Large industrial centers and their specialization. Economy: Novosibirsk is a large industrial center. Industrial centers of Russia

Tver is a large industrial center. Traditionally, the main industries of Tver are mechanical engineering, chemical and light industries, energy, and printing.

There are a number of industrial enterprises on the territory of the city:

mechanical engineering

1. OAO Tver Carriage Works (TVZ) - production of locomotive-hauled passenger cars;

OJSC Tverskoy excavator (TVEKS) - production of excavators;

Machine-building plant (motor trucks);

OJSC Tverskoy plant of electrical equipment (Eltor) - production of elevator equipment;

OJSC Tsentrosvarmash - production of wagon bogies;

CJSC firm "Hydraulics";

OAO Ritm TPTA - production of brake equipment for rolling stock railways and subway;

OOO Tverskoy mashzavod Hydrohammer;

OOO Tverstroymash;

CJSC PFC "Tverdizelagregat";

Tver Experimental Mechanical Plant (TEMZ);

OAO Tvertekhosnastka (former stamp plant named after May 1st) - steel casting, production of spare parts;

SKF - Tver - production of axle boxes for railway rolling stock;

OJSC "Tverenergokabel" - production of low and medium voltage electrical cables;

Hitachi (planned) - production of excavators;

Knorr-Bremse Systeme für Schienenfahrzeuge GmbH (planned) - production of brake equipment for railway rolling stock.

Polygraphy

17. Tver printing plant;

OAO Tver polygraph complex for children's literature;

CJSC Polygraphic Complex Pareto-Print;

LLC "Saga-media print";

food industry

21. OJSC Melkombinat - production of flour, animal feed, pasta;

OAO "Volzhsky Pekar" - production of bakery products;

CJSC Khleb - production of bakery products;

LLC "United Bottling Group" - production of low-alcohol and non-alcoholic drinks.

Energy

25. Tverenergo;

GU JSC "TGC-2" in the Tver region;

Tver Energy Retail Company;

Valdai PMES;

OOO "Metallography"

Other major enterprises in the city

34. OJSC NPK Khimvolokno - former plant Khimvolokno;

OJSC Iskozh-Tver - former plant "ISKOZH" ("KREPZ");

Tver House-Building Plant (DSK);

Tver polyester;

Cotton mill;

Building Materials Combine (KSM);

Building Materials Plant No. 2 (KSM-2);

Research Institute "Tsentrprogramsistem";

OOO "Theme-2";

LLC "Audit-Balance";

Tver garment factory;

CJSC Dielectric Cable Systems;

DPP "INTER-DREV".

Fig. 2.3 Map of the location of enterprises and industrial zones of the city of Tver.

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Moscow, September 18 - “Vesti. Economy". In Russia, there are 15 most polluted territories, which, according to environmentalists, are the most unfavorable in terms of, first of all, atmospheric air and waste accumulation, Minister of Natural Resources and Ecology Sergey Donskoy told Rossiyskaya Gazeta.

Below are the 15 most polluted cities in Russia.

Norilsk

Norilsk is a city of regional subordination of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. One of the most polluted cities in the world. The environmental hazard for the population of the city and the surrounding areas is due to the fact that the city is a "derivative" of one of the world's largest mining and, at the same time, metal-producing plants. There are no analogues of the Norilsk industrial region (including the city) anywhere in the world.

Lipetsk is a city in Russia, the administrative center of the Lipetsk region. It is the core of the largest Russian agglomeration with a specialization in the full cycle ferrous metallurgy, an industrial, agrotechnological and aviation center. An important road transport hub of agglomeration and regional significance, located between the federal highways "Don" and "Caspian", has a developed network of industrial railways, the largest transshipment dead end. The center of a special economic zone of industrial production type. One of the youngest regional centers in Russia.

Cherepovets

Cherepovets is the largest city in terms of population in the Vologda Oblast of Russia, the administrative center of the Cherepovets District, which is not included in it, having the status of a city of regional significance and forming an urban district. The basis of the economic potential of Cherepovets is formed by enterprises of ferrous metallurgy and the chemical complex.

Novokuznetsk

Novokuznetsk is a city in the Kemerovo region of Russia. Novokuznetsk is the thirtieth in terms of population in Russia; an important economic, transport and cultural center of Siberia. Ecological situation unfortunate in the city. Air pollution is especially serious. The basis of the industrial potential of the city of Novokuznetsk is metallurgical production, mining, production of finished metal products. These dominant activities account for 81% of the volume of shipped goods and services.

Nizhny Tagil

Nizhny Tagil - a city in Sverdlovsk region Russia, the administrative center of the urban district is the city of Nizhny Tagil. The most important industrial and cultural center of the Urals. The city ranks second in terms of population in the Sverdlovsk region after Yekaterinburg. Nizhny Tagil is a large and important industrial center not only in the Sverdlovsk region, but throughout Russia.

Magnitogorsk

Magnitogorsk is the second largest city in the Chelyabinsk region, one of the world's largest centers of ferrous metallurgy, as well as a major cultural and business center of the Southern Urals. The unfavorable state of atmospheric air in the city is determined by the emissions of pollutants. The city of Magnitogorsk is constantly included in the priority list of cities Russian Federation with the highest level of air pollution by benzo (a) pyrene, nitrogen dioxide, carbon disulfide, phenol.

