All day the pony rode in the baby zoo. Tests syntactic norms. A) The role of the subject is the collective noun and words close to them in meaning
Syntactic norms
1. One of the sentences below contains a grammatical error associated with a violation of syntactic norms. Give an example with an error.
1) I was entrusted the main role in the school play "Don Quixote".
2) Upon arrival in Moscow, the artist gave a press conference.
3) Many who have been to Pereslavl know that this city is younger than Rostov, but its history is also rooted in the distant past.
4) The walk, which promised us so much pleasure, did not represent anything entertaining.
5) On one of the autumn days, the forest, refreshed by cold air, seemed to be rejuvenated, shone with gold leaves and a reddish network of birch branches.
2. One of the sentences below contains a grammatical error associated with a violation of syntactic norms. Give an example with an error.
1) You can read about the life and work of the artist, about his ruined talent in the story "Orest Kiprensky".
2) The long Moscow winter, which had transformed Anna's whole life, was now remembered differently, in some other, new light.
3) Inspiration is a state in which a person works with all his might.
4) Analyzing the text artwork, do not be afraid to express your attitude to what you read.
5) Those who oppose themselves to society are doomed to loneliness.
3. One of the sentences below contains a grammatical error associated with a violation of syntactic norms. Give an example with an error.
1) Activists of social movements forgot about the differences and came out as a united front against the closure of the museum.
2) By studying folklore, the composer created wonderful lyrical works.
3) The rhizome of the white water lily is a product from which flour can be obtained.
4) After paying the bill, you must inform the publisher in writing of the number of the payment order.
5) Once on a drifting ice floe, the fishermen counted on salvation.
4. One of the sentences below contains a grammatical error associated with a violation of syntactic norms. Give an example with an error.
1) During this time, a state was created that managed to cope with all external enemies.
2) The snowstorm looked and suddenly recognized in the black-headed boy the very shepherd boy to whom he had left his horse yesterday.
3) Thanks modern technologies scientists explored the depths of Lake Samotlor and found the richest oil deposits under the muddy bottom.
4) Subject-household details in prose not only carry an ethical semantic load, but also become the most important elements of style.
5) The Itogi magazine continues to publish a series of essays on the country's economy.
5. One of the sentences below contains a grammatical error associated with a violation of syntactic norms. Give an example with an error.
1) Bright flashes of lightning, which seemed to pierce the air, enchanted with their menacing beauty.
2) From above, from the slope, the flowers that grew in islands looked like mosaic spots on the green background of the meadow.
3) When sending an important telegram, be sure to include the return address.
4) At the end of the performance, the audience could not recover from what they saw for a long time.
5) Using metaphors and comparisons, the text becomes more emotional and brighter.
6. One of the sentences below contains a grammatical error associated with a violation of syntactic norms. Give an example with an error.
1) Contrary to popular belief, camels do not store water in their humps.
2) Immediately upon arrival in Yuryevets, tourists will pay attention to the bell tower of St. George the Victorious.
4) The daylight that floods the room gives the image a cool silver tint.
5) The name of Aivazovsky was well known in the circles of the Turkish aristocracy, which at that time was actively involved in European culture.
7. One of the sentences below contains a grammatical error associated with a violation of syntactic norms. Give an example with an error.
1) Those who turned to the poetry of B. Pasternak are stunned by unexpected metaphors, the expressiveness of antitheses, the cohesion of antonyms.
2) Scientists have noticed that the ozone layer of the Earth is thinning.
3) New film will be shown at the Salyut and Sever cinemas.
4) The passport must be replaced after its expiration date.
5) Coming to a concert of a symphony orchestra, I listen to classical music and enjoy it.
8. One of the sentences below contains a grammatical error associated with a violation of syntactic norms. Give an example with an error.
1) He always respected and sincerely admired his friends.
2) The ambiguity of the works of Salvador Dali excited the imagination of viewers who were accustomed to the world of calm landscapes and portraits.
3) The house in which the playwright lived for the first years after his arrival in St. Petersburg was located on the Red Canal embankment.
4) The painting "Bathing the Red Horse", which was created in 1912 by the artist -Vodkin, was shown at the exhibition "World of Art".
5) Lavrov translator due to the simplicity of the input language and high efficiency compilation gained great popularity.
9. One of the sentences below contains a grammatical error associated with a violation of syntactic norms. Give an example with an error.
1) One of the artists who applied plein air painting was.
2) After graduating from the institute, Tatyana Ilyinichna went to Altai to teach chemistry.
3) The schoolchildren of our village willingly helped a group of archaeologists who came from Novgorod.
4) Little is known about the history of the painting “The Rooks Have Arrived”, which was first shown in Moscow at the exhibition of the Society of Art Lovers in 1871.
5) The amazing spring light that filled the whole picture and illuminated it in different ways, slightly gilded the snowy hillock near the fence and the fence itself.
10. One of the sentences below contains a grammatical error associated with a violation of syntactic norms. Give an example with an error.
1) Those who just entered the cinema seventeen years ago have already become masters.
2) The natural monument "Poles of weathering", located on the territory of the Troitsko-Pechora region of the Komi Republic, has become one of the seven wonders of Russia.
3) Thanks to the warm days of golden autumn, the forest seemed to rejuvenate, shone with gold leaves and a reddish network of birch branches.
4) Peter felt his eyes stick together from fatigue and his body ached terribly.
5) Artistic speech, which is fundamentally different from official business and scientific speech, in a number of ways approaches journalistic speech.
11. One of the sentences below contains a grammatical error associated with a violation of syntactic norms. Give an example with an error.
1) By the end of the 1840s, several canvases had already been painted, among which “The Choosy Bride” and “The Fresh Cavalier” stood out.
2) Schoolchildren spent two happy days at the Zvyozdochka camp.
3) Three classmates: Victoria, Elena and Karina were engaged in different sports sections.
4) Gumilyov declared versification a science and a craft that needs to be studied diligently.
5) One of the most important factors in the recognition of a player in a country like England is the love or contempt from the press.
12. One of the sentences below contains a grammatical error associated with a violation of syntactic norms. Give an example with an error.
1) The garden paths, which had recently been sprinkled with even coarse gravel, crunched measuredly under Ilya Alexandrovich's feet.
2) At the end of the 18th century, science became aware of the existence of an unusual mammal that lays eggs and incubates them: it was a platypus.
3) The pony rode the kids in the zoo all day.
4) M. Gorky wrote about how he “decorated a folk song and a fairy tale with the brilliance of his talent!”
5) The meaning that people put into various concepts changes with the change of a person and society.
15. One of the sentences below contains a grammatical error associated with a violation of syntactic norms. Give an example with an error.
1) Using profanity, the media is now fined.
2) In the Bibliocross competition, the winner is the participant who has read the most books.
3) The train was not delayed, it arrived at the station according to the schedule.
4) In "The Wild Landowner" -Shchedrin visually draws a rich gentleman who found himself without servants.
5) He who does not know how to laugh at himself is extremely touchy.
1. 1) (correct: I was assigned the lead role in the school play Don Quixote
2. 5) (correct: Those who oppose themselves to society are doomed to loneliness)
3. 2) (correct: By studying folklore, the composer created beautiful lyrical works)
4. 4) (correct: Item-household details in prose not only carry an ethical semantic load, but also become the most important elements of style)
5. 5) (correct: Using metaphors and comparisons, the text becomes more emotional and brighter)
6.1) (correct: Contrary to popular belief, camels do not store water in their humps)
7. 2) (correct: Scientists have noticed that the Earth's ozone layer is thinning)
8. 1) (correct: He always respected his friends and sincerely admired them)
9. 1) (correct: One of the artists who applied plein air painting was)
10. 3) (correct: Thanks to the warm days of golden autumn, the forest seemed to rejuvenate, shone with gold leaves and a reddish network of birch branches)
11. 3) (correct: Three classmates: Victoria, Elena and Karina - were engaged in different sports sections)
12. 2) (correct: At the end of the 18th century, science became aware of the existence of an unusual mammal that lays eggs and incubates them: it was a platypus)
13. 3) (correct: The brave caretaker, risking his life, rushed across the galloping horse)
14. 4) (correct: M. Gorky wrote that he decorated a folk song and a fairy tale with the brilliance of his talent)
15. 1) (Correct: Mass media are now fined for using profanity)
Part 1
The answers to tasks 1–26 are a number (number) or a word (several words), a sequence of numbers (numbers).
Read the text and do tasks 1-3.
(1) In terms of urban amenities, Veliky Novgorod left behind many medieval cities of Western Europe. (2) B Western Europe the first pavements appear only at the end of the 12th century, and in Novgorod already in the 11th century all the streets, as well as courtyards inside the estates, were paved with wood. (3)<...>the famous Yaroslav's Court in Novgorod had the first water supply system in Northern Europe, through which pure spring water ran in wooden pipes.
1. Indicate the sentences that correctly convey the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.
The level of improvement in Veliky Novgorod in the Middle Ages was higher than in the cities of Western Europe at that time.
The first pavements in Western Europe appear several centuries earlier than in the cities of the Novgorod principality.
In Novgorod, the first water supply system in Europe with mechanical water supply to houses was built.
From the point of view of urban improvement, Veliky Novgorod left behind many medieval cities of Western Europe.
Already in the 11th century, all the streets in Novgorod were paved with wood, as well as courtyards inside the estates.
2. Choose your own introductory construction, which should be in place of the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text. Write down this introductory construction.
3. Read the fragment of the dictionary entry, which gives the meaning of the word RUN. Determine in what sense this word is used in the third (3) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.
RUN , run, run, run; run;nesov.
Move quickly, sharply pushing off the ground with the movements of the legs.B. trot.
To escape (to be saved) by flight.B. from captivity.
trans. Move quickly, pass, move.The clouds are running. The days are running.
About the watch: hurry, go ahead.
4. One of the following words has an accent error: WRONG the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted. Write out this word.
adolescence
speed up
sent
lived
busy
5. In one of the sentences below, the underlined word is WRONGLY used. Correct the lexical error by choosing a paronym for the highlighted word. Write down the chosen word.
All DIPLOMATS of the competition will take part in the next round.
He, as always, is BUSINESS, unsmiling, like a serious, frowning bird.
It was a pine cross, with feathers of brick and cranberry color, with a beak crossed like two curved BONE knives.
In order to somehow make up for the lack of movement and fresh air, Liza went for a walk to the pond.
Institute PRETERPEL by that time reorganization and downsizing.
6. Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error, excluding superfluous word . Write out this word.
When you commit an act, for which you may later be ashamed, you need to remember that someday you will get the effect of a reverse boomerang.
7. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
FAVORITE PROFESSORS
MOST RESOLVED
in TWO HUNDRED meters
on their territory
PICKED APPLE
GRAMMATICAL ERRORSSUGGESTIONS
8. Establish a correspondence between grammatical errors and sentences in which they are made: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
A) violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnoverB) violation of the species-temporal correlation of verb forms
C) violation in the construction of sentences by an inconsistent application
D) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate
E) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition
1) The garden paths, which had recently been sprinkled with even coarse gravel, crunched measuredly under Ilya Alexandrovich's feet.
2) The pony rode the kids in the zoo all day.
3) M. B. Barclay de Tolly was one of the military leaders who was awarded the Order of St. George for participating in the war against the French.
4) “Lady in Blue” (portrait of the artist E.M. Martynova) as a pure and delicate flower, which was brought from some unknown bright gardens.
5) Lightning sparkles brightly and lit up everything around.
6) Vanity and stupidity are ridiculed by I.A. Krylov in the fable "The Crow and the Fox".
7) Upon arrival in the city, we visited the Pskov Kremlin.
8) The brave caretaker, risking his life, rushed across the galloping horse.
9) The publication of the poem “Hanz Kühelgarten” written by Gogol while still at the gymnasium was met with ridicule by critics in St. Petersburg, after which Gogol burned all the books with this poem, taking them from the booksellers.
