
I thought that if I didn’t argue with the old man at that decisive moment, then later it would be difficult for me to free myself from his guardianship.(P.).
The withdrawal or rearrangement of the adnexal part (if he stretches his hand out the window and if at this decisive moment I do not argue with the old man) is impossible, since there will be parts of a double union nearby.
Dash in a complex sentence
Between the subordinate part (group of subordinate clauses) and the subsequent main part of the sentence maybedash if the subordinate part or a group of subordinate parts preceding the main clause are pronounced with a logical selection of an informatively important word and with a deep pause before the main part (usually, subordinate explanatory parts are distinguished in this way, less often conditional, concessive, etc.).
For example: Where did Nelidova go?- Natasha did not know(Paust.); And if you look at them for a long time- the rocks began to move, crumble(Ast.); Did he call them, did they come by themselves- Nejdanov never found out ...(T.).
A dash is put also between the subordinate and main parts in similarly constructed parallel complex sentences.
For example: Who is cheerful - he laughs, who wants - he will achieve, who is looking for - he will always find!(OK.).
A dash is put after the subordinate clause before the main one, if it contains the words this, here, and also if the clause is an incomplete sentence.
For example: That she is an honest nature is clear to me.(T.)
What he found in her is his business.
Where is he now, what is he doing - these are the questions that I could not answer.
I answered something that - I myself do not know(compare full - what i said).
A dash is put between subordinate clauses in the absence of an adversarial union or the second part of a comparative union between them.
For example: The artistry is so that every word is not only in place - so that it is necessary, inevitable and to have as few words as possible(Black).
A dash is placed with the clarifying nature of the subordinate part.
For example: Only once she revived - when Mika told her that ditties were sung at yesterday's wedding.(R. Zernova)
A dash is put to enhance the interrogative nature of the sentence while emphasizing the unusual location of the subordinate clause in front of the main clause or the intonational separation of the main clause from the subsequent clause.
For example: What is influence- you know?; Are you sure it's necessary?
A dash is also placed with an abundance of commas, against which the dash acts as a more expressive sign.
For example: But we have gained experience , but for experience , as they say , No matter how much you pay, you won't overpay.
Comma and dash in a complex sentence
Comma and dash as a single punctuation mark are placed in a complex sentence before the main part, which is preceded by a number of homogeneous subordinate parts, if the division of the complex sentence into two parts with a long pause before the main part is emphasized.
For example: Wherever I am, whatever I try to have fun , - all my thoughts were occupied with the image of Olesya.(Cupr.)
Who is to blame, who is right , - It's not for us to judge.(Cr.)
The same sign is also placed before a word repeated in the same part of the sentence in order to connect with it a new sentence or the next part of the same sentence.
For example: I knew very well that it was my husband, not some new person unknown to me, but a good person. , - my husband, whom I knew as myself.(L. T.)
And the idea that he can be guided by this interest, that he will seek reconciliation with his wife in order to sell this forest , This thought offended him.(L. T.)
A dash is put after the comma that closes the subordinate part, including before the word this.
For example: The best thing he could do , - leave on time The only thing I like here , is an old shady park.
Syntactic analysis of a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses
Scheme for parsing a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses
1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).
2. Indicate the type of sentence by emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).
3. Determine the main and subordinate clauses, find their boundaries.
4. Draw up a sentence diagram: ask (if possible) questions from the main to the subordinate clauses, indicate in the main word on which the subordinate clause depends (if it is conditional), characterize the means of communication (unions or allied words), determine the types of clauses (definitive, explanatory and etc.).
5. Determine the type of subordination of subordinate clauses (homogeneous, parallel, sequential).
An example of parsing a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses
1) [Look at the pale green star-studded sky(on which there is no cloud, no spot),and you will understand], (why summer warm air is motionless), (why nature alert) (A. Chekhov).
[… n., ( on which…), and vb.], ( why…), (why…).
(Descriptive, non-exclamatory, complex, complex with three subordinate clauses, with parallel and homogeneous subordination: 1st subordinate clause - attributive clause (subordinate clause depends on the noun sky, answers the question which on which); 2nd and 3rd subordinate clauses - subordinate explanatory clauses (depend on the verb understand, answer the question what?, are joined by the allied word why)).
2) [Any Human knows], (what does he need to do, (what separates him from people), otherwise), (what connects him to them) (L. Tolstoy).
[…vb], ( what…., (what…), otherwise), (what…).
(Descriptive, non-exclamatory, complex, complex with three subordinate clauses, with serial and parallel subordination: 1st subordinate clause - subordinate explanatory clause (depends on the verb knows, answers the question what?, joins union what), 2nd and 3rd clauses - subordinate pronouns (each of them depends on the pronoun then, answers the question which (then)?, joins with a union word what).