Krasnoyarsk

Krasnoyarsk is one of the largest cities in Russia, a cultural, economic, industrial and educational center of Central and Eastern Siberia. Large transport and logistics center. The main sectors of the economy are non-ferrous metallurgy, hydropower, space industry and other engineering, chemical, woodworking, and education. Krasnoyarsk is subject to a negative impact on the ecological situation. Its deterioration is facilitated by the fact that the city is the largest transport hub in Eastern Siberia, as well as the presence of a number of large enterprises of the metallurgical, machine-building and chemical industries. A significant share in the total volume of gross emissions and a high level of air pollution is made by road transport, the number of which is growing every year.

Omsk is one of the largest cities in Russia, the administrative center of the Omsk region. Omsk is a large industrial center with enterprises in various industries, including defense and aerospace. The ecological situation in Omsk is associated with the size of a million-plus city and the presence of a large number large industries. While industrial effluents are becoming more environmentally friendly, urban storm sewers are letting waste into rivers, including diesel fuel and petroleum products. Other sources of pollution are numerous landfills in the water protection zone and landfills devoid of water treatment facilities.

Chelyabinsk

Chelyabinsk is the seventh city in terms of the number of inhabitants, the fourteenth city in terms of the area occupied by the Russian Federation, the administrative center of the Chelyabinsk region. Due to the fact that Chelyabinsk is an industrial city with big amount factories, the ecological situation in the city is particularly acute. Chelyabinsk is one of the largest industrial cities in Russia, occupying one of the leading places in terms of industrial production.

Bratsk is a city in the Irkutsk region of Russia. One of the significant problems of the city is the unfavorable condition environment. One of the most important reasons for the unfavorable ecological situation of the central district of the city is the wind rose, which is dominated by western, southern and south-western winds: it is in these directions from the city that the production facilities are located.

Novocherkassk

Novocherkassk is a city in the Rostov region, the capital of the Don Cossacks. Novocherkassk is one of the largest industrial centers of the Rostov region. The city ranks first in the region in terms of production per capita. Most of the large enterprises are located in the Industrial District of the city, separated from the historical center by the floodplain of the Tuzlov River.

Chita - administrative center Trans-Baikal Territory and Chita region. The leading industries are energy and food production. Transport hub on the Trans-Siberian Railway and the federal highways "Baikal" and "Amur", and branches Chita - Zabaikalsk; international Airport. The ecological situation is generally unfavorable. In addition, there is the problem of urban water pollution.

Dzerzhinsk

Dzerzhinsk - in the Nizhny Novgorod region of Russia, the administrative center of the urban district is the city of Dzerzhinsk. Since Soviet times, it has been the largest center of the chemical industry, and therefore the ecological situation in the region is in an unsatisfactory state. The city is mentioned in the list of the most polluted cities in the world according to the Blacksmith Institute.

Mednogorsk

Mednogorsk is a city in Russia, in the Orenburg region, one of the industrial centers of the Orenburg region. Mednogorsk is an industrial city. The level of soil pollution in Mednogorsk is assessed as dangerous. Control over the ecological situation in the city is carried out by the State Inspectorate for Environmental Protection of the Orenburg Region and the Orsk Specialized Inspectorate of State Environmental Control and Analysis.

Asbest is a city of regional subordination in the Sverdlovsk region of Russia, the administrative center of the Asbestovsky urban district. The industry of the city is connected with the Bazhenov asbestos deposit. The deposit was discovered in 1884. The Bazhenov deposit of chrysotile asbestos is the world's largest in terms of reserves. In addition to chrysotile asbestos, over 120 minerals are found at the Bazhenov deposit. There are blue brucite, light pink to orange-red grossular, intensely green chromic grossular, vesuvian, chlorites, calcite, aragonite, variously colored diopside, baddeleyite, pectolite, diallagite, wehrlite, websterite, microdiorite, macrogabbro, diorite porphyry, diabase, diabase porphyry, plagioaplite, albitite, tatarinovite, nephrite, molybdenite, maucherite, titanite, kasatkinite, ssaibeliite, clinochlore, pyrite and others.

Administrative composition of the district

The Central Economic Region includes the Bryansk, Vladimir, Ivanovo, Kaluga, Orel, Ryazan, Smolensk, Tver, Tula, Yaroslavl, Moscow regions and the city of Moscow.

The area of ​​the district is 485.1 thousand sq. km. or about 2.8% of the territory of the Russian Federation. It occupies a leading position among the regions of Russia in terms of the total volume of industrial production, in terms of the level of development of industrial production and the share of manufacturing industries.

Features of the economic and geographical position

The position of the district is central, advantageous in transport and other respects in the long run historical development. This is the ancient core of the Russian state, the main center of culture and the formation of the Russian people. The advantages of the EGP of this region lie in the convenience of attracting resources as needed from all regions, in the possibility of being included in inter-regional (and international) economic relations and fulfilling the diverse duties of a leader in relation to the entire territory of the country and especially its European part. The region has a convenient economic and geographical position, as it is located in the center of the European part of Russia, has an advantageous transport and geographical position. Moscow has 11 railway lines, 15 highways, numerous pipelines, air routes, canals and electronic lines.

The place of the district in the economic complex of the country

The Central Economic Region is the historical, political and economic center of the country. On its territory is the capital of Russia - the city of Moscow. Among all economic regions, the Center plays a leading role.

Assessment of natural resources and conditions of the area

The area has a flat-hilly relief (Valdai and Smolensk-Moscow uplands, Meshcherskaya lowland). The climate is temperate continental. The soils are forest, sod-podzolic. Within the boundaries of Central Russia, well-known rivers originate - the Volga, the Western Dvina (Daugava), the Dnieper, etc. The region is not rich in natural resources, so the industry works mainly on imported raw materials. There are reserves of brown coal (Podmoskovny Basin), phosphorites, peat, limestone, sand, forests (in the north and northwest of the region).