9. Indicate the answer options in which the unstressed vowel of the root, checked by stress, is missing in all words of one row. Write down the answer numbers.
1) r.. sloppy,eq..logy; w..betanie;
2) k..rrierist; op..rayas; to .. satelnaya;
3) pr.stizh;other..become,this..ketka;
4) zag..rely; k..ftan; stop .. ret (in horror);
5) thunder .. wait; sympathetic; those..retic.
10. Indicate the answer options in which the same letter is missing in all the words of one row. Write down the answer numbers.
1) not .. secondhand, not .. cheap, ra .. packaged
2) under .. tear, pr .. image, with .. observe
3) pr..possible, unrestricted..passionate, pr..ambula
4) super..gra, disinfection, infection, po..play
5) di..harmony, through..strip, non..flammable
11. Indicate the answer options in which the same letter is missing in both words of the same row. Write down the answer numbers.
1) Abkhaz .. cue, Belarusian .. cue;
2) head .. to, intelligence .. to;
3) cover ..chka, local history ..sky,
4) serviceable..out, aluminum..out;
5) camel..nok, zucchini..k
12. Indicate the answer options in which the same letter is missing in both words of the same row. Write down the answer numbers.
1) took out ..nny, covered ..sh, sowed ..nny
2) spray..sh, breathing..shchy, wounded..ny
3) moving .. my, jumped out .. sh, saw .. who
4) foaming (sea), (shelves) building, accelerating..t
5) hate .. sh, (clouds) driven .. my, forcing .. who
13. Define a sentence in which NOT with the highlighted word is written CLUTCH. Open the brackets and write out this word.
Potatoes in the gardens are still (NOT) DIGGED.
Little tragedies of an individual remain (NOT) NOTICED by anyone.
The teacher (NOT) ONCE told the children about the need to turn in essays on time.
This house is (NOT) BIG, but very cozy.
This pianist, who absolutely (NOT) CLAIMS for world fame, but at the same time has healthy ambitions, conquered the journalist.
14) Determine the sentence in which both underlined words are spelled ONE. Open the brackets and write out these two words.
I (THAT) HOUR went to the Tatarinovs in such a way that (WOULD) not catch Nikolai Antonovich.
SO (SAME), like other representatives of the Moscow world, Famusov appreciates rank and wealth, (FOR) THAT he is looking for a suitable party for his daughter.
It was a PRETTY (SO) big cat, but, (IN) OTHER, very peaceful.
The lecturer revealed the meaning of the SAME (SAME) concept, which (IN) THE CONSEQUENCE was analyzed at the seminar.
(B) AFTER Savelyeva they asked me, in addition (SAME), the task for both of us is enough
elk is not easy.
15) Indicate all the numbers in the place of which one letter H is written?
Intoxicated (1) with the glory of the title (2) singer Neja (3) oh, negada (4) o announced her
participation in the festival and was invited (5) to the jury.
16) Arrange punctuation marks. Write two sentences in which you need to put ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.
1) Heartfelt love for native places and snow-covered expanses beckons to itself, gives rise to thoughts about the bitterness of loss and anxiety for the future.
2) In the corner, he pulled the same note a hundred times and the tuner ran up with beaded arpeggios.
3) In the Meshchersky region, the sources of rivers and springs and groves and oak forests have become reserved.
4) The air is light and clean and the river is frozen.
5) Either thoughts or memories or dreams wandered in his head.
17)
The sea buzzed menacingly (1) standing out from all the noises of this disturbing (2) and sleepy night. Huge, lost in space (3) it lay deep below (4) far
whitening through the dusk (5) running to the ground (6) manes of foam. (I. B.)
18) Fill in all the missing punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentence.
Sometimes a thought will come that (1) seems (2) true, but you are afraid to believe it. However, then you see that that thought, which (3) may be (4) strange, is actually the simplest truth: once you know it, you can no longer stop believing in it.
19) Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentence.
Cold autumn shadows (1) wandered through the forest (2) trees (3) in which (4) froze in anticipation of winter.
20) Place all punctuation marks:indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentence.
Such fatigue set in (1) that (2) even if there were no order (3) to settle down to rest (4) people would not be able to take a single step further.
21) Find offers thatcolon are put in accordance with the same punctuation rule. Write down the numbers of these offers
1) Wide fields spread out behind our village. 2) We went along a narrow path straight to a distant birch grove: every year here you can pick up full baskets of delicious mushrooms. 3) The main thing is to be able to distinguish edible mushrooms from poisonous ones. 4) The day turned out to be without rain, and all the trees are illuminated by the bright rays of the warm sun. 5) It is quiet in the forest and the singing of birds is not heard, they are preparing for a journey to the south. 6) Walking through the forest, you can see that bright hats of russula can be seen from under the brown and yellow leaves, but we will pass by. 7) The guys and I decided in advance to collect only the most delicious mushrooms: fragrant white, red boletus, cute boletus, chanterelles and mushrooms. 8) They can be prepared in different ways: fry, salt for the winter.
Read the text and complete tasks 22–27.
(1) The Germans were expelled from Uman, and on the streets of the city, cars, armored personnel carriers and tanks abandoned by them in flight stood close, back to back. (2) The city still smelled of burning, that animal stuffy smell that the fleeing masses of people leave behind, and the stench of rotting food: there were barrels of cucumbers and cabbage in the trucks.
(3) On one of the streets, through the broken window of the lower floor, I saw piles of books piled on the floor. (4) The type of books always excites me, and I went into the room, in which I immediately identified the library by the shelves. (5) There seemed to be no one in the room, only peering, I saw the mournful figures of two middle-aged women sorting books in the next room. (6) Some of the books were already on the shelves. (7) I approached the women, and we met: one turned out to be the Russian language teacher Zinaida Ivanovna Valyanskaya, the other - the librarian of the regional library Yulia Alexandrovna Panasevich, and they dragged the books lying on the floor from the underground, where they survived the entire occupation. (8) I picked up one of the books - it was a textbook economic geography, but, turning over a few pages, I turned to the title of the book with bewilderment: it did not correspond to the content in any way.
(9) - We have a lot of work to do, - said one of the women, - the fact is that, on the orders of Gebitskommissar Opp, we had to destroy all the books on the attached list, - and she took out a whole pack of sheets with cramped typescript lines from the box: this There was a list of books to be destroyed. - (10) We pasted the title pages from old textbooks and various other books, and we managed to save almost everything that was to be destroyed, - the woman added with satisfaction, - so don't be surprised if the volume of Pushkin's works, for example, is called an embroidery guide .
(11) It was really so: two courageous women saved the entire district library by gluing other names into the books to be destroyed or putting them into other bindings. (12) And now they were sorting out their wealth, restoring what, by order of the appointed director of the library, Kramm, they had to tear to shreds.
(13) In Uman, in the premises of the district library, I was convinced of the immortality of the book.
(According to V.G. Lidin)
22. Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Specify answer numbers .
1) The narrator managed to find the necessary book, Zinaida Ivanovna Valyanskaya and Yulia Aleksandrovna Panasevich helped him in this.
2) The narrator picked up a textbook on economic geography, but, turning over it, found that the title of the textbook did not match the content.
3) Zinaida Ivanovna Valyanskaya and Yulia Alexandrovna Panasevich saved the entire district library.
4) The Germans had not yet been expelled from Uman, and on the streets of the city, their vehicles, armored personnel carriers and tanks stood close, back to back.
5) Gebitskommissar Oppa ordered the destruction of all the books on the attached list.
23. Which of the following statements are true? Specify answer numbers .
1) Sentences 7-8 contain a narrative.
2) Sentences 1-2 contain a description.
3) In sentences 9-10, reasoning is presented.
4) Proposition 13 is the output of the entire text.
5) Sentences 11-12 contain a description.
24) From sentences 5–8 write out the word with the meaning "Occupation by the armed forces of a state of territory not belonging to it"
25) Among sentences 9-13, find one (s) that is (s) connected with the previous one using a conjunction and a personal pronoun. Write the number(s) of this offer(s).
26) Read the review snippet. It examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the gaps with the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list.
“Recalling the years of the war, the author uses figurative and expressive means - tropes: (A) _______ (“ suffocating animal odor " in sentence 2, " mournful figures " in sentence 5), (B) _______ (" where they survived the entire occupation » in sentence 7). The author tries to most fully recreate the images of women left in his memory, and for this purpose uses syntactical device- (C) ________ (sentence 7) and (D) _______ (for example, in sentences 1, 2, 12)".
List of terms:
1) parceling
2) metaphors
3) rows of homogeneous members of the proposal
4) ellipsis
5) lexical repetition
6) dialogue
7) epithets
8) comparison
27. Write an essay on the read text. Formulate one of the problems posed by the author of the text. Comment on the formulated problem. Include in the comment two illustration examples from the read text that you think are important for understanding the problem in the source text (avoid over-quoting). Explain the meaning of each example and indicate the semantic relationship between them. Formulate the position of the author (narrator). Express your attitude to the author's position on the problem of the source text (agreement or disagreement) and justify it. The volume of the essay is at least 150 words. A work written without relying on the text read (not on this text) is not evaluated. If the essay is a paraphrase or a complete rewrite of the source text without any comments, then such work is evaluated with 0 points. Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting
KEYS:
Besideslived
Diploma winners
Reverse
gnawed
95628
135
Small
Immediately-to
134
124
235
124
occupation
7243
Problems: Author's position:
1. The role of books in human life 1) Books are immortal.
2. The problem of conservation 2) As long as there are people who know how to appreciate and want
3. The problem of love for books 3) The book is a source of knowledge, spiritual value
people.
Anastasia Romanova
Children's project "Pony - little horses"
Introduction___ 3
1.1. Pony story___ 5
1.2. Benefit or beauty ___6
1.3. How to properly care for a pony ___6
1.4. How to learn to care for a pony___7
2 Part. Practical.
2.1. Poll ___9
2.2. A trip to the horse farm___10
Conclusion ___12
References and Internet sources___13
Appendix 1-2___ 14-19
Introduction.
The project aims to develop cognitive processes child.
The project work is designed for adults and children who love animals and value friendship.
Relevance and choice of topic.
I really love the cartoon "My little pony. Friendship is the miracle!". It was from him that my understanding of what friendship is and how to cherish it began. I became so interested and close to the cartoon characters that my mom and dad, and all my relatives began to buy me figures of these wonderful and cute horses. I have almost all the cartoon characters in toys, books, coloring books, puzzles, and even in the decor of my room now there is Sparkle, which embodies the Element of Magic, Rarity - the Element of Generosity, Applejack - the Element of Honesty, Rainbow Dash - the Element of Loyalty, Fluttershy - the Element of Kindness and Pinkie Pie, who represents the Element of Laughter.
In the cartoon, all these horses are conscious, reasonable and quite adult characters, however, their height suggests otherwise - they are very small. And then I wondered if there really are little horses in a real non-cartoon life and whether they are as friendly as in a cartoon. I asked my mother if such horses really exist, and she showed me a photo of a pony that is slightly taller than me and said that this is her true size. It became very interesting for me to get to know these wonderful creatures closer. That's how this project came about.
Starting this work, I asked myself this question: “What do I know about ponies?” And, thinking about it, I realized that almost nothing. From my desire to get to know them better, the purpose of the project follows.
The purpose of the project: Find out if ponies are capable of friendship and whether it is useful for a person to communicate with them.
Project objectives:
Find out where and when ponies appeared ?;
Find out the appointment of a pony?;
Find out if a pony is a useful animal or is it kept for beauty?
How to take care of a pony?
Find out if ponies are capable of friendship?
Subject of study: features of a pony.
Research methods: study educational literature and Internet resources; survey of friends; own observations; generalization of results.
Hypothesis: I will assume that the pony - Good friends and they benefit people.
