Features of the political and economic geographical position of India. Egp india according to plan. India's natural environment is varied

Economic and social geography of the world

Abstract on the topic:

"Economic and geographical characteristics of India"

KAZAN 2005

	Introduction
	Name of the country and composition of the territory
	Economic-geographical and political-geographical position. The impact of EGP on the development of the country. Changing the position of the country in time
	Features of the population. Demographic policy
	Natural resources and their use. Assessment of natural resource potential for the development of industry and agriculture
	general characteristics economy. Causes, impact on the pace of economic development
	Geography of the main industrial complexes and industries
	Specialization of agricultural production
	Development of the transport complex
	Socio-economic development of individual regions. Reasons for the unevenness in their socio-economic development. Leveling the levels of economic development
	Foreign economic relations. export Import. Participation in international economic unions
	Conclusion
	Bibliography
	Applications
	Review sheet

Introduction

The world appears as a mosaic of specific cultures, sometimes opposing each other in terms of value systems. In conditions when the world community is looking for ways to overcome differences, when the process of mutual understanding creates new conditions for cooperation between East and West, the study of the nature of the deformation of the modern world is becoming increasingly important.

In my work “The Economic and Geographical Characteristics of India”, I talk about the country of an ancient and original civilization, its geographical location and history of development, the natural environment as a source of resources, the nature of the settlement and economic activity of the population, foreign economic relations with other states of the world, about the successes socio-economic development.

The abstract contains modern statistical data, maps.

2.1. The name of the country and the composition of the territory.

The Republic of India is located in South Asia on the Hindustan Peninsula, washed by the waters of the Indian Ocean, and on a large part of the Indo-Gangetic lowland. In addition to the mainland, its territory includes the Laccadive Islands in the Arabian Sea, as well as the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal.

India is a republic. The supreme legislative body is the parliament, consisting of two chambers: the upper (Rajya Sabha - Council of States 250 seats) and the lower (Lok Sabha - People's Chamber, 545 seats), in which about 20 political parties are represented.

The capital of India is Delhi.

The head of state is the president, who is elected indirectly for a five-year term. Legislative power belongs to the Parliament, executive power - to the Council of Ministers, headed by the Prime Minister. Administratively, India is divided into 28 states, organized according to the national-ethnic principle, and 7 union territories. The latter include small colonial enclaves and small islands which, because of their small area and small population, cannot be granted statehood. At present, in legal terms, union territories are no different from states (App. 1)

The constitution of India lists 15 major languages of the country. But almost 100 million Indians speak other languages and dialects, and the total number of dialects of Indian languages, according to scientists, reaches 1652.

The official languages are Hindi and temporarily English.

2.2. Economic-geographical and political-geographical position. The impact of EGP on the development of the country. Changing the position of the country in time.

India shares borders with Pakistan, Afghanistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Myanmar. The length of the Indian-Chinese border is especially great. It runs along the main Himalayan range. The maximum length of the mainland of the country from north to south is 3200 km, from west to east - 2700 km.

The territory of India is shaped like a giant triangle, as if fenced off from the rest of Asia by a high wall of the Himalayas. In the literature, this vast area is often referred to as the Indian subcontinent.

Although the length of the maritime borders of India is much less than the land, they play a major role in the economic life of the country. The world trade route runs along its shores, opening up great opportunities for expanding ties with the countries of the East, Europe, Africa and Australia.

Afghanistan - economically underdeveloped country. Trades in raw cotton, fruits, nuts. Industry is less developed than in India.

People's Republic of China - a country with a developed economy, rich in natural resources: coal, iron and manganese ores, bauxite, zinc and other minerals. The water resources of this country are enormous, fraught with the world's largest reserves of hydropower.

Butane - agricultural country Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar (Burma) - economically underdeveloped countries.

India is one of the cradles of human civilization. The Indians were the first in the world to learn how to grow rice, cotton, sugarcane, and were the first to breed poultry. India gave the world chess and the decimal number system. The achievements of ancient and medieval India in the field of science, literature, and art, which originated in India in various religious and philosophical systems, influenced the development of many civilizations of the East, and became an integral part of world culture.

Civilization in this distinctive region arose as early as the 3rd millennium BC. During the Age of Discovery, the Portuguese expedition of Vasco da Gama (1498) opened the sea route from Europe to India (around Africa) and marked the beginning of the European colonization of this region. English colonialists as a result of wars with European rivals (Portuguese, Dutch, French), as well as Anglo-Maratha, Anglo-Sikh and other wars by the middle of the nineteenth century. subjugated the whole of India and the territories adjacent to it. A huge colony emerged - British India.

With the conquest of India by the British, not only the political, but also the economic situation of the country changed. All the former conquerors of India - Indo-Aryan tribes, Turks, Mongols - settled here and assimilated by the local population. England, on the other hand, considered India as an arena for pumping out wealth, which was transported to the metropolis. India has been called "the biggest diamond in the British crown". This country gradually turned into a market for its manufactured goods, and then into an arena for the application of British capital. The construction of the railway, the first coal mines began. In the 60-90s of the XIX century, the length of railways increased from 1300 to 25600 km. An important object of British investment was irrigation construction in areas where export crops - cotton and wheat, as well as plantation farming. In the 1950s, the first English jute factories were established in Calcutta.

India gained independence only after the Second World War - on August 15, 1947. In 1947, India was divided into two British dominions - the Indian Union and Pakistan (Western and Eastern). On January 26, 1950, India was proclaimed a federal republic within the British Commonwealth (Commonwealth). The country's constitution enshrined the most important achievements of the national revolution: democratic civil liberties, the prohibition of discrimination based on religion, race and caste, gender and place of birth.

From the first days of independence, young Indian state had to face the most pressing problems. The division of the country on a religious basis and the establishment of the borders of new states were accompanied by a mass migration of Hindus and Sikhs from Pakistan to India, and Muslims to Pakistan. In October 1947, a conflict was provoked between India and Pakistan over Kashmir. It was not until the spring of 1948 that hostilities in Kashmir ceased, and on January 1, 1949, a ceasefire agreement came into force. The Kashmir issue is still one of the most acute in Indo-Pakistani relations.

The division of the country also led to serious economic difficulties. Agricultural areas were transferred to Pakistan, which yielded 40% of the cotton harvest, 85% of jute, and 40% of wheat. In India, there was immediately a shortage of raw materials for the main industry - textiles, as well as food. The unified irrigation system and transport network were torn apart. For a long time, communication with the northeastern part of the country - Assam - was maintained mainly by air.

2.3. Features of the population. Demographic policy

The population of ancient India is relatively young: 42% of Indians are under 15 years old and only 6% are over 60 years old. Average life expectancy, which was less than 27 years in 1931 and 41 years in the 1950s, now reaches 55 years. This was due to a decrease in mortality as a result of positive changes in the health care system. Rapid population growth creates additional difficulties for the national economy. In this regard, the Government of India is implementing a large-scale program aimed at reducing the birth rate. To date, the peak of the "population explosion" in the country has already been entirely passed. India's annual population growth rate is 1.6%, well below that of many parts of the developing world. The birth rate is 24/1000, the death rate is 9/1000 (2000). Nevertheless, the demographic problem in India has not lost its acuteness; according to Indian scientists, population stabilization should be expected by the middle of the 21st century.

India is a multinational state. It is inhabited by large nations, whose representatives differ from each other in appearance, language, and customs.

The vast region of Northern and parts of Central India, covering the states of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan and Haryana, are areas of distribution of various dialects of the Hindi language, which arose on the basis of Sanskrit, the language of the Indo-Aryans. Muslim immigrants from Iran and Central Asia who settled here later also adopted one of the Hindi dialects, introducing separate Arabic, Persian and Turkic words into it, as a result of which the Urdu language was formed, which, unlike Hindi, does not use the Sanskrit Devanagari alphabet, but Arabic. However, since Hindi and Urdu share a common grammar and a common stock of everyday words, they are often considered as two literary forms of a single Hindustani language. Hence, the entire population of the North-Central region was called Hindustanis.

In addition to Hindustanis, languages descended from Sanskrit are spoken by such large peoples as Bengalis (West Bengal), Marathas (Maharashtra), Gujaratis (Gujarat), Oriya (Orissa), Punjabis (Punjab), as well as Assamese (Assam) and Kashmiris (Jammu and Kashmir). All these peoples have an external European appearance.

The peoples of South India speak languages of the Dravidian family. These are Telugu (Andrhra Pradesh), Kannara (Karnataka), Tamils (Tamil Nadu) and Malayali (Kerala). They are darker-skinned than the northerners, and have some signs of Australoid small peoples whose languages belong to the Munda (Austrasian family) group.

The northeastern states of India are inhabited by small peoples, in the appearance of which there are Mongoloid features. These are Manipuri, Tipera, Garo, Naga, Mizo, and others. They speak the languages of the Tibeto-Burmese group. The exception is the Khasi, whose language belongs to the Mono-Khmer family.

Nearly 100% of India's population is religious according to the census. The main religious and ethnic system of India is Hinduism, it is practiced by 83% of the country's population. About 12% are Muslims, the rest are Sikhs, Christians, Jains, Buddhists, Parsis, etc.

India's labor force is very significant, but unskilled labor dominates. The proportion of literate people among the adult population of the country is 48%. Unemployment is high (more than 30 million people are registered). India is one of the most socially polarized countries in the world. More than 300 million people (1/3 of the population) live below the "poverty line".

The population density in India is 260 people per km² (high). There are more men in India than women. This is explained by increased mortality among women associated with early marriages and numerous early childbearings. The average number of children in a family is currently five.

The most densely populated coastal areas (Kerala, West Bengal) and the Indo-Gangetic lowland.

The vast majority of Indians are rural residents, the proportion of the urban population in 2001 did not exceed 27% (low level of urbanization), although the region of South Asia is one of the world's oldest centers of world culture.

Cities include settlements with a population exceeding 5,000 people with overwhelming employment outside agriculture. The concentration of the population in large cities is growing. In terms of population, many Indian cities are among the largest in the world.

The most significant agglomerations are: Bombay and Calcutta (12 million inhabitants each), Delhi (over 8 million), Madras (6 million), Hyderabad, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, Pune, Kanpur and others. In total, there are over 20 cities in the country - millionaires.

The independence of India in 1947 and the division of the country along religious lines and the establishment of new borders were accompanied by a mass migration of the population. Only in August - September 1947, the total number of refugees on both sides amounted to 2 million people. This caused a sharp aggravation of religious and communal strife on both sides of the border. The events in Punjab acquired a particularly bloody character, where murders, robberies, and destruction of refugee dwellings were a mass phenomenon. According to rough estimates, there were more than 500 thousand killed alone, up to 12 million people suffered materially. Chauvinistic Hindu and Muslim organizations in India and Pakistan are fueling religious hatred and intolerance, calling for reprisals against those who advocate reconciliation between the two communities. The Kashmir issue has not lost its relevance even now.

2.4. Natural resources and their use.

Assessment of natural resource potential for the development of industry and agriculture

In India, there are three natural regions that differ sharply from each other. In the north, this is the massif of the Himalayas and the Karakoram - a giant system of mountains of the Alpine and Mesozoic ages. In the south - the Deccan plateau with the coastal lowlands bordering it. Between them lies the vast Indo-Gangetic lowland, which is one of the most extensive plain alluvial regions on earth. Its area is 650 thousand km², or 1/5 of the entire territory of India.

The Himalayas (their length from the Brahmaputra river in the east to the Indus river in the west is about 2500 km, the width is from 150 to 400 km) descend towards the Hindustan peninsula in three steps.

The Great Himalayan Range, stretching from the northwest to the east from the city of Nanga Parbat (8126 m) to the city of Namcha Barwa (7756 m), represents a natural barrier between India and China. It plays an important climate-forming role, limiting the spread of moisture-saturated summer monsoons to the territory of India and at the same time almost completely excluding the penetration of winter cold winds from the regions of Inner Asia.

The Karakorum mountain ranges run in a latitudinal direction in the northern part of the states of Jammu and Kashmir. In the west they connect with the Pamir mountain system. Like the Greater Himalayas, the Karakorum is covered with snow all year round. The height of some of its peaks exceeds 7500 m. But even among them Mount Chogori stands out - 8611 m, the second peak in the world after Chomolungma and the highest in India.

Spread out at the foot of the Himalayas, the Indo-Gangetic lowland is a flat space, the monotony of the relief of which is broken only by a few spurs of the Aravali mountains. To the west of this plain lies the Thar Desert.

The Deccan Plateau is much older than the Himalayas, and is composed mainly of ancient crystalline rocks, whose age is from 300 to 500 million years.

The Deccan Plateau is bounded in the east by the low Eastern Ghats, passing at some distance from the coast of the Bay of Bengal.

In the west, the Deccan plateau is framed by the Western Ghats (Sahyadri), covered with a thick layer of basalts.

In the extreme south of the Deccan, the Cardamom Mountains are located, composed of gneisses and shales.

The Deccan Plateau is bordered by coastal lowlands. In the west, the large rivers Tapti, Narmada, Mahi and Sabarmati carry a large amount of sediment into the Gulf of Cambay.

South of the Satpura mountains, the Deccan tableland slopes slightly to the east. Therefore, all the major rivers of the Deccan, with the exception of the Narmada and the Tapti, flow eastward into the Bay of Bengal. The rivers Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri formed vast fertile deltas.

India is rich in minerals. The country has the world's largest iron ore reserves, which are estimated at 22 billion tons, which is ¼ of the world's reserves. Iron ore deposits are found everywhere, but the largest are concentrated in the states of Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Goa and Karnataka (the largest is Singbhum on the Chhota Nagpur plateau). Iron ores are of high quality. India also has significant reserves of manganese ores, which are estimated at 180 million tons. (3rd place in the world). Its main deposits are located in the central part of the country - in the states of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. India accounts for about 4/5 of the world exports of sheet mica. The mica belt of India stretches from east to west along the northern edge of the Bihar plateau, mica deposits are also being developed in Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan. Bauxite deposits are numerous, the main mining areas of which are concentrated in Bihar, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. India is a world exporter of chromium. It occupies a leading place in the reserves of graphite, beryl, thorium, zirconium and 2nd place in the world in titanium mining.

From energy minerals highest value has coal. Coal reserves of all kinds in India are estimated at 120 billion tons. the leading producers are the states of Bihar and West Bengal: they account for almost 3/4 of the total coal production. However, coking coal reserves are essentially limited to the Jhariya deposit in Bihar. Coal mining also takes place in Assam (bituminous coals) and in Tamil Nadu (rich deposits of lignite in Neiveli).

In the east of the country in the valley of the river. Brahmaputra (Assam) is the oldest oil-bearing basin in India. But in connection with the exploration and production of oil and gas in the state of Gujarat and on the continental shelf in the Gulf of Cambay, the importance of Western India has greatly increased. India's proven oil reserves are 0.6 billion tons, modern production is about 40 million tons per year (mostly offshore).

The most important source of energy can be radioactive thorium contained in monocyte sands. Uranium ores have been discovered in the state of Rajasthan.

Land resources are the main natural wealth of the country. Cultivated land accounts for most of the country's territory. A significant part of the soils is highly fertile. These are alluvial soils of the Ganges valley and river deltas on the coasts, as well as chernozem-like clayey soils of the Deccan plateau in the center of the country. However, the problem of land resources in India exists, which is associated with erosion, salinization and soil depletion.

The abundance of heat throughout the year makes it possible to harvest 2-3 crops on a large area, but agriculture needs irrigation. Natural pastures make up 5% of the country's territory - the forage base for livestock is limited.

Forest areas occupy 22% of India's area, but there is not enough forest for economic needs. The forest is a source of fuel and timber. Deforestation is accompanied by serious negative consequences (especially in the Himalayas).

The rivers of India have a great energy potential and are also the main source of artificial irrigation. The main rivers are the Ganges, the Brahmaputra, the Indus and their tributaries. The rivers originating in the Himalayas are full of water (with mixed rain and snow-glacier feeding patterns). The rivers of the Deccan Plateau, which are mainly fed by rain, become very shallow during the dry season, and overflow during the rainy season, flooding fields and washing away crops.

India is one of the richest countries in terms of nature, it was not without reason that in colonial times it was called the pearl of the British crown. Favorable climate, colossal agroclimatic resources. The reserves of some types of mineral raw materials (iron and manganese ores, chromites, titanium, zirconium, muscovite) have global importance. Large reserves of coal, non-ferrous metal ores, gold. Many areas and coastal waters are promising for oil. Numerous rivers are a source of irrigation and hydroelectric power. The land resources of India are vast, the territory of which is only slightly smaller than the area of all countries. Western Europe. The abundance of heat in a monsoonal subtropical and tropical climate makes it possible to collect two or three crops per year on a large area.

Having embarked on the path of independent historical development, India has achieved impressive success in many areas. A diversified industrial complex was created. As a result of the "Green Revolution", grain production increased several times, thanks to which mass starvation was eliminated in the country. Markedly improved socio-economic transformation is closely related to the creation and strengthening of the public sector of the economy.

2.5. General characteristics of the economy. Reasons affecting the pace of economic development.

India is an agro-industrial country.

It belongs to the group of “key developing countries”, which have huge resource and human potential, intensively develop their industry and play an increasingly prominent role in the global economy.

Along with the further development of the country's traditional sectors (agriculture, light industry), the extractive and various branches of the manufacturing industry have received significant development.

India is now one of the world's largest producers and exporters of coal, iron and manganese ores. Ferrous metallurgy, heavy and transport engineering, electrical equipment, consumer electronics, chemicals, etc. enterprises have been created.

India is the first developing country to start developing nuclear energy. The aerospace industry is expanding (an artificial Earth satellite has been launched), new scientific and technical centers are being created.

A very significant contribution to the economic development of the country was provided by former USSR. Soviet specialists helped in the exploration of minerals, in the creation of the oil industry, energy, metallurgy, and mechanical engineering.

In terms of GDP (according to the purchasing power parity of currencies), India ranks fourth with a volume of 2200 billion US dollars, leaving behind such countries as Germany (1936 billion US dollars), France (1448 billion US dollars), Great Britain ( 1360 billion US dollars), Italy (1273 billion US dollars) (data for 2000)

Currently, in the structure of gross domestic product (GDP), industry accounts for 24%, agriculture - 25%, services - 51%. The public sector, which provides a quarter of the country's GDP, plays a significant role in the development of the national economy.

The structure of industrial production was previously dominated by light industry.

At present, the share of light and food industries is decreasing (although still quite significant).

However, it is not these traditional Indian industries that really reflect the scale of progress.

Mechanical engineering and metalworking are developing at an accelerated pace (including the automotive industry and other branches of transport engineering; the electronics industry).

Moreover, with the support of the state, high-tech industries (electronics industry, information technology) are developing most rapidly.

The creation of a powerful base for the production of software, microprocessors, personal computers continues.

The country has reached the world level in the production of supercomputers. India has its own space industry.

2.6. Geography of the main industrial complexes and branches.

In the territorial structure of India's economy, the traditionally largest industrial centers - Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, and Delhi - continue to play a leading role. The development of these centers causes economic growth in the territories adjacent to them. Railways and highways are laid between the cities, along which a kind of “growth corridors” have arisen, which attract the main industrial new buildings of the country. These are the Rihan-Singrauli fuel and energy complex, oil refineries in Barauni, Koyali, Mathura, industrial centers in Bokaro, Durgapur, Visakhapatnam, Bokaro, Rourkele, Bhilai and others. Growth corridors play a very important role in the modernization of the territorial structure of the Indian economy.

Energy . The creation of a modern energy base began with the construction of a hydroelectric power station. They are built as part of complex hydraulic engineering units, including power plants and irrigation systems.

The installed capacity of India's power plants in 2002 was 548 billion kWh. However, among the newly built power plants in recent years, thermal power plants predominate. The largest thermal power plants are located in Singrauli, Korba, Ramagundam, Vindyachal, Rihand and Farakka (See Annex 2).

AT fuel industry the use of coal, oil and gas is expanding. Thus, coal accounts for ¾ of the production of primary energy carriers. Coal production in 2000 amounted to 310 million tons, which is 7.5% of world production. Oil production is 36.7 million tons, but the volume of oil imports is still significant. In the development of Indian oil fields (on the shelf of the Gulf of Cambay), assistance was provided by the former Soviet Union and Western countries. Currently, there are more than a dozen oil refineries operating in India (oil refineries in Barauni and Koyali were built with the help of the USSR) (See Appendix 2).

Nuclear power India is based on its own raw materials (uranium, thorium). There are 14 power units with a capacity of 2994 MW, including those in Tarapur (Maharashtra) and Rana Pratar Nagar (Rajasthan) (See map). Two more power units with a capacity of 900 MW are under construction. The share of nuclear power plants in the total production of el. energy is 4%.

Power generation in the country is growing rapidly, but on a per capita basis, this figure is still very low. In many parts of the country, wood and dry manure are still used as fuel.

Ferrous metallurgy . By the beginning of the Second World War in India there was a fairly large branch of the colonial iron and steel industry (1 million tons of steel, 1939). after gaining independence, the capacity of all plants in this industry has grown significantly (25 million tons, 2001).

Ferrous metallurgy is represented by enterprises located in the east of the country. As a result of the intensive development of deposits of coal, iron and manganese ores, the coal and metallurgical base of the country (“Indian Ruhr”), the Calcutta-Damodar industrial belt, has developed here.

Large metallurgical plants have been built and are operating: in Bhilai (Madhya Pradesh); in Bokaro (state of Bihar); in Visakhapatnam (Adhra Pradesh, the newest and most modern plant in the industry). The industrial hubs of Jamshedpur, Durgapur, Rourkela are also distinguished (See Appendix 2).

Non-ferrous metallurgy also developed in the east of the country. The aluminum industry stands out, based on local bauxite resources (Asansol, Korba) (See map). India's share in the production of primary aluminum is 5.75% of world production and amounts to 215 thousand tons in 2000. India is in fifth place after the USA, Russia, China, Canada.

Engineering industry India produces a variety of products: machine tools, diesel locomotives, ships, cars, tractors, aircraft and helicopters. The electronics industry is developing rapidly.

The leading centers of mechanical engineering are Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, Hyderabad, Bangalore. In the cities of Durgapur, Chittarajan, Ranchi, Bhopal (north-east of the country), heavy engineering is represented; in Hardvar (north) - power engineering. Madras is home to the largest wagon factory in the world. Precision engineering is represented in Hyderabad, aviation and electrical engineering in Bangaloi, and shipbuilding in Visakhapatnam. Many engineering plants in India were also built with the help of the former USSR.

In terms of production volume of the radio-electronic industry, India came in second place in Foreign Asia (following Japan, but far behind it). The country produces a variety of radio equipment, color televisions, tape recorders, communications equipment, and computers. The country annually spends 0.6% of the country's GDP on R&D. In terms of the number of scientific and engineering personnel, India is second only to some developed countries of the world.

However, India does not yet fully satisfy its needs for engineering products, but this industry is developing intensively.

AT chemical industry production of mineral fertilizers is allocated. The importance of petrochemistry is growing. Resins, plastics, chemical fiber, synthetic rubber are produced. Developed pharmaceutical industry. The chemical industry is represented in many cities of the country. The largest of them: in Koyali (piece of Gujarat), in Bombay, in Mathura (piece of Uttar Pradesh), Madras, Haldia (near Calcutta). The location of the main oil refineries near seaports is explained by the fact that they are focused on the use of mainly imported oil.

Light industry is a traditional branch of the Indian economy. The cotton and jute industries stand out in particular. In terms of the production of cotton fabrics, India is one of the leading countries in the world, and in the production of jute products (technical, packaging, furniture fabrics, carpets) it ranks first. The largest centers cotton industry are Bombay and Ahmedabad, jute - Calcutta. There are textile factories in all major cities of the country. In India's exports, textile and clothing products account for 25%.

food industry produces goods both for domestic consumption and for export. The most widely known in the world is Indian tea. Its production is concentrated in Kolkata and in the south of the country. India is the world's number one tea exporter.

It should be noted that artisanal handicrafts - production of fabrics, jewelry, souvenirs. The labour-intensive small and handicraft industries will remain an important area of employment for the majority of India's industrial population for the foreseeable future. This applies primarily to the textile industry, the production of clothing, including for export, and many artistic crafts.

The high hereditary qualification of Indian craftsmen ensures the stable development of such a specific industry as the diamond industry. In the history of India's foreign trade, there is no other example of such a rapid expansion of exports as the growth of exports of polished diamonds.

Another branch of the economy, widely known in the world, is developed in India - film industry . Bombay is traditionally considered the center of the Indian film industry. Until recently, it led the way in terms of the number of films produced, primarily in Hindi, but in recent years its role has declined sharply in the face of increased production in South Indian film studios.

2.7. Specialization of agricultural production.

India is a country of ancient agricultural culture. The South Asian region is home to rice, cotton, eggplant, cucumber, lemon, orange, mango, sugarcane, and sesame. It is still one of the most important agricultural regions in the world.

The agricultural sector of the Indian economy employs 50% of the economically active population. However, mechanization and the use of fertilizers are clearly insufficiently used. In many villages, a natural and semi-commodity way of life is still preserved (about a third of farms do not sell their products).

In India, agrarian reforms are being carried out, leading to an acceleration of the penetration of market relations into the countryside, but many peasant families still do not have land. More than half of the entire land fund is concentrated in the hands of large landowners.

The leading branch of agriculture in India - crop production (4/5 of the cost of all products). The sown area is 140 million hectares, but there are practically no land resources for new development. Agriculture needs irrigation (40% of the cultivated area is irrigated). Forests are reduced (slash-and-burn agriculture is still preserved).

The main part of the cultivated area is occupied by food crops: rice, wheat, corn, etc. India has two agricultural seasons - summer and winter, which is associated with the agro-climatic features of the monsoon climate. Rice, cotton, jute are grown in summer; in winter - wheat, barley, etc.

Most of the crop is harvested in the summer, during the monsoon season. The main areas of rice cultivation are river deltas and plains with fertile soils in places where there is a lot of rainfall. Wheat is sown in the same place, mainly in winter, with artificial irrigation. Other important grain crops - corn, barley, millet - are cultivated without irrigation. The cultivation of legumes and potatoes is widespread. (see table. 1)

Table 1

Production of major crops in 2000 in India

The traditional Indian export item is spices, the main place among which is occupied by black pepper, as well as cloves and cardamom. They are grown in the South of India - mainly in the state of Kerala).

Almost all known fruits grow in India, both tropical and subtropical, as well as those characteristic of the temperate zone. There are many varieties of mangoes. India is the second largest banana harvester in the world. Papaya, guava and chicu fruits can be found throughout the country all year round. Citrus fruits are widely cultivated in the mountain ranges of Central, South and North-East India, pineapples are widely cultivated in the valleys of the North-East and on the coastal lowlands of the South. In temperate regions - in the Kashmir Valley and the state of Himachal Pradesh - there are extensive apple orchards. However, per capita fruit consumption is very low.

Main industrial crops India - cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, tobacco, oilseeds (rapeseed, peanuts, etc.). Short-staple cotton is grown without irrigation on the Deccan Plateau, while long-staple cotton is cultivated on irrigated lands. The main jute growing area is the state of West Bengal (neighboring Bangladesh, where this crop is also very important. The fiber is used to make burlap, ropes and carpets). India is the third tobacco-growing country in the world (average annual harvest is about 0.6 million tons, or slightly less than 10% of world production). The leading tobacco-growing region of the country is the deltas of the Godavari and Krishna rivers in the state of Andhra Pradesh. India is the world's largest tea producer. It accounts for 1/3 of the world collection. Tea plantations in the northeast and south of the country are confined to foothill areas. The main tea producing states in India are Assam, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Hence the name of the three most famous varieties of Indian tea - Assam, Darjeeling (from the Darjeeling district in West Bengal) and Nilgirpy (from the Nilgiri mountains in South India). The total area of tea plantations is 382 thousand hectares. In India, there are almost 13,300 tea farms, of which 1,200 are large. The country occupies the 1st place in terms of the area of sugarcane plantations. Rubber plants, coconut palms, bananas, pineapples, mangoes, citrus fruits, spices and spices are also grown.

The material costs associated with the "green revolution" for the development of agriculture can only be afforded by the wealthiest landowners or large commercial farms. Nevertheless, as a result of measures taken by the state for the development of agriculture, as well as as a result of some achievements of the "green revolution", combined with favorable conditions, the harvest of grain and leguminous crops has increased markedly and amounted to almost 230 million tons (2001). India has practically got rid of grain imports.

animal husbandry is the second most important branch of agriculture in India, much inferior to crop production. Cattle (buffaloes, cows, oxen) are used in peasant farms mainly as draft power. Despite the fact that India ranks first in the world in terms of livestock, livestock is not a significant supplier of mass production. The population practically does not use animal meat for food (Indians are traditionally vegetarians). Milk, hide and skin of animals are used.

In recent years, much attention has been paid to the development of the dairy industry. In terms of total milk production, India is ranked 3rd in the world. India ranks 2nd in the world in the production of animal butter (butter and ghee).

Fishing . In India, about 2.5 million tons of fish are caught per year (7th place in the world), including 2/3 - marine. Sea fishing is most developed in the coastal southern and western states, river fishing - in the East and North-East of the country. For the inhabitants of a number of areas, especially Bengal, fish is one of the essential foodstuffs. The main object of marine fishing on the Malabar coast is shrimp, which are exported in frozen form mainly to the USA and Japan. Frogs are also exported.

The use of seafood can improve the food situation in the country.

2.8. Development of the transport complex.

Among the developing countries, India stands out with a relatively developed transport network. Many roads were built during the colonial regime.

In domestic transport, the main role is played by railways , the length of which is over 60 thousand km. Railways account for 55% of India's land freight traffic, which is 800,000 tons. tons of cargo and 9 million passengers daily. In terms of cargo transportation, India ranks 5th in the world. The main highways run along the Ganges valley, as well as along the sea coasts. From large cities (Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, Delhi) railway lines were laid inland (double-track, broad-gauge railways). But the state of the road network and rolling stock is often unsatisfactory due to long-term use, lack of funds for reconstruction. There is a large volume of transportation of goods and passengers.

National highways connect major cities and often duplicate railroads. Automobile transport ranks second in domestic transportation. The total length of roads in India is 1970 thousand km. Including roads with a hard, so-called "all-weather" surface is 960 thousand km. However, only about 1/3 of India's settlements have access to such roads. Most Indian roads, especially in the outback, are unpaved. During the rainy season, they become impassable, and thousands of Indian villages are then cut off from the outside world.

River transport not of great economic importance. The length of inland waterways is 16180 km. Foreign trade transportation is mainly carried out sea transport . The role of the domestic merchant fleet is growing. The largest seaports- Bombay, Calcutta, Madras. India has 736 merchant marine vessels with a total capacity of 6.5 million tons. However, 62.9% of the country's maritime freight traffic is carried out by foreign vessels.

2.9. Socio-economic development of individual regions. Reasons for the unevenness in their socio-economic development. Aligning the levels of economic development.

Separate regions of India differ significantly among themselves in terms of the level of socio-economic development and economic specialization. Each such region covers several states connected by a single geographical and economic community, less often limited to one large state.

The economic-geographical zoning of India is carried out by different researchers - Indian and foreign - in different ways. Some regional differences in the economic life of this great country are given by the economic regions allocated on its territory: North-Eastern, Western, Southern and Central-Northern.

North East India - the most diversified economic region, within which a powerful industrial complex of the country has developed. The unique combination of minerals determines the active industrialization of the region, turning it into the main coal and metallurgical base of India during the years of independence. In the river valley Damodar concentrates about 60% of the country's hard coal deposits, including almost all of the explored reserves of coking coal. The southern part of the Chhota-Nagpur plateau is rich in high-quality iron ores. There are also large reserves of manganese ores and bauxites, well-known uranium deposits. Abundant reserves of non-metallic minerals - mica, refractory clay, limestone, etc.

On this basis, various groups of industries are developing: ferrous metallurgy (four out of five large metallurgical plants operate), thermal power engineering, the industry of mineral fertilizers and building materials, heavy metal-intensive engineering (production of mining and metallurgical equipment, excavators, vehicles - locomotives, railway cars ), as well as the automotive industry, etc.

At the same time, the main crops of rice and almost the entire production of jute and tea are concentrated in Northeast India. The most important district-forming core here is Calcutta and its agglomeration, which unites more than 70 cities. Calcutta, the former capital of British India, received an impetus for development during the colonial period. Today Calcutta is a city of sharp social contrasts. Transport, housing, energy problems, as well as problems of water supply and food are very acute here. Today, almost all the states of Northeast India are drawn into its sphere of influence.

According to some economic and geographical features Western India reminiscent of the North-East: their latitudinal location is approximately the same, their levels of economic development are similar. However, the difference in specialization appears quite clearly.

Western India - chief oil-bearing region countries. Oil and gas developments are underway in Gujarat in the Ankleshwar and Cambay area, as well as in the area of the Bombay coastal plume (“Bombay Arch”). 12 million tons of iron and 5 - 6 million tons of manganese ore are mined annually in Goa. Gujarat accounts for 60% of India's total salt production.

The main agricultural crops of the West are peanuts (peanuts), cotton, sugar cane (in Maharashtra). Millet is sown in arid regions, rice is sown in coastal lowlands and irrigated lands of river valleys. Some areas are famous for their fruits. Animal husbandry, mainly dairy, is relatively developed. There are many fishing farms along the entire coast of the Arabian Sea. Frozen fish from Gujarat goes even to the markets of Delhi. Maharashtra and Gujarat are the leading industrial states of India. 1/3 of the enterprises of the organized sector of the manufacturing industry of the country and 27% of those employed in it are concentrated here. The traditionally developed cotton industry in recent decades has been widely supplemented by oil refining and petrochemistry, enterprises of medium and precision engineering. The chemical industry is developing rapidly, including the production of artificial fibers. The economic "heart" of Western India - Mumbai (Bombay) - the country's main seaport, one of the largest industrial, commercial, transport, financial and cultural centers.

Economic potential South India significantly inferior to the two regions considered above. The basis of its economy is agriculture.

South India is an important rice-growing region, a major producer of cotton and oilseeds, coconuts, and the main tobacco-growing region. Of the food crops, millet is also widely cultivated. In the Nilgiri mountain range, there are plantations of tea, coffee (4/5 of the all-Indian coffee harvest - in Karnataka) and rubber hevea (90% of plantings - in Karala). An important place is occupied by the production of spices and spices: 96% of the collection of black pepper, about 755 - cardamom and 40% - ginger comes from Kerala. This state is also the main supplier of cashew nuts. Sericulture is developed in Karnataka (4/5 of the all-Indian silk production).

Of the mineral resources of South India, bauxites, mica, manganese ore, lignites, and copper should be distinguished. Iron ore is mined in Selam (Tamil Nadu). Titanium and ilmenite are extracted from the coastal monazite sands of Kerala. In Kolar (Karnataka) there is the only gold mine in India - one of the deepest in the world; work is being carried out at a depth of 2895 m. Uranium ore deposits are being developed in Anhra Pradesh. This state also accounts for 100% of India's proven tungsten reserves.

South India is actively building up its industrial potential. Traditional industries - processing of agricultural raw materials and the textile industry - have been supplanted in recent years by transport, medium and precision engineering, metallurgy, oil refining (Chinai, Hyderabad, Visakhapatnam, etc.). South India is actively involved in the implementation of the Indian space program. There is a Center for the creation of satellites in Bangalore. In Trivandrum, the center for space science and technology, which operates the spaceport in Tumba, from where meteorological rockets are launched. On the island of Sriharikota, north of Madras, a spaceport has been built to launch more powerful rockets, including for launching artificial Earth satellites into orbit.

The largest city in South India - Madras - the administrative center of the state of Tamil Nadu. This is the fourth largest city, one of the main ports and industrial hubs of the country.

On the North India , coinciding with the largest state - Uttar Pradesh, accounts for 9% of the territory and 1/6 of the population of the country. It is the historical center of Indian culture. The ancient sacred cities of Hardwar, Varanasi, Mathura inspired Indian philosophers, thinkers, poets and storytellers.

Uttar Pradesh is an agrarian state (86% of the population lives in rural areas), is the largest producer of grains (about 21% of total Indian production), including wheat, rice, barley, corn, potatoes, fruits. The district produces half of the sugar cane. North India is one of the last places in India in terms of industrial production and economic development. Traditionally, the leading industries here were the sugar industry, the production of vegetable oils and the processing of leather (Kanpur and Agra). Important scientific training centers are concentrated in Uttar Pradesh: hundreds of colleges, dozens of universities.

Central India - this is in fact the largest state of the country Madhya Pradesh (443.5 thousand km²). Approximately 1/3 of the state is covered with forests. Central India is still one of the most backward parts of the country. About 80% of the population lives in rural areas. Only 14% of cultivated areas are irrigated. The main food crops: in the east - rice, in the west and northeast - wheat and simply (jowar). The main industrial crop is cotton of coarse short-fiber varieties. Oilseeds and sugarcane are cultivated. Programs for the widespread introduction of soy are being implemented. The industry is represented by cotton and butter factories, as well as sawmills, and the extraction of manganese ores. And bauxite. This state ranks first in the country in the extraction of limestone, thanks to which a large cement industry has arisen here. major developments of refractory clays and kaolin will be introduced. India's only diamond deposit is being developed in Panna. At the same time, during the years of independence, industrial construction has noticeably revived here. With the help of the USSR, a metallurgical plant was built in Bhilai, an aluminum plant in Korba, a number of enterprises in the machine-building, light industry, and electric power industry were built.

2.10. Foreign economic relations, export, import. Participation in international economic unions.

Foreign trade is of considerable importance for the country's economy. However, India is still weakly involved in the international division of labor. Foreign trade turnover - 104 billion dollars, 2001 (export - 43 billion dollars; import - 61 billion dollars).

The country exports fabrics, ready-made garments, jewelry and gems, agricultural and food products, machinery, as well as minerals, medicines and other goods. India accounts for 21% of world tea exports.

India exports iron ore mainly to Japan, but also to some European countries.

In the commodity structure of imports, the share of fuel resources, machinery, equipment, weapons, and lubricating oils is large.

The largest trading partners of India are the USA (19.3% of exports and 9.5% of imports) Germany, Japan, Great Britain. Despite the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) established in 1985, the scale of foreign trade with the closest neighbors-members of this bloc (Pakistan, Bangladesh, etc.) is small. India's trade relations with the countries of Southeast Asia are expanding.

India is a member of such organizations as:

AFDB - African Development Bank;

AZDB - Asian Development Bank;

TKK - Commodity Credit Corporation;

WHO - World Health Organization;

WTO - World Trade Organization, etc.

Since the beginning of the 1990s, an extensive program of new economic reforms has been carried out in the country, the purpose of which is to create a market economy in the world economy. The government has liberalized the laws governing the flow of foreign investment into the country. The largest investors are the USA, Japan, Germany and other developed countries.

An important channel for the penetration of foreign capital into India is government loans, credits and subsidies provided by economically developed countries and the world's largest banks. India's external financial debt exceeds $100 billion (out of the group of developing countries, only Brazil and Mexico have a large external debt).

India's foreign economic relations with Russia have changed in recent years. Previously, the country was one of the main trading partners of the USSR (due to the sale of tea, coffee, pepper, spices, fabrics, medicines). In recent years, the trade turnover between the countries has noticeably decreased (from $3.7 billion in 1988 to $1.8 billion in 2001). a number of measures are currently being taken to develop new conditions for Russian-Indian trade and economic cooperation. India continues to be a promising and capacious market for Russia.

3. Conclusion

A country with an ancient culture, a history full of drama and heroism, rich traditions of the struggle for national liberation - India today looks confidently into the future.

In international affairs, India holds independent course. Having gone through all the hardships of almost two hundred years of domination by foreign colonialists, it stands on the side of those whose freedom and independence have been and are being trampled on. India has to a large extent contributed to the national liberation movements in the former colonies, resolutely condemns racism and apartheid in South Africa, and stands for a just settlement in the Middle East.

Indian culture is traditionally characterized by high ideals of peacefulness and humanism. It was in India that the idea of non-alignment was born. Non-alignment in the understanding of India is not self-isolation or "sitting between two chairs", but active, constructive participation in the reorganization of the world on fair and democratic principles.

India is the author of a number of major initiatives aimed at solving key international problems - eliminating the threat of war, ending the arms race, primarily nuclear, and establishing the principle of peaceful coexistence as an immutable law of interstate communication.

India seeks to develop good bilateral relations with all countries, primarily with its neighbors. "Peace", "friendship", "cooperation" - these words reflect the goals that Delhi sets in the international arena. That is why India is so close and understandable to me.

4. Bibliography.

5. Applications.

Egp india as planned please

GENERAL ECONOMIC AND GEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIA Territory - 3.28 million km2. Population -1010 million people The capital is Delhi. Geographical position, general information The Republic of India is located in South Asia on the Hindustan Peninsula. India borders on Pakistan, Afghanistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar. The maximum length of India - from north to south - 3200 km, from west to east - 2700 km. The economic and geographical position of India favors the development of the economy: India is located on the sea trade routes from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean, halfway between the Middle and Far East. For almost two centuries India was a colony of England. In 1947, India gained independence, and in 1950 it was proclaimed a republic within the British Commonwealth. India is a federal republic consisting of 25 states. Each of them has its own legislative assembly and government, but while maintaining a strong central authority. Natural conditions and resources India's minerals are significant and varied. The main deposits are located in the northeast of the country. Here are the largest iron ore, coal basins, deposits of manganese ore; this creates favorable conditions for the development of heavy industries. The minerals of South India are diverse - these are bauxites, chromites, magnesites, brown coal, graphite, mica, diamonds, gold, ferrous metal ores, coal; in the state of Gujarat and on the continental shelf - oil. The climate of the country is subtropical and tropical, in the south - equatorial. The average annual temperature is about 25°C, only in winter in the mountains does it fall below 0°C. The distribution of precipitation over the seasons and across the territory is uneven - 80% of them fall in the summer, the eastern and mountainous regions receive the largest amount, and the northwest receives the smallest amount. Land resources are the natural wealth of the country, since a significant part of the soils has high fertility. Forests occupy 22% of India's area, but there is not enough forest for economic needs. The rivers of India have a great energy potential and are also the main source of artificial irrigation. India is the second largest country in the world in terms of population (after China). The country has a very high rate of population reproduction. And, although the peak of the "demographic explosion" has already been generally passed, the demographic problem still exists. India is the most multiethnic country in the world. Representatives of several hundred nations, nationalities and tribal groups live in it, located at different stages of socio-economic development and speaking different languages. They belong to the Caucasoid, Negroid, Australoid races. The peoples of the Indo-European family predominate. The official languages in the country are Hindi and English. More than 80% of the inhabitants of India are Hindus, 11% are Muslims. The complex ethnic and religious composition of the population often leads to conflicts and increased tension. The distribution of the population of India is very uneven, since from ancient times the fertile lowlands and plains in the valleys and deltas of the rivers, on the sea coasts were first settled. The average population density is 260 people. per 1 km2. Despite this high figure, there are still sparsely populated and even deserted territories. The level of urbanization is quite low - 27%, but the number of large cities and cities of "millionaires" is constantly increasing. But most of the population of India lives in crowded villages. Industry, energy India is a developing agro-industrial country with huge resources and human potential. Along with the traditional industries for India (agriculture, light industry), extractive and manufacturing industries are developing. At present, 29% of GDP comes from industry, 32% from agriculture, and 30% from the service sector.

In terms of the absolute size of industrial production, India is among the 10 largest powers in the world, but in terms of the level of national product per capita, it only closes 100 states.

India occupies the 1st place in the world in the collection of tea, 2-4 places in the collection of rice, jute, sugar cane, bananas, in wheat and cotton crops. India is among the top twenty countries in the extraction of coal and iron ore, in the production of cement, steel, electricity, and the development of the main branches of engineering. But in terms of industrial output per capita, it lags far behind the economically developed countries.

In general, India is an industrial-agrarian country. From the colonial period, it inherited the economic structure typical of the former colonies, i.e.

with a predominance of agricultural production.

However, unlike most other colonies in India, even before gaining independence, there were a number of relatively developed light and food industries:

Jute, cotton, sugar, tobacco, leather, as well as mining (coal mining, manganese and iron ores, mica, precious stones). There were cement, glass, paper enterprises.

But the key sectors of heavy industry were absent or were poorly developed - metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemistry, and the electric power industry. The country's economy was dominated by foreign capital (mainly Great Britain).

After gaining independence, the public sector began to play a very important role in the country's economy. It accounts for almost all coal mining, 80% of the capacity of power plants, all copper production, 75% of oil refining, 80% of steel production, 50% of the production of machine tools.

Transport, communications enterprises, the defense industry, gold mining and strategic raw materials are fully under the control of the state.

Private monopolies are also rapidly developing in the country (they are given benefits).

Indian big business is concentrated mainly in big cities and the most developed areas - Bombay, Kolkata, Delhi, Madras.

The richest families not only own individual businesses, they essentially control entire cities:

Tatanagar is the monopolist of Tata,
Dalmiyanagan - Dalmiya (state of Bihar),
Modinagar (Delhi district) - Modi, etc.

Foreign capital in India has lost its commanding heights, the state restricts it in areas where local entrepreneurs operate, but stimulates its inflow into new industries.

At the same time, many of the needs of the Indians, especially in the countryside, are met by artisans, often on terms of commodity exchange.

General characteristics of the economy of India Wikipedia
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Geographical position

India occupies the Hindustan peninsula, adjacent to the north the Indo-Gangetic plain and part of the Himalayas, forming the central part of South Asia and covering an area of 13287 thousand km2. Its territory stretches for 3214 km from north to south (from the highest mountains the globe Himalayas to Cape Komorin) and from west to east for 2933 km. India includes the Laccadive coral islands (Lakshadweep) in the Arabian Sea, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal.

India borders Pakistan and Afghanistan in the northwest, China, Nepal and Bhutan in the north, Myanmar and Bangladesh in the east. In the extreme southeast, India is separated from Sri Lanka by the narrow Polk Strait and the Gulf of Manar.

The Indian subcontinent, the central part of which is occupied by India itself, is a huge peninsula protruding in the center of the northern coast of the Indian Ocean and surrounded by an arc of gigantic mountain systems that fence it off from the rest of Asia.

Population

India is a huge human mass: a country that occupies 2.5% of the world's land area concentrates 1/6 of its population. The number of inhabitants of India, amounting to 238 million people. in 1901, increased to 361 million people. by 1951 and almost tripled during the years of independence. In the 21st century India enters with a population of over 1 billion. and, twice ahead of China in terms of demographic growth, in 20-30 years it can become the most populous country in the world. Possible stabilization of the population is projected at the level of 1.5 billion people. in the second half of the 21st century, but experts do not exclude a larger value.

The annual demographic growth rate of the Indian population in the 1990s amounted to. 2.11%, i.e. adding 17 million people.

However, the continuation of the population explosion complicates all aspects of the life of a great country, slowing down and hindering its socio-economic progress, putting more and more heavy anthropogenic pressure on natural systems. The average population density of India has increased from 77 people. per 1 km2 in 1901 up to 117 people. per 1 km2 in 1951 and exceeded 300 people. per 1 km2 in the 1990s.

India: Major Human Development Indices

Peculiarities resettlement in India are rooted in a deep history. With a general high population density, the population density varies in some parts of the country by hundreds of times. The most densely populated are the Indo-Gangetic Plain and the coastal lowlands of the peninsular part, where the average population density exceeds 500-600 people. per 1 km2, often increasing to 1000 people. and more per 1 km2, but mainly in rural areas. In the inner parts of the peninsula, in Central India, the density ranges from 70 to 200-250 people. per 1 km2. The least populated desert areas of Western Rajasthan. Territories with extreme natural conditions are not inhabited.

With only 27% of the population living in cities, India is one of the least urbanized countries in the world. However, in terms of the absolute number of citizens, exceeding 217 million people. (1991), it is one of the four largest world powers. In the drawing of regional systems and local groupings of cities in India, the contours of both ancient agricultural civilizations and states (Vara-nasi, Delhi, Allahabad, Patna - one of the oldest living cities on Earth), and a two-hundred-year colonial past (Calcutta, Bom Bay, Madras - the former main strongholds of British rule, which grew up in the XVIII-XIX centuries from scratch, and the new priorities of an independent India (in particular, powerful industrial and energy new buildings).This is the most complex system of cities belonging to different historical eras, forms, along with the transport network, the framework of the territorial structure of the country's economy.

For India, as for other developing countries, it is characteristic that cities grow not so much due to the force of gravity, but due to the expulsion of the population from rural areas experiencing agrarian overpopulation. The growth of the urban population overtakes their industrial and general socio-economic development - this is one of the difficulties modern stage development.

Industry

The most dynamic factor in the transformation of the sectoral and territorial structure of the Indian economy has become industrialization - the main way to modernize all sectors of the economy and strengthen their interconnectedness, the basis of production growth and the achievement of economic independence. In India, where by the time of gaining independence some branches of the factory and mining industries (cotton, jute, sugar, cement, coal) already existed, the process of industrialization is multifaceted. The main content of this process is connected with the reconstruction of the missing links of reproduction by bringing under the economy its own base of heavy industry. Active cooperation with the USSR played an important role in laying the foundation for India's economic independence. With his participation, more than 70 powerful state-owned enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, heavy engineering, energy, oil and oil refining industries were built. India regularly and fully repaid the loans provided for these purposes, which ensured the mutual benefit of cooperation. Although in terms of value, Soviet assistance in India was related to Western countries as 1:10, it was highly valued, as it made up for the missing vital links in economic reproduction.

The scale of the growth of economic potential and profound changes in the structure of the economy are clearly manifested in the structure of Indian exports, almost 80% of which are now manufactured goods. The maximum growth rates are typical for the basic branches of production, and above all for energy. In the structure of the energy balance in the mid-1990s. 60.1 million kW accounted for thermal stations (72.14%); 21.0 million kW - at HPPs (25.19%), which were built in almost all major river basins; 2.2 million kW - for nuclear power plants (2.67%), with 96% of the total capacity coming from the public sector. Despite the high growth rates of the electric power industry, they lag behind the rapidly increasing demand.

The country has five regional energy systems (Northern, Western, Southern, Eastern and North-Eastern), which cover all the states of the country. The National Energy System Project is in operation, which is being created through further development regional systems and their gradual unification.

In India, during the years of independence, a powerful ferrous metallurgy, based on a rich mineral resource base, headed by the largest state-owned plants in Bhilai and Bokaro, built in cooperation with Russia (each with a capacity of 4 million tons of steel). Thanks to the built enterprises heavy power engineering the country fully satisfies its needs for this complex product, production is developing rapidly electronic products and other types of high technologies.

developed petrochemistry, dye production, pharmaceutical industry. More and more of these Indian-made products are entering the world market, which are not inferior in quality to Western products and are less expensive.

Production cement increased from 2.7 million tons in 1950-1951. to 82.4 million tons in the mid-1990s, which put the country in 5th place in the world in this area. India became the world's fourth largest producer nitrogen fertilizers, while continuing to import mineral fertilizers. As a result of these efforts, the use of fertilizers per hectare of crops rose from 0.55 kg in 1950-1951 to 72 kg in the 1990s, which became the basis of the country's amazing achievements in the development of agriculture.

Textile industry, remaining the largest sector of the Indian industry, is unique in the variety of types and scales of production, technologies and uses different types raw materials: cotton, jute, silk, synthetic materials. It is closely connected with the country's agriculture, supplying about 1/5 of industrial products and about 1/3 of Indian exports. With the almost universal location of cotton production, the Bombay-Gujarat belt in the West and the Tamil Nadu belt in the South remain the leading ones. The jute industry is concentrated in West Bengal and adjacent areas, it employs 250,000 factory workers and 4 million jute farmers. Karnataka in the South is the main supplier of silk, in terms of production of which India is second only to China. More than 10 million people are employed in manual weaving, which produces more than 1/5 of the produced fabrics.

Generally in small industry 16 million people are employed. (2003). It is distributed almost everywhere. It accounts for over 40% of the value of the products of the processing industry and 35% of the country's exports. The industry for the development of food products is 70% represented by small enterprises, which employ about 1.5 million people. This sector has enormous growth potential as India is the world's largest fruit producer; it ranks second in growing vegetables, has the largest number of livestock in the world and the widest opportunities for the development of marine fisheries and seafood processing. The manufacture of tanneries, which occupy a prominent place in Indian exports, is also mainly carried out in small and handicraft enterprises.

MINISTRY OF GENERAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION OF THE CITY OF KURSK

ESSAY

ECONOMIC AND GEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIA

Scientific adviser: Fedorchenko O.I.

Completed by a student of 10 "B" class

Lotkova Irina Petrovna

PLAN FEATURES:

2. Economic - geographical and political-geographical position. The impact of EGP on the development of the country. Changing the position of the country in time.

3. Features of the population. demographic policy.

5. General characteristics of the economy. Reasons affecting the pace of economic development.

6. Geography of the main industrial complexes and industries.

7. Specialization of agricultural production.

8. Development of the transport complex.

9. Socio-economic development of individual regions. Reasons for the unevenness in their socio-economic development. Aligning the levels of economic development.

10. Foreign economic relations. Export. Import. Participation in integration economic unions.

1. The name of the country and the composition of the territory.

India is one of the largest countries in the world, possessing huge natural and human resources, and great scientific potential. There are currently 25 states in India. These are Andha Pradesh, Arunagal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Goa, Gujaharat, Jammu and Cammir, West Bengal, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Maharashtra, Meghalal Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Talielnad , Trinura, Haryana, Himachaya Pradesh, Ushtar Pradesh. In addition to the states, India includes seven union territories - administrative units of central subordination, relatively small in size and population: Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Dadra and Nonarhaveli, Daman and Diu, Delhi, Lanshadweep, Puttucheri (Pondicherry), Chandigarh.

2. Economic-geographical and political-geographical position. The impact of EGP on the development of the country. Changing the position of the country in time.

Republic of India, a state in South Asia: 3.3 million sq. km.

India borders Afghanistan and Pakistan in the northwest, China, Nepal and Bhutan in the north, Burma and Bangladesh in the east. In the south, the Polk Strait and the Gulf of Manara separate Sri Lanka from India. The Great Channel between the islands of Great Nicobar and Sumatra is the maritime border between India and Indonesia.

India is washed by the Indian Ocean, the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. Most of the peninsula of Hindustan is occupied by the Deccan Plateau, in the north - the Indo-Gangetic Plain and the highest mountains of the Himalayas and Karanorum. The climate is subequatorial monsoon, tropical in the south. The main rivers are the Ganges, Brahmaputra, Indus. Rainforests savannah and shrubby semi-desert. In the mountains, altitudinal zonality.

From the beginning of the 16th century, there was a gradual conquest of India by European colonizers (Portuguese, Dutch, French). India (in the 19th century) was turned into an object of outright plunder, brutal tax exploitation, a source of raw materials and a market for British manufactured goods.

Until the middle of the 19th century, India was a feudal country with a slow development of socio-economic relations. The specificity of India was the dominance of the communal-caste social structure sanctified by Hinduism. At the end of the 19th century, the development of capitalism intensified, and national monopolies arose. The contradictions between the Indian bourgeoisie and British imperialism sharpened. After World War II, the British government was forced to grant independence to India. In 1950, the Indian Union became a Republic. India adheres to the policy of international cooperation, opposes military blocs and neo-colonialism.

Diplomatic relations with Russia.

In international affairs, India pursues an independent course. Having gone through all the hardships of nearly two hundred years of domination by foreign colonialists, it stands on the side of those whose freedom and independence have been and are being trampled underfoot by imperialism. India has greatly contributed to the national liberation movement in the former colonies, supported the heroic struggle of the Vietnamese people against US aggression, strongly condemns racism and apartheid in South Africa, stands for a just settlement in the Middle East. India seeks to develop good bilateral relations with all countries, primarily neighboring ones. In this regard, the Indian leadership attaches great importance to the participation of countries in the Association for Regional Cooperation of South Asia, established in 1985.

3. Features of the population. demographic policy.

India is the most populated country in the world after China. In 1952, the Government of India adopted a nationwide family planning program. The program was modest in its early years, and when the 1961 census showed that the rate of growth was higher than expected, specific time frames and targets were developed for the program. This led to a noticeable decrease in the birth rate - from 4.5% at the turn of the 50s to about 3.3% in the early 80s. In 1986 it is believed to have hovered around 3.1%.

between the 1971 and 1981 censuses. India's population grew by 3.25% per year, and in absolute terms increased by about 137 million people. During the period from 1947 to 1981, the country's population doubled, i.e. a second India appeared within the same borders. India's current population growth rate is approximately 2%. About 24 million babies are born every year and about 8.5 million people die - bringing the total to 15.5 million, equal to the population of Australia. It is assumed that if the population of India continues to grow at the same pace, then by the end of this century its number will outgrow the billion mark. A large number of jobs were created in the country, but it was not enough to cover the unemployed and those who joined the ranks of the working population. In fact, the number of unemployed, including among the educated strata, is increasing. Only at labor exchanges in March 1985 about 14 million people were registered as unemployed (approximately 7.4 million men and 6.5 million women). These data, however, do not reflect the full picture. According to various estimates, the total number of fully or partially unemployed, especially in rural areas, is tens of millions of people.

India is a multinational state. It is inhabited by large peoples, whose representatives differ from each other in appearance, language, and customs.

Hindi and Urdu have a common grammar and a common stock of everyday words, they are often considered as two literary forms of a single Hindustash language. They are mainly located in the North-Central region. In addition to the Hindustanis, languages originating from Sanskrit are spoken by such large peoples as the Bengalis (West Bengal), Marathas (Maharashtra), Gujaratis (Gujarat), Oriya. (Orissa), Punjabis (Punjab), as well as Assamese (Assam) and Kashmiris (Jammui and Kashmir). All these peoples have an external European appearance.

The peoples of South India speak languages of the Dravidian family. These are Tolugu (Andhra Pradish), Kannara (Karnatana), Tamils (Tamil Nadu) and Malayali (Kerala). They are darker-skinned than northerners and have some Australoid characteristics.

In the central regions of India live troupes of Australoid small peoples whose languages belong to the Munda group (Austrasian family).

The northeastern states of India are inhabited by small peoples, in the appearance of which there are Mongoloid features. These are Manipuri, Opipera, Garo, Naga, Lizo, etc. They speak the languages of the Tibetan-Burmese group. The exception is the Khash, whose language belongs to the Mon-Khmer family.

According to the 1982 census, almost 100% of India's population is religious. The main religious and ethical system of India is Hinduism, it is practiced by 83% of the country's population.

Economic and geographical characteristics of India.

About 12% are Muslims, the rest are Sunkhs, Christians, Jayugs, Buddhists, Parsis, etc.

4. Natural resources and their use. Assessment of natural resource potential for the development of industry and agriculture.

India is rich in minerals. The country has the world's largest reserves of iron ore, which is estimated at 22 billion tons, which is ¼ of the world's reserves. Iron ore deposits are found everywhere, but the largest are concentrated in the states of Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Goa and Karnatana. India exports iron ore mainly to Japan, but also to some European countries. Reserves of manganese ore are estimated at 180 million tons. (3rd place in the world). Its main deposits are located in the central part of the country - the states of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. India accounts for about 4/5 of the world exports of sheet mica. The mica belt of India stretches from east to west along the northern edge of the Bihar plateau, mica deposits are also being developed in Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan. Bauxite deposits are numerous, the main mining areas of which are concentrated in Bihar, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. India is a world exporter of chromium. It occupies a leading place in the reserves of graphite, beryl, thorium, zirconium, and second in the world in titanium mining.

Of the energy minerals, coal is of the greatest importance. Coal reserves of all types in India are estimated at 120 billion tons. The leading producers are the states of Bihar and West Bengal: they account for almost ¾ of the total coal production. However, coking coal reserves are essentially limited to the Jhariya deposit in Bihar. Coal mining is also carried out in Assan (bituminous coals) and in Tamil Nadu (rich deposits in Netveli). In 1974, in the zone of the continental shelf of the Arabian Sea, 120 km north of Bombay, the Bombay arch field was discovered with high-quality oil reserves. However, India meets about half of its needs for oil and oil products through imports.

The area is 3.3 million km2. Population - over 1095 million people

Federal Republic - 28 states and seven union territories of central subordination. Capital -. New Delhi

EGP

India is the largest in terms of area and population, powerful in terms of economic potential and an influential state in the region. South. Asia. Territory. India covers mainland and peninsular parts. Big cha. Astin Territory is located on a peninsula. Hindustan. Shores. India is washed by the waters. Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. India has three large archipelagos.

In the northwest, the country borders with. Pakistan, in the east - with. Bangladesh and. Myanmar, mountain ranges.

Question: Egp India as per plan please

Himalayas - with. China. Nepal and. Bhutan. The strait separates. India from. Sri Lanka. The most economically probable and politically influential neighboring countries are. China and. Pakistan, all others except. Sri Lanka is one of the least developed countries in myrtu.

Proximity to the states of the region is of great importance. Persian Gulf, world leaders in oil and gas production. The marriage of overland international highways that crossed the territory of the country compensates for the intensive cargo flows of maritime transport of world importance, which have developed over the centuries and run along the western and southern coasts. India and sent from. Europe and. Middle. 3 period c. Southeast. Asia.

Population

. By population. India is second after. China state of the world. It is characterized by significant population growth rates (1.4%). The high birth rate is due to ethnic and religious traditions. India is pursuing a targeted demographic policy, which is aimed at reducing population growth, since its high rates predetermine poverty, unemployment, illiteracy, and the spread of infectious diseases.

The age structure of the population of the state is dominated by younger age groups. Average life expectancy is low - 62.5 years. The gender structure of the population is characterized by the predominance of the number of men

Citizens. Indians are active migrants, the indicator of net migration is characterized by quite significant negative values. Part of the emigrants are highly qualified specialists (programmers, ari medicines, engineers) leaving for. UK,. USA,. Canada and other highly developed countries.

Representatives of a large Caucasian race live in the north, northwest and most of the center of the region, and in the center and partly in the south. Indian - groups that make up a branch of the great Australoid race. Pretty much the whole south. India is inhabited by representatives of the South Indian transitional race. About 500 ethnic groups live in India, speaking more than 1600 languages and dialects. The most numerous. ETH wasps are Hindustanis living in the central and northern parts. India; Bengalis - in the northeast, etc. The inhabitants of the country belong to different language families:

the Indo-Aryan group of the Indo-European family (Bengalis, Biharis, Hindustanis, etc.); Dravidian family (Tamil, Malayali, Telugu, etc.); Sino-Tibetan family (Sherpas). The official languages are Hindi and English. The majority of the population (85%) profess Hinduism, many Muslims, Buddhists, Christians, followers of other religions.

India is one of the most densely populated countries in the world. The most densely populated (400-1000 people per 1 km2) are river valleys. Ganga and. The Brahmaputra, as well as the coastal lowlands and fertile plains of the southwestern states, are still uninhabited. Himalayas and salt marshes in the west. India.

About 30% of the country's population lives in cities. V. India is undergoing a process of pseudo-urbanization, i.e. the rapid growth of cities at the expense of an impoverished rural population, which forms a continuous zone of settlement around urban centers. The growth in the number of urban dwellers outstrips the growth of industrialization.

Among the employed population, 64% work in agriculture, 16% in industry

India, New Delhi.

Area: 3,287,590 sq. km

Location: South Asia, located on half of Hindustan, between Myanmar and Pakistan

With whom it borders: in the northwest - Pakistan, in the north - China, Nepal, Bhutan; in the east - Myanmar, Bangladesh.

It is washed by: in the west - the Arabian Sea, in the south - the Indian Ocean, in the east - the Bay of Bengal.

Relief. India is located within three major orographic regions: the Himalayan Mountains, the Indo-Gangetic Plain and the Deccan Plateau on the Hindustan Peninsula. The Deccan is a vast ancient landmass composed of Precambrian crystalline rocks, predominantly gneisses, granites and shales. A significant part of the surface is covered by volcanic lava, and the lava cover is thickest in the northwest. The decan was part of the ancient continent of Gondwana, which united South America, Africa and India, and approx.

Egp india as planned please

200 million years ago, it broke up into several blocks. Between the Deccan and the Himalayas lies the vast Indo-Gangetic plain.

highest point: Mount Kanchenjunga 8,598 m

Minerals: iron, aluminum, titanium, rare metals, mica, oil, coal, gold, copper, lead, zinc, barite, fluorite, graphite, kyanite, gypsum, salts, phosphates, precious stones (diamond, emerald, aquamarine, sapphire and etc.).

The climate is subequatorial monsoon, in the south - tropical. During the wet monsoon (May - September) 70-90% of precipitation falls. The period from October to March is dry and cool, from March to May - dry and hot. Average temperatures in January are from 15°С in the north to 27°С in the south, May (the hottest month) from 28 to 35°С. Precipitation less than 100 mm in the west of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, 300-400 mm in the central regions of the Deccan, 3000-6000 mm in the eastern Himalayas and on the outer slopes of the Ghats, up to 12,000 mm per year on the Shillong Plateau (Darjeeling is the wettest place on the globe ). The main rivers are the Ganges, Indus (upper), Brahmaputra (lower), Narmada, Godavari, Krishna. Rivers are widely used for irrigation, some are navigable. Savannahs, xerophytic woodlands, deciduous forests predominate, in the northwest - shrubby semi-deserts and deserts. On the windward slopes of the Western Ghats, in the Ganges delta - the Brahmaputra, in the foothills of the eastern Himalayas - swampy jungles, above - monsoon forests, mountain mixed and coniferous forests, mountain meadows and steppes. The forest cover of the territory of India is 24%.

Soils - 4 types: alluvial on the Indo-Gangetic plain; regura, or "black cotton soils", on the lavas of the Deccan; red-colored soils in the rest of Hindustan; lateritic soils on the periphery of the peninsula.

Plants: 33% of India's vegetation is endemic. On the plains - savannas of acacias, milkweeds, palms, banyans. In the mountains - monsoon forests of teak, sandalwood, bamboo, terminalia, dipterocarps. In the northeast - deciduous mixed forests.

Animals: Nilgiri Langur, Kerala Toad, Asiatic Lion, Bengal Tiger, Bengal Vulture, Indian Rhinoceros, Himalayan Bear.

Population. 1 billion 3 million people - 2nd place.

Major ethnicities: Hindustanis 45%, Bengalis 8.3%, Telugu 7.9%, Marathis 7.5%, Tamils 6.3%, Gujaratis 4.9%, Kannara 3.9%, Malayali 3.6%, Oriya 3.4%, Punjabis 2.8%, Assamese 1.6%

The distribution of the population of India is very uneven, since from ancient times the fertile lowlands and plains in the valleys and deltas of the rivers, on the sea coasts were first settled. The average population density is 260 people. per 1 km2. Despite this high figure, there are still sparsely populated and even deserted territories.

60% of the economically active population is employed in agriculture.

The share of agricultural products in India's exports is 15%.

The main crops are rice, wheat; after them - potatoes, sugar cane, sunflower, soybeans, cotton, coffee, tea, bananas.

India ranks second in the world in the production of sugar, about 14 million tons of sugar per year.

In terms of the number of livestock, cattle ranks 1st in the world - 221.9 million tons.

In animal husbandry: pigs, sheep, camels.

Mining industry: extraction of iron, coal, oil - about 100 million tons / year.

Manufacturing industry: centers - Bombay, Calcutta, Delhi, Madras. The textile industry, automobile industry, bicycle assembly, production of household appliances, paper, fertilizers, and cement are developed.

Energy: coal - 54.5%, oil - 29.4%, natural gas - 7.8%, hydropower - 5%, other renewable sources - 2%.

Transport: 341 airports, 3,393,344 km of roads, 63,230 km of railroads, 361 water transports: bulk cargo, bulk carriers, chemical tankers, container ships, gas tankers, passenger, passenger/bulk carriers, oil tankers.

Global partners: USA, UAE, China, Singapore, UK, Hong Kong, Switzerland.

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE

STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

"TYUMEN STATE UNIVERSITY"

Faculty of Ecology and Geography

Department of socio-economic geography and nature management

India is a specialty of tea and coffee.

(essay)

Completed: student 782 gr.

Gribanov A.A.

Checked: st. teacher

Sabanin S.A.

Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….3

Chapter 1. Economic and geographical characteristics of India…………………4

1.1. Economic and geographical position………………………………..4

1.2. The form of state government……………………………………6

1.3. Administrative-territorial division…………………………10

1.4. Natural resources and natural conditions………………………………………14

1.5. Sectoral structure of the regional economy…………………….17

1.6. Monuments of natural and cultural heritage…………………….24

Chapter 2. State National Companies…………………………..28

2.1. J-Rus Company……………………………………………………….28

2.2. Tata coffee company…………………………………………………...29

2.3. Foreign economic relations……………………………………………..31

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………33

References………………………………………………………………….34

Introduction

In his work India. Tea and Coffee Specialization” I talk about the country of an ancient and original civilization, its geographical position and history of development, the natural environment as a source of resources, the nature of the settlement and economic activity of the population, foreign economic relations with other countries of the world, and the success of socio-economic development. I also provide some data on state-owned national companies and their ties with Russia. The volume of the abstract is 37 pages, 3 tables are presented in the work.

Chapter 1. Economic and geographical characteristics of India.

1.1. Economic-geographical and political-geographical position. The impact of EGP on the development of the country. Changing the position of the country in time.

Afghanistan - economically underdeveloped country. Trades in raw cotton, fruits, nuts. Industry is less developed than in India.

People's Republic of China- a country with a developed economy, rich in natural resources: coal, iron and manganese ores, bauxite, zinc and other minerals. The water resources of this country are enormous, fraught with the world's largest reserves of hydropower.

Butane- agricultural country Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar (Burma) - economically underdeveloped countries.

From the first days of independence, the young Indian state had to face the most acute problems. The division of the country on a religious basis and the establishment of the borders of new states were accompanied by a mass migration of Hindus and Sikhs from Pakistan to India, and Muslims to Pakistan. In October 1947, a conflict was provoked between India and Pakistan over Kashmir. It was not until the spring of 1948 that hostilities in Kashmir ceased, and on January 1, 1949, a ceasefire agreement came into force. The Kashmir issue is still one of the most acute in Indo-Pakistani relations.

Similar information.

Objectives: to study the features of the EGP, the population and economy of India; to study the features of the EGP, the population and economy of India; to determine the current problems of the country's socio-economic development;

1. Geographical location Geographical location Geographical location 2. Population Population 3. Natural resources and conditions Natural resources and conditions Natural resources and conditions 4. General characteristics of the economy General characteristics of the economy General characteristics of the economy 5. Industry Industry 6. Agriculture Agriculture Agriculture 7 Foreign economic relations Foreign economic relations Foreign economic relations Practical work Homework Quiz Plan

Features of physical geographical location It occupies the vast Hindustan peninsula and the continental plains adjacent to it Occupies the vast Hindustan peninsula and the continental plains adjacent to it Separated by mountain ranges, among which the highest mountains of the Himalayas (the highest point in India, Mount Nanga Parbat; 8126 m) Separated by mountain ranges, among which the highest Himalaya mountains (the highest point in India, Mount Nangaparbat; 8126 m) From the west, south and east, the country is washed by the waters of the Indian Ocean, the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal From the west, south and east, the country is washed by the waters of the Indian Ocean, the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal Located in subequatorial and tropical zones Located in the subequatorial and tropical zones

Features of the EGP of India State in South Asia, on the Hindustan Peninsula, includes the Laccadive, Andaman and Nicobar Islands State in South Asia, on the Hindustan Peninsula, includes the Laccadive, Andaman and Nicobar Islands Borders on China, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Nepal, Bhutan and Sri Lanka . The border with China in the Himalayas is not marked. It borders with China, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Nepal, Bhutan and Sri Lanka. The border with China in the Himalayas is not marked It has maritime borders with the Maldives in the southwest, with Sri Lanka in the south and with Indonesia in the southeast Has maritime borders with the Maldives in the southwest, with Sri Lanka in the south and with Indonesia in the southeast disputed territory State of Jammu and Kashmir shares a border with Afghanistan Disputed territory of Jammu and Kashmir shares a border with Afghanistan

Government Federal Republic Federal Republic Administrative divisions: twenty-nine states (which, in turn, are divided into districts), six union territories and the National Capital Territory of Delhi Administrative divisions: twenty-nine states (which, in turn, are divided into into districts), the six union territories and the National Capital Territory of Delhi

Historical features of the country It is the birthplace of the Indus Valley Civilization and other ancient civilizations. For most of its history, India acted as the center of important trade routes and was famous for its wealth and high culture. It is the birthplace of the Indus Valley Civilization and other ancient civilizations. For most of its history, India has acted as the center of important trade routes and was famous for its wealth and high culture. Religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism and Jainism were born in India. In the first millennium AD, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Christianity and Islam also came to the Indian subcontinent, which had a great influence on the formation of a diverse culture in the region. Religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism and Jainism originated in India. In the first millennium AD, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Christianity and Islam also came to the Indian subcontinent, which had a great influence on the formation of a diverse culture in the region. Until the middle of the 20th century. India was a colony of the British Empire. After gaining independence in 1947, the country achieved great success in economic and military development, especially during the last two decades until the middle of the 20th century. India was a colony of the British Empire. Having gained independence in 1947, the country has made great strides in economic and military development, especially during the last two decades Part of the British-led Commonwealth Part of the British-led Commonwealth Plan

Population Largest nations: Hindustanis, Telugu, Marathas, Bengalis, Tamils, Gujaratis, Kannara, Punjabis, etc. Largest nations: Hindustanis, Telugu, Marathis, Bengalis, Tamils, Gujaratis, Kannar, Punjabis, etc. The national languages are Hindi and English, the states have official national languages The national languages are Hindi and English, the states have official national languages 74.3% of the population of India lives in villages and only 25.7% of urban residents % residents of cities The average density of its population, which was at the beginning of the 20th century. about 70 people per 1 km², by the beginning of the XXI century. amounted to 319.3 people. per 1 km² The average density of its population, which was at the beginning of the 20th century. about 70 people per 1 km², by the beginning of the XXI century. amounted to 319.3 people. per 1 km²

Population Age structure of the population (2005 data): Age structure of the population (2005 data): 0-14 years: 31.2% 0-14 years: 31.2% of years: 63.9% of years: 63.9 % 65 and over: 4.9% 65 and over: 4.9% Median age: 24.66 Median age: 24.66 males: 24.64 males: 24.64 females: 24.67 women: 24.67 years Average life expectancy: 64.35 years Average life expectancy: 64.35 years men: 63.57 years men: 63.57 years women: 65.16 years women: 65.16 years Complete task 17 page 268 Plan

Natural Resources and Conditions India has significant mineral and energy resources. The reserves of coal and iron ore are among the largest in the world, there are also bauxite, oil, manganese, etc. India has significant mineral and energy resources. The reserves of coal and iron ore are among the largest in the world, there are also bauxites, oil, manganese, etc. Hard coal Iron ores Hydropower resources Bauxites Oil Manganese

Minerals In the north-east of the country - the main deposits: iron ore basins, manganese ores In the north-east of the country - the main deposits: iron ore basins, manganese ores A little north of the iron ore are the main coal basins A little north of the iron ore are the main coal basins In the north-east of the country there are concentration of minerals especially favorable for the development of heavy industries In the north-east of the country there is a concentration of minerals especially favorable for the development of heavy industries Minerals of South India: bauxite, chromite, magnesite, brown coal, graphite, mica, diamonds, gold, monazite sands Minerals of South India: bauxite, chromite, magnesite, lignite, graphite, mica, diamonds, gold, monazite sands Central India: ferrous metals and coal Central India: ferrous metals and coal Discovered in Rajasthan uranium ores Uranium ores discovered in Rajasthan

The climate of the country is mainly monsoonal subtropical and tropical, in the south - equatorial. The average annual temperature is about 25°C, only in winter in the mountains does it fall below 0°C. The distribution of precipitation over the seasons and across the territory is uneven - 80% of them fall in the summer, the eastern and mountainous regions receive the largest amount, the northwest receives the smallest amount. Mostly monsoonal subtropical and tropical, in the south - equatorial. The average annual temperature is about 25°C, only in winter in the mountains does it fall below 0°C. The distribution of precipitation over the seasons and across the territory is uneven - 80% of them fall in the summer, the largest amount is received by the eastern and mountainous regions, the least - by the northwest

Economy In terms of industrial production - 10th place In terms of industrial production - 10th place In terms of national income - 102nd place In terms of national income - 102nd place wealth below the official poverty line GNP per capita is $450 (1999) GNP per capita is $450 (1999) 2/3 of the population is employed in agriculture 2/3 of the population is employed in agriculture

Economic structure India is a developing agro-industrial country with huge resources and human potential. Along with the industries traditional for India (agriculture, light industry), the mining and manufacturing industries are developing. India is a developing agro-industrial country with huge resources and human potential. Along with India's traditional sectors (agriculture, light industry), extractive and manufacturing industries are developing At present, 29% At present, 29% of GDP falls on industry, 32% - on industry, 32% - on agriculture, 30 % - agriculture, 30% - for the service sector for the service sector

Features of the economy India is one of the world's leading exporters of manganese ore and mica India is one of the world's leading exporters of manganese ore and mica The public sector occupies a leading position in the defense industry, nuclear energy, rail and sea transport, aviation, communications The public sector occupies a leading position in the defense industry, nuclear energy, rail and sea transport, aviation, communications The private sector prevails in mechanical engineering, agriculture, light, food and medical industries, construction, trade, motor transport The private sector prevails in mechanical engineering, agriculture , light industry, food and medical industry, construction, trade, motor transport Light industry is represented by handicraft and modern enterprises Light industry is represented by handicraft and modern enterprises Production of consumer goods is concentrated in large cities Consumer goods production is concentrated in large cities India has been a manufacturer of medicines and pharmaceuticals in recent years India has been a manufacturer of medicines and pharmaceuticals in recent years High share in exports - cutting diamonds and other precious stones High share in exports - cutting diamonds and other precious stones The government of the country placed its main bet on the development of education and the cultivation of highly qualified personnel. The country is in third place in terms of the number of qualified scientific and technical personnel and in second place in terms of the number of professional programmers. The country's government placed its main bet on the development of education and the cultivation of highly qualified personnel. The country is in third place in terms of the number of qualified scientific and technical personnel and in second place in terms of the number of professional programmers

The Indian model of economic development includes: structural shifts (from agriculture to heavy industry) with significant state influence on industrialization processes structural shifts (from agriculture to heavy industry) with significant state influence on industrialization processes significant natural resources significant natural resources internal reserves focus on internal reserves surplus of low-skilled cheap labor force surplus of low-skilled cheap labor force rate on small and medium-sized enterprises rate on small and medium-sized enterprises

Economic indicators of the country population living below the poverty line: 25% (2002) population living below the poverty line: 25% (2002) inflation 4.2% in 2004 inflation 4.2% in 2004 headcount working-age population: 482.2 million in 2004 working-age population: 482.2 million in 2004 unemployment: 9.2% in 2004 unemployment: 9.2% in 2004 industrial growth: 7.4 % in 2004 Industrial production growth: 7.4% in 2004 Electricity generation: 547.2 billion kWh in 2002 Electricity consumption: 510.1 billion kWh in 2002 Electricity generation: 547.2 billion kWh in 2002 Electricity consumption: 510.1 billion kWh in 2002 Export: $69.18 billion f.o.b. in 2004 Goods exported to: USA 20.3%, China 6.3%, England 5.2%, Hong Kong 4.7%, Germany 4.3% (2003) exports: $69.18 billion f.o.b. in 2004 Goods exported to: USA 20.3%, China 6.3%, England 5.2%, Hong Kong 4.7%, Germany 4.3% (2003) imports: $89.33 billion f.o.b. in 2004. Imports of goods from: USA 6.7%, Belgium 5.9%, England 5%, China 4.5%, Singapore 4.2% (2003) imports: $89.33 billion f.o.b. in 2004. Imports of goods from: USA 6.7%, Belgium 5.9%, England 5%, China 4.5%, Singapore 4.2% (2003) external debt: $117.2 billion in 2004 external debt : $117.2 billion in 2004

Territorial structure of the economy Four "economic capitals" of India: Four "economic capitals" of India: in the west - Mumbai in the west - Mumbai in the east - Kolkata in the east - Kolkata in the north - Delhi in the north - Delhi in the south - Chennai in the south - Chennai Map Mumbai Kolkata Delhi Chennai

Industry The production of mineral fertilizers stands out in the chemical industry. The importance of petrochemistry is growing. Resins, plastics, chemical fiber, synthetic rubber are produced. Developed pharmaceutical industry. The chemical industry is represented in many cities of the country. In the chemical industry, the production of mineral fertilizers stands out. The importance of petrochemistry is growing. Resins, plastics, chemical fiber, synthetic rubber are produced. Developed pharmaceutical industry. The chemical industry is represented in many cities of the country Light industry is a traditional branch of the Indian economy. The cotton and jute industries stand out in particular. In terms of the production of cotton fabrics, India is one of the leading countries in the world, and in the production of jute products (technical, packaging, furniture fabrics, carpets) it ranks first. The largest centers of the cotton industry are Bombay and Ahmedabad, jute - Calcutta. There are textile factories in all major cities of the country. In India's exports, textile and clothing products account for 25% Light industry is a traditional branch of the Indian economy. The cotton and jute industries stand out in particular. In terms of the production of cotton fabrics, India is one of the leading countries in the world, and in the production of jute products (technical, packaging, furniture fabrics, carpets) it ranks first. The largest centers of the cotton industry are Bombay and Ahmedabad, jute - Calcutta. There are textile factories in all major cities of the country. In India's exports, textile and clothing products account for 25%. The food industry produces goods both for domestic consumption and for export. The most widely known in the world is Indian tea. Its production is concentrated in Kolkata and in the south of the country. India ranks first in the world in the export of tea. The food industry produces goods both for domestic consumption and for export. The most widely known in the world is Indian tea. Its production is concentrated in Kolkata and in the south of the country. In terms of tea export, India ranks first in the world The main poles of growth are metallurgical plants The main poles of growth are metallurgical plants Mechanical engineering produces not only machine tools, diesel locomotives, cars, tractors, but also the latest electronic equipment, various equipment for space research machine tools, diesel locomotives, cars, tractors, but also the latest electronic equipment, various equipment for space research Map Plan

Agriculture The leading branch of agriculture in India is crop production (4/5 of the value of all products). The sown area is million hectares, but there are practically no land resources for new development. Agriculture needs irrigation (40% of the sown area is irrigated). Forests are reduced (slash-and-burn agriculture is still preserved) The leading branch of agriculture in India is crop production (4/5 of the value of all products). The sown area is million hectares, but there are practically no land resources for new development. Agriculture needs irrigation (40% of the sown area is irrigated). Forests are being cut down (slash-and-burn agriculture is still preserved). .). Rubber plants, coconut palm, bananas, pineapples, mangoes, citrus fruits, spices and spices are also grown. , oilseeds (rapeseed, peanuts, etc.). Rubber plants, coconut palms, bananas, pineapples, mangoes, citrus fruits, spices and spices are also grown. Animal husbandry is the second most important branch of agriculture in India, much inferior to crop production. Cattle are used in peasant farms mainly as draft power. Milk, hides and skins of animals are used. Animal husbandry is the second most important branch of agriculture in India, much behind crop production. Cattle are used in peasant farms mainly as draft power. Milk, animal skins and skins are used. Fishing is of considerable importance in coastal areas. The use of seafood can improve the food situation in the country. Fishing is of considerable importance in coastal areas. The use of seafood can improve the food situation in the country Map Plan

Foreign Economic Relations and Trade India's share of world exports, decreased from 1.05% in 1961 to 0.6% at present India's share of world exports, decreased from 1.05% in 1961 to 0.6% in Currently Exports have grown from 1.35 billion dollars in f. to 69.18 billion dollars in f.y., and imports - from 2.35 billion dollars to 89.33 billion dollars, respectively. Exports increased from 1.35 billion dollars in f.y. to $69.18 billion in FY, and imports - from $2.35 billion to $89.33 billion, respectively. A constantly negative trade balance is characteristic. A constantly negative trade balance is characteristic. India's main export commodities are: agricultural products - 19.1%, textiles, including garments - 22.6%, handicrafts - 19.2%, precious stones and jewelry - 16.6%, machinery and equipment - 13.7%, as well as chemicals , leather goods, software Main export commodities of India: agricultural products - 19.1%, textiles, including garments - 22.6%, arts and crafts - 19.2, gems and jewelry - 16.6%, machinery and equipment - 13.7%, as well as chemicals, leather products, software Main importing countries of Indian goods: USA, China, UK, Germany Main importing countries of Indian goods: USA, China, UK, Germany Main import items India: oil and oil products, machinery and equipment, mineral fertilizers, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, chemicals Main imports of India: oil and petroleum products, machinery and equipment, mineral fertilizers, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, chemicals Main importing countries of goods to India: USA, Belgium, China , Singapore, UK, Germany Main importing countries of goods to India: USA, Belgium, China, Singapore, UK, Germany

Foreign economic relations. Financial relations and tourism At present, Indian companies in 62 countries have established 430 joint ventures, as well as 172 subsidiaries with a capital of 3.5 billion rubles or $12 million At present, Indian companies have established 430 joint ventures in 62 countries of the world, as well as 172 subsidiaries with a capital of 3.5 billion rubles or $12 million about 1.9 million foreign tourists visited the country, which brought it about 2.5 billion dollars. In f.g. about 1.9 million foreign tourists visited the country, which brought it about 2.5 billion dollars. goa

Foreign economic relations with Russia The main areas of cooperation with Russia are fundamental sciences, the gas and oil industry, the production of medicines, electronics and computer science, diamond processing, the creation of joint Russian-Indian enterprises and investment projects The main areas of cooperation with Russia are fundamental sciences, gas and oil industry, production of medicines, electronics and computer science, diamond processing, creation of joint Russian-Indian enterprises and investment projects The North-South Transport Corridor, connecting India by sea with Iran, and then through the Caspian Sea with Russian Federation The North-South Transport Corridor, connecting India by sea with Iran and then through the Caspian Sea with the Russian Federation, promises to be a grandiose international project of the coming century. A unique event in the history of economic cooperation was the signing of an agreement on the development of the Sakhalin-1 project, investments worth $1.7 billion A unique event in the history of economic cooperation was the signing of an agreement to develop the Sakhalin-1 project, which provides for Indian investments in the amount of $1.7 billion Plan

Quiz 1. The sacred animal of India 2. The largest lowland of India 3. The major port in the west of India 4. The state bordering India in the east 5. The sacred river of India 6. The main religion of India 7. The center of the metallurgical industry 8 What gulf wash India from the east? 9. The largest city in the country, the capital of the "Indian Ruhr" 10. A large industrial center of the southern states 11. This state is the breadbasket of the country 12. State language 13. The Indian "queen" of fruits Assessment of natural prerequisites for the development of industry and agriculture in India Progress of work: using the text of the textbook using the text of the textbook of V.P. literature, additional literature, build a diagram showing build a diagram showing the influence of natural conditions and the influence of India's natural conditions and resources on the development of her resources India on the development of her industry and agriculture industry and agriculture

Assessment of the natural prerequisites for the development of industry and agriculture in India Give an economic assessment of the country's natural resource potential, highlighting the most promising areas for the development of the Indian economy Give an economic assessment of the country's natural resource potential, highlighting the most promising areas for the development of the Indian economy the influence of natural conditions and resources on the development and specialization of the Indian economy Plan

Homework Chapter 7 § 4 Chapter 7 § 4 Task 18 in writing in a notebook, an additional task to it on a contour map Task 18 in writing in a notebook, an additional task to it on a contour map Using the text of the textbook, atlas maps and additional literature, fill out the table on industry India. Plot these centers on a contour map using the industry color scheme Using the textbook, atlas maps and additional literature, complete the table on India's industry. Plot these centers on a contour map using the color scheme to represent industries Industries Industries Types of products Orientation factors Production centers

19
2
Economic and social geography of the world

Abstract on the topic:
"Economic and geographical characteristics of India"

KAZAN 2005
Content

1	Introduction	3
2.1.	Name of the country and composition of the territory	4
2.2.	Economic-geographical and political-geographical position. The impact of EGP on the development of the country. Changing the position of the country in time	5
2.3.	Features of the population. Demographic policy	7
2.4.	Natural resources and their use. Assessment of natural resource potential for the development of industry and agriculture	9
2.5.	General characteristics of the economy. Causes, impact on the pace of economic development	11
2.6.	Geography of the main industrial complexes and industries	12
2.7.	Specialization of agricultural production	14
2.8.	Development of the transport complex	16
2.9.	Socio-economic development of individual regions. Reasons for the unevenness in their socio-economic development. Leveling the levels of economic development	17
2.10.	Foreign economic relations. export Import. Participation in international economic unions	20
3.	Conclusion	21
4.	Bibliography	22
5.	Applications	23
6.	Review sheet	24

Introduction
The world appears as a mosaic of specific cultures, sometimes opposing each other in terms of value systems. In conditions when the world community is looking for ways to overcome differences, when the process of mutual understanding creates new conditions for cooperation between East and West, the study of the nature of the deformation of the modern world is becoming increasingly important.
In my work “The Economic and Geographical Characteristics of India”, I talk about the country of an ancient and original civilization, its geographical position and history of development, the natural environment as a source of resources, the nature of the settlement and economic activity of the population, foreign economic relations with other states of the world, the success of social economic development.
The abstract contains modern statistical data, maps.
2.1. The name of the country and the composition of the territory.

India (or Baharat, as the Indians themselves call their country) is one of the largest states on the planet. It ranks 2nd in the world in terms of population (1030 million people, 2000) and 7th in terms of an area of 3.28 million km².
The Republic of India is located in South Asia on the Hindustan Peninsula, washed by the waters of the Indian Ocean, and on a large part of the Indo-Gangetic lowland. In addition to the mainland, its territory includes the Laccadive Islands in the Arabian Sea, as well as the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal.
India is a republic. The supreme legislative body is the parliament, consisting of two chambers: the upper (Rajya Sabha - Council of States 250 seats) and the lower (Lok Sabha - People's Chamber, 545 seats), in which about 20 political parties are represented.
The capital of India is Delhi.
The head of state is the president, who is elected indirectly for a five-year term. Legislative power belongs to the Parliament, executive power - to the Council of Ministers, headed by the Prime Minister. Administratively, India is divided into 28 states, organized according to the national-ethnic principle, and 7 union territories. The latter include small colonial enclaves and small islands which, because of their small area and small population, cannot be granted statehood. At present, in legal terms, union territories are no different from states (App. 1)
The constitution of India lists 15 major languages of the country. But almost 100 million Indians speak other languages and dialects, and the total number of dialects of Indian languages, according to scientists, reaches 1652.
The official languages are Hindi and temporarily English.
2.2. Economic - geographical andpolitical and geographical location. The impact of EGP on the development of the country. Changing the position of the country in time.
India shares borders with Pakistan, Afghanistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Myanmar. The length of the Indian-Chinese border is especially great. It runs along the main Himalayan range. The maximum length of the mainland of the country from north to south is 3200 km, from west to east - 2700 km.
The territory of India is shaped like a giant triangle, as if fenced off from the rest of Asia by a high wall of the Himalayas. In the literature, this vast area is often referred to as the Indian subcontinent.
Although the length of the maritime borders of India is much less than the land, they play a major role in the economic life of the country. The world trade route runs along its shores, opening up great opportunities for expanding ties with the countries of the East, Europe, Africa and Australia.
Afghanistan - economically underdeveloped country. Trades in raw cotton, fruits, nuts. Industry is less developed than in India.
Chinese Folk Republic - a country with a developed economy, rich in natural resources: coal, iron and manganese ores, bauxite, zinc and other minerals. The water resources of this country are enormous, fraught with the world's largest reserves of hydropower.
Butane - agricultural country, as well as Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar (Burma) - economically underdeveloped countries.
India is one of the cradles of human civilization. The Indians were the first in the world to learn how to grow rice, cotton, sugarcane, and were the first to breed poultry. India gave the world chess and the decimal number system. The achievements of ancient and medieval India in the field of science, literature, and art, which originated in India in various religious and philosophical systems, influenced the development of many civilizations of the East, and became an integral part of world culture.
Civilization in this distinctive region arose as early as the 3rd millennium BC. During the Age of Discovery, the Portuguese expedition of Vasco da Gama (1498) opened the sea route from Europe to India (around Africa) and marked the beginning of the European colonization of this region. English colonialists as a result of wars with European rivals (Portuguese, Dutch, French), as well as Anglo-Maratha, Anglo-Sikh and other wars by the middle of the nineteenth century. subjugated the whole of India and the territories adjacent to it. A huge colony emerged - British India.
With the conquest of India by the British, not only the political, but also the economic situation of the country changed. All the former conquerors of India - Indo-Aryan tribes, Turks, Mongols - settled here and were assimilated by the local population. England, on the other hand, considered India as an arena for pumping out wealth, which was transported to the metropolis. India has been called "the biggest diamond in the British crown". This country gradually turned into a market for its manufactured goods, and then into an arena for the application of British capital. The construction of the railway, the first coal mines began. In the 60-90s of the XIX century, the length of railways increased from 1300 to 25600 km. Irrigation construction in areas where export crops, cotton and wheat, as well as plantation farming, became an important object of British investment. In the 1950s, the first English jute factories were established in Calcutta.
India gained independence only after the Second World War - on August 15, 1947. In 1947, India was divided into two British dominions - the Indian Union and Pakistan (Western and Eastern). On January 26, 1950, India was proclaimed a federal republic within the British Commonwealth (Commonwealth). The country's constitution enshrined the most important achievements of the national revolution: democratic civil liberties, the prohibition of discrimination based on religion, race and caste, gender and place of birth.
From the first days of independence, the young Indian state had to face the most acute problems. The division of the country on a religious basis and the establishment of the borders of new states were accompanied by a mass migration of Hindus and Sikhs from Pakistan to India, and Muslims to Pakistan. In October 1947, a conflict was provoked between India and Pakistan over Kashmir. It was not until the spring of 1948 that hostilities in Kashmir ceased, and on January 1, 1949, a ceasefire agreement came into force. The Kashmir issue is still one of the most acute in Indo-Pakistani relations.
The division of the country also led to serious economic difficulties. Agricultural areas were transferred to Pakistan, which yielded 40% of the cotton harvest, 85% of jute, and 40% of wheat. In India, there was immediately a shortage of raw materials for the main industry - textiles, as well as food. The unified irrigation system and transport network were torn apart. For a long time, communication with the northeastern part of the country - Assam - was maintained mainly by air.
2.3. Features of the population. Demographic policy

India is the most populated country in the world after China. According to the last census, the population of India as of July 2001 was 1,030 million. In other words, every seventh inhabitant of our planet is an Indian.
The population of ancient India is relatively young: 42% of Indians are under 15 years old and only 6% are over 60 years old. Average life expectancy, which was less than 27 years in 1931 and 41 years in the 1950s, now reaches 55 years. This was due to a decrease in mortality as a result of positive changes in the health care system. Rapid population growth creates additional difficulties for the national economy. In this regard, the Government of India is implementing a large-scale program aimed at reducing the birth rate. To date, the peak of the "population explosion" in the country has already been entirely passed. India's annual population growth rate is 1.6%, well below that of many parts of the developing world. The birth rate is 24/1000, the death rate is 9/1000 (2000). Nevertheless, the demographic problem in India has not lost its acuteness; according to Indian scientists, population stabilization should be expected by the middle of the 21st century.
India is a multinational state. It is inhabited by large nations, whose representatives differ from each other in appearance, language, and customs.
The vast region of Northern and parts of Central India, covering the states of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan and Haryana, are areas of distribution of various dialects of the Hindi language, which arose on the basis of Sanskrit, the language of the Indo-Aryans. Muslim immigrants from Iran and Central Asia who settled here later also adopted one of the Hindi dialects, introducing separate Arabic, Persian and Turkic words into it, as a result of which the Urdu language was formed, which, unlike Hindi, does not use the Sanskrit Devanagari alphabet, but Arabic. However, since Hindi and Urdu share a common grammar and a common stock of everyday words, they are often considered as two literary forms of a single Hindustani language. Hence, the entire population of the North-Central region was called Hindustanis.
In addition to Hindustanis, languages descended from Sanskrit are spoken by such large peoples as Bengalis (West Bengal), Marathas (Maharashtra), Gujaratis (Gujarat), Oriya (Orissa), Punjabis (Punjab), as well as Assamese (Assam) and Kashmiris (Jammu and Kashmir). All these peoples have an external European appearance.
The peoples of South India speak languages of the Dravidian family. These are Telugu (Andrhra Pradesh), Kannara (Karnataka), Tamils (Tamil Nadu) and Malayali (Kerala). They are darker-skinned than the northerners, and have some signs of Australoid small peoples whose languages belong to the Munda (Austrasian family) group.
The northeastern states of India are inhabited by small peoples, in the appearance of which there are Mongoloid features. These are Manipuri, Tipera, Garo, Naga, Mizo, and others. They speak the languages of the Tibeto-Burmese group. The exception is the Khasi, whose language belongs to the Mono-Khmer family.
Nearly 100% of India's population is religious according to the census. The main religious and ethnic system of India is Hinduism, it is practiced by 83% of the country's population. About 12% are Muslims, the rest are Sikhs, Christians, Jains, Buddhists, Parsis, etc.
India's labor force is very significant, but unskilled labor dominates. The proportion of literate people among the adult population of the country is 48%. Unemployment is high (more than 30 million people are registered). India is one of the most socially polarized countries in the world. More than 300 million people (1/3 of the population) live below the "poverty line".
The population density in India is 260 people per 1 km? (high rate). There are more men in India than women. This is explained by increased mortality among women associated with early marriages and numerous early childbearings. The average number of children in a family is currently five.
The most densely populated coastal areas (Kerala, West Bengal) and the Indo-Gangetic lowland.
The vast majority of Indians are rural residents, the proportion of the urban population in 2001 did not exceed 27% (low level of urbanization), although the region of South Asia is one of the world's oldest centers of world culture.
Cities include settlements with a population exceeding 5,000 people with overwhelming employment outside agriculture. The concentration of the population in large cities is growing. In terms of population, many Indian cities are among the largest in the world.
The most significant agglomerations are: Bombay and Calcutta (12 million inhabitants each), Delhi (over 8 million), Madras (6 million), Hyderabad, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, Pune, Kanpur and others. In total, there are over 20 cities in the country - millionaires.
The independence of India in 1947 and the division of the country along religious lines and the establishment of new borders were accompanied by a mass migration of the population. Only in August - September 1947, the total number of refugees from both sides amounted to 2 million people. This caused a sharp aggravation of religious and communal strife on both sides of the border. The events in Punjab acquired a particularly bloody character, where murders, robberies, and destruction of refugee dwellings were a mass phenomenon. According to rough estimates, there were more than 500 thousand killed alone, up to 12 million people suffered materially. Chauvinistic Hindu and Muslim organizations in India and Pakistan are fueling religious hatred and intolerance, calling for reprisals against those who advocate reconciliation between the two communities. The Kashmir issue has not lost its relevance even now.
2.4. Natural resources and their use.
Assessment of natural resource potential for the development of industry and agriculture
In India, there are three natural regions that differ sharply from each other. In the north, it is an array of the Himalayas and the Karakoram - a giant system of mountains of the Alpine and Mesozoic ages. In the south - the Deccan plateau with the coastal lowlands bordering it. Between them lies the vast Indo-Gangetic lowland, which is one of the most extensive plain alluvial regions on earth. Its area is 650 thousand km?, or 1/5 of the entire territory of India.
The Himalayas (their length from the Brahmaputra river in the east to the Indus river in the west is about 2500 km, the width is from 150 to 400 km) descend towards the Hindustan peninsula in three steps.
The Great Himalayan Range, stretching from the northwest to the east from the city of Nanga Parbat (8126 m) to the city of Namcha Barwa (7756 m), represents a natural barrier between India and China. It plays an important climate-forming role, limiting the spread of moisture-saturated summer monsoons to the territory of India and at the same time almost completely excluding the penetration of winter cold winds from the regions of Inner Asia.
The Karakorum mountain ranges run in a latitudinal direction in the northern part of the states of Jammu and Kashmir. In the west they connect with the Pamir mountain system. Like the Greater Himalayas, the Karakorum is covered with snow all year round. The height of some of its peaks exceeds 7500 m. But even among them Mount Chogori stands out - 8611 m, the second peak after Chomolungma in the world and the highest in India.
Spread out at the foot of the Himalayas, the Indo-Gangetic lowland is a flat space, the monotony of the relief of which is broken only by a few spurs of the Aravali mountains. To the west of this plain lies the Thar Desert.
The Deccan Plateau is much older than the Himalayas, and is composed mainly of ancient crystalline rocks, whose age is from 300 to 500 million years.
The Deccan Plateau is bounded in the east by the low Eastern Ghats, passing at some distance from the coast of the Bay of Bengal.
In the west, the Deccan plateau is framed by the Western Ghats (Sahyadri), covered with a thick layer of basalts.
In the extreme south of the Deccan, the Cardamom Mountains are located, composed of gneisses and shales.
The Deccan Plateau is bordered by coastal lowlands. In the west, the large rivers Tapti, Narmada, Mahi and Sabarmati carry a large amount of sediment into the Gulf of Cambay.
South of the Satpura mountains, the Deccan tableland slopes slightly to the east. Therefore, all the major rivers of the Deccan, with the exception of the Narmada and the Tapti, flow eastward into the Bay of Bengal. The rivers Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri formed vast fertile deltas.
India is rich in minerals. The country has the world's largest iron ore reserves, which are estimated at 22 billion tons, what is? world reserves. Iron ore deposits are found everywhere, but the largest are concentrated in the states of Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Goa and Karnataka (the largest is Singbhum on the Chhota Nagpur plateau). Iron ores are of high quality. India also has significant reserves of manganese ores, which are estimated at 180 million tons. (3rd place in the world). Its main deposits are located in the central part of the country - in the states of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. India accounts for about 4/5 of the world exports of sheet mica. The mica belt of India stretches from east to west along the northern edge of the Bihar plateau, mica deposits are also being developed in Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan. Bauxite deposits are numerous, the main mining areas of which are concentrated in Bihar, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. India is a world exporter of chromium. It occupies a leading place in the reserves of graphite, beryl, thorium, zirconium and 2nd place in the world in titanium mining.
Of the energy minerals, coal is of the greatest importance. Coal reserves of all kinds in India are estimated at 120 billion tons. the leading producers are the states of Bihar and West Bengal: they account for almost 3/4 of the total coal production. However, coking coal reserves are essentially limited to the Jhariya deposit in Bihar. Coal mining also takes place in Assam (bituminous coals) and in Tamil Nadu (rich deposits of lignite in Neiveli).
In the east of the country in the valley of the river. Brahmaputra (Assam) is the oldest oil-bearing basin in India. But in connection with the exploration and production of oil and gas in the state of Gujarat and on the continental shelf in the Gulf of Cambay, the importance of Western India has greatly increased. India's proven oil reserves are 0.6 billion tons, modern production is about 40 million tons per year (mostly offshore).
The most important source of energy can be radioactive thorium contained in monocyte sands. Uranium ores have been discovered in the state of Rajasthan.
Land resources are the main natural wealth of the country. Cultivated land accounts for most of the country's territory. A significant part of the soils is highly fertile. These are alluvial soils of the Ganges valley and river deltas on the coasts, as well as chernozem-like clayey soils of the Deccan plateau in the center of the country. However, the problem of land resources in India exists, which is associated with erosion, salinization and soil depletion.
The abundance of heat throughout the year makes it possible to harvest 2-3 crops on a large area, but agriculture needs irrigation. Natural pastures make up 5% of the country's territory - the forage base for animal husbandry is limited.
Forest areas occupy 22% of India's area, but there is not enough forest for economic needs. The forest is a source of fuel and timber. Deforestation is accompanied by serious negative consequences (especially in the Himalayas).
The rivers of India have a great energy potential and are also the main source of artificial irrigation. The main rivers are the Ganges, the Brahmaputra, the Indus and their tributaries. The rivers originating in the Himalayas are full of water (with mixed rain and snow-glacier feeding patterns). The rivers of the Deccan Plateau, which are mainly fed by rain, become very shallow during the dry season, and overflow during the rainy season, flooding the fields and washing away the crops.
India is one of the richest countries in terms of nature, it was not without reason that in colonial times it was called the pearl of the British crown. Favorable climate, colossal agro-climatic resources. The reserves of some types of mineral raw materials (iron and manganese ores, chromites, titanium, zirconium, muscovite) are of world importance. Large reserves of coal, non-ferrous metal ores, gold. Many areas and coastal waters are promising for oil. Numerous rivers are a source of irrigation and hydroelectric power. The land resources of India are vast, the territory of which is only slightly smaller than the area of all the countries of Western Europe. The abundance of heat in a monsoonal subtropical and tropical climate makes it possible to collect two or three crops per year on a large area.
Having embarked on the path of independent historical development, India has achieved impressive success in many areas. A diversified industrial complex was created. As a result of the "Green Revolution", grain production increased several times, thanks to which mass starvation was eliminated in the country. Markedly improved socio-economic transformation is closely related to the creation and strengthening of the public sector of the economy.
2.5. General characteristics of the economy. Reasons affectingon the pace of economic development.
India is an agro-industrial country.
It belongs to the group of “key developing countries”, which have huge resource and human potential, intensively develop their industry and play an increasingly prominent role in the global economy.
Along with the further development of the country's traditional sectors (agriculture, light industry), the extractive and various branches of the manufacturing industry have received significant development.
India is now one of the world's largest producers and exporters of coal, iron and manganese ores. Ferrous metallurgy, heavy and transport engineering, electrical equipment, consumer electronics, chemicals, etc. enterprises have been created.
India is the first developing country to embark on the development of nuclear energy. The aerospace industry is expanding (an artificial Earth satellite has been launched), new scientific and technical centers are being created.
The former USSR provided very significant assistance in the economic development of the country. Soviet specialists helped in the exploration of minerals, in the creation of the oil industry, energy, metallurgy, and mechanical engineering.
In terms of GDP (according to the purchasing power parity of currencies), India ranks fourth with a volume of 2200 billion US dollars, leaving behind such countries as Germany (1936 billion US dollars), France (1448 billion US dollars), Great Britain ( 1360 billion US dollars), Italy (1273 billion US dollars) (data for 2000)
Currently, in the structure of gross domestic product (GDP), industry accounts for 24%, agriculture - 25%, services - 51%. The public sector, which provides a quarter of the country's GDP, plays a significant role in the development of the national economy.
The structure of industrial production was previously dominated by light industry.
At present, the share of light and food industries is decreasing (although still quite significant).
However, it is not these traditional Indian industries that really reflect the scale of progress.
Mechanical engineering and metalworking are developing at an accelerated pace (including the automotive industry and other branches of transport engineering; the electronics industry).
Moreover, with the support of the state, high-tech industries (electronics industry, information technology) are developing most rapidly.
The creation of a powerful base for the production of software, microprocessors, personal computers continues.
The country has reached the world level in the production of supercomputers. India has its own space industry.
2.6. Geography of the main industrial complexes and branches.
In the territorial structure of India's economy, the traditionally largest industrial centers - Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, and Delhi - continue to play a leading role. The development of these centers causes economic growth in the territories adjacent to them. Railways and highways are laid between the cities, along which a kind of “growth corridors” have arisen, which attract the main industrial new buildings of the country. These are the Rihan-Singrauli fuel and energy complex, oil refineries in Barauni, Koyali, Mathura, industrial centers in Bokaro, Durgapur, Visakhapatnam, Bokaro, Rourkele, Bhilai and others. Growth corridors play a very important role in the modernization of the territorial structure of the Indian economy.
Energy . The creation of a modern energy base began with the construction of a hydroelectric power station. They are built as part of complex hydraulic engineering units, including power plants and irrigation systems.
The installed capacity of India's power plants in 2002 was 548 billion kWh. However, among the newly built power plants in recent years, thermal power plants predominate. The largest thermal power plants are located in Singrauli, Korba, Ramagundam, Vindyachal, Rihand and Farakka (See Annex 2).
AT fuel industry the use of coal, oil and gas is expanding. So, for coal? production of primary energy carriers. Coal production in 2000 amounted to 310 million tons, which is 7.5% of world production. Oil production is 36.7 million tons, but the volume of oil imports is still significant. In the development of Indian oil fields (on the shelf of the Gulf of Cambay), assistance was provided by the former Soviet Union and Western countries. Currently, there are more than a dozen oil refineries operating in India (oil refineries in Barauni and Koyali were built with the help of the USSR) (See Appendix 2).
Nuclear power India is based on its own raw materials (uranium, thorium). There are 14 power units with a capacity of 2994 MW, including those in Tarapur (Maharashtra) and Rana Pratar Nagar (Rajasthan) (See map). Two more power units with a capacity of 900 MW are under construction. The share of nuclear power plants in total production, etc. ....................