Characteristics of the population and labor resources of the district

The Central District is the most densely populated part of the Russian Federation. Population - 29.9 million. people (1996), which is about 20% of the population of the Russian Federation (first place among economic regions); population density - over 60 people per sq. km. (the most densely populated Moscow region).

The district is characterized by a high concentration of qualified personnel. The city of Moscow, the capital of Russia, is the largest administrative, political, industrial, transport, scientific and cultural center of the country (the Moscow agglomeration is about 12 million people). There are more than 250 cities on the territory of the central region. The scale of industrial development causes a significant predominance of the urban population - 83%.

Development and placement of the main branches of industrial specialization of the region

This is a highly developed industrial region of the country. The industry of the district specializes in the production of complex and non-material-intensive products that require skilled labor and scientific developments.

The main branches of specialization are diversified engineering, chemical, light (textile), and printing industries.

The machine-building complex is represented by machine tool building, instrument making, energy and transport engineering. The production of robots and automatic machine tools, electronic control systems and computer technology, instruments and means of communication (this is due to the availability of qualified personnel and a strong scientific and technical base) has a significant scale.

Transport engineering is represented by the production of cars, diesel locomotives, wagons and river boats. Automotive industry: Moscow - trucks and cars, bus assembly; Likino-Dulyovo - buses. A new plant for the production of buses near Moscow is being built with the participation of German firms.

Diesel locomotive building is represented in Kolomna (Moscow region); Lyudinovo (Kaluga region), Murom (Vladimir region). Carriage building - Tver (cars); Mytishchi (passenger cars and subway cars); Vyshny - Volochok (cars of electric trains), Bryansk (isothermal cars). River shipbuilding and ship repair - Moscow, Rybinsk, Kostroma. Agricultural engineering is represented in Lyubertsy (Moscow region), Bezhetsk (Tver region), Ryazan, and Tula. The tractor plant is located in Vladimir.

The chemical industry is also the most important branch of the region's specialization. It is represented by the production of: phosphate fertilizers (based on local raw materials) - Voskresensk (Moscow region), nitrogen fertilizers Novomoskovsk and Shchekino (Tula region). The production of soda, sulfuric acid is developed (Schelkovo, Novomoskovsk, Voskresensk). In Yaroslavl and Efremov (Tula region), plants for the production of synthetic rubber are located, the products of which are used by tire plants in Moscow and Ryazan. Chemical fibers are produced in Tver, Klin, Serpukhov, Ryazan. The production of photochemical goods, varnishes, dyes, medicines, and perfumes is widely developed.

The textile industry, the oldest branch of industry that worked on imported raw materials, was previously one of the area's specialization industries, is experiencing in last years acute crisis.

There is a strong decline in production. Cotton industry enterprises are located in the cities of Ivanovo, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Tver, Yaroslavl, Moscow, Noginsk, Kostroma, etc. Linen, woolen and silk fabrics are also produced in the region.

Industries that complement the industrial specialization of the region, a range of services

The Central District holds a leading position in the country in the production of instruments, automation equipment, and control systems. The main instrument-making centers are Moscow, Vladimir, Ryazan, Smolensk.

Electrical industry - Moscow, Kaluga, Yaroslavl. The major centers of machine tool building are Moscow, Ryazan, and Kolomna.

Despite the presence of its own metallurgical plants in Moscow, Elektrostal and Tula, there is an acute problem of providing the machine-building plants of this economic region with rolled ferrous metals, which are brought from other regions.

The Central District is characterized by a very powerful printing industry (Moscow, Tver, Yaroslavl, Vladimir, Chekhov). The district retains the first place in the development of science, higher and secondary specialized education, training and retraining of personnel.

The fuel and energy complex of the Central District focuses mainly on imported fuel. Local fuel is brown coal and peat. Brown coal mining is carried out mainly in the Tula and Ryazan regions, although it has decreased significantly in recent years due to the supply of more efficient energy sources (oil and gas).

The Central Economic Region ranks first in the Russian Federation in terms of electricity generation (18%). Most of it is produced by large thermal power plants. Some of them work on coal and peat near Moscow (Cherepetskaya, Shchekinskaya, Ryazanskaya). Kostroma, Konakovskaya GRES and Moscow thermal power plants operate on gas and fuel oil.

Ivankovskaya, Uglichskaya and Rybinskaya HPPs operate on the Upper Volga. However, all these stations do not fully meet the needs of the region for electricity. Therefore, part of the electricity is transferred here from the Volga region. Energy is also provided by the Smolensk and Tver nuclear power plants, as well as the world's first nuclear power plant, located in the city of Obninsk, built in 1954.

Specialization, level of agricultural development of the region

The agro-industrial complex of the Central District is one of the largest in the Russian Federation in the production of milk, meat, potatoes, vegetables, flax and sugar beet, as well as food industry products. However, own agricultural production does not meet the needs of the region, food products have to be imported. This is an area of ​​potato growing and animal husbandry. In the north - significant crops of flax. Suburban specialization of agriculture prevails in industrial areas.

Territorial structure of the economy district (largest industrial hubs, sub-districts, TPK)

The territorial structure of the transport network of the Central Economic Region is radially circular. The core is the Moscow agglomeration. All types of transport are well developed. Communication with all other regions is provided by a dense network of railways and roads. There are four airports in the capital. Moscow is also a river port with (via the Volga and a system of navigable canals) access to five seas.