This is the practical significance of the study.
1 part. Theoretical. "Little Horses"
1.1. Pony history.
In encyclopedias and the Internet, my mother and I tried to find the answer to the question “Where did ponies first appear?”. (Appendix 1, photo 1)
A pony is such a very miniature horse that all small children are in love with. To be honest, the miniature pony acquired not from easy life. Initially, ponies had common ancestors with horses. But the lack of food, rocky soil, constant winds and an unfavorable climate led to the fact that the ponies became smaller, but no less hardy than their relatives in the animal world.
By the way, small horses (ponies) in their wild version are still preserved in certain areas.
It is believed that the first ponies appeared on the islands of Europe, northern Scandinavia and southern France. In the conditions of rocky islands, where constant wet winds of the Atlantic prevail and there is little vegetation for grazing, a breed of strong, undersized, shaggy, unpretentious horses has formed. It was in the south of France that the remains of the oldest horse, the solutre, were discovered. This is the prehistoric ancestor of very ancient horse breeds, of which modern ponies are direct descendants. To date, about 20 riding and light-draft pony breeds have been bred (Shetland, Welsh, Icelandic, Hokkaido, etc.). (Appendix 1, photo 2-5)
There are few people who do not smile with emotion when they see a short, stocky horse with sad eyes and satin ribbons woven into its mane. "Pony!" Children shout joyfully, and adults nod their heads, "Yes, it's a pony, almost a horse." But why almost? Is it just because she's small? In fact, a pony is also a horse, it just belongs to undersized breeds.
There is an opinion that a pony is a horse for children. However, initially ponies were bred and used to perform certain work. good example serves as a Shetland (or Shetland) pony, which got its name from the group of Shetland Islands, located far to the northeast of Scotland. These stocky and short-legged horses, whose height does not exceed 102-107 cm, are most often seen by a visitor to zoos, parks, horse rentals and schools.
The Shetland pony is famous for its huge force(in relation to the miniature sizes). It can carry a load twenty times its own weight. In the past, these ponies had to work in mines and coal mines underground. Almost 16,000 Shetland ponies worked in England alone. For 3,000 hours a year, a small horse pulled a heavily loaded trolley, transporting up to 3,000 tons per year and covering almost 5,000 km. Many ponies worked underground for years without seeing sunlight, almost without rising to the surface and inhaling soot and coal dust.
1.2. Benefit or beauty.
If earlier ponies were used to do hard work, now ponies can be seen in the park rolling children. I heard that pony riding is very good for health. My mother and I reviewed a lot of literature, blogs on the Internet, and I realized that the healing effect of horseback riding on people was known even under Hippocrates. At the end of the 18th century, the philosopher Denis Diderot wrote that in the first place among the many physical exercises is horse riding, which can cure various diseases. It was believed that the horse destroys the bad energy of a person and replaces it with good. Riding a bareback horse is exactly the same as walking training. Moreover, in order to maintain the correct posture, the rider must maintain balance, monitor the coordination of their movements. Consequently, the muscles are in full force (affected and healthy, often inactive). At the same time, riding improves fine motor skills, hones complex movements. These methods of hippotherapy (method of therapeutic riding) cannot repeat other exercises of movement methods of treatment.
Riding elongates and corrects the spine, removes stoop, strengthens overall muscle tone, stabilizes the vestibular apparatus, and eradicates dizziness. Actually fully customizable locomotor apparatus, blood flow and metabolic processes are normalized, the general tone of the body increases. (Appendix 1, photo 8)
The essential healing factors of horseback riding include the emotional impact that a person receives from communicating with an animal. Experts believe that nervous excitement quickly passes from stroking a horse on the nose or lips.
In addition to therapeutic riding, a pony helps a person in agriculture. They can transport vegetables and fruits on farms. (Appendix 1, photo 6)
It turns out that ponies are very useful for a person, but I’m also sure that it’s very nice to have such an animal.
1.3. How to properly care for a pony.
Any pet needs care, and a pony needs special care, because it's not a kitten, it's not a puppy, it's a horse!
Ponies, although small, are far from being classified as toys, since they, of course, are small in stature, but very a strong character, which can often be the envy of even the most thoroughbred horses.
In order to gain the trust and friendship of a little pony, it is necessary to make considerable efforts, because although they look rustic, however, in fact, ponies are very cunning cuties that require sincerity and genuine attention from a person.
Caring for ponies, just like horses, is not easy. For example, imagine that only the mane of a small horse needs to be washed and combed twice a day, otherwise the animal's coat will become tangled, and then there will be nothing to care for, since it will have to be completely cut. (Appendix 1, photo 7)
Have you ever seen a pony without a mane? Not? Then you're in luck, because the pony's already sad eyes become even sadder.
In addition, ponies do not tolerate dirt - this is a very clean animal that requires great attention to its care. In addition to washing and brushing their manes, ponies should be brushed daily with a stiff brush. And in pony boxing, the floor in the stable should be filled with straw, as it can take the stress and fatigue from the hooves that accumulate during the day.
In general, ponies are very fastidious horses. But if you do not take care of them and do not love sincerely, then you will never be able to know if ponies are capable of true friendship.
1.4. How to learn to care for a pony
Learning how to take care of a pony is very important for a good relationship to develop between you and your little horse. First of all, you need to study the literature about this, then ask adults to talk about how often you need to feed, bathe, and comb your ponies. The more we learn, the better we will understand why the animal behaves the way it does.
First you need to learn how to properly give a pony a treat, which can be a carrot or an apple. To do this, you need to hold out a treat in an open palm, but be sure to squeeze your fingers together - this will prevent the animal from accidentally biting your finger or palm.
Then we gradually try to take care of the pony - at these moments do not make any demands on the animal, then in the future the pony will happily meet you, expecting only pleasant things.
Ask your mom to let you walk the pony while she grazes on the lawn - this will help the animal see you as a friend, a creature that can be trusted and who brings only pleasure. It is necessary to establish rules for the treatment of ponies. Many young children need help understanding what ponies like and don't like. It is best to write down a list of peculiar rules for handling ponies on paper. For example, you can’t tease a pony, pull, beat, poke, pull by the tail, and so on, because no rough games are allowed with these animals! Also, you can not abruptly run up to the pony from behind, without warning about this in advance by voice.
Everyone must strictly understand that a pony has its own feelings, what it is creature. Horses and ponies are most often very attached to those people who take care of them, which is why we must understand that if we do something bad to a pony: hit or scream, then we will break the trust that arose between us with a little horse
And most importantly, to establish a good relationship between you and the pony is necessary only in the presence and control of the parents.
2 Part. Practical.
2.1. Poll.
To find out what others know about ponies, I decided to ask my friends about them.
Mom and I prepared a few questions:
1. Who are ponies?
2. Are they useful for humans? If yes, then what?
3. Are they capable of friendship?
The survey involved the guys in my group and some adults. (Appendix 2, photo 1-3)
Some girls (5 people) answered that ponies are characters from the cartoon "Friendship is a miracle." Some guys (3 people) - answered that ponies are animals that ride children in the park on holidays, and this is not a cat or a dog to be friends with a person.
My dad, Dmitry Kirillovich, said that ponies are small horses that appeared a very long time ago and helped a person to transport heavy loads in coal mines. As for friendliness, he said that if you behave like a real friend, then a pony can become your friend.
My grandmother, Tatyana Alexandrovna, told me that the small horses became because of the harsh climate, but after that they did not stop being horses. Ponies are very useful for a person, because if you stroke her, then you will become calmer. And after a hard day at work, a few minutes spent with a pony will do you good. They seem to charge you with positive emotions and energy. And they can also transport goods, although now, and this is good, they are no longer exploited like that. Regarding friendship, my grandmother said that any animal (but not wild) is capable of friendship, the main thing is to let him know that you are friendly.
Elena Vladimirovna (teacher from my kindergarten) said that a pony is a breed of horses. They are small in stature and are often used in the circus, parks for children to ride. Rarely in agriculture. Ponies are trusting and affectionate, devoted to their master. They are real friends!
I asked Elena Anatolyevna (my teacher) and she said that ponies are small horses that radiate goodness. They cheer up, please their appearance and appointment. Like all horses, they are capricious, each has its own character, but they are drawn to people and are capable of friendship.
2.2. A trip to the horse farm.
The more I learn about ponies, the more I want to get to know them better, which is why my parents brought me to the place where these horses live.
First meeting…
At first glance, it seems that the pony is a cutie, which is easy to approach and hug. But... but it really isn't. My new acquaintance, Sparkle, seemed very serious to me. First, I was offered to treat her with carrots. I took a carrot and handed it to her. Twilight carefully bit the carrot with her strong teeth and chewed it. I held out another carrot and she ate it again. It's funny to watch how a pony chews food. (Appendix 2, photo 4-6)
Walk…
Then we were offered to take a walk with Sparkle around the territory. Naturally, no one let me go alone - my parents and Aunt Marina were with me, she takes care of the horses and knows how to behave with them. I was walking next to the horse, holding a chumbur (a long rein, in a bridle, by which they tie or lead a horse) and she looked at me every now and then. Sparkle walked on the left side, Aunt Marina said that it was supposed to drive a pony that way. Walking was a little awkward - the lead should be held with the right hand next to the pony's head, and the end of the lead should be held with the left hand. You need to look ahead and keep at the shoulder of the pony all the time. I think Twilight got used to me a little.
See you soon…
So, after the first meeting, feeding and walking, we decided to take a break, because my new friend also needs to rest. In parting, I was allowed to pet Sparkle. After my discoveries today, it is no longer so scary, but very exciting. What if she does not understand my intentions and gets angry ... But when I began to stretch out my hand to her, Sparkle leaned her head against my palm. Oh, how nice it is to pet a little horse! "Bye, Sparkle!" I said goodbye to her. Without a doubt, I will come to visit her again! (Appendix 2, photos 7-9)
Visiting a friend...
Mom and I agreed that on weekends we would go to the horse farm to Iskorka. All week I thought what I would take with me to treat the horse, what I would wear. And now the long-awaited day has come. Early in the morning I packed my backpack, had breakfast and off we went. Sparkle was already walking. We went to her. I began to call her from afar, because you can’t approach any horse without announcing yourself with your voice. I even thought that Twilight recognized me. I reached out my hand to her nose, and she allowed herself to be stroked. Then she began to lower and raise her head, as if in her own way she greeted us. It's so funny! Mom cut an apple at home, and I fed it piece by piece to Twilight. Then we went for a walk, and I even managed to ride a pony. I felt at ease, like with a friend. I think the horse felt the same way. But I didn’t skate for a long time - suddenly it’s hard for Sparkle. I told her thank you and that she is smart. It seems to me that she understands everything ... I was even allowed to take her to the box in the stable and comb her mane! It's funny, but I definitely understood that Twilight trusted me, and we became friends with her. She confidentially allows herself to be combed, stroked on her nose, on her back, although she likes her nose more, as it seemed to me ...
Conclusion.
So, thanks to my research, I found the answers to my questions. With the help of the Internet, adults, encyclopedias, a survey, I learned a lot about the pony - a little horse!
My hypothesis was confirmed: ponies are capable of friendship, the main thing is to learn how to be a good friend yourself.
For many centuries, the horse has been a constant companion of man and has been used by him for a variety of purposes. People today make a variety of demands on the horse, depending on the economic direction. Some require speed in mastering circus numbers, others require obedience and entertainment for children in parks, and others require great traction and weight bearing. But before demanding anything, a person must learn how to handle a pony, find contact with her. It's really hard to overestimate the importance that a pony has in a person's life. This is an animal that not only helps in the household, but also makes it possible to adapt in a given situation, relieve stress or eliminate severe depression. In the end, a pony is an animal that can cure a person even from the most complex diseases. I tried to be a pony friend... And I think I succeeded.
