Ecological situation in the Republic of Kalmykia. Presentation "Actual problems of the ecology of Kalmykia" Environmental pollution in Kalmykia ecology
In 2007, emissions from vehicles were calculated according to the methodology developed by the Federal State Unitary Enterprise Research Institute “Atmosfera” (St. Petersburg), which for the Republic of Kalmykia does not correspond to the previously used methodology of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise “State Research Institute of Motor Transport”.
The total emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere in 2007 in the country as a whole amounted to 37.3 thousand tons. tons, of which 14.7% are emissions from stationary sources; 85.3% - from vehicles.
Compared to 2006, emissions at oil and gas production enterprises (by 1.3 thousand tons) and enterprises transporting oil and gas (by 1.2 thousand tons) decreased as a result of a decrease in production volumes.
A significant reduction in emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere from the equipment was achieved by PS Komsomolskaya CPC-R as a result of the conversion of turbogenerators and turbopumps to gas instead of turbine fuel.
In connection with the transition of boiler houses in the regions of the republic from liquid and solid fuels to natural gas, emissions of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and soot decreased by 21%.
On average, about 5% of the amount of pollutants emitted from stationary sources is captured, while only emissions containing dust are treated.
Sources of atmospheric air pollution are enterprises engaged in the production, transmission and distribution of steam, heat and hot water (MUP “Energoservice”, Elista; MUE “Gorodovikovsky Teplovik”, Gorodovikovsk; Iki-Burulskoe MPOKH, settlement Iki-Burul; Yuzhnenskoye MPOKH, settlement Yuzhny, etc.), oil and gas production (Chernozemelskoye OGPD OAO Kalmneft, ZAO KalmTatneft, OAO Kalmgaz, etc.), oil and gas transportation (subdivisions of OOO Kavkaztransgaz), production oil products (LLC "Tsoros", Gorodovikovsk; LLC "Terra" Ketchenerovsky district; LLC "Forward", Elista), other enterprises.
During 2007, vehicles emitted 31.8 thousand tons of pollutants into the atmosphere. From total mass 62% of the emissions are carbon monoxide, which indicates, first of all, the low quality of motor fuel and its incomplete combustion in the car engine. The air basin of the city of Elista received 11.7 thousand tons of pollutants from motor vehicles.
Centralized drinking water supply is provided to 66% of the population in the cities of Elista, Gorodovikovsk, Lagan and 11 regional centers. Up to 76% of rural residents use water from shaft wells, open reservoirs and canals. At 24 settlements Republic drinking water is delivered by special road and rail transport, the population of the village. Yashalta, pos. Sarul uses the water of irrigation systems for household and drinking needs without preliminary purification and disinfection.
Technical depreciation of water supply systems, high corrosiveness of water and its high natural mineralization, lack of the necessary complex of treatment facilities, insufficient water treatment and outdated water treatment methods are the main reasons for the inconsistency of drinking water both in terms of sanitary-chemical and microbiological indicators.
In 2007, water samples from sources of centralized water supply did not meet hygienic standards in terms of sanitary and chemical indicators in 13.7% of cases (2006 - 31%), in terms of microbiological indicators - in 20.7% of cases (2006 - 21.5%).
Of 45.88 million m 3 Wastewater, received in 2007 in the water bodies of the republic, 82% are polluted (discharges from rice farms in the Oktyabrsky district), about 15% - to the normatively cleaned.
The total cost of water protection works in 2007 amounted to 79 million rubles.
The Republic of Kalmykia is located at the junction of two vegetation zones - steppe and semi-desert. The steppe is represented by the most arid subzone - the desert steppe, and the desert - by the least arid subzone - the steppe desert.
All afforestations in the republic are a unique example of artificial afforestation in desert and semi-desert conditions. The creation of protective forest plantations on agricultural lands is carried out in accordance with the Federal Law “On Land Reclamation” and the General Scheme to Combat Desertification in the Black Lands and Kizlyar Pastures.
The main objects that have a negative technogenic impact on the environment in the field of waste management on the territory of the Republic of Kalmykia are gas and oil production enterprises, the fuel and energy complex, the processing of agricultural products, as well as vehicles.
At the beginning of 2007, there were 0.4 thousand tons of production and consumption waste on the balance sheet of the enterprises of the republic; 27.1 thousand tons of waste was generated during the year, of which 21.5% was used and neutralized. Taking into account the transfer of waste for use, neutralization, disposal, disposal, at the end of 2007, 6.4 thousand tons of waste remained on the balance sheet of the enterprises of the republic.
Presentation on the ecology of the native land of the biology teacher of the MBOU "Krasnopartizanskaya secondary school named after I.I. Hero of Russia Z.A. Daudov" Parakhon Vladimir Alekseevich Actual problems of ecology of Kalmykia
Map of environmental risks of Kalmykia
What is an environmental problem?1. An environmental problem is a negative change from a human point of view environment caused by both anthropogenic and natural factors.
Anthropogenic
Biotic
abiotic
Environment
2. Environmental problem - change natural environment as a result of technogenic impact, leading to disruption of the structure and functioning of natural systems and leading to negative social, economic and other consequences (B.I. Kochurov, 1998).
Technogenic impact
Environment
Economy
3. Ecological problems are any phenomena associated with a noticeable impact of man on nature, reverse nature on man and his economy, vital and economically significant processes (N.F. Reimers, 1992).
Economy
1. Desertification
pasture overload
(overgrazing)
wind erosion
(deflation)
water erosion
Soil salinization
Soil and water pollution by oil products
2.Secondary soil salinization
Miscalculations in construction
irrigation
In the Republic of Kalmykia, the area of saline arable land was
2824.7 thousand hectares.
3. Pollution of water bodies
(poor drinking water quality)
About 3 million m3 of industrial wastewater containing more than 200 names of compounds of various hazard classes is annually discharged into the water bodies of the Republic of Kalmykia from neighboring territories and regions.
In general, in Kalmykia, the sanitary and chemical indicators of water are the worst in Russia.
4. Decrease in the number of individuals of protected plant and animal species
- Scientific approach to nature management;
Local (local) environmental monitoring, i.e. monitoring the state of the most important characteristics of the environment, the concentration of harmful substances in the atmosphere, water, soil;
Ways to solve environmental problems:
- usage modern methods during the construction of water treatment facilities;
Restoration and protection of biogeocenoses; - further expansion and increase of protected areas, reference ecosystems, unique natural complexes; - protection and breeding of rare species of plants and animals;
International cooperation in environmental protection; - widespread education and environmental education population.
SourcesG. M. Borlikov, V. A. Bananova "Dynamics of desertification of arid lands of the Caspian region" // Socio-economic transformations in the Caspian region ... - Elista: APP "Dzhangar", 2002. - 256p.
Dedova EB Increasing the natural resource potential of degraded agricultural lands of Kalmykia by means of integrated reclamation. Abstract of the dissertation for the competition degree doctor of agricultural sciences. - M.: 2012.
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