Development of external relations of the region

The advantages of the EGP of this region create convenience for attracting resources as needed from all regions, for the possibility of being included in inter-regional (and international) economic relations and for fulfilling the diverse duties of a leader in relation to the entire territory of the country and especially its European part.

Problems of development of the region in the context of the transition to a market economy

This area reflects all the diversity environmental issues Russia. Starting from environmental pollution worsening the human environment and ending with man-made disasters that affect all nearby areas.

The Moscow agglomeration is one of the most polluted. Atmospheric pollution pollution of land waters loss of productive land soil pollution degradation of forests reduction of natural and recreational qualities of the landscape.

Moscow and the surrounding ring of small and medium-sized cities of the Volga-Oka interfluve with a high density of urban population, powerful industry and developed transport have formed a zone of extremely strong anthropogenic pressure on the human environment on a global scale.

Only within Moscow there are more than 1200 industrial enterprises, more than 10 thermal power plants, several thousand boiler houses. To maintain the life of the city during the cold season, about 60 million cubic meters are used daily. m. of gas, 400 wagons of coal, 500 wagons of fuel oil, etc.

As a result, more than 1 mln. tons of nitrogen and sulfur oxides, many thousands of tons of carbon monoxide, solid particles, etc.

The most unfavorable situation has developed in areas located in the central and southeastern parts of the city. At the same time, the main indicators of the disaster are the ongoing pollution of air and water, the noise regime and the oversaturation of soils with chemicals.

By the end of the 90s. major environmental pollutants in Moscow and

The suburbs are becoming transport and energy. The share of vehicles (the fleet of which is about 1 million cars) accounts for 2/3 of the volume of atmospheric pollution.

A large source of pollution of the territory and soils of the Central District and the Moscow Region is industrial and domestic waste. Almost all types of waste are suitable for use in the economy as secondary raw materials, however, industrial waste processing is a vulnerable spot for the entire Russian economy.

A generally accepted indicator of environmental well-being is the provision of its inhabitants with drinking water.

However, not only, and sometimes not so much the quantitative volume of water consumption is important here - more than 750 liters per day per person. According to available estimates, the total water overuse only in the housing and communal sector reaches at least 50% due to malfunctions and poor quality of sanitary equipment in residential buildings and, most importantly, its inefficient use.

The scale of radiation contamination of the Russian territory associated with the consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant is enormous. According to official data, soil pollution with a density of more than 1 Ci/sq.km.

Registered throughout the Central Economic Region. The Bryansk region has suffered the most, especially in terms of pollution concentration. In some of the most severely affected administrative districts (Gordeevsky, Zlynkovsky, Klintsvsky, Klimovsky, Krasnogorsky, Novozybkovsky, Starodubsky), levels of 20, 30, 40 Ci/km were noted. sq. and more. The main critical radionuclide is cesium 137 (more than 90% of the contaminated area).

Much more serious figures are hidden behind the average figures: in some points, the maximum pollution density of 100 CI/km is recorded. sq. and more. Another dangerous pollutant - strontium 90 - occurs in small "spots".

Industrial centers of Russia

Industry is an important component of the economic complex of the Russian Federation, the leading role of which is determined by the fact that it provides all sectors of the economy with tools and new materials, serves as the most active factor in scientific and technological progress and expanded reproduction in general. Among other branches of the economy, industry stands out for its complex and district-forming functions.

In 2008, there were 456,000 industrial enterprises operating in Russia, employing 14.3 million people, providing output in the amount of 20,613 billion rubles.
The industry of Russia has a complex diversified and diversified structure, reflecting changes in the development of productive forces, in improving the territorial division of social labor associated with scientific and technological progress.

Modern industry is characterized high level specializations. As a result of the deepening of the social division of labor, many branches, sub-sectors and types of production have arisen, which in their totality form the sectoral structure of industry. In the current classification of industry, 11 complex industries and 134 sub-sectors are identified.

The industry is divided into:
mining, which includes industries associated with the extraction and enrichment of ore and non-metallic raw materials, as well as with the extraction of sea animals, catching fish and other marine products;
manufacturing, which includes enterprises for the processing of products of the extractive industry, semi-finished products, as well as for the processing of agricultural products, forestry and other raw materials. Manufacturing industries form the backbone of heavy industry. See here for placement factors of various industries: food industry, agriculture, fuel industry.

According to the economic purpose of products, the entire industry is divided into two large groups: group "A" - the production of means of production and group "B" - the production of consumer goods. However, it should be noted that the division of industry into these groups does not coincide with the sectoral structure of industrial production, since the natural form of manufactured products does not yet determine its economic purpose. Since the products of many enterprises can be intended for both industrial and non-industrial consumption, they are classified in one group or another, depending on the actual use.

Sectoral structure of industry modern Russia characterized by:

The predominance of industries for the extraction and primary processing of fuel and raw materials;
a low share of the top, most technically complex industries;
a low share of light industry and other industries focused on the immediate needs of the population;
high proportion of branches of the military-industrial complex.

There are two major economic zones on the territory of the Russian Federation:

Western, including the European part of the country together with the Urals, which is characterized by a shortage of fuel, energy and water resources, a high concentration of industrial production and the predominant development of manufacturing industries;
Eastern, including the territory of Siberia and the Far East, which is distinguished by the presence of large reserves of fuel and energy and mineral resources, poor development of the territory and the predominance of extractive industries.