At the end of my project, I want to introduce you to a pony poem that my mom and I wrote together!
Ponies are small horses.
Look, in a field smooth
Two horses nibbling grass.
Take a closer look you
Horse of strange height.
These little horses
Wonderful ponies!
In the circus arena
In the park, in the zoo
These horses make people happy.
And the ponies dream, standing in a smooth field,
So that people are kinder to horses!
List of literature and Internet sources.
1. Encyclopedia for children. Biology. A life. The world of plants and animals. Evolution and secrets of the living. Volume 2. - 5th ed., revised. and additional /Ch. ed. M. D. Aksyonova. - M. : Avanta +, 2002. - 704 p. : ill.
2. Encyclopedia of animals for kids / E. A. Alekseeva, E. A. Guricheva. - M. : ROSMEN - PRESS, 2013. - 144 p. : ill.
3. Encyclopedia “What is it? Who it?" Volume 2. - 3rd ed., revised. and additional - M .: Pedagogy - Press, 1993. - 416 p. (pp. 212 - 213).
4. Free Internet - Encyclopedia Wikipedia https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8
5. Article "The benefits of communicating with horses" http://detivsporte.ru/verkhovaya-ezda/verhovaya-ezda-na-poni
6. The first encyclopedia of animals for small why-behinds / T. V. Skiba, S. V. Rublev, Rostov n / D: Vladis, 2015. - 416 p. (pp. 192 - 193).
7. Article "Care for a pony" http://poroda-loshadey.ru/poni/kak-uchazhivat-za-poni
Establish a correspondence between grammatical errors and sentences in which they are made: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
| GRAMMATICAL ERRORS | SUGGESTIONS | |
A) violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover B) violation of the species-temporal correlation of verb forms C) violation in the construction of sentences by an inconsistent application D) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate E) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition | 1) The garden paths, which had recently been sprinkled with even coarse gravel, crunched measuredly under Ilya Alexandrovich's feet. 2) The pony rode the kids in the zoo all day. 3) M. B. Barclay de Tolly was one of the military leaders who was awarded the Order of St. George for participating in the war against the French. 4) “Lady in Blue” (portrait of the artist E.M. Martynova) as a pure and delicate flower, which was brought from some unknown bright gardens. 5) Lightning sparkles brightly and lit up everything around. 6) Vanity and stupidity are ridiculed by I.A. Krylov in the fable "The Crow and the Fox". 7) Upon arrival in the city, we visited the Pskov Kremlin. 8) The brave caretaker, risking his life, rushed across the galloping horse. 9) Without smart and kind books that we read in childhood, our inner world would be incomplete. |
Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:
| A | B | AT | G | D |
Explanation (see also Rule below).
A) a violation in the construction of a sentence with a participial turnover in sentence 3. This error is caused by the fact that the participle does not agree with the word to which it obeys, either in gender, or in number, or case.
Here is the correct spelling: M. B. Barclay de Tolly was one of the military leaders (what?) Awarded the Order of St. George for participating in the war against the French.
Rule 7.1.1 paragraph
7.1. USE OF PARTICIPIAL TERMS
INTRODUCTION
Participle turnover is a participle with dependent words. For example, in the sentence Graduates who successfully pass the exam become applicants
word Graduates- main word
surrendered - communion,
those who passed (how?) successfully and passed (what?) the exam are participle dependent words.
Thus, the participle turnover in this proposal - successfully passed the exam. If you change the word order and write the same sentence differently by placing a turnover before main word ( Successfully passed the exam Graduates become applicants), only the punctuation will change, and the turnover remains unchanged.
Very important: before starting work with task 7 for finding errors in a sentence with a participle, we advise you to solve and study task 16, which tests the ability to put commas with correctly constructed participial and adverbial phrases.
The purpose of the task is to find one such sentence in which grammatical norms are violated when using participle turnover. Of course, the search must begin with finding the sacrament. Remember that the participle you are looking for must certainly be in full form: the short form never forms a participle, but is a predicate.
To successfully complete this task, you need to know:
- rules for coordinating the participle and the main (or defined) word;
- the rules for the location of the participial turnover in relation to the main word;
- tense and type of participles (present, past; perfect, imperfect);
- participle pledge (active or passive)
We draw attention to that that in a sentence with a participial turnover, not one, but two or even three errors can be made.
Note for teachers: keep in mind that the authors of various manuals have different points of view on the classification, as well as on the types of errors that can be attributed to a certain type. The classification adopted at RESHU is based on the classification of I.P. Tsybulko.
We classify all types of possible grammatical errors when using participial turnover.
7.1.1 Violation of the agreement of the participle with the word being defined
The rule according to which single participles (as well as those included in the participle) are consistent with the main (= defined) word, requires setting the participle in the same gender, number and case as the main word:
About children (what?) returning from a trip; for the exhibition (what?) being prepared in the museum.
Therefore, we simply find a sentence in which there is a full participle, and its ending does not correspond to (or) gender, (or) case, (or) the number of the main word.
Type 1, the lightest
I got to chat with the guests present at the opening of the exhibition.
What is the reason for the error? The participle is not consistent with the word to which it must obey, that is, the ending must be different. We put the question from the noun and change the ending of the participle, that is, we agree on the words.
I had a chance to chat with guests(what IMI?), those present at the opening of the exhibition.
In these examples, the noun and its participle stand side by side, the error is easily seen. But this is not always the case.
type 2, harder
Consider sentences with a grammatical error.
I want to find the words to the song heard recently.
These sentences contain two nouns: author, books; lyrics. Which of them has a participle turnover attached to it? We think about meaning. What was published, the author or his book? What do you want to find, words or a song?
Here's the corrected version:
I want to find the lyrics of the song (which one?), heard recently.
Type 3, even harder
The endings of participles sometimes perform a very large semantic mission. We think about the meaning!
Let's compare two sentences:
The noise of the sea (which one?), which woke me up, was very strong. What woke up? It turns out that the sea. The sea cannot wake up.
The noise (what?) of the sea that woke me up was very strong. What woke up? Turns out it's noise. And the noise can wake up. This is the correct option.
I heard the heavy steps (what?) of a bear, chasing me. Footsteps cannot pursue.
I heard the heavy steps of a bear (what?), haunting me. The bear can chase. This is the correct option.
Children of employees (which ones?), having any diseases receive preferential vouchers to the sanatorium. The participle “having” refers to the word “employees”. It turns out that employees will have diseases, and the children of sick employees will receive vouchers. This is not the right option.
Children (what?) of employees, having any disease receive preferential vouchers to the sanatorium. The participle "having" refers to the word "children", and we understand that it is the children who have diseases and they need vouchers.
4 type, variant
Often there are sentences in which there are phrases of two words, the first of which is part of the whole, indicated by the second, for example: each of their participants, one of all, any of those named, some of them, some of the gifts.. A participial phrase can be attached to each of the nouns, depending on the meaning: in such phrases, the participle (participial phrase) can be agreed with any word. It will be a mistake if the sacrament "hangs" and has no connection with any of the words.
Consider sentences with a grammatical error.
Each participant who received maximum amount points, the right to perform one more number was granted.
The sacrament can be agreed with both the word "to each" and the word "participants".
To each (what?) of the participants, who received the maximum number of points, was granted the right to perform one more number
Each of the participants (which THEM?), who received the maximum number of points, was granted the right to perform one more number.
We draw attention to the fact that it will be a mistake to disagree with OR with the first word, OR with the second:
Incorrect: Each of the participants who received ... or Each of the participants who received ... This is not possible.
In explanations on DECIDE, the option of agreement with the ending THEM is more often used.
Similarly true: Part of the books (which THEM?), received as a gift will go as a gift.
Or Part (what) of books, received as a gift will go as a gift.
Incorrect: Part of the books received as a gift will go as a gift.
NOTE : this type of error when checking essays is considered a matching error.
7.1.2 Participle construction and place of the main word
In well-formed sentences with participial turnover the main (or defined word) cannot be inside the participial turnover. His place is either before or after him. Remember that this depends on the placement of punctuation marks !!!
Consider sentences with a grammatical error.
Submissions must be carefully checked documentation for examination.
We walked through the littered alley fallen leaves.
presenter the street the city was free.
Created novel young author caused lively controversy.
note: with this construction of the sentence, it is completely incomprehensible whether to put a comma.
Here's the corrected version:
Must be carefully checked documentation, submitted for examination. Or: You need to carefully check submitted for examination documentation.
We walked along alley, strewn with fallen leaves. Or: We walked along strewn with fallen leaves alley.
The street leading to the city was free. Or: Leading to the city the street was free.
7.1.3. Participle turnovers, including irregular forms of participles
In accordance with the norms of the formation of participles, in modern Russian literary language participle forms are not used in -sch, formed from perfective verbs with the meaning of the future tense: there are no words pleasing, helping, reading, able. In the opinion of the editors of DECIDE, such erroneous forms should be presented in task 6, but, since I.P. Tsybulko has similar examples, we consider it important to note this type too.
Consider sentences with a grammatical error.
Until I found human, able to help me.
A valuable prize awaits participant, finding the answer to this question.
These sentences need to be corrected, because future participles are not formed from perfective verbs. Participles do not have a future tense..
Here's the corrected version:
We replace the non-existent participle with a verb in the conditional mood.
Until I found someone who can help me.
A valuable prize awaits the person who finds the answer to this question.
7.1.4. Participle turnovers, including irregular forms of pledge of participles
This type of error was USE assignments past years (until 2015). In the books of I.P. Tsybulko 2015-2017 there are no such tasks. This type is the most difficult to recognize, and the error is due to the fact that the participle is used in the wrong voice, in other words, the real is used instead of the passive.
Consider sentences with a grammatical error.
Documentation, sent for examination
Competition, hosted by the organizers
Foam, pouring into the bath, has a pleasant aroma.
Here's the corrected version:
Documentation, sent for examination must be carefully checked.
Competition, organized by the organizers very much liked by the participants.
The foam that we pour into the bath has a pleasant aroma.
B) violation of the types of temporal correlation of verb forms in sentence 5 is caused by the fact that two homogeneous predicates have different time or view. Let's determine the type and tense of each predicate and decide which one to apply - the same. Both predicates must be put in the past tense.
Here is the correct spelling: Lightning flashed brightly and lit up everything around.
Rule 7.5.1 paragraph
7.5. VIOLATION OF THE TEMPORARY RELATIONSHIP OF VERBS AND VERB FORMS
INTRODUCTION
In order to complete this task and understand its significance, you need to remember what the time of the sentence and the moment of speech are.
Most of the events that are, or were, or will be discussed, are related to the moment of speech: they either last constantly, or now, or have been, or will be. Events can take place simultaneously or sequentially, be completed or incomplete. What parts of speech have the category of tense? Of course, these are verbs and their forms, participles and gerunds. What do we know about it?
All forms of the verb have the category of TYPE:
Imperfect, questions do not have a C prefix: what to do, what to do;
Perfect, questions have the prefix C: what to do, what to do.
The forms of the verb in the indicative mood have the category of TIME:
Present (for all forms);
Future (verbs only);
Past (for all forms).
If several verb forms occur in a sentence, whether it be two predicates, or a gerund and a predicate, or a participle and a predicate, they must necessarily correlate with each other in time and form. If this condition is violated, they speak of a violation of the types of temporal correlation or mismatch of times.
7.5.1 There are two homogeneous predicates in the sentence, unreasonably having different TIME.
This is the most common type of error in textbooks for preparing for the exam.
What does unreasonable mean? This means that there are no conditions for the use of predicates of different tenses. A requirement is made for homogeneous predicates: they must have ONE and the same time. I emphasize that in USE assignments, because in fiction and living colloquial speech there are deviations from this norm, but this is always stylistically justified.
Let's turn to examples.
