I. The concept of health and comfort of the environment. Comfort criteria The comfort of the environment is manifested by means
Comfort and discomfort, concepts reflecting the degree of conformity of the conditions of the environment in direct contact with a person to his needs in good rest, the acquisition of psycho-emotional (“spiritual”) and functional balance.
The problem of comfortable and uncomfortable conditions has long been considered and often continues to be considered narrowly - in relation to the totality of available household amenities: the livability of dwellings, some public buildings and structures (for example, hotels, baths, sanatoriums, hospitals, entertainment), the volume and quality of services, rendered by institutions of service of a life. However, this, although legitimate, but rather one-sided approach is not able to provide a proper understanding of comfort and discomfort as a broader conditional measure of biomedical and socio-psychological favorable environmental conditions for maintaining and strengthening physical, mental and social health. person. This can only be achieved if the utilitarian living conditions of a person are considered and evaluated in close connection with the social and natural factors affecting him. It is the analysis of the totality of household, social and natural factors that affect a person that constitutes an objective basis for assessing the comfort of the conditions of his stay in it. The subjective imprint on such an assessment is imposed individual characteristics, requests and needs (physiological, mental, social) of a particular person, associated with his personal perception and assessment of the surrounding reality: in the same environment, one person is able to feel like a fish in water, experience a feeling of comfortable stay in it, another - evaluate it as uncomfortable, annoying (for example, a northerner in the hot south, a southerner in the north). The latter, however, does not exclude the presence of some averaged minimum of environmental requirements common to all people. deviation from which is accompanied by the emergence of a feeling of discomfort, dissatisfaction and other factors that can bring the body out of a state of equilibrium with possible negative consequences for health (not only physical, but also mental, moral).
In historical terms, with the development of society (social, scientific, technical, spiritual), the lower limit of this minimum and the breadth of ideas about it inevitably increased: much that seemed exceptionally comfortable in past eras lost its significance and appreciation in the future, while expanding the spectrum " blessings of civilization” included in the understanding of comfort (for example, a modern person cannot give preference to the most comfortable and cozy carriage of the 19th century over the comfort provided by the cabin of a modern car, or the conveniences of a yurt or an ordinary hut over the conveniences of a modern residential building).
Comfortable living conditions
To date, the possibilities of creating comfortable conditions for human life have reached such a level that the latter are often assessed as “hothouse” and, in a number of ways, negative for human health due to their artificiality, isolation of a person from natural conditions in which it was originally formed and evolved. It should be recognized that “comfort beyond measure”, manifested, for example, in such a phenomenon as “thingism”, is not as harmless to a person as the discomfort of material and psychological disorder. This is indirectly reflected in the demographic situations that have developed in many developed countries (an increase in the birth rate until their population reaches a certain level of material and living conditions and well-being, followed by its decline with a further increase in well-being), an increase in the incidence of people due to the evolutionary unpreparedness of the human body for the action of many surrounding technogenic factors (new chemicals, energy, physical radiation; for example, the "comfort" created by the TV can turn into eye diseases), a decrease in motor activity(physical inactivity), an increase in the number of people who are overweight or obese. Consequently, only those conditions and the microenvironment surrounding a person that provide opportunities for a healthy lifestyle can be recognized as objectively comfortable.
From a medical point of view, comfort is understood as a combination of a complex of hygienically favorable working and rest conditions. Comfortable conditions imply the creation of optimal environmental conditions for a person, conducive to active, efficient work and rest.
The constituent components that form comfortable living conditions for a person are, first of all, the microclimate of the premises, clean air, rationally organized lighting, silence, general living conditions, and the interior of the home. A special place in the creation of comfortable working and living conditions is given to the microclimate of the premises, which refers to temperature and humidity, as well as the speed of its movement.
Comfort temperature
In our country, optimal microclimate values have been developed and used in the design and construction of housing in relation to various climatic zones. So, for northern latitudes during the cold season, the temperature in residential premises should be 21-22 ° C, and in temperate and southern latitudes, respectively, 18-20 ° C. Permissible air humidity for all climatic zones - 30-60%, air speed 0.1-0.25 m/sec. The conditions of human comfort when staying indoors are largely determined by the air regime. To maintain the necessary air exchange, it is enough to enter the room with 30 m3/hour of air per adult and 20 m3/hour per child. To ensure air comfort in residential premises, the electrical state of the air environment is of particular importance. Optimal, from a hygienic point of view, is such an air environment, in 1 cm3 of which there are from 1500 to 3000 positive and from 3000 to 5000 negative light ions. An increase in the number of heavy ions in the air is a sign of deterioration air regime premises.
