Petrovsky a in a brief psychological dictionary. Petrovsky A.V. Vocabulary. General psychology - file n1.doc. Approximate word search
1. A.V. Petrovsky and M.G. Yaroshevsky. Psychology. Dictionary. M .: Politizdat, 1990, p. 167.
2. M.I. Stankin "Psychology of communication". M.: Institute of practice. psychology, 1996, p. 164. .
voluminous questions: “Why does conformism manifest itself?”, And “Who shows conformity?”. Drawing conclusions about the chapter, the American author draws attention to the fact that social psychology should be supplemented by attention to the power of social pressure with attention to the capabilities of the individual. We are not puppets. In a group, we are best we are aware of how we differ from others. This problem is given great importance in this textbook, and the significant contribution of psychologists involved in this field is used.
The textbook by G.M. Andreeva shows the Lasswell model of the communication process, which includes five elements, such as: communicator, text, channel, audience and efficiency. Approximately the same model of the communicative process is described on the pages of an American textbook, which shows four factors of this process: the "communicator", the message itself, the channel and the audience. Using this model, D. Myers gives an example of the latter's action in the process of being drawn into a sect. unique for domestic social psychology, since, apparently, no developments or studies in this regard have yet been observed.
Moving on to the next chapter, which is called "the influence of groups", we can already compare it with our section " Social Psychology groups" in the domestic textbook. But let's see in what direction the consideration of this issue will go in the American textbook. So the group: "two or more persons who interact with each other, influence each other for more than a few moments and perceive themselves as us." Let's turn to the psychological dictionary of A.V. Petrovsky and see that only the definition of a small group is similar to the one described above in the American version. "Small group - from.
a relatively small number of directly contacting individuals united by common goals or objectives.
This chapter looks at three examples of such collective influences as, "social facilitation" - an increase in dominant reactions in the presence of others; "social laziness" - the tendency of people to make less effort when they combine their efforts for a common goal; and "deindividualization" - the loss of self-consciousness and fear of self-esteem. Of particular interest is the problem of leadership, which is also described in detail in the textbook by G.M. Andreeva. Leadership in the American textbook is defined as a process by which certain members of the group motivate and lead the group. How can be seen from the pages of D. Myers does not set such clear boundaries between the concepts of leader and leader. However, in the American textbook, notations appear, in addition to the official and unofficial nature of leadership, the role of target and social leaders. Target leaders organize work, set standards and focus on achieving the goal . Social leaders bring the team together, resolve conflicts and provide support. Target leaders often use a directive style to give the right orders, they focus the attention and efforts of the group on the task before it. Social leaders often manifest a democratic leadership style, in which power is delegated to members of the group and their participation in decision-making is encouraged. As can be seen from the text, only two leadership styles are presented in the American version: directive and democratic. At the same time, G.M. Andreeva describes three leadership styles, such as: authoritarian, democratic and permissive styles. .
The next chapter introduces us to the penetration of social psychology into the realm of justice, and more specifically to the jury. Like all other experiments in social psychology, the laboratory experiments described here help us formulate theoretical positions and principles that we can apply when interpreting the more complex world of our daily life.
Summing up the second part of "Social Influences", we note the most important sections of our study, such as "Conformism", "Beliefs", "Group Influence" and "Leadership". The last section, "Social Psychology and Justice", is of interest to us in terms of penetration American social psychology into the US justice system. Having analyzed how we think about each other, and how we influence each other, we finally come to the third aspect of social psychology - how we relate to each other. Our feelings and actions are negative towards people and sometimes positive. Chapters eleven and twelve, "Prejudices" and "Aggression," deal with the unpleasant aspects of human relationships. Prejudices are unjustifiably negative attitudes. They also have emotional roots. Prejudices provide a sense of social superiority, and can also facilitate masking feelings of inferiority .Aggression - physical or verbal behavior aimed at harming someone bo. There are two different types of aggression: hostile (anger) and instrumental (goal).
The factors influencing aggression are very convincingly described, as well as: aversive cases, arousal, climate (heat), pornography, television and group influences. Conducting a comparative analysis of the section "group influences" in the American textbook, and the section "spontaneous groups and mass movements" in textbook G.M.Andreeva, with.
it is remarkable the use of rather similar terms, such as "infection" and "dissipation of responsibility" and "deindividualization" - a concept that we have already considered above.