It rained all night and stopped in the morning. What is wrong here? "pouring" the predicate of the present tense; "stopped" past tense. It is obvious that the message was written after the rain stopped, because at night it was not clear whether it would end in the morning. Therefore, the sentence must be corrected by putting both verbs in the past tense.
It rained all night and stopped in the morning. It will not be possible to make two predicates in the present tense: It rains all night and it STOPS in the morning, because in such a sentence the thought sounds that it always happens, constantly. Compare: The sun rises every morning and sets every night.
Grandmother knitted a scarf for her grandson and gives it for his birthday. It is not true, because it "tied" the past tense, but "gives" the present tense. Correct by putting both verbs in the past tense.
Grandmother knitted a scarf for her grandson and gave it to her for her birthday. First tied, and then gave. It is currently possible to put both predicates, but the meaning will change: Grandmother KNITs a scarf for her grandson and gives it to her for her birthday. It’s as if grandma is either constantly giving scarves, or someone is talking about it as an event in the past.
So: with homogeneous members-predicates, in the tasks of the USE, homogeneous predicates must have the same time.
7.5.2 There are two homogeneous predicates in the sentence, unreasonably having a different VIEW.
For homogeneous predicates, the rule applies:
If both actions occur at the same time or the time is not defined, then the view should be the same.
For example: Parents and children should learn to respect and understand each other's interests. What is wrong: to respect is an imperfect kind, to understand is a perfect one. We put both parts of the predicate in an imperfect form:
Parents and children must learn to respect and understand each other's interests.
It is not possible to put it in perfect: from the verb "respect" the form "respect" has a different meaning.
7.5.3 There are several homogeneous predicates in the sentence, unreasonably having a different TYPE and TIME.
Unfortunately, there are no hard and fast rules here. If actions occur sequentially, then there may be different correct options: it all depends on the meaning of the sentence.
I did not work for a long time due to illness, then I got a job several times in different companies, but now I make good money. The indicators of actions occurring sequentially are the words then, now. Let's analyze the types of verbs: I didn't work (non-Jewish), got a job (Non-Jewish), I earn (Non-Jewish).
I did not work for a long time due to illness, but then I got a job in a small company and now I make good money. The indicators of actions occurring sequentially are the words then, now. Let's analyze the types of verbs: I did not work (Non-Sov.), I got a job (Sov.), I earn (Non-Sov.).
I did not work for a long time due to illness, but then I got a job in a small company, earned an apartment. Indicators of actions occurring sequentially is the word later. Let's analyze the types of verbs: did not work (non-Sov.), got a job (Sov.), Earned (Sov.).
At the same time, there is no violation in the form of time neither in the first, nor in the second, nor in the third example. But in this example there is an error:
Mom listened to me carefully, then laughs and told a similar story.
Correct options:
Mom listened to me carefully, then LAUGHED and told a similar story.
Mom LISTENS to me carefully, laughs and TELLS a similar story.
Mom listened to me and LAUGHED, and then TOLD a similar story.
7.5.4 Between predicates complex sentence broken temporal-species correlation.
Since the two parts of a complex sentence are always grammatically connected, the ratio in time and form and tense of predicates is an unconditional requirement.
Let's look at the simplest examples.
When spring comes, streams flow. “Coming” - non-sov., present; “flowed” - owl., past. The same laws apply here as I do for homogeneous predicates.
This will be true:
When spring comes, streams FLOW.
When spring came, streams flowed.
Another error example:
We have put in so much effort and nothing is working. “applied” - owls, past; “It doesn’t work out” - Nesov., present.
This will be true:
We've put in so much effort and it hasn't worked.
We MAKE so much effort and nothing works.
7.5.4 Errors in sentences with gerunds associated with a violation of the types of temporal correlation
Here the condition is:
tense and aspect of the participle should not contradict the predicate in meaning.
Example with an error:
After preparing an omelette, put eggs in it. “having prepared” - owls, past; "put" is a verb in the imperative mood. To such a predicate, DO is allowed. But try this tip. Do you cook first and then put the eggs in? The error occurred because having prepared in the sentence it has a perfect form, that is, it denotes a completed additional action. In order for the recipe to be grammatically correct, we change the form of the gerund to imperfect.
When preparing an omelet, put the eggs first. (remove into it, it's not ready yet)
Similar example:
After reading the book, do not forget to bookmark it. “Having read” - Sov., Past; "don't forget" - imperative verb
Bookmarks are made while reading, that is, it will be true:
When reading a book, do not forget to bookmark it.
Another error:
After passing the essay, do not forget to check the difficult words for " Spelling Dictionary". Impossible to check after already handing in the work.
BUT handing over -
7.5.5 Errors in sentences with participles associated with a violation of the types of temporal correlation
can also be found in tasks. On the this moment there are no such examples in the manuals.
C) a violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application in sentence 6. The name of the fable, a proper name, is put in the nominative case if it is an application, that is, a second name. The first name is a fable.
Here is the correct spelling: Vanity and stupidity are ridiculed by I.A. Krylov in the fable "The Crow and the Fox".
Rule 7.2.1 paragraph
7.2. Violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application.
INTRODUCTION
An application is a definition expressed by a noun in the same case (that is, AGREED) as the word being defined. Characterizing the object, the application gives it a different name and claims that it has some additional feature. Applications can refer to any member of a sentence expressed by a noun, a personal pronoun, a substantiated participle and an adjective, as well as a numeral. For example: This is how Mikhail Vlasov lived, locksmith, hairy, sullen, with small eyes (M. G.); It was her Peterhof stranger(Paust.); The first, the eldest of all, Feda, you would give fourteen years old (T.); Mother and father rode from Siverskaya station, and we, children, went out to meet them (Nab.).
Note: Proper names used in a figurative sense (quoted in writing) are also applications, they are called UNAGREED in contrast to AGREED.
Also very often proper names written without quotes are applications.
The components of some types of compound words are not applications (although they resemble them in the form of connections): a) compound words that are terms (sofa bed, beam crane, novel-newspaper, museum-apartment, reading room), words, part of which are evaluative words (firebird, good boy, boy-woman, unfortunate leader, miracle fish).
UNAGREED APPENDICES, expressed by the code name.
7.2.1. Proper names - names used in a figurative sense (quoted in writing), are always applications if they refer to the word being defined, and are in the form of the nominative case, regardless of the case form of the word being defined. For example: Among the seven hundred sailors who landed from the battleship "Potemkin" on the Romanian coast, was Rodion Zhukov (Cat.); During the test of the tanker "Leningrad" shipbuilders launched another similar vessel - "Klaipeda". It is this type of application that is present in the tasks of the exam. Please note: as soon as the DEFINED word “leaves” the sentence (that is, book, magazine, picture, play, article, car, steamboat and so on), PROPER NAME ceases to be an application, compare: the history of the novel "Eugene Onegin" is the history of the creation of "Eugene Onegin"; Malevich made several copies of the "Black Square" - Kazimir Malevich's painting "Black Square" was created in 1915.
7.2.2 If we are talking about APPENDIX - a proper name, but written without quotes, then there is a very long set of rules governing their writing. Some groups of proper names agree with the word being defined, others do not. Fortunately, there were no such assignments on the Unified State Examination (at least until 2016).
Following these rules, one should write, for example,
On the planet Mars (not Mars);
On Lake Baikal (and not Baikal);
Behind Mount Elbrus (and not Elbrus).
On the Ganges (not the Ganges), but on the Moscow River (not the Moscow River).
For complete information on writing such appendices, please read any of Dietmar Rosenthal's textbooks on stylistic and literary editing.
D) the violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate in sentence 2 is that the word pony, which is the subject, is masculine, this word is indeclinable. Therefore, the predicate must be male.
Let's give the correct spelling: All day the pony rode in the zoo of kids.
Rule 7.3.4 paragraph
7.3. Agreement of the predicate with the subject
INTRODUCTION
Subject - main member suggestions, which is consistent with its predicate according to the laws of grammar.
The subject and predicate usually have the same grammatical forms of number, gender, person, for example: Clouds are rushing, clouds are winding; Invisible moon Illuminates the flying snow; The sky is cloudy, the night is cloudy.
In such cases, we can talk about the agreement of the predicate with the subject. However, the correspondence of the grammatical forms of the main members of the sentence is not necessary, there may be an incomplete correspondence of the grammatical forms of the main members: My whole life has been a guarantee of a faithful date with you.- correspondence of number forms, but different forms of gender; Your destiny is endless chores- inconsistency of number forms.
The grammatical connection of the main members of the sentence is considered as coordination. This grammatical connection is wider and freer than agreement. Different words can enter into it, their morphological properties do not have to correspond to each other.
When coordinating the main members of the sentence, the problem arises of choosing the forms of the number of the predicate, when the gender / number of the subject is difficult to determine. This section of the "Reference" is devoted to consideration of these issues.
7.3.1. In a complex sentence, pronouns act as subjects
If in a sentence (and not necessarily in NGN!) a pronoun is used as a subject, then you need to know a number of rules that prescribe how to correctly coordinate the predicate with it.
A) If the subject is expressed by the pronouns WHO, WHAT, NOBODY, NOTHING, SOMEONE, SOMEONE, WHOEVER, then the predicate is put in the singular form: For example: [Those ( who neglect the opinions of others) risk being left alone].
EXAMPLE 1 (Whoever comes), [everyone will know].
EXAMPLE 2 [No one knew (that the lesson was postponed).]
EXAMPLE 1 (Whoever comes, [everyone will know].
EXAMPLE 2 [No one knew (that the lesson was postponed).]
B) If the subject is expressed by a pronoun in plural TE, ALL, the predicate is put in the plural form. If the subject is expressed by pronouns in singular THAT, TA, TO, the predicate is put in the singular form. For example: [ THOSE (who graduated with honors) are more likely to enter a university free of charge].
This proposal is built on the following model:
[Those (who + the predicate), ... the predicate ...]. And this is the most common model in which it is proposed to find an error. Let's analyze the structure of a complex sentence: in the main sentence, the pronoun “those” is the subject, pl. h; "have" -predicate, pl. This is in line with rule B.
Now attention to the subordinate clause: “who” is the subject, “finished” is the predicate in the singular. This is in accordance with rule A.
Consider sentences with a grammatical error:
EXAMPLE 1 [Everyone (who purchased tickets at the box office) must independently check in for the flight].
EXAMPLE 2. [Those (who have ever seen Northern Lights), will no longer be able to forget this extraordinary phenomenon].
EXAMPLE 3. [Those (who are planning a vacation for the summer) buy tickets in the spring].
Here are the corrected versions:
EXAMPLE 1 [Everyone (who purchased tickets at the box office) MUST check in for the flight on their own].
EXAMPLE 2. [Those (who have seen the northern lights at least once) will no longer be able to forget this extraordinary phenomenon].
In examples 1 and 2, the error is easy to see: it is enough to throw out the subordinate clause. In the following example, the error often goes unnoticed.
EXAMPLE 3. [Those ( who are planning a vacation for the summer) buy tickets in the spring].
C) If the subject is expressed by the phrase ONE OF .., EACH OF ..., NONE OF .. then the predicate is put in the singular form. If the subject is expressed by the phrase MANY FROM ..., SOME FROM ..., ALL FROM .. then the predicate is put in the plural form. For example: [None of those (who won a prize) wanted to go to the republican competition].
Consider sentences with a grammatical error:
EXAMPLE 4 [Many of those (who have been to Mikhailovsky Park) were amazed at the size of the old estate trees].
EXAMPLE 5 [Each of us (who has been in a similar situation) certainly thought about ways out of it].
EXAMPLE 6 [Each of the parties (which presented its project) defended its advantages over other projects].
Here are the corrected versions:
EXAMPLE 4 [Many of those (who have been to Mikhailovsky Park) were amazed at the size of the old manor trees].
EXAMPLE 5 [Each of us (who has been in a similar situation) certainly thought about ways out of it].