Comfortable sound background
An important component of comfort is silence. A set of architectural, planning and organizational measures provides for the maintenance of noise levels in dwellings that do not harm the health and well-being of citizens. The permissible noise level in apartments during the daytime (from 7 am to 11 pm) is a noise intensity equal to 40 decibels (dB), and at night - 30 dB. Decibel is a relative physical quantity measuring noise intensity.
Comfort lighting
The light regime of the dwelling also has a great influence on the well-being of a person, his working capacity, and general vitality. Light comfort in modern dwellings is supported by a combination of a certain level of natural (daylight) and artificial lighting. As a criterion for assessing the level of natural light, the coefficient of natural light (KEO) is taken, which is the ratio of the illumination created inside the room to the illumination outside. For most territories, KEO in residential premises should be from 0.4 to 0.5%.
Artificial lighting is important for a person, because it is almost impossible to do without it. The main hygienic requirements for artificial lighting are to ensure that it is sufficient and of good quality. The normalized values of artificial illumination are 100 lux (lux) for living rooms and kitchens, 50 lux for corridors, bathrooms, toilets. The blinding effect of the light source on the organ of vision is unacceptable. For these purposes, lamps of various designs are used. Light should be evenly distributed throughout the room. Both incandescent lamps and low-pressure fluorescent lamps of the LD or LB type can be used as a light source.
AT Everyday life ideas about the rational comfort of a person’s stay in a particular environment are realized through the use of its real, health-friendly preventive, restorative, therapeutic, aesthetic qualities both directly by specific people (household arrangements) and through the social and production structures of society (medical and biological justification ideas about comfort and discomfort, solving social problems, establishing the production of consumer goods, improving the sphere of consumer services). Life outside the sphere of production is the main area where individual actions of a person are carried out to create comfortable conditions in accordance with personal ideas about them. Discomfort in everyday life is the soil and an important source for the formation of stress-distress states of the body. Comfortable living conditions imply at least a good sanitary and hygienic condition of residential and utility rooms, their well-being, rational layout and equipment with the necessary furniture and household appliances, comfort and good conditions for recreation and domestic work. However, this purely practical aspect of comfort may lose all its value if it is not supplemented with conditions that provide a favorable psycho-emotional environment in the family - proper character. family relations and culture of communication. highly moral personal qualities of family members, that is, all topics. which provides a good moral and psychological atmosphere at home and outside. The latter is able to give a feeling of comfort, elation, cheerfulness and optimism, even in far from the best living conditions. And vice versa, even the most comfortable, equipped with everything necessary "mansions" cannot remove the action that is destructive to health and the feeling of discomfort if people who have lost respect for each other, who are socially and psychologically incompatible with each other, stay together in them.
The value of comfortable housing conditions for human health can be significantly reduced if their "greenhouse" side encourages him to passive pastime. and increase if the time released due to household arrangements and home appliances is used by him for physical and spiritual self-improvement. Society improves the comfort of dwellings through the introduction of scientifically based building codes and regulations, the introduction of supervision over the fulfillment of sanitation and hygiene requirements, the implementation of programs for the development of housing construction, healthcare, the service sector and the production of cultural and household goods, the creation of conditions for the introduction of a healthy lifestyle into everyday life . It also takes on the main burden of care for the formation of comfortable conditions for psycho-emotional relief, physical improvement and strengthening of human health in the conditions of production and stay outside the home. The range of such concerns, for example, includes issues of planning and improvement of populated areas (communal hygiene), combating environmental pollution, arranging recreation, developing and improving the material and technical base for physical education, sports and tourism, and others that help a person to feel its physical and social usefulness, to achieve in its development the proper harmony and a sense of unity with its environment.
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The interaction of a person with the environment can be positive or negative, the nature of the interaction is determined by the flows of substances, energies and information. Any excess of the usual levels of flows is accompanied by negative impacts on humans or the natural environment.