The title of the next chapter speaks for itself: "- Attraction and closeness." Not a single chapter so easily yielded to a certain analysis and synthesis like this one. After all, wherever a person lives, his relationships with others - really existing or expected - determine the mood of his thoughts and the coloring of emotions. Having found a soul mate - a person who supports us and whom we can trust, we feel that we are accepted and appreciated for who we are. Falling in love, we feel irrepressible joy, longing for love and affection, we spend billions on cosmetics, outfits and diets.
Turning to the definition of altruism, one can be horrified by so many examples given at the very beginning of the chapter. Having collected and compared examples of indifference and soullessness, and vice versa, manifestations of feelings of compassion and help, the author is already leading to an independent "decoding" of this concept. Altruism is a motive helping someone, not consciously connected with their own selfish interests. Altruism is selfishness on the contrary. Asking the question "Why do we provide assistance?", We get an answer that is rather contradictory in nature. help us, respond with help, the norm of social responsibility forces us to help, etc. D. Myers distinguishes two types of altruism:
1. - Altruism based on reciprocity;
2. - ALTRUISM without any additional conditions. .
People tend to help when they already see that others have rushed to help, or when they are in no hurry. And finally, there is an amazing phenomenon: "Good mood - good deeds."
In crisis situations, in cases of extreme need, women are more likely to receive help than men, although help comes from the latter. Women are also more likely to seek help. We are most inclined to help those who need and deserve help, as well as those who looks like us.
The final chapter of this tutorial deals with the problem of conflict and reconciliation. Conflict is a perceived incompatibility of actions or goals. Why do conflicts flare up?
In the course of socio-psychological research, several reasons for this have been identified. It is characteristic that these causes are the same at all levels of social conflicts, whether they are interpersonal, intergroup or international conflicts. Using the example of the "Mirror perception" phenomenon, a trend leading to an arms race is traced. Examples of the most recent confrontation between the superpowers of the USSR and the USA fit in very relevantly in this textbook.
Exploring the problem of conflicts, D. Myers delved into international conflicts, not displaying, as it should, interpersonal and intergroup ones. And again, there are no clear boundaries for separating conflicts, he feels some unstructuredness with sufficient thoughtfulness of the textbook. Although conflicts are easily generated and fueled by social dilemmas, competition and distortions perception, some equally powerful forces such as contact, cooperation, communication and reconciliation can turn hostility into harmony. .
23 A C L U C E N I E
Finally, I would like to express my point of view on this textbook by conducting my own research. There is no reason to disagree with the opinion of Professor A.L. Svenitsky about the uniqueness of this textbook and its unconditional influence on our social psychology and psychologists. in favor of an American textbook. But it should be noted right away that American social psychology and Russian social psychology are two different approaches, two completely different topics and topics for studying social psychology, various aspects of research problems, etc. In American social psychology, the main emphasis is on the personality and its study, on the personality and its behavior in the group. In our domestic social psychology, the emphasis is on the group, interactions in the group and the team. G. M. Andreeva, for example, is given special importance. Collectivism in an American textbook is nothing more than a cultural approach opposite to individualism. You can not compare the definitions in our domestic sources, they are obviously different, but you don’t want to return to the concept and meaning of individualism, for example, in A.V. Petrovsky’s textbook, trying find something positive in it.
Considerable attention is paid to the problem of conformity in the American textbook, a number of issues that require further research and reflection are raised. The problem of conformism, unfortunately, does not exist in our country, judging by the sources. All references, if any, refer mainly to American authors and their research .
Based on these few comparisons, we can conclude about a completely different approach to the study of social psychology, which was described above, based mainly on practical research data. Theorized domestic social psychology is inferior to the American one, at least in areas of application. in this study, a brief excursion through all the chapters, and, accordingly, brief conclusions on them. Throughout the study, the author tried to compare, almost "two different social psychologies from textbooks." - any fundamental comparison in his research. Trying to make a comparison on certain problems and issues, the author eventually came up with a comparison of the definitions of some basic psychological problems. P approach to the study of social psychology in American and Russian social psychology.