EXAMPLE 6 [Each side, (who presented her project), defended its advantages over other projects].
D) If the sentence contains a turnover of WHO, HOW NOT .., the predicate is put in the singular masculine form. For example: Who, if not parents, SHOULD teach children the ability to communicate?
This turnover can be considered as clarifying, see other examples in clause 7.3.3, part B.
Consider sentences with a grammatical error:
EXAMPLE 7 Who, if not we, should worry about the cleanliness of our cities?
EXAMPLE 8 Who, if not your mother, taught you a model of endurance and love of life?
Here are the corrected versions:
EXAMPLE 7 Who, if not us, should worry about the cleanliness of their cities?
EXAMPLE 8 Who, if not your mother, taught you a model of endurance and love of life?
7.3.2 Predicate coordination with subject, expressed word or combination of words with the meaning of quantity
When coordinating the main members of the sentence, the problem arises of choosing the forms of the number of the predicate, when the subject points to many objects, but appears in the singular.
A) The role of the subject is the collective name of nouns and words close to them in meaning.
Collective nouns designate a set of homogeneous objects or living beings as an indivisible whole: FOLIAGE, DUBNYAK, ASPEN, CHILDREN, STUDENTS, TEACHER, PROFESSORIES, PEASANTS. They have the form of only the singular, are not combined with quantitative numbers and with words denoting units of measure, but can be combined with the words a lot / little or how much: LITTLE RELATIONS, A LITTLE LEAVES, A LOT OF MOSHKORA.
The words PEOPLE, PACK, ARMY, GROUP, CROWD can also be attributed to them in terms of the meaning of collectiveness; THOUSAND, MILLION, HUNDRED; TROIKA, PAIR; DARKNESS, DEEP, LOTS AND OTHERS
The subject, expressed by a collective noun, requires the predicate to be set only in the singular form:
For example: The children frolicked in the courtyard of the house; young people often take the initiative.
Subject expressed by a noun type GROUP, CROWD also requires setting the predicate only in the singular form:
For example: A group of festival participants shared their impressions; a trio of horses rushed under the windows
Consider sentences with a grammatical error:
EXAMPLE 1. Within three recent years the leadership of the Central and regional markets have repeatedly filed complaints with higher organizations.
EXAMPLE 3. A couple of lovers were sitting on a bench.
Here are the corrected versions:
EXAMPLE 1. Over the past three years, the leadership of the Central and regional markets have repeatedly filed complaints with higher organizations.
EXAMPLE 3. A couple of lovers were sitting on a bench.
B) The subject is a collective noun with a quantitative meaning
The nouns MOST, MINORITY, PLENTY, SERIES, PART, despite the grammatical form of the singular, denote not one object, but many, and therefore the predicate can take not only the form of the singular, but also the plural. For example: On this pond ... an innumerable number of ducks were hatched and kept; Many hands are knocking on all the windows from the street, and someone is breaking on the door. Which form would you prefer?
The subject, which has in its composition the collective nouns MOST, MINORITY, Plenty, ROW, PART, requires the predicate to be set only in the singular form, if:
a) there are no dependent words from the collective noun
Part went on vacation, and part remained; many scatteredAxis, a minority remainedAxis
b) the collective noun has a singular dependent word
With a subject that has in its composition the words MOST, MINORITY, PLENTY, SERIES, PART, you can put the predicate both in the plural form and in the plural, if the noun has a dependent word in the plural:
Most students passed the test; a number of participants demonstrated excellent knowledge.
Some of the books were purchased for the library; a number of objects delivered ahead of schedule
The plural of the predicate in such constructions usually indicates the activity of the actors.
Consider the cases in which the use of the plural of the predicate is allowed and permissible.
| The predicate is put | |
| in the singular, if | plural, if |
| The activity of animated persons is not emphasized: Part of the conference participants did not accept participation in the discussion | Activity is highlighted. The subject is animate. Most writers strongly rejected editor fixes. Most students are good answered on the lesson. |
| Activity is not emphasized, the passive participle indicates that the object itself does not perform the action. Row of workersattracted to responsibility. | Activity is emphasized in the presence of participial or participle turnover. |
| Activity is not emphasized, subject is inanimate Most Items lay in disarray A number of workshops manufactures parts for our workshop. | Activity is also indicated by a number of homogeneous members: Majority editors, proofreaders, authors, reviewers studied these documents. Most editors got order, got acquainted with its content and done necessary conclusions. A number of homogeneous predicates. |
Nevertheless, it must be taken into account that the singular form of the predicate is more in line with the tradition of book-writing styles and the use of the plural form of the predicate must be clearly justified. An error in the tasks of the exam will be the unreasonable setting of the predicate in the plural.
Consider sentences with a grammatical error:
EXAMPLE 4 Most of the tasks were not done correctly enough.
EXAMPLE 5 A number of events will be held in Yelets, Voronezh, Orel.
EXAMPLE 6 A lot of poems by this author were published in the series "Children's Library"
Here are the corrected versions:
EXAMPLE 4 Most of the tasks were not completed correctly. The predicate in the form of a passive participle indicates the passivity of the actor.
EXAMPLE 5 A number of events will be held in Yelets, Voronezh, Orel. Events cannot act on their own, so the predicate must be used in the singular.
EXAMPLE 6 Many poems by this author were published in the Children's Library series.. The predicate in the form of a passive participle indicates the passivity of the actor.
C) The combination of a numeral with a noun acts as a subject
With a subject expressed by a quantitative-nominal combination, the same problem arises: in what number is it better to use the predicate. In Chekhov we find: Some three soldiers stood side by side at the very descent and were silent; He had two sons. L. Tolstoy preferred the following forms: Three peasants and a woman sat in the sleigh; Two feelings fought in his soul - good and evil.
Note: In the USE assignments, such cases do not occur, since there is a high possibility of incorrect classification of the type of error - such cases can be attributed to an error in the use of a numeral. Therefore, we confine ourselves to remarks general and note the most serious mistakes made in written works.
With a subject that has in its composition a numeral or a word with the meaning of quantity, you can put the predicate both in the plural form and in the singular:
Five years have passed; ten graduates have chosen our institute
The use of different forms depends on the meaning that the predicate brings to the sentence, activity and generality of action is emphasized by the plural. number.
The predicate is usually put in the singular if
In the subject, a numeral ending in "one":
Twenty-one students of our institute are included in the city's volleyball team, but Twenty-two (three, four, five...) students of our institute are members of the city's volleyball team
If the message fixes this or that fact, the result, or when the message is given an impersonal character:
Twenty-two suits sold; Three or four students will be transferred to another class.
The predicate is expressed by a verb with the meaning of being, presence, existence, position in space:
Three kingdoms stood before her. The room had two windows with wide window sills. Three windows of the room faced north
Wrong: Three kingdoms stood. There were two windows with wide window sills in the room. Three windows of the room faced north.
A single number, which creates an idea of a single whole, is used to designate a measure of weight, space, time:
Thirty-four kilograms of drying oil will be required to paint the roof. Twenty-five kilometers remained until the end of the journey. A hundred years have passed. However, already, it seems, eleven o'clock struck. Five months have elapsed since
Wrong: Thirty-four kilograms of drying oil will be required to paint the roof; Twenty-five kilometers remained until the end of the journey. A hundred years have passed. However, already, it seems, eleven o'clock has struck. Five months have elapsed since then.
With a subject expressed by a complex noun, the first part of which is the numeral sex-, the predicate is usually put in the singular, and in the past tense - in the middle gender, For example: half an hour will pass, half a year has flown by, half the city participated in the demonstration.
Wrong: half the class participated in the competition, half an hour will pass
7.3.3 Coordination between subject and verb separated from each other
Between the subject and the predicate there may be secondary separate members proposals specifying members, subordinate clauses. In these cases, it is necessary to strictly observe general rule: the predicate and the subject must agree.
Let's consider special cases.
A) Coordination of the subject and the compound nominal predicate in a sentence built according to the “noun. is a noun.”
Note for the teacher: this type of error in the SPP is noted in his manual "How to get 100 USE points" (2015) by I.P. Tsybulko, while in the "Handbook of Spelling and Literary Editing" by D. Rosenthal, such an error is called a construction shift in a complex sentence.
The nominal part of the predicate in a sentence built according to the noun + noun model must be in the nominative case.
For example: [First, (what you should learn) is highlighting the basis of the sentence].
The grammatical basis of the main clause consists of the subject first and predicate selection. Both words are in the nominative case.
And this is what it looks like proposal with an error: [The first (what should be learned) is the selection of the basis of the sentence]. Under the influence of the subordinate clause, the predicate received the genitive case, which is a mistake.
Consider sentences with a grammatical error:
EXAMPLE 1 [The main thing (what you need to pay attention to) is the ideological side of the work]
EXAMPLE 2 [The last thing (to stop) is the composition of the book]
EXAMPLE 3 [The most important (what is worth striving for) is the fulfillment of a dream]
Here are the corrected versions:
EXAMPLE 1 The main thing (what you need to pay attention to) is the ideological side of the work]
EXAMPLE 2 [The last (what should be stopped) is the composition of the book]
EXAMPLE 3 [The most important (what is worth striving for) is the fulfillment of a dream]
B). Coordination of the predicate with the subject, in which there are clarifying members.
In order to clarify the subject, sometimes clarifying (explaining turns), connecting members of the sentence, separate additions are used. Yes, in the proposal Competition Jury, including representatives of a cosmetic company selected from the audience, could not determine the winner the highlighted turnover is a connecting one(in other manuals it is called clarifying).
The presence in the sentence of any member that specifies the meaning of the subject does not affect the number of the predicate. Such turns are attached with the words: EVEN, ESPECIALLY, INCLUDING, FOR EXAMPLE; EXCEPT, INCLUDING, INCLUDING and the like. For example: Editorial Board, including the editors of the Internet portal, is in favor of reorganization.
Consider sentences with a grammatical error:
EXAMPLE 4. The entire team, including dancers and jugglers, spoke out in favor of participating in the competition.
EXAMPLE 5. The whole family, and especially the younger children, was looking forward to the arrival of their grandfather.
EXAMPLE 6. School administration including members parent committee, were in favor of holding an extended parent-teacher meeting.
Here are the corrected versions:
The mistake is easy to see if you throw out the subordinate clause.
EXAMPLE 4 The whole team, including dancers and jugglers, spoke out in favor of participating in the competition.
EXAMPLE 5 The whole family, and especially the younger children, was looking forward to the arrival of their grandfather.
EXAMPLE 6 The school administration, including members of the parent committee, advocated holding an expanded parent meeting.
7.3.4 Coordination of the predicate with the subject, the gender or number of which is difficult to determine.
For the correct connection of the subject with the predicate, it is very important to know the gender of the noun.
A) Certain categories or groups of nouns have difficulty in determining the gender or number.
The gender and number of indeclinable nouns, abbreviations, conditional names and a number of other words are determined by special rules. For the correct coordination of such words with the predicate, you need to know their morphological features.
Ignorance of these rules cause errors: Sochi became the capital of the Olympics; cocoa is cold; shampoo is over; the university announced the enrollment of students, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs reported
Need: Sochi has become the capital of the Olympics; cocoa has cooled down; shampoo is over, the university announced a set of students, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs reported
Nouns, the gender/number of which is difficult to determine, are discussed in the section. After studying the above material, you will be able to successfully complete not only task 6, but also 7.
Consider sentences with errors
EXAMPLE 1. The parcel was sent at the beginning of the week.
In the sentence, the word "package" is the subject, feminine. The predicate "was sent" is in the masculine. This is mistake. We fix: The parcel was sent at the beginning of the week
EXAMPLE 2. The tulle harmonized perfectly with the color of the upholstered furniture.
In the sentence, the word "tulle" is the subject, masculine. The predicate "approached" is in the feminine. This is mistake. We fix: The tulle harmonized perfectly with the color of the upholstered furniture.