In the conditions of the technosphere, negative impacts are caused by elements of the technosphere (machines, structures, etc.) and human actions. By measuring the value of any flow from the minimum significant to the maximum possible, one can go through a number of characteristic states of interaction in the system. man-environment a habitat":
- - comfortable (optimal), when the flows correspond to the optimal conditions of interaction: they create optimal conditions for activity and rest; prerequisites for the manifestation of the highest working capacity and, as a result, the productivity of activity; guarantee the preservation of human health and the integrity of the habitat components.
- - permissible, when the flows, affecting a person and the environment, do not have a negative impact on health, but lead to discomfort, reducing the efficiency of human activity. Compliance with the conditions of permissible interaction guarantees the impossibility of the emergence and development of irreversible processes in humans and in the environment.
- - dangerous, when the flows exceed the permissible levels and have a negative impact on human health, causing diseases during long-term interaction, and / or lead to degradation of the natural environment.
- - extremely dangerous when flows high levels in a short period of time, they can cause injury, lead a person to death, cause disturbances in the natural environment.
Of the four characteristic states of human interaction with the environment, only the first two (comfortable and acceptable) correspond to the positive conditions of everyday activity, and the other two (dangerous and extremely dangerous) are unacceptable for the processes of human life, conservation and development of the natural environment. Therefore, maintaining a comfortable and/or acceptable state is a way to increase the security of a person.
The comfortable state of the living space in terms of microclimate and lighting is achieved by compliance with regulatory requirements. As criteria for comfort, the values of the air temperature in the premises, its humidity and mobility, compliance with regulatory requirements for artificial lighting of premises and territories are established.
Habitat comfort for human activity The best indicators of human performance and rest are achieved with a comfortable environment and with rational work and rest regimes. Comfort is the optimal combination of microclimate parameters, amenities and comfort in areas of human activity and recreation. A comfortable state of the environment is achieved by the correct mutual arrangement of hazard zones and human stay zones, by reducing the size of hazardous zones using ecobioprotective equipment and means ...
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7. Comfortable living environmentfor human activities
The best indicators of a person's working capacity and rest are achieved with a comfortable state of the environment and with rational modes of work and rest.
Comfort this is the optimal combination of microclimate parameters, amenities, livability and comfort in areas of human activity and recreation.
A comfortable state of the environment is achieved by the correct mutual arrangement of hazard zones and zones of human presence, by reducing the size of dangerous zones, by using eco-bioprotective equipment and personal protective equipment.
Comfortable and permissible parameters of the air environment in working areas are regulated by state standards and are provided mainly by the use of air conditioning, ventilation and heating systems. The normative values of the microclimate parameters in the working areas of industrial premises depend on the category of work performed, the period of the year and some other indicators.
Artificial lighting plays an important role in achieving efficient operation. Rationally executed lighting has a psychophysiological effect on a person, helps to increase the efficiency of activity, reduces the tension of the organs of vision, and increases the safety of activity.
Harmful and traumatic effects generated by technical systems form dangerous zones in the living space of the technosphere. Simultaneously with dangerous zones in the living space, there are zones of human activity (stay). At homehousing area, urban environment. Under production conditionswork area and workplace.
Work zone this is a space two meters high above the level of the floor or platform on which the workplace is located.
Workplace this is a zone of permanent or temporary activity of the worker.
The effectiveness of human activity largely depends on the organization of the workplace, including:
- correct location and layout of the workplace;
- providing a comfortable posture and freedom of movement.
In addition, maintaining high performance is achieved by the correct alternation of work and rest modes.
By varying the mutual arrangement of hazardous zones and zones of human presence in space, it is possible to significantly influence the solution of tasks to ensure life safety. There are four main options relative position danger zones and human stay zones:
- safe situation;
- situation of short-term or local danger;
- dangerous situation;
- conditionally safe situation.
Only the first location option guarantees complete security. Its implementation is possible, for example, with remote control or monitoring. In a situation of short-term or local danger, a negative impact exists if a person stays in this zone for a short period of time (for example, performs an inspection or minor repairs).