The textbook by D. Myers, as already described above, contains a huge number of various kinds of publications, practical research, examples from various sources.
In his research, the author mainly took the textbook "Social Psychology" by G.M. Andreeva and came to the conclusion that this source should undoubtedly be republished and supported both by practical research and "a convincing number of convincing examples", etc. Despite the fact that a new edition of the textbook by G.M. Andreeva was taken for this study, it is not very different.
The same applies to A.V. Petrovsky's textbook "Social Psychology", which simply needs to be republished anew, ridding it of ideological foundations, focusing on the current constantly changing situation. This also applies to our entire social psychology as a whole, which can be guided , for example, to the American one, but in turn there is confidence that it will continue to develop along its own path.
2B I B L I O G R A P I A
1. G.M.ANDREEVA "SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY". TEXTBOOK FOR HIGHER
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. - M.: ASPECT PRESS, 1997.
PETER, 1997.
3. T.V.KUTASOVA "READER ON SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY". UCHE-
BNOE BENEFITS FOR STUDENTS. - M.: INTERNATIONAL-
THIS PED. ACADEMY, 1994.
4. A.V. PETROVSKY "SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY". TUTORIAL FOR
STUDENTS PED.IN-TOV. - M.: ENLIGHTENMENT,
5. A.V. PETROVSKY, M.G. YAROSHEVSKY. "PSYCHOLOGY". VOCABULARY. -
M.: POLITIZDAT, 1990.
6. M.I. STANKIN "PSYCHOLOGY OF COMMUNICATION". LECTURE COURSE.- M.: INS-
TITUT PRACTICAL PSYCHOLOGY, 1996.
2MOSCOW CITY PEDAGOGICAL
2UNIVERSITY
Course work on the topic: "Comparative analysis of domestic and
American Social Psychology"
Student of the Faculty of Psychology
Third year, first group
Ernesto Rodriguez.
2Moscow, 1998
2B INTRODUCTION
21. INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
22. SOCIAL THOUGHT
23. SOCIAL IMPACTS
24. SOCIAL RELATIONS
23 A C L U C E N I E
2B I B L I O G R A P I A
This term paper was written in the Lexicon, and translated into Word. Surrendered: May, 1998. Prof. Glotochkin A.D. Rating: 5 points. For comparison, a book by D. Myers was taken, see the list of references
And the observer (M. Storms experiment) Figure 4 3.3. G.M. Andreeva, N.N. Bogomolova, L.A. Petrovskaya. Theories of dyadic interaction (Andreeva G.M., Bogomolova N.N., Petrovskaya L.A. Modern social psychology in the West (theoretical directions). M .: Publishing House of Moscow University, 1978. S. 70-83 ) Behavioral orientation includes as one of the methodological principles ...
Approach its own psychological study. As an example of the use of one of the most famous psychosemantic methods - a private semantic differential - one can cite a study of ethnic stereotypes of Americans, Afghans, Indians, Cubans, Poles, Russians, Finns and Japanese among Soviet students, conducted by E. L. Koneva under the guidance of V. S. Ageeva. ...
St. Petersburg: Prime-Eurosign, 2003. - 632 p. - ISBN 5-93878-086-1. Many students and teachers call this book the main psychological book in the country, because a good dictionary is the basis for both theoretical research and practical work. This book has stood the test of time. Here is the latest edition famous dictionary. The dictionary contains more than 1600 articles, more than 160 domestic authors. The volume of the dictionary compared to previous editions (`Psychological Dictionary`, 1983, 1996) has doubled. The dictionary is built in a fundamentally new way: each article is published in the author's edition; most terms have English equivalents. A new system of cross-references has been introduced, so it is possible to find significantly large quantity concepts and terms than the number of articles themselves. Many articles, as is customary in the tradition of fundamental dictionaries, have additions written either by editors or by external authors.
Large psychological dictionary can be called a fundamental book, which is of great interest not only to students, professionals, but also to people for whom psychological knowledge has become an indispensable need to meet cognitive, professional and personal interests. Preface.
Personalities.
List of authors.
List of abbreviations and list of symbols.
Dictionary entries A-Z
Thematic subject index.
General scientific, methodological and philosophical concepts.
Related humanities (linguistics, ethnography, etc.).
Related information-cybernetic sciences.
Related biomedical sciences.
Methods of psychology and other sciences (including methods of statistics).
Branches of psychology.
Age-related psychology and developmental psychology.
Zoopsychology, ethology and comparative psychology.
Engineering psychology, labor psychology and ergonomics.
medical psychology, pathopsychology (see also neuropsychology, psychotherapy and psychocorrection).
Neuropsychology.
General psychology.
Psychology of sensations and perception.
Psychology of attention.
Psychology of memory.
Psychology of thinking and imagination.
Psychology of emotions, motivation and will.
Parapsychology.
Pedagogical psychology and psychological education service.
Psychogenetics.
Psycholinguistics and psychosemantics.
Psychology of art, psychology of creativity.
Psychology of consciousness, behavior and personality, differential psychology.
Psychology of management.
Psychometrics.
Psychomotor.
Psychotherapy and psychocorrection.
Psychophysics.
Psychophysiology and psychopharmacology.
Sexology and sexopathology.
Social psychology (including the psychology of communication and interpersonal relationships).
Special psychology.
Ethnopsychology.
Legal psychology.
Directions, concepts, approaches and schools of psychology, history of psychology.
Activity approach.
Behavioral psychology.
Gestalt psychology.
cognitive psychology.
Cultural-historical psychology and psychology of activity.
Psychoanalysis.
Other.
Personalities.
Environmental psychology
As an independent scientific discipline, environmental psychology, as already noted, was formed at the intersection of human ecology and psychology.
Environmental psychology- a field of psychology that studies the relationship between a person and the environment (spatial-geographical, social, cultural), organically included in a person's life and serving as an important factor in the regulation of his behavior and social interaction.
The subject of environmental psychology can be defined as:
1) motivation of ecological behavior, causes of actions of persons, both responsible for causing damage to the environment, and seeking to prevent this process by any (including inadequate) ways;
2) patterns of psychological consequences environmental issues(mental health disorders, increased crime, demographic shifts, etc.);
3) psychological means of propaganda, focused on the formation of ideas that are adequate to the true ecological situation;
4) mental properties of an individual, personality and individuality in interdependence with environmental properties of various levels: physical, chemical, biotic, psychological, social, cultural-historical, spiritual.
Main tasks of environmental psychology, solving which, the researchers:
- analyze the ecological consciousness inherent in different eras, and consider their specificity;
- develop a typology of individual and public ecological consciousness;
- consider the mechanisms of formation of ecological ideas, explore their role in the regulation of activities associated with individual natural objects and nature as a whole;
- create a special diagnostic arsenal that allows to determine the level of formation and qualitative originality of the system of ecological ideas, subjective attitude to nature and the strategies and technologies used to interact with it;
- develop methods of psycho-correctional and psychotherapeutic work focused on the implementation of human interaction with the natural world, the impact of this interaction on personality development, etc.
The synthesis of ecology and psychology takes place in the following subject areas:
1. Human ecology, which studies the patterns of interaction between people and the environment, the problems of developing the quality of population, maintaining and developing health, improving the psychophysical capabilities of a person.
2. Psychology of work. Labor as an exchange eco-social and psycho-ecological phenomenon, environmental safety of labor.
3. Educational psychology. Problems environmental education, problems of formation of ecological consciousness of the individual.
4. Psychology of extreme situations and security. Problems of ecological safety and its provision.
5. Geographical psychology. The influence of the landscape on the psyche, the mental health of a person as a transformative force of nature, etc.
6. Social ecology. The phenomenon of ecological consciousness, axiological aspects ecological knowledge).
7. ecological culture. Mutual influence of cultural and civilizational processes and the state of the environment.
The analysis of psychological polyparadigm allows us to determine the following main areas of environmental and psychological research:
1. Ecological perception (environmental realism by J. Gibson).
2. Eco-behavioral approach by R. Barker.
3. Extreme psychology.
4. Inviromental psychology.
5.Psychology of virtual reality.
6. Ecological psychology of individuality.
7. Psychology of ecological consciousness.
Environmental perception(ecological realism of J. Gibson). James Gibson is best known for his research and theories of perception. He became the leader of a new direction in psychology, which considers perception as a process that does not involve inferences, intermediate variables or associations. J. Gibson believes that our perception is a direct reaction to the information provided by the world to our perceptual system. For example, stimulation contains both information directly indicating the distance to the object and information about its size, and therefore the observer does not need to use information about the distance from the object when perceiving the size of the latter.
Eco-behavioral approach R. Barker. The problems of the individual's actions are considered in close connection with the context in which they are performed, including the interpersonal, social and physical aspects of this context. The first study in the field of the ecobehavioral approach, which has become a classic, belongs to R. Barker and G. Wright.
For Barker and his followers, the basic unit of analysis is the behavioral setting, which is understood as a limited social and physical system that has a regularly performed function or program. Each behavioral setting involves typical participants, has its own range of normative actions, and includes a variety of (man-made) material objects that direct the flow of behavior.
Extreme psychology - branch psychological knowledge, which studies the general psychological patterns of life and human activity in changing (unaccustomed) conditions of existence. Environmental psychology arose at the end of the 20th century, synthesizing concrete studies in the field of aviation, space, marine and polar psychology. In extreme conditions, characterized by altered afferentation, altered information structure, socio-psychological limitations and the presence of a risk factor, a person is affected by six main psychogenic factors:
- monotony;
-changed spatial and temporal structures;
-limitation of personally significant information;
-loneliness;
- group isolation (information exhaustion of communication partners, constant publicity, etc.);
- a threat to life.
Research in the field of extreme psychology has as its task the improvement of psychological selection and psychological preparation for work in unusual conditions of existence, as well as the development of measures to protect against the traumatic effects of psychogenic factors.
environmental psychology. A specialized area of psychological knowledge that studies the relationship between behavior and the conditions of the environment in which it takes place. Behavior is understood here as actions accessible to observation, as well as acts inaccessible to it, including thoughts, emotions, etc., and under the environment - the physical environment of the organism. Although specialists in the field of environmental psychology take into account some aspects of the social environment (for example, family or reference groups) in their research, their attention is primarily directed to studying the influence of the physical environment. Thus, a significant part of the research related to the field of environmental psychology is devoted to the study of the influence of noise, air pollution, extreme temperatures and different ways organization of space by architects.
Psychology of virtual reality. A direction that studies the relationship of psychological phenomena and a field of activity in which the interaction of objects is mediated by electronic information carriers.
Virtual psychology is based on general psychological methodological principles, uses general psychological methodology and theory. It is built on a well-defined philosophical basis (virtual philosophy), has specific theoretical models (ideal objects), an experimental scheme adequate to the type of theoretical models, and its own sphere of practice (arethea). The basic philosophical idea is the idea of polyonticity, which involves considering the psyche as a set of ontologically heterogeneous, not reducible to each other, realities. Virtual psychology relies on the virtual state of a person during a period of emotional upsurge - at the peak of inspiration, creative upsurge. The subject of virtual psychology is the system "man - virtual reality" (CHVR).
Ecological psychology of individuality studies patterns mental processes of a person in interaction with the environment in the context of the integrity of individuality. An important applied value of the ecological psychology of individuality is the identification of interactions of genotypic and environmental factors that are detrimental to the mental and somatic health of a person (fixed, for example, when exposed to radiation, chemicals, global climate change, etc.), which violate the integrity of individuality. The problem of integral individuality - the uniqueness of the combination of organismic, individual and general personal properties and qualities in developing activity - cannot be solved within the framework of the dichotomy of genotypic-environmental, biological-social, mental-physiological. The systemic nature of the phenomena of individuality suggests systems approach to their analysis.
Psychology of ecological consciousness. IN domestic psychology In the last decade, another area of ecopsychological research has been actively formed, which is practically not represented abroad. We are talking about the psychology of ecological consciousness, which is engaged in the study of individual and group ecological consciousness, the development of methods for its diagnosis, correction and training.
IN AND. Panov notes that in the psychology of ecological consciousness, as an alternative to anthropocentric consciousness, which produces an external and consumer attitude towards nature, the need for ecocentric consciousness is emphasized. The latter means that a person acts and realizes himself as a "procedural unit" of the self-realization of nature.
Thus, it can be summarized that, in its most general form, environmental psychology is aimed at studying the patterns of development and human behavior in the system of its interaction with the environment. Its initial premise is the idea that the psychological problems of studying the consciousness and individuality of a person, his mental development, learning, behavior, health, etc. should be considered in the context of the "individual-environment" or, more broadly, "man-nature" system. At the same time, “environment” is understood as a spatial, family, educational, informational, extreme, ethnic, cultural, etc. environment.
The concept of "nature" is considered both as nature around a person, and as nature in a person (the nature of being and the mental as its form), manifested in the relation of the individual to natural environment, other people and yourself.
IN AND. Panov notes that the relevance of ecopsychological research and the ecopsychological approach as an independent direction in psychology is now obvious. The next decade will show to what extent ecopsychology justified the hopes placed on it, both in theoretical and practical terms.
| Ecopsychology Ecopsychology links psychology and ecology into a new scientific paradigm. Its political and practical application is to show people the way to cure alienation and how to build a healthy society and sustainable culture. Theodor Rozak is credited as the inventor of this definition in his 1992 book The Voice of the Earth. It was a call to develop a field where psychology would investigate why people continue to behave like crazy, which harms the environment. Natural movements must find new ways to motivate people to act, ways that are more positive than protest. In the anthology Ecopsychology (1995), which he published with Mary Gomez and Allen Kanner, Rozak expanded on this idea. This book, in which not only each of the publishers wrote a chapter, but also everyone who wanted to participate, became a great example of a publication on ecopsychology. As Rozak mentioned, there are many other names that describe this area: psychoecology, ecotherapy, environmental psychology, world therapy, green therapy, earth-centered therapy, earth revival, nature-based therapy, shamanic advice, forest therapy. The basic idea of ecopsychology is that while the human mind is being formed by modern social world, he may be inspired by the wider world wildlife, since this is the arena in which he really operates. Mental health or illness cannot be understood simply in the narrow context of only internal mental phenomena or social relations. It should also include the relationships of humans with other species and ecosystems. These relationships have a long evolutionary history, which determines the natural closeness of their brain structure, and which is of great importance at the present time, regardless of the pace of urbanization. People depend on a healthy nature, not only for physical existence, but mental health as well. The destruction of ecosystems means that something in the person also dies. An important part of ecopsychological practice is to engage in psychotherapy outside office buildings and outdoors. A simple walk in the woods, or even in a city park, is refreshing, as people have been doing it for thousands of years. The influence of nature is beneficial, even if it is just the contemplation of landscapes in the picture - and it can be measured. It is also supported by psychological research. Steps taken along the path of acceptance and interaction with nature can sharpen the senses and give new skills. For example, the ability to navigate in the wild is improved if nature is accepted and treated carefully, and not afraid. Sailors who take on the sea gain a sense of wind direction which gives them a speed advantage on the water. While these survival skills may seem unnecessary in modern society, they have a higher value, as they build confidence and overall attention. Ecopsychology opens up ways to create connections with nature. She says it's worth it because outdoor nature, which is not forgotten and not judged, gives a sense of harmony, balance, infinity of time and stability. Ecopsychology for the most part rejects reductionist views of nature that support the need for block housing as genetic, and also describes nature as a selfish force that must be fought in order to survive. Ecopsychology believes that in terms of wildlife, spirituality, emotional connections, and economy, the study of the environment cannot be considered complete. For example, economy is the best way is the best way to explain the tree of evolution, from which it follows that adaptations were chosen according to the level of economy. And only the human brain today is a complex structure that does not fall under the principle of economy, and combines a great variety of concepts. Ecopsychology recognizes that the growing spread of pain and frustration that people experience is due to the destruction of nature. It should upset a person that the mechanism of destruction is in the hands of his species, which makes him doubt his wisdom and suggest the degeneration of the species. This destruction cannot be the end - a person must realize and restore his ties with nature. Ecopsychology also recognizes that, without the influence of nature, people tend to fall into many delusions. For example, they become self-centered, aloof, and insensitive. Wildness in nature is not controlled by people, so their ideas arose before themselves. If nature is excluded from a person's life, then the insights that happened to his lost mind will occur less and less. | |
ENVIRONMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY (eng. ecological psychology).
1. The name of the approach to the study of perception and behavior, which was developed by Amer. psychologist James Gibson (1904-1980). Syn. ecological optics.
2. Practically any psychological research can be presented as a study of the influence of certain environmental factors on behavior and psyche (from space, climatic, meteorological, spatial-geographical to infinitely diverse socio-cultural ones). From this t. sp. all psychology can be considered ecological. Nevertheless, in recent decades there has been a desire to institutionalize electronic production as an independent industry. The proposed lists of problems in this industry amaze Mr. o. its immensity and omnivorousness. Syn. psychology of the environment. Behavioral geography can be considered as one of the areas of economics, but only with more specific boundaries and tasks.
3. One of the students of K. Levin Amer. psychologist Roger Barker, since 1947, conducted research on E. p. The main attention was paid to the careful registration (fixation) of the daily behavior of people (including children). The results of a large cycle of research are summarized in the book: Barker R. G., Wright H. F. Ecological Psychology (1968). The theoretical program and methodology of these studies largely coincide with those that are being developed within the framework of interdisciplinary human ethology. As in classical zoological ethology, they emphasize that behavior cannot be explained without links to the environment; Therefore, the latter also acts as an equal object psychological analysis; the main method of research is observation and impartial description of events; the subject of research is the relationship between man and the environment, taken in their natural form, that is, without c.-l. researcher intervention. Closely related to these areas is proxemics (spatial psychology). (B. M.)
Psychological dictionary. A.V. Petrovsky M.G. Yaroshevsky
Environmental psychology (environmental psychology)- an interdisciplinary field of knowledge about the psychological aspects of the relationship between a person and the environment (spatial-geographical, social, cultural), which is organically included in a person's life and serves as an important factor in the regulation of his behavior and social interaction. It is located at the intersection of psychology and social ecology as a special discipline that studies a wide range of social and humanitarian problems of the relationship between man and the environment. Formed on the basis of individual studies of the psychology of a person who is influenced by his environment - architectural, industrial (see Ergonomics), recreational (housing), etc. - E. p. has accumulated valuable factual material. Research in the field of E. p. is now of particular relevance in connection with the search for effective ways out of ecological crisis which highlights the following issues:
1. the study of environmental consciousness by identifying the characteristics of a person's perception of his environment and highlighting the factors of its unfavorable development that are significant for the subject;
2. identifying the motivation of environmental behavior, revealing the reasons for the actions of persons both responsible for causing damage to the environment and those who seek to prevent this process by any (including inadequate) ways;
3. analysis of patterns of psychological consequences of the ecological crisis (mental health disorders, crime growth, demographic shifts, etc.);
4. development of psychological means of propaganda (see Psychology of propaganda), focused on the formation of ideas that are adequate to the true ecological situation. The introduction of new scientific and technical projects and developments, one way or another affecting environment should be subjected to a thorough environmental and psychological examination.
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Illusions of perception (- error, delusion)- inadequate reflection of the perceived object and its properties. Sometimes the term "Illusions of Perception" refers to the very configurations of stimuli that cause such inadequate perception. Currently, the most studied are the illusory effects observed in the visual perception of two-dimensional contour images. These so-called "optical-geometric illusions" consist in the apparent distortion of the metric relationships between image fragments (see Fig. 1).
The phenomenon of luminance contrast belongs to another class of Illusion. So, a gray stripe on a light background seems darker than on a black one. Many illusions of visible movement are known: autokinetic movement (chaotic movements of an objectively stationary light source observed in complete darkness), stroboscopic movement (the appearance of an impression of a moving object upon the rapid sequential presentation of two stationary stimuli in close spatial proximity), induced movement (apparent movement of an immovable object in direction opposite to the movement of the surrounding background). K I. in. non-visual nature can be attributed, for example, Charpentier's illusion: of two objects of equal weight, but different sizes, the smaller one seems heavier.
There are also various installation illusions, studied in detail by D. N. Uznadze and his students. Some Illusions of Perception are of a complex nature: for example, in a weightless situation, with unusual stimulation of the vestibular apparatus, the assessment of the position of visual and acoustic objects is disturbed. There are also illusions of touch, time, color, temperature, etc.
There is currently no single theory explaining all IVs. It is generally accepted that illusory effects, as shown by the German scientist G. Helmholtz, are the result of the work under unusual conditions of the same perception mechanisms, which under normal conditions ensure its constancy. Numerous studies are devoted to the discovery of the determinants of the optical and physiological nature of illusions. Their appearance is explained by the structural features of the eye, the specifics of the processes of encoding and decoding information, the effects of irradiation, contrast, etc. The studies fix the social determinants of the transformation of images - features of the motivational and need spheres, the influence of emotional factors, past experience, the level of intellectual development. Transformation of images of objective reality occurs under the influence of integral formations of the personality: attitudes, semantic formations, "pictures of the world". By changing the characteristics of the perception of illusions, one can determine the global characteristics and qualities of a person - his state in a situation of perception (fatigue, activity), character and type of personality, status and self-esteem, pathological changes, susceptibility to suggestion.
Recently, experimental data have been obtained, indicating a change in the vision of illusions by the subjects of perception in a situation of actualizing their image of a significant other. In these studies, the emphasis is shifted from the study of the characteristics of perception to the study of the personal qualities of a person (see Reflected subjectivity).
Illusions- distorted perception of real-life objects and phenomena. Healthy people have I. physiological and physical, pathogenetically not associated with disorders of thinking or consciousness. An example of a physical illusion: a spoon partially immersed in a glass of water is perceived as broken; physiological illusion: from two equal lines, equipped at the ends sharp corners, directed inward or outward, the first seems shorter.
- Illusions affective- arise under the influence of affect - fear, anxiety, depression.
- Verbal illusions- contain individual words or phrases.
- Illusions of Consciousness- the feeling of the patient, indicating that someone is allegedly nearby. According to the author, these I. are a sign of the formation of hallucinations and delusions. Syn.: I. embodied awareness.
- Installation illusions[Uznadze D.N., 1930] - a form of physiological illusions. One of the types of illusions of perception of mass, volume, size. It occurs when pairs of objects are repeatedly compared, while in a preliminary series of experiments, prerequisites are created for the appearance of an illusion, which is revealed in the main (control) series of experiments. For example, if you lift a pair of objects of different mass at the same time with both hands several times, and then another pair of the same mass, then the object that was in the hand, in which it was previously lighter, will seem heavier than in the other hand (contrast illusion) . Mechanisms I.u. are explained from the standpoint of D.N. Uznadze by the formation of internal unconscious states (settings) in a person, which prepare him for the perception of further events and are a factor guiding conscious activity. I.u. are used as one of the methodological techniques for studying the installation.
- Illusions are epileptic- disturbances of perception, which are significant, sometimes the only clinical manifestations of some focal epileptic seizures that occur when the epileptogenic focus is localized in the cortex of the temporal lobe adjacent to the sensory area. Distinguish I.e. perceptual, when the observed object is perceived distorted and not recognized, and apperceptive, in which the object is recognized, but perversely compared with previous experience (the phenomena of “already seen”, “already heard”, “already experienced” or, conversely, “never seen” , "never heard", "never experienced"). This group includes I.e. incoherence, unreality, observed in epileptic dream-like states.
Illusion- basically any stimulus situation where one cannot predict what will be perceived prima facie from a simple analysis of the physical stimulus. Often there are illusions that are characterized as "erroneous perception", a designation that is not quite correct and does not reflect the essence of the phenomenon. Mach bands, for example, are illusions, but they are not "erroneous perceptions". Rather, it is a perception that is the result of some retinal and/or cortical processes that cannot be predicted simply from the characteristics of the stimulus itself. If there is a "mistake" here, then it is made by psychologists who do not yet understand the mechanisms that cause these illusions. For a better understanding of these issues, see separate articles on some of the more common illusions: Hering illusion, Mach bands, moon illusion, Muller-Lyer illusion, Poggendorff illusion, etc.
Note that the concept of illusion is separate from such concepts as hallucination and delusion. Illusions are normal, relatively stable phenomena, occurring in different observers and subject to constant rules. Hallucinations are highly idiosyncratic, and while there is an obsessive sense of their reality, there are no patterns that are common to all people. Delusions are best viewed as erroneous beliefs. The adjective is illusory.