EXAMPLE 3. The UN has met for another meeting.
In the sentence, the word "UN" is the subject, feminine (organization). The predicate "gathered" is on average. This is mistake. We fix: The UN met for a regular meeting.
EXAMPLE 4. Foreign Ministry announced participation in the meeting
In the sentence, the word "MIA" is the subject, it does not change. When decrypted, we get "Ministry
Foreign Affairs". Keep in mind that this word refers to the masculine gender. The predicate "reported" is on average. This is mistake. We fix: The Foreign Ministry announced its participation in the meeting.
EXAMPLE 5. Moskovsky Komsomolets published a rating best universities countries.
In the sentence, the phrase "Moskovsky Komsomolets" is the subject, this is a conditional Russian name, a masculine word, like the word "Komsomolets". The predicate "printed" is in the feminine. This is mistake. We correct: Moskovsky Komsomolets published a rating of the best universities in the country.
EXAMPLE 6. Tbilisi attracts tourists .
In the sentence, the word "Tbilisi" is the subject, it is an invariable code name. It is a masculine word, like the word "city". The predicate "attract" is plural. This is mistake. We fix: Tbilisi attracts tourists.
B) Coordination of the predicate with the subject with the meaning of the profession
With a masculine noun denoting a profession, position, rank, etc., the predicate is put in the masculine gender, regardless of the gender of the person in question. For example: the teacher made a report, the director called an employee
With proposals will be wrong, in which the teacher made a report, the director called an employee .
Note: if there is a person's own name, especially a surname, in which the indicated words act as applications, the predicate is consistent with own name: Teacher Sergeeva gave a lecture. More on this point below, 7.3.5
7.3.5 Subject is appendix
An application is a definition expressed by a noun that agrees with the word being defined in the case: city (what?) Sochi, bird (what?) hummingbird, website (what?) "ReshuEGE"
As a general rule, the predicate agrees with the subject, and the presence of an application in the form of a different kind or number in the last does not affect agreement.
For example: The plant, this grand colossus, seemed to be a ship of unheard-of dimensions too. The suggestion would be wrong. The plant, this grandiose colossus, it seemed, was also a ship of unheard of dimensions. .
If the subject has an application, then, first of all, it is necessary to find out which of the words is the subject and which is the application, and then put the predicate in one way or another.
Table 1. Application and subjects are written separately. When combining a generic name and a specific or specific and individual subject, the word denoting a broader concept is considered, and the predicate is consistent with it. Here are some examples:
Application is a common noun:
the rose flower smelled marvelously; the oak tree has grown; kharcho soup is cooked
Application - proper noun
the Dnieper river has flooded; newspaper "Moscow's comsomolets" came out; Barbos dog barked
Exception: last names of people. In pairs, engineer Svetlova reported, Doctor of Science Zvantseva came out, head teacher Marina Sergeevna noted proper nouns are subject.
Table 2. The subject is compound noun, forms terms, in which one part resembles an application in function. In these cases, the leading (defined) word is the word that expresses a broader concept or specifically designates an object.
The predicate agrees with the first word, both words change
an armchair-bed stood in the corner; the factory-laboratory fulfilled the order; invoice issued in a timely manner; theater-studio brought up a lot of actors; attention was attracted by a table-poster; romance song became very popular
The predicate agrees with the second word, the first word does not change:
cafeteria is open(dining room is a broader concept); vending machine open(in this combination the carrier specific meaning stands part of the diner); raincoat tent lay(tent in the form of a raincoat, not a raincoat in the form of a tent); "Roman-newspaper" was published in large circulation(newspaper is a broader name).
EXAMPLE 1 ice cream cake cut into equal pieces .
The compound noun "ice cream cake" after the main, more general word "cake" is masculine, therefore: Ice cream cake cut into equal pieces
EXAMPLE 2 The story "Children of the Underground" was written by V.G. Korolenko. .
The conditional name is an application, so you need to coordinate the predicate with the word "story": The story "Children of the Underground" was written by V.G. Korolenko.
EXAMPLE 3 A tiny dog, quite a puppy, suddenly barked loudly. .
The subject is the word "dog", it is feminine, therefore: A tiny dog, quite a puppy, suddenly barked loudly.
EXAMPLE 4 Yesterday the young teacher Petrov gave his first lecture. .
The subject is the surname "Petrova", it is feminine, therefore: Yesterday, the young teacher Petrova gave her first lecture.
A) The sentence has homogeneous subjects and one predicate
If the predicate refers to several subjects, not connected by unions or connected by a connecting union, then the following forms of coordination apply:
The predicate after homogeneous subjects is usually plural:
Industry and agriculture in Russia are steadily developing.
The predicate that precedes homogeneous subjects usually agrees with the nearest of them:
In the village there was a clatter and screams
If there are divisive or opposing unions between the subjects, then the predicate is put in the singular.
Experienced fear or instant fright in a minute seems both funny, and strange, and incomprehensible. Not you, but fate is to blame.
Consider sentences with errors:
EXAMPLE 1 Passion for sports and a tough daily routine did their job. .
Two subjects, the predicate comes after a series of homogeneous members, so it must be in the plural: Passion for sports and a tough daily routine did their job.
EXAMPLE 2 Not reason, but fear suddenly took possession of me. .
Two subjects, with the union a, the predicate must therefore be in the singular: Not reason, but fear suddenly took possession of me.
EXAMPLE 3 In the distance, the familiar noise and loud voices could be heard. .
Two subjects, the predicate is in front of a number of homogeneous members, therefore it should be in the singular: In the distance there was a familiar noise and loud voices.
B) The combination in the subject of a noun in the nominative case with a noun in the instrumental case (with the preposition c) like “brother and sister”
Setting the predicate in the plural or singular depends on what meaning is given to the phrase: joint action or separate.
When combined in the subject of a noun in the nominative case with a noun in the instrumental case (with the preposition c) like “brother and sister”, the predicate is put:
in plural, if both named objects (persons) act as equal action producers(both are subject);
Pasha and Petya had been waiting for their mother's return for a long time and were very worried.
in the singular, if the second object (person) accompanies the main producer of the action ( is an addition):
The mother and child went to the clinic. Nikolai and his younger sister came later than everyone else.
Only in the singular in the presence of the words TOGETHER, TOGETHER:
My father left the city with his mother.
Only in the singular with the subject expressed by the pronoun I, YOU
I will come with a friend; you had a fight with your mom
Consider sentences with errors:
EXAMPLE 1 My brother and his friends went to the beach. .
With the word "together" the predicate cannot be plural: My brother and his friends went to the beach.
EXAMPLE 2 Ruslan and I will come to class today. .
With the subject I (+ someone else), the predicate cannot be plural: Ruslan and I will come to class today. Or: Ruslan and I will come to class today.
EXAMPLE 3 You and your sister will live in this room. .
With the subject you (+ someone else), the predicate cannot be plural: You and your sister will live in this room.Or: You and your sister will live in this room..
E) the incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition in sentence 8 is that after the preposition "across" nouns are used only in the form of the dative case WHAT? and in no other, for example:
Here is the correct spelling: The brave caretaker, risking his life, rushed across (what?) The galloping horse.
Rule 7.7.1 paragraph
7.7 MISUSE OF THE CASE FORM OF A NOUN WITH A PREPOSITION
This type includes incorrectly constructed sentences with derivative prepositions and the non-derivative preposition "po".
7.7.1 The use of the correct case form of a noun with derivative prepositions "thanks", "according to", "contrary", "similarly", "in defiance", "across"
After the prepositions “thanks”, “according to”, “contrary”, “similarly”, etc. nouns are used only in the form of the dative case (to whom? to what?) and in no other.
Consider sentences with an error:
Example 1 Real success can only be achieved through (what?) perseverance, determination and (what?) deep knowledge of a person. If the words "persistence, purposefulness" are in the dative case (which is true!), then the phrase "deep knowledge" is used in genitive case, it needs to be corrected by writing "deep knowledge".
Example 2 According to (what?) Traditions prevailing in the fleet, the passage through the equator was considered a significant event. We replace the case: according to (what?) “established traditions”.
Example 3 It was decided to work on the strait, contrary to (what?) established rules, not in summer, but in winter. We replace: "against the established rules."
Note 1 . The preposition "thanks" is used only when it comes to the reasons that caused a positive result. Therefore, turns with this pretext in combination with something negative should be considered unsuccessful: Thanks to the death of my mother, I grew up early. In this sentence, you need to use a simple preposition "because of".
Note 2 . The preposition "thanks" is called derivative because it was formed from the gerund "thanks". And they are completely different parts of speech. By the gerund we pose the question “what are you doing?” and highlight with commas either as a single, or as part of a participial turnover.
Compare: He successfully defended his thesis and, (what was he doing?) thanks to (who?) the project manager and (who else?) comrades for help and support, he left the audience. The gerund "thanks" is an additional action to the predicate "left".
He successfully defended his thesis thanks to (what?) the help of the project manager and comrades. There is no way to put the question “what by doing”, this is not an additional action, this is a pretext. And there are no commas. A comma in sentences with the word "thanks" can serve as a hint: it does not happen with a preposition.
7.7.2 With a noun there is a preposition "by"
The non-derivative preposition "by" in the meaning "after something" is used with a noun only in the form of a prepositional case, not a dative
Therefore, the following sentences are constructed not right:
Upon arrival Yu in Moscow, he felt ill.
Upon arrival at In Venice, I immediately visited several of my old acquaintances.
Upon completion Yu construction workers left the facility in perfect order.
Upon completion Yu courses in English i got the certificate.
In these sentences, the preposition “by” means “after something”, so the word after it had to be used in the prepositional form, not the dative case:
upon arrival in Moscow (= after arriving in Moscow), upon arrival in Venice (= after arriving in Venice), upon completion of construction (= after completion of construction), upon completion of courses (= after completion).
The following construction of these sentences would be correct:
Upon arrival in Moscow, he felt unwell.
Upon arrival in Venice, I immediately visited several of my old acquaintances.
Upon completion of construction, the workers left the facility in perfect order.
At the end of the English language courses, I received a certificate.
Remember:
upon arrival (= after arrival),
upon arrival (= after arrival),
upon completionAnd (= after completion),
at the end (= after the end).
7.7.3 With a noun, there is a derivative preposition “in view of”, “due to”, “in case”, “subject to”, “by means of” and others
These prepositions also arose as a result of the transition from independent parts of speech and require the genitive case from the nouns behind them.
In view of (whom? what?) bad weather;
Due to (whom? what?) frosts;
In case of (whom? what?) success
Answers in alphabetical order:
| A | B | AT | G | D |
| 3 | 5 | 6 | 2 | 8 |
Answer: 35628
Part 1
The answers to tasks 1–26 are a number (number) or a word (several words), a sequence of numbers (numbers).
Read the text and do tasks 1-3.
(1) In terms of urban amenities, Veliky Novgorod left behind many medieval cities of Western Europe. (2) In Western Europe, the first pavements appear only at the end of the 12th century, and in Novgorod, already in the 11th century, all the streets, as well as courtyards inside the estates, were paved with wood. (3)<...>the famous Yaroslav's Court in Novgorod had the first water supply system in Northern Europe, through which pure spring water ran in wooden pipes.
1. Indicate the sentences that correctly convey the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.
- The level of improvement in Veliky Novgorod in the Middle Ages was higher than in the cities of Western Europe at that time.
- The first pavements in Western Europe appear several centuries earlier than in the cities of the Novgorod principality.
- In Novgorod, the first water supply system in Europe with mechanical water supply to houses was built.
- From the point of view of urban improvement, Veliky Novgorod left behind many medieval cities of Western Europe.
- Already in the 11th century, all the streets in Novgorod were paved with wood, as well as courtyards inside the estates.
2. Choose your own introductory construction, which should be in place of the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text. Write down this introductory construction.