In a dangerous situation, a negative impact on a person can be realized at any time, and in a conditionally safeonly in case of violation of the functional integrity of protective equipment (as a rule, personal protective equipment, observation booths, and so on).
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The quality of human life depends on many factors. But in most cases, good health and mood, as well as high performance is determined by only a few conditions. And with the proper desire, almost everyone can provide them. But in the conditions of labor activity, this task falls on the shoulders of the leaders and organizers of the work process. So the topic of our conversation today will be comfortable conditions for human life. Let's talk about it, as well as about what the comfortable living conditions of a person are in general in a little more detail.
Man is a complex organism that can exist only in special environmental conditions that allow internal tissues and organs to maintain balance. However, the influences of the external world are constantly changing, which forces our body to respond to them accordingly. To mitigate their negative impact, people have to create comfortable living conditions for themselves: cost housing, use clothes, various equipment, for example, air conditioners, fans, heaters, etc. It should be noted that when moving quickly from country to country and to different climatic zones, it is more difficult for the body to maintain the constancy of the internal environment. What conditions can be considered comfortable for life?
During all this time historical development people have adapted to special conditions, we are used to living in a familiar, native place. Such adaptability is expressed in differences in skin color, in the section and color of the eyes, as well as in the structure of the body and the characteristics of the course of metabolic processes. Therefore, the characteristics of the surrounding world, in which people feel comfortable, are different.
So in the conditions of the middle lane, most people maintain optimal health, and their heat exchange takes place at an adequate level at temperatures from 17.3 ° C to about 21.7 ° C. This is the average for a naked person. And in clothes, the comfort parameters are somewhat different - from 16.7C to about 20.6C. If a person lives in the north or in the south, then the limits of comfort, respectively, look different.
As for comfortable living conditions in the room, they are possible at a temperature of 18-20C and at a relative humidity of 40-60%. 
It is worth noting that high temperature has a less negative impact on human comfort with higher air dryness. However, if the relative humidity drops to 30% or less (for example, in the mountains or in the desert), the skin and mucous membranes begin to dry out in a person, discomfort also appears in the throat and nose, cracking of the lips occurs.
However, for certain people, dry air can be comfortable and beneficial, for example, with kidney diseases. Indeed, in conditions of heat and dryness, the load on the kidneys decreases, since the function of excretion is mostly the skin. However, intense heat - at 40-45C - is a serious burden for other systems and organs of the human body, especially for the heart and blood vessels.
As for too high humidity, this condition also makes life uncomfortable. If this indicator increases to 60% or more, sweat appears on the human skin, which does not disappear. And in the room there is dampness of surrounding objects.
Elevated air temperature combined with high relative humidity creates especially uncomfortable living conditions for people.
Human sensations also depend on the movement of air masses. The comfortable or uncomfortable effect of wind on the human body depends on its strength, as well as on the ambient temperature and on the relative humidity of the air. In addition, the level of comfort in the wind is affected by the terrain and time of day. If the air temperature is close to zero or even lower, and the humidity level is quite high, hypothermia may develop. In the event that such conditions are supplemented by a cold wind, the cooling is greatly enhanced and causes chills. However, in the heat, a slight breeze brings relief.
It is worth noting that absolutely identical environmental influences can be perceived differently by people living in different settlements or at different times of the year. For example, the same temperature and humidity in autumn can be perceived as warm, and in spring as cold.
Also, in the same weather, the physiological parameters of the body (heat production, sweating, etc.) can differ between immobile people and those who are in a state of physical activity.
Comfortable living conditions in the workplace
Many people experience disruption of comfortable life while doing work. Fortunately, the legislation clearly states what working conditions should be, and they depend on the characteristics of production. The employer must monitor compliance with SanPiN (sanitary norms and rules) and provide its employees with the most comfortable working conditions.
To achieve them, they resort to airing, heating, ventilation (including mechanical and aeration). Air conditioning can be provided. Ensuring sufficient lighting - artificial and natural - also plays an important role.
It must be remembered that insufficiently comfortable working conditions cause, which in turn significantly impairs performance.
Thus, the comfort of human life depends on many factors, most of which can be controlled and regulated.
Folk recipes
Insufficiently comfortable living conditions can cause a number of unpleasant symptoms and even serious health disorders. So low relative humidity and work in unsuitable conditions (for example, in dusty rooms) can lead to drying out of the eyes. It is not easy to get rid of such an unpleasant symptom - you need to contact an ophthalmologist, you can also resort to the use of traditional medicine.
So you can cope with unpleasant dryness with the help of ordinary chamomile. Brew a couple of crushed flowers of this plant with one glass of boiling water. Cool such a tool under the lid, then strain. Use the finished medicine for applying lotions: just blot a couple of cotton pads with it and apply them to closed eyelids for at least a quarter of an hour.
Dry eyes can be treated with regular green tea. Pour forty grams of tea leaves with a glass of only boiled water. Infuse this medicine under the lid for one hour. After that, strain the finished drink and also use it for applying and lotions, and for washing the mucous eyes.
You can cope with the problem of dry eyes with the help of homemade drops. To prepare them, it is necessary to heat fifteen grams of honey in a water bath until dissolved. Pour thirty milliliters of warm, pre-boiled water into the container and mix well. Use the agent for instillation into the conjunctival sac. Repeat this procedure every day for one week. To make the medicine even more effective, add five milliliters of freshly squeezed aloe juice to it.
To treat excessive dry eyes, you can prepare a medicine based on ordinary potatoes. Peel fresh tubers from the peel, then rinse them in water and grate on a small grater. Squeeze the juice from the resulting mass and apply it on the eyelids for seven to twelve minutes. To make the medicine more effective, add a couple of drops of freshly squeezed dill juice to the vegetable gruel.
Thus, ensuring comfortable living conditions plays an extremely important role in maintaining normal health and performance, as well as in preventing various health disorders.
The concept of health was formulated in antiquity: "This is a state of mental and physical well-being, which gives a person the opportunity to endure any life's hardships without losing self-control" (Pericles, V century BC). Human health depends on the state of the environment, in which natural-ecological, socio-ecological and other factors operate. Population or public health should be distinguished from individual health, which is characterized by such indicators as average life expectancy, natural increase, infant mortality, etc.
1. Natural and environmental factors. Their impact has changed in the history of man's relationship with the natural environment. For a man of the Paleolithic era, the main causes of death were injuries received while hunting and in skirmishes with other people, and hunger was in second place, and his average life expectancy did not exceed 26 years. Lack of food limited the number of people living together: Homo sapiens lived in small groups - 20-25 people, and only by the end of the Paleolithic did the groups of Wise Man grow up to 50-70 people.
The comfort of life was determined by such abiotic factors as temperature(40% of the world's population lives in the temperate deciduous forest zone); illumination(man, like his ancestors, primates, is a daytime sun-loving creature); set of trace elements– (there are areas with different contents of microelements - natural biogeochemical provinces, for example, in the mountains there is not enough iodine, which causes endemic goiter, in other areas there is a deficiency of metals Fe, Mg, Mn, which leads to anemia, etc.), combination of climatic factors(man from the very beginning settled near aquatic ecosystems: river civilizations, later marine, and now oceanic); daily allowance and seasonal factors.
2. Socio-ecological factors. In the twentieth century the influence of the artificial, urbanized environment, the “second nature”, which creates its own diseases associated with physical inactivity, overeating, and psycho-emotional stress, is increasing. In this regard, “diseases of the century” appeared - cardiovascular, oncological, allergic, mental diseases, AIDS.
Environmental factors of the urban environment have the greatest impact on: 1) acceleration - an increase in size and body and earlier puberty, which is probably associated with improved physical living conditions; 2) biological rhythms - daytime lifestyle is replaced by nighttime due to electric lighting, which lengthened the day, which is fraught with mental and sleep disorders; 3) allergization associated with disorders of the immune system and the appearance of a large number of artificial compounds and pollutants; 4) an increase in oncological diseases, which are the result of intracellular mutations as a result of exposure to carcinogens, various radiation, oncoviruses; 5) an increase in the number of overweight people; 6) an increase in the proportion of newborns with low levels of physical maturity, which is an indicator of an extremely unfavorable state of the environment; 7) the emergence of new infectious diseases: influenza appeared at the beginning of the 20th century, AIDS appeared in the 1980s, later epidemics of hepatitis A, B and C, “SARS”, “bird flu”, etc.