Such a division into large economic zones is used in the analysis and determination of the prospective territorial proportions of the country's economic complex.

Industrial regions are large territories with relatively homogeneous natural conditions, with a characteristic direction in the development of productive forces, with an appropriate existing material and technical base, industrial and social infrastructure.
About 30 industrial regions are distinguished on the territory of Russia, of which 2/3 are located in the Western zone of the country.

Industrial centers for the most part do not have technological connections with each other, therefore, such location reduces the opportunities for the development of cooperation, and, consequently, their growth efficiency. Regional centers serve as an example.
An industrial center is understood as a territory within which one or more enterprises of the same industry (small towns and workers' settlements) are located.

Today in Russia there are more than 250 largest industrial centers that form the industrial framework of the country.
On the territory of Russia, there are five groups of industrial centers that affect the economy in different ways, have different development prospects and differ in size.

The first group includes the "old" industrial centers that were built back in Soviet times and who were able to independently modernize their production facilities. It includes the oil and gas and metallurgical sectors, which are owned by large Russian companies. This group includes one hundred and forty cities, including Tomsk, Surgut, Krasnoyarsk, Baku and many others.
The second group of industrial centers includes the industrial centers of the "consumer industry". They are tied to eight large urban agglomerations of Russia. The first place in this group is occupied by the Moscow agglomeration.

The third group of industrial centers includes old industrial cities that failed to fully modernize and restore the Soviet industrial potential. This so-called "industrial stagnation" group gained its popularity and achieved a good standard of living thanks to the trade sector and logistics and due to its advantageous geographical location.

In the cities that are assigned to this industrial group, there are large ports, railway stations and road junctions, agricultural and tourist areas.

The fourth industrial group includes cities and centers of "industrial innovation", which are partially or fully owned by the state. In these cities and centers, Russia's own technological and industrial potential, the most needed and sought-after innovative technologies, are assembled.
The fifth industrial group is Moscow and St. Petersburg - the largest industrial centers of Russia, which have a great influence on the entire industry of the state.

The ranking of the 250 largest Russian industrial centers after joint research was published by two authoritative organizations: the Institute of Territorial Planning Urbanika and the Union of Architects of Russia. Previously, specialists conducted a comparative analysis of statistical data on industrial production volumes, studied financial reporting indicators.
The top lines of the rating are occupied by Moscow and St. Petersburg. In the post-Soviet period, many factories were closed in the capitals, however, the cities quickly took the lead due to the creation of transnational corporations and enterprises belonging to the medium-sized business sector. The first place in the number of cities included in the rating table was taken by the Moscow Region, which unites 30 large settlements.

It should be noted that the priority industrial centers and "points of growth" are adjacent to the largest metropolitan areas - this pattern was revealed analytical research. Khanty-Mansiysk became the leader in terms of total industrial production autonomous region. Oil and gas and metallurgical centers are of the highest importance in the rating. The first ten lines of the table (except for the two capitals) were taken by Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk, Omsk, Perm, Ufa, Norilsk, Chelyabinsk, Novokuznetsk.

Centers of progressive industries and innovative technologies, with the exception of Moscow and St. Petersburg, were awarded more modest positions. In 17 subjects of the federation, there are no cities at all that are among the 250 largest industrial centers.

Uralvagonzavod. Altai Territory, Rubtsovsk

Types of industry in Russia: Nuclear, Military, Gas, Aviation, Machine-building complex, Metallurgical complex, Oil, Fuel, USA, Rocket and space, Fish, Fuel and energy complex, Heavy industry, Russian coal industry, Khimprom, Machine-building centers, Environmental problems, Mining diamonds

Industry, Economy of Russia

About Russian industry

Currently, Russian industry includes the following competitive industries: oil and gas, mining, processing of precious stones and metals, aircraft manufacturing, rocket and space production, nuclear industry, arms production and military equipment, electrical engineering, pulp and paper industry, automotive industry, transport, road and agricultural. mechanical engineering, light and food industries.

Machine building complex

Mechanical engineering is the leading industry in Russia and is concentrated in large centers - Moscow, St. Petersburg, the Urals, the Volga region, Western Siberia. It provides all sectors of the economy with various equipment and machines. Further…

Chemical and petrochemical industry

The chemical industry of Russia plays an important role in the development of the entire national economy. The chemical industry includes the extraction of mining and chemical raw materials (apatites and phosphorites, table and potassium salts, sulfur and a number of other products), basic chemistry and chemistry organic synthesis. Further…

Fuel and energy complex

The fuel and energy complex supplies fuel and electricity to all sectors and ensures the development of the economy. Fuel and energy products are currently the main export item for Russia. Further…

Metallurgical complex

The metallurgical complex of Russia includes the extraction of metal ores, their enrichment, metal smelting, and the production of rolled products. This industry includes ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy.

Agro-industrial complex

The agro-industrial complex of the Russian Federation includes industries specializing in the production of agricultural products, their processing and storage, as well as providing agriculture and the processing industry with the means of production. Further…

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ECONOMIC REGIONS OF RUSSIA. \typical features of EGP, resources, branches of specialization\

WESTERN ECONOMIC ZONE.

1. NORTH-WESTERN DISTRICT.

- a relatively small area, "compact" area with a very convenient EGP \proximity to the western border, access to the Baltic, etc.\,

- relatively poor in resources \bauxites \Boksitogorsk\, shales \Slates\, phosphorites \Kingisepp\, peat\,

- a pronounced economic center of the region yavl. agglomeration of St. Petersburg,

- one of the most important machine-building bases of the CIS and Russia with a particularly high level of development of the "upper floors",

– presented: shipbuilding \ nuclear icebreakers, passenger ships, tankers, timber carriers, trawlers, etc. \, power and electrical engineering \ more than 50% of all hydraulic and steam turbines produced in the country \, machine tool building, instrument making, tractor building \ Production Association "Kirovskiy plant "\, car building; St. Petersburg is one of the largest R&D centers in the country, an "elite" area in terms of the level of training for industry and especially for mechanical engineering,

- from other industries are represented: chemical \"upper floors" on the basis of oil refining \Kirishi\, microbiology, pharmaceuticals, household chemicals\, non-ferrous metallurgy \alumina production \Boksitogorsk\, aluminum smelting \Volkhov, Tikhvin\; The North-West is one of the traditional areas of light industry \ linen \ Velikiye Luki, Pskov \, clothing, etc. \,

– St. Petersburg is one of the most important foreign trade ports of the CIS and Russia, the largest cultural and scientific center,

- agriculture has an intra-district orientation \dairy and dairy-meat animal husbandry, flax growing, potatoes, suburban farming\.

2. NORTHERN AREA.

— the largest region in terms of area in the Western Economic Zone, with rather difficult, and in some places — extreme natural conditions;

- the contrast of the EGP of different parts of the region is characteristic: the most advantageous position is in the western and southwestern regions \proximity to the state. border, center \, relatively favorable EGP near the Arkhangelsk and Murmansk regions \ access to important sea routes, Murmansk is an ice-free port \, at the same time, the northern and eastern parts of the region are much less favorable for development,

— resource region, one of the richest regions of the European part of the CIS both in terms of volume and "range" of resources \hard coal \Pechora\, oil, gas \Timano-Pechora region\, iron ores \Kovdor, Olenegorsk, Kostomuksha\, nickel , copper, aluminum \nepheline\ ores, apatites \Khibiny, Monchegorsk, Pechenga\; the area is very rich in forests and provided with water resources,

- a relatively sparsely populated area with a pronounced concentration of the population and all "economic life" in industrial centers, Arkhangelsk, Murmansk, Vologda are especially distinguished,

- the most important fuel and "ore" base of the European part of the CIS and Russia, especially the Non-Chernozem zone \North-Western, Central, Volga-Vyatka regions \, represented by: coal, oil and gas industries, mining of metallurgical and chemical raw materials,

– ferrous metallurgy \Cherepovets\ — the base of mechanical engineering of the Central and North-Western regions,

- non-ferrous metallurgy \ "Severonickel" in Monchegorsk \ copper, nickel, cobalt, etc. \, aluminum smelting \ Kandalaksha, Nadvoitsy \,

– timber industry \the entire complex of sub-sectors is represented, one of the largest "forestry", timber processing and "paper" \Kondopoga and other \regions of the CIS,

- mechanical engineering as a whole is represented relatively little, but individual sub-sectors have a "union" value:

– tractors for the timber industry, paper machines \Petrozavodsk\, shipbuilding and ship repair \Murmansk\,

- fish prom. \Murmansk\,

- agriculture: only the south of the region \Vologda region \ is most developed - one of the regions of "union significance" for dairy cattle breeding, butter, cheese production; also one of large areas flax growing.

- for modern stage Characteristic is the increase in the economic role of the region, primarily as a "foreign trade outpost" of Russia\Murmansk, Arkhangelsk\.

3. CENTRAL AREA.

- the historical center of Russia, the region of the birth of the Russian state and the Russian economy, the "old" industrial region

- already in the 19th century. stood out as an area of ​​developed textile industry,

- the leading region of Russia in terms of population, industrial, cultural, scientific and "university" potential; on the territory of the district, the Moscow metropolitan region stands out in contrast with its inherent administrative functions of "union" significance,

- a characteristic feature of the EGP yavl. "centrality" of the region, its proximity to all the most important economic regions of Russia and the CIS,

– the region is poor in mineral resources \phosphorites \Voskresensk\, peat, etc., but is provided with personnel at a very high level of their training,

- stands out for its diversity and a very high level of industrial development, with the dominance of the "upper" floors, \ especially in mechanical engineering, which "serves" almost all sectors of the economy \,

- presented: radio electronics, machine tool building and instrumental industry, instrument making \ incl. - optical \ Krasnogorsk \, electrical engineering, production of automated control systems and computer technology \ mainly - Moscow \, automotive \ Moscow, Yaroslavl \ tires, motors \, agricultural machinery. \Lyubertsy \including potato harvesters\, Tula, Bezhetsk \flax harvesters\ and tractor building \Vladimir\, car building \Mytishchi\, equipment for the textile industry \Ivanovo\, locomotive building \Kolomna\, aircraft building \Moscow, Smolensk\,

— chemical industry. – oil refining \Ryazan, Yaroslavl\, production of SC \Yaroslavl\ and chemical fibers \Ryazan, Mytishchi, Tver, Serpukhov, Klin\, phosphate fertilizers \Voskresensk\, household chemicals \Moscow\,

- a traditional area of ​​light industry with a full range of sub-sectors \ cotton, linen and clothing industries are especially developed \,

— printing industry \Moscow, Tver\,

— Moscow is the largest transport hub of the CIS,

- with \ x has mainly intra-district orientation \ excl.

flax growing, with a special development of the "suburban" type.

4. CENTRAL CHERNOZEMNY REGION

- "compact" forest-steppe and steppe region, very homogeneous in natural conditions,

- the main feature of the EGP is its proximity to the Center, as well as to the Donbass and the Dnieper \transit position on the "Center-South" axis\, now it is one of the "western" regions of Russia,

- the area is resource, but its "wealth" is one type of mineral raw materials - iron ores of the KMA \ one of the largest iron ore basins in the world \, and also - agroclimatic resources,

- a typical example of an industrial-agrarian region,

- leading industries: mining and beneficiation of iron ore \ part of the concentrates the region "exports" to Cherepovets and even to the Urals \, ferrous metallurgy of the full cycle \ Lipetsk, also - Russia's largest electrometallurgical plant in Stary Oskol \, mechanical engineering \ relatively "new" for the Central Chernozem region, an industry that is, as it were, in the "shadow" of the engineering industry of the Center and is largely focused on the mining industry of the region and its agriculture; at the same time, individual sub-sectors have a "union" value \: mining \ incl. excavators\, lifting and press-forging equipment \Voronezh\, agricultural engineering \Voronezh\ and tractor building \Lipetsk\, equipment for the chemical industry \Tambov\, machine tool building \Voronezh\, aircraft building \Voronezh\, power engineering \Belgorod\, precise mechanical engineering and instrument making \Kursk\;

– chemical industry \production of mineral fertilizers \Lipetsk\, SK \plus tire production\Voronezh\, varnishes, paints, etc. \Tambov\, chemical fibers \Kursk\,

– food \ incl. sugar industry,

- The Central Chernozem Region is one of the largest producers of various agricultural products in Russia \wheat, sugar beet, sunflower, corn, cattle breeding \mainly dairy-meat direction\, pig breeding.

5. VOLGO-VYATSKY DISTRICT.

- the main feature of the EGP - "transition" from the Center to the Volga region and the Urals,

— on the territory of the district there is the third city of Russia in terms of industrial potential — Nizhny Novgorod,

- a characteristic feature of the area - contrast natural conditions, resettlement and economy of the northern\"forest"\ part of the region\Trans-Volga\ and southern; especially noticeable is the "shift" of the economic potential of the region to the Nizhny Novgorod agglomeration,

- the region is rich in forests and water resources, but practically devoid of mineral raw materials and fuel; at the same time, the resource situation is “softened” by the proximity of the Volga-Ural fuel base,

- an industrial area, the specialization of industry is influenced by: the "raw material" Volga-Ural region, the "machine-building and scientific" Center, as well as "own" forest resources,

- leading industries:

– mechanical engineering, the automobile building complex \trucks and cars \N.Novgorod\, buses \Pavlovo\, diesel engines \Zavolzhye\, tires \Vyatka\, auto glass production \Bor\, shipbuilding and machine tool building \N.Novgorod\ in t .h. production of woodworking machines \Vyatka\, production of electrical engineering \in the main. — lighting engineering \Saransk\

– chemical industry \ incl. oil refining on the "transit" of the Volga-Ural oil \Kstovo\ and orgsintez \Dzerzhinsk\, as well as wood chemistry \Vetluzhsky\,

- timber industry \ one of the leading "timber" and "timber processing" regions of Russia, which is distinguished precisely by the "density" of production; on the territory of VVR, a "forest subdistrict" was formed in the northern \ Zavolzhskaya \ part and along the Volga, with a full range - from timber harvesting to paper production \ Volzhsk, Balakhna, Pravdinsk \,

Industrial centre

a city that stands out as the center of one or more industries. Often P. c. simultaneously perform also transport functions. The profile of centers of the extractive industry, as a rule, is narrower than the centers of the manufacturing industry, since the industrial specialization of the former is due to the use of a limited range of natural resources. In the USSR and other socialist countries P. c. are formed in the course of territorial planning for the development of productive forces.


Big soviet encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

See what "Industrial Center" is in other dictionaries:

    industrial centre - Locality, in which industry serves as the main city-forming base and the main branch of specialization. Syn.: industrial node… Geography Dictionary

    - (Latin centrum, from Greek kentron). 1) the center, the middle of a circle, a ball, etc. 2) Political Party in Germany, as a protest against the further development of the German Union in the name of the independence of the church from state power. Dictionary… … Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

    industrial node- A settlement in which industry serves as the main city-forming base and the main branch of specialization. Syn.: industrial center… Geography Dictionary

    growth center- An industrial center or an entire area, designed to give impetus to territorial development in the surrounding region, spreading its influence from the center to the periphery. Syn.: growth pole… Geography Dictionary

    App., use. comp. often 1. Industrial raw materials are understood as natural materials used in the production of means of production and consumer goods. Strategic reserves of industrial raw materials are the key to the future of the country's economy. 2.… … Dictionary of Dmitriev

    A, m. 1. mat., fiz. The point of intersection of which axes, lines in the figure, the point of concentration of which l. relationships in the body. center of pressure. Center of the lens. Circle center. similarity center. center of symmetry. Ellipse center. 2. A place equally distant from ... ... Small Academic Dictionary

    Centre- a, m. 1) (of which, only a unit) The middle, the middle part of which l. City center. Be in the center of the site. She [the veranda] is already empty. Some company was finishing their drink in the corner, and in the center of it was a familiar entertainer in a skullcap and with a glass of Abrau in ... ... Popular dictionary of the Russian language

    Territory with a pronounced industrial and production specialization. Etc. in the USSR and other socialist countries, it systematically specializes in those industries that provide products with the least expenditure of funds ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

    Industrial area ... Wikipedia

    Industrial Passage Moscow General informationMoscowRussia Country Russia City Moscow District ... Wikipedia

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  • Kharkov. Guide for tourists and sightseers,. X А PbKOBCKOE ABOUT NATURE LOVERS Introduction General information about Kharkiv Kharkiv is a large commercial and industrial center Kharkiv architecture. Medical care in Kharkov. Arrival at…

The largest industrial centers of the Ural Federal District are:

1. Ekaterinburg

Leading industries: mechanical engineering (mainly heavy) and metalworking.

* "Uralmash"

ѕ machine-building plant named after M.I. Kalinina

* "Uralkhimmash" (equipment for the chemical industry

* Turbo engine plant

The chemical industry is developing - factories of rubber products, tires, plastics and medicines, for the production of antibiotics.

2. Chelyabinsk

Chelyabinsk is a large industrial center.

The most developed

ferrous metallurgy (pipe-rolling plant)

ь non-ferrous metallurgy (factories: electrolytic zinc, ferroalloys)

l mechanical engineering and metalworking (factories "Stankomash", "Teplopribor", etc.)

l chemical industry (paint and varnish plant)

Enterprises of the light industry (tannery, spinning and weaving, shoe, knitting factories), food industry. Large production of building materials. Woodworking factories.

Near Chelyabinsk - coal mining (Chelyabinsk lignite basin).

3. Magnitogorsk

Magnitogorsk is one of the largest centers of the metallurgical industry in Russia.

Plants: calibration, crane, stamping, sulfuric acid, etc.

Production of building materials, musical instruments.

Enterprises of light industry (clothing factory, etc.) and food industry (dairy factory).

4. Nizhny Tagil

This is one of the largest centers of ferrous metallurgy and mechanical engineering in the Middle Urals.

Leading enterprises:

  • "Nizhny Tagil Iron and Steel Works"
  • Ural Carriage Works
  • "Uralchimplast"
  • 5. Tyumen

The main specialization of the urban industry is oilfield services. The leaders of this segment are the CJSC Tyumen Plant of Metal Structures.

The technopark, the West Siberian Innovation Center for Oil and Gas, is also focused on the development of oilfield services.

  • Zapsibgazprom (Gazprom concern)
  • Lukoil - Western Siberia (concern Lukoil) JSC
  • TNK-BP Siberia (TNK-BP concern)
  • · "Sibnefteprovod" (concern Transneft).

Of the enterprises of other industries not related to oil and gas, one can note the furniture factory "Zarechye", the DOK "Red October", etc.

6. Kamensk-Uralsky

Kamensk-Uralsky is a large industrial center dominated by ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering and the food industry.

Leading enterprises: plants - Sinar pipe, Ural aluminum, metallurgical, foundry, non-ferrous metal processing.

Sewing, shoe factories. Radio engineering and electrotechnical enterprises, production of building materials.

Krasnogorskaya CHPP.

Potatoes and vegetables are grown in the Kamensky district. Dairy farming.

7. Mound

The city has the most developed mechanical engineering and chemical industries.

Mechanical engineering enterprises: "Kurganselmash", "Kurganmashzavod"

Factories: bus, chemical engineering, woodworking machines, instrument-making, etc.

Chemical industry - "Synthesis".

8. Surgut

It is a major center of the oil industry. The enterprises are mainly associated with oil production and associated gas processing.

JSC "Surgutneftegaz"

Plants: gas processing, condensate stabilization, motor fuel. Enterprises of the food (fish cannery) industry. Production of building materials.

Surgutskaya GRES-1 and GRES-2.

9. Nizhnevartovsk

Nizhnevartovsk is the organizational and economic center of a large oil and gas producing region.

Main factories: gas processing, car repair. "Sibneftegazpererabotka", JSC "Chernogorneft".

Potatoes, vegetables, and oats are grown in the Nizhnevartovsk region. Poultry, cattle, pigs, rabbits are bred.

10. Krasnouralsk

This is a large industrial center, whose significant enterprises include OJSC Svyatogor (Krasnouralsk copper smelter), Federal State Unitary Enterprise Krasnouralsk Chemical Plant, State Unitary Enterprise Krasnouralskaya Poultry Farm, OJSC Krasnouralskmezhraygaz, OJSC Energozapchast.

11. Miass

The main industry here is engineering, and especially automotive. One of the largest and most famous factories in the city is the Ural Automobile Plant OJSC (UralAZ), since 1941 it has been manufacturing trucks and shift buses of the Ural brand.

12. Tobolsk

The industry of Tobolsk is represented by a city-forming enterprise - the Tobolsk petrochemical plant, a fish processing plant and some other enterprises.

13. Serov

It is the largest industrial center of the Sverdlovsk region. Here are such industrial giants as the Metallurgical Plant. A. K. Serov and Serov Mechanical Plant. The basis of Serov's industry is ferrous metallurgy and mechanical engineering.

In addition to ferrous metallurgy and mechanical engineering, logging and woodworking industries are well developed in the city. Enterprises "Serovles" and "Ural Forest" supply their products to many countries: the United Arab Emirates, Egypt, China. The enterprises of the food industry are widely represented (JSC "Serovskiy Gormolzavod").

14. Chrysostom

Here, for the first time in Russia, the production of ball-bearing, stainless and heat-resistant steel was mastered.

The city is distinguished by a very high-quality metallurgy.

Mechanical engineering is developed, incl. production of forging and pressing equipment, tools (PA "Zlatoust machine plant").

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