3. Read the fragment of the dictionary entry, which gives the meaning of the word RUN. Determine in what sense this word is used in the third (3) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.
RUN , run, run, run; run; nesov.
- Move quickly, sharply pushing off the ground with the movements of the legs. B. trot.
- To escape (to be saved) by flight. B. from captivity.
- trans. Move quickly, pass, move.The clouds are running. The days are running.
- About the watch: hurry, go ahead.
4. One of the following words has an accent error: WRONG the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted. Write out this word.
adolescence
speed up
sent
lived
busy
5. In one of the sentences below, the underlined word is WRONGLY used. Correct the lexical error by choosing a paronym for the highlighted word. Write down the chosen word.
- All DIPLOMATS of the competition will take part in the next round.
- He, as always, is BUSINESS, unsmiling, like a serious, frowning bird.
- It was a pine cross, with feathers of brick and cranberry color, with a beak crossed like two curved BONE knives.
- In order to somehow make up for the lack of movement and fresh air, Liza went for a walk to the pond.
- Institute PRETERPEL by that time reorganization and downsizing.
6. Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error,eliminating the redundant word. Write out this word.
When you commit an act, for which you may later be ashamed, you need to remember that someday you will get the effect of a reverse boomerang.
7. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
FAVORITE PROFESSORS
MOST RESOLVED
in TWO HUNDRED meters
on their territory
PICKED APPLE
GRAMMATICAL ERRORS | SUGGESTIONS |
8. Establish a correspondence between grammatical errors and sentences in which they are made: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
A) violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover B) violation of the species-temporal correlation of verb forms C) violation in the construction of sentences by an inconsistent application D) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate E) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition | 1) The garden paths, which had recently been sprinkled with even coarse gravel, crunched measuredly under Ilya Alexandrovich's feet. 2) The pony rode the kids in the zoo all day. 3) M. B. Barclay de Tolly was one of the military leaders who was awarded the Order of St. George for participating in the war against the French. 4) “Lady in Blue” (portrait of the artist E.M. Martynova) as a pure and delicate flower, which was brought from some unknown bright gardens. 5) Lightning sparkles brightly and lit up everything around. 6) Vanity and stupidity are ridiculed by I.A. Krylov in the fable "The Crow and the Fox". 7) Upon arrival in the city, we visited the Pskov Kremlin. 8) The brave caretaker, risking his life, rushed across the galloping horse. 9) The publication of the poem “Hanz Kühelgarten” written by Gogol while still at the gymnasium was met with ridicule by critics in St. Petersburg, after which Gogol burned all the books with this poem, taking them from the booksellers. |
9. Indicate the answer options in which the unstressed vowel of the root, checked by stress, is missing in all words of one row. Write down the answer numbers.
1) r..sloppy, eq..logy; w..betanie;
2) k..rrierist; op..rayas; to .. satelnaya;
3) pr.stizh; other ..become, et ..ketka;
4) zag..rely; k..ftan; stop .. ret (in horror);
5) thunder .. wait; sympathetic; those..retic.
10. Indicate the answer options in which the same letter is missing in all the words of one row. Write down the answer numbers.
1) not .. secondhand, not .. cheap, ra .. packaged
2) under .. tear, pr .. image, with .. observe
3) pr..possible, unrestricted..passionate, pr..ambula
4) super..gra, disinfection, infection, po..play
5) di..harmony, through..strip, non..flammable
1) Abkhaz .. cue, Belarusian .. cue;
2) head .. to, intelligence .. to;
3) cover ..chka, local history ..sky,
4) serviceable..out, aluminum..out;
5) camel..nok, zucchini..k
12. Indicate the answer options in which the same letter is missing in both words of the same row. Write down the answer numbers.
1) took out ..nny, covered ..sh, sowed ..nny
2) spray..sh, breathing..shchy, wounded..ny
3) moving .. my, jumped out .. sh, saw .. who
4) foaming (sea), (shelves) str..tsya, acceleration..t
5) hate .. sh, (clouds) driven .. my, forcing .. who
13. Define a sentence in which NOT with the highlighted word is written CLUTCH. Open the brackets and write out this word.
Potatoes in the gardens are still (NOT) DIGGED.
Little tragedies of an individual remain (NOT) NOTICED by anyone.
The teacher (NOT) ONCE told the children about the need to turn in essays on time.
This house is (NOT) BIG, but very cozy.
This pianist, who absolutely (NOT) CLAIMS for world fame, but at the same time has healthy ambitions, conquered the journalist.
14) Determine the sentence in which both underlined words are spelled ONE. Open the brackets and write out these two words.
I (THAT) HOUR went to the Tatarinovs in such a way that (WOULD) not catch Nikolai Antonovich.
SO (SAME), like other representatives of the Moscow world, Famusov appreciates rank and wealth, (FOR) THAT he is looking for a suitable party for his daughter.
It was a PRETTY (SO) big cat, but, (IN) OTHER, very peaceful.
The lecturer revealed the meaning of the SAME (SAME) concept, which (IN) THE CONSEQUENCE was analyzed at the seminar.
(B) AFTER Savelyeva they asked me, in addition (SAME), the task for both of us is enough
elk is not easy.
15) Indicate all the numbers in the place of which one letter H is written?
Intoxicated (1) with the glory of the title (2) singer Neja (3) oh, negada (4) o announced her
participation in the festival and was invited (5) to the jury.
16) Set up punctuation marks. Write two sentences in which you need to put ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.
1) Heartfelt love for native places and snow-covered expanses beckons to itself, gives rise to thoughts about the bitterness of loss and anxiety for the future.
2) In the corner he sang the same note a hundred times and the tuner ran up in beaded arpeggios.
3) In the Meshchersky region, the sources of rivers and springs and groves and oak forests have become reserved.
4) The air is light and clean, and the river is frozen.
5) Either thoughts or memories or dreams wandered through his head.
The sea buzzed menacingly (1) standing out from all the noises of this disturbing (2) and sleepy night. Huge, lost in space (3) it lay deep below (4) far
whitening through the dusk (5) running to the ground (6) manes of foam. (I. B.)
18) Put in all the missing punctuation marks: indicate the number (s) in the place of which (s) in the sentence should (s) be a comma (s).
Sometimes a thought will come that (1) seems (2) true, but you are afraid to believe it. However, then you see that that thought, which (3) may be (4) strange, is actually the simplest truth: once you know it, you can no longer stop believing in it.
19) Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number (s) in the place of which (s) in the sentence should (s) be a comma (s).
Cold autumn shadows (1) wandered through the forest (2) trees (3) in which (4) froze in anticipation of winter.
20) Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number (s) in the place of which (s) in the sentence should (s) be a comma (s).
Such fatigue set in (1) that (2) even if there were no order (3) to settle down to rest (4) people would not be able to take a single step further.
21) Find offers that colon are put in accordance with the same punctuation rule. Write down the numbers of these offers
1) Wide fields spread out behind our village. 2) We went along a narrow path straight to a distant birch grove: every year here you can pick up full baskets of delicious mushrooms. 3) The main thing is to be able to distinguish edible mushrooms from poisonous ones. 4) The day turned out to be without rain, and all the trees are illuminated by the bright rays of the warm sun. 5) It is quiet in the forest and the singing of birds is not heard, they are preparing for a journey to the south. 6) Walking through the forest, you can see that bright hats of russula can be seen from under the brown and yellow leaves, but we will pass by. 7) The guys and I decided in advance to collect only the most delicious mushrooms: fragrant white, red boletus, cute boletus, chanterelles and mushrooms. 8) They can be prepared in different ways: fry, salt for the winter.
Read the text and complete tasks 22–27.
(1) The Germans were expelled from Uman, and on the streets of the city, cars, armored personnel carriers and tanks abandoned by them in flight stood close, back to back. (2) The city still smelled of burning, that animal stuffy smell that the fleeing masses of people leave behind, and the stench of rotting food: there were barrels of cucumbers and cabbage in the trucks.
(3) On one of the streets, through the broken window of the lower floor, I saw piles of books piled on the floor. (4) The type of books always excites me, and I went into the room, in which I immediately identified the library by the shelves. (5) There seemed to be no one in the room, only peering, I saw the mournful figures of two middle-aged women sorting books in the next room. (6) Some of the books were already on the shelves. (7) I approached the women, and we met: one turned out to be the Russian language teacher Zinaida Ivanovna Valyanskaya, the other - the librarian of the regional library Yulia Alexandrovna Panasevich, and they dragged the books lying on the floor from the underground, where they survived the entire occupation. (8) I picked up one of the books - it was a textbook of economic geography, but, turning over a few pages, I turned in bewilderment to the title of the book: it did not correspond to the content.
(9) - We have a lot of work to do, - said one of the women, - the fact is that, on the orders of Gebitskommissar Opp, we had to destroy all the books on the attached list, - and she took out a whole pack of sheets with cramped typescript lines from the box: this There was a list of books to be destroyed. - (10) We pasted the title pages from old textbooks and various other books, and we managed to save almost everything that was to be destroyed, - the woman added with satisfaction, - so don't be surprised if the volume of Pushkin's works, for example, is called an embroidery guide .
(11) It was really so: two courageous women saved the entire district library by gluing other names into the books to be destroyed or putting them into other bindings. (12) And now they were sorting out their wealth, restoring what, by order of the appointed director of the library, Kramm, they had to tear to shreds.
(13) In Uman, in the premises of the district library, I was convinced of the immortality of the book.
(According to V.G. Lidin)
22. Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Specify answer numbers.
1) The narrator managed to find the necessary book, they helped him in thisZinaida Ivanovna Valyanskaya and Yulia Alexandrovna Panasevich.
2) The narrator picked up a textbook on economic geography, but, turning over it, found that the title of the textbook did not match the content.
3) Zinaida Ivanovna Valyanskaya and Yulia Alexandrovna Panasevich saved the entire district library.
4) The Germans had not yet been expelled from Uman, and on the streets of the city, their vehicles, armored personnel carriers and tanks stood close, back to back.
5) Gebitskommissar Oppa ordered the destruction of all the books on the attached list.
23. Which of the following statements are true? Specify answer numbers.
1) Sentences 7-8 contain a narrative.
2) Sentences 1-2 contain a description.
3) In sentences 9-10, reasoning is presented.
4) Proposition 13 is the output of the entire text.
5) Sentences 11-12 contain a description.
24) From sentences 5–8 write out the word with the meaning"Occupation by the armed forces of a state of territory not belonging to it"
25) Among sentences 9-13, find one (s) that is (s) connected with the previous one using a conjunction and a personal pronoun. Write the number(s) of this offer(s).
26) Read the review snippet. It examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the gaps with the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list.
“Recalling the years of the war, the author uses figurative and expressive means - tropes: (A) _______ (“bestial stuffy smell” in sentence 2, “mournful figures” in sentence 5), (B) _______ (“where they survived the entire occupation” in sentence 7). The author tries to most fully recreate the images of women that remain in his memory, and for this purpose uses a syntactic means - (C) ________ (sentence 7) and (D) _______ (for example, in sentences 1, 2, 12) ".
List of terms:
1) parceling
2) metaphors
3) rows of homogeneous members of the proposal
4) ellipsis
5) lexical repetition
6) dialogue
7) epithets
8) comparison
27. Write an essay based on the text you read.Formulate one of the problems posed by the author of the text. Comment on the formulated problem. Include in the comment two illustration examples from the read text that you think are important for understanding the problem in the source text (avoid over-quoting). Explain the meaning of each example and indicate the semantic relationship between them. Formulate the position of the author (narrator). Express your attitude to the author's position on the problem of the source text (agreement or disagreement) and justify it. The volume of the essay is at least 150 words. A work written without relying on the text read (not on this text) is not evaluated. If the essay is a paraphrase or a complete rewrite of the source text without any comments, then such work is evaluated with 0 points. Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting
