Degrees in order. Academic titles and degrees. Types of academic degrees and their features

ACADEMIC RANKS, DEGREES- officially accepted indicators of the level of scientific or pedagogical qualifications of specialists, their achievements in the development of science, technology, culture and training of personnel with higher education. In the Soviet Union U. z., p. are awarded to specialists with higher education who have deep professional knowledge and scientific work in a particular field of science.

IN different countries there are their own historically established terminology and nomenclature U. z., p. In pre-revolutionary Russia, there were degrees of bachelor (lat. baccalaureus), master (lat. magister teacher), doctor of science. The master's degree was awarded by f-you high fur boots in specialties, except for medical, to-ry awarded the degree of doctor of medicine at once, bypassing the master's degree. The following academic titles were awarded: assistant (lat. assistens helping), associate professor (lat. docens teaching), professor (lat. professor teacher), ordinary professor (lat. ordinarius ordinary) - occupying the department, extraordinary professor (lat. extraordinarius peculiar) - not holding a chair.

In the Soviet Union U. z., p. introduced by a decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of January 13, 1934 in order to encourage scientific work and advanced training of scientific research and scientific and pedagogical personnel. The scientific degrees of candidate and doctor of sciences, academic titles - professor, associate professor, senior researcher, assistant, junior researcher have been established.

In accordance with the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of December 29, 1975, a strict procedure for awarding U. z., p. According to this provision, the scientific degree of Doctor of Science “is awarded by the decision of the Presidium of the Higher Attestation Commission of the USSR on the basis of a petition of a specialized council at a higher educational institution or research institution (scientific and production association), adopted after the public defense of a doctoral dissertation and the conclusion of the relevant expert council of the Higher Attestation Commission of the USSR on the submitted dissertation ". The scientific degree of a candidate of sciences is awarded by the decision of a specialized academic council of a higher educational institution or research institution (scientific and production association) to persons who, as a rule, have an appropriate higher education, who have successfully passed candidate exams and publicly defended a dissertation for the degree of a candidate (medical, economic, pedagogical, etc.) sciences (see Medical dissertations). Applicants degrees candidates and doctors of sciences must show the ability to conduct independent scientific research, the ability to develop relevant scientific problems which are of great theoretical and practical importance. The applicant for the PhD degree, in addition, must prove himself a creative researcher. capable of posing and solving theoretical problems and major national economic tasks at a high scientific level, which are a significant contribution to science and practice.

The Higher Attestation Commission (HAC USSR) in the order of control considers all candidate and doctoral dissertations defended in specialized academic councils, after which the collegium of the USSR HAC decides to issue a candidate of science diploma, and the HAC presidium - to issue a doctoral diploma. The Higher Attestation Commission of the USSR, on the basis of the conclusion of the relevant expert council, has the right to cancel the decision of the specialized council on the award of academic degrees.

The scientific degree of Doctor of Science is awarded, as a rule, to persons who have a Ph.D. degree in the relevant field of science. Persons who have received the academic degrees of Doctor of Science or Candidate of Science are issued a diploma of a single sample on behalf of the Higher Attestation Commission of the USSR.

The academic titles of professor, associate professor, senior researcher are assigned by the USSR Higher Attestation Commission on the proposal of the academic councils of universities or research institutions (scientific and production associations), which have the right to file a petition for the assignment of the corresponding academic titles to persons with a doctoral degree (for assignment the title of professor) or candidate of science, the necessary experience of scientific and pedagogical work in the appropriate position and proved themselves as highly qualified teachers, scientists and creators of scientific schools and directions. The academic title of professor is awarded by the decision of the presidium, the title of associate professor and senior researcher - by the decision of the collegium of the Higher Attestation Commission of the USSR. In institutions of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the academies of sciences of the Union republics, the academic titles of senior researcher to persons with scientific degrees of doctor or candidate of sciences are assigned by the presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR on the proposal of the scientific councils of scientific research institutions. Professors, associate professors, senior researchers are issued certificates of a single sample.

In the USSR, as in many other countries, there are honorary academic degrees and titles. So, for example, an honorary doctor (of a certain branch of science), an honorary professor of an educational institution, an honored scientist, etc. These academic degrees and titles are awarded to scientists for outstanding achievements in science, technology, including foreign scientists .

In the USSR, there are also higher academic scientific titles: corresponding member and full member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR or union republics and some branch academies, including the Academy medical sciences THE USSR. Corresponding members are elected by the relevant departments of the Academy of Sciences and approved by the general meeting of the Academy. Active members The Academy of Sciences of the USSR, the union republics and branch academies are elected by the general meeting of the academy.

In some socialist countries, the system of attestation of scientific workers and the list of academic degrees differ from those adopted in the USSR. So, for example, in Hungary the first academic degree is a doctor of the university (assigned to university graduates who have passed 2-3 special exams and defended their work in the commission of the university), the second degree is a candidate of sciences and the third degree is a doctor of sciences. They are awarded by the Academy of Sciences. The scientific degree of a doctor of the university gives the right to hold the position of an assistant-teacher, and the scientific degree of a candidate of sciences - an associate professor and head of the department. The appointment of a professor is carried out by a decision of the Council of Ministers.

In the GDR, the academic degree of a doctor in the relevant field is equivalent to the degree of candidate of science in the corresponding field in the USSR, doctor-ha-bil (Latin habilitas suitability, ability) - the position of associate professor or professor.

The scientific degree of doctor accepted in Poland is equivalent to the degree of candidate of sciences in the USSR. Universities have adopted such scientific and pedagogical titles as assistant, professor (extraordinary, ordinary). In the position of professor, scientific workers are approved by the State Council, and from that moment they are considered to have the title of professor.

In capitalist countries, as a rule, each institution of higher education has its own system of awarding academic degrees; All these systems are not unified. However, the main systems of attestation of scientific personnel are Anglo-American and French. The Anglo-American system provides for bachelor's, master's, Ph.D., or Ph.D. degrees. The Bachelor of Science (or Arts) degree is awarded to graduates of English or American higher education educational establishments and who passed special exams, and sometimes defended a small abstract work. The degree of master of science (arts) is received by persons who have a bachelor's degree and have completed an additional course of study for 1-2 years, and in some high fur boots, in addition, who have defended a dissertation such as a thesis. The degree of Doctor of Philosophy or, in some high fur boots, Doctor of Science is awarded to persons who have defended the relevant dissertations. In Burma, India, Iran and in many other countries, bachelor's degrees are awarded to those who graduate from higher educational institutions with a 4-6-year term of study without defending their work. The French attestation system provides for the degrees of bachelor, licentiate, agreje, doctor of science. A bachelor's degree indicates completion of high school. The degree of licentiate is received by persons in the 2nd-4th years of study in high school who passed the exams and completed coursework. This degree entitles you to work as a teacher in high school. The degree of agreje is assigned to graduates of high fur boots who have passed additional exams and defended his dissertation. The degree of agreje gives the right to be a teacher in lyceums. The scientific degree of doctor is awarded to persons who have defended the relevant dissertations. Academic titles in capitalist countries, as a rule, are awarded to persons holding the positions of professors or heads of departments.

The equivalence of educational diplomas, scientific degrees, scientific qualifications is determined by special intergovernmental conventions.

G.N. Sobolevsky.

Continuing the topic raised in the article "Profession, specialty, specialization ... Let's figure it out!", I propose to touch on academic degrees and titles, as well as related positions, in order to better understand these familiar, at first glance, concepts.

Academic degree

A scientific degree is a title that is assigned to an applicant by the scientific community and certifies his competence in a particular scientific field. Most of the CIS countries inherited the system of academic degrees from the USSR (Ukraine is one of them), so today a representative of domestic science can become:

• PhD
• PhD

The scientific degree is awarded to the applicant by the authorized state body. In the USSR, it was called VAK (Higher Attestation Commission). As a rule, in the CIS countries the name of this body has not changed. The decision on awarding the degree of candidate or doctor of science is made by the HAC based on the results of the defense of the dissertation (respectively, candidate or doctoral).

The dissertation defense takes place in the scientific specialized council - a community of respected scientists who are engaged in science of a certain subject, and can give a competent assessment of the work of the applicant. As a rule, scientific specialized councils are opened in universities or research institutes so that the personnel working in them can defend themselves "without leaving home." If in your own institution there was no advice on your specialty, you can go to the neighboring one.

PhD

Postgraduate studies are a starting "incubator" for the training of young scientific personnel. As a rule, full-time graduate students become immediately after graduation from the university. You can become a part-time graduate student (or just an applicant) without reference to the date of graduation, but having a diploma of higher education is practically a prerequisite for admission to graduate school.

With a successful combination of circumstances, the main of which is the defense of a candidate's dissertation, a graduate student becomes a candidate of science. Although there are exceptions, and a scientific degree is awarded without defending a dissertation, one can imagine how powerful the contribution of a scientist to science in this case must be.

Candidate of Sciences is the most common scientific degree among the scientific and pedagogical staff of universities and employees of various research institutes. As a rule, a PhD degree entitles you to a small increase in salary (in Ukraine - about 15%), and also opens up prospects for obtaining an assistant professor position (see below) or a similar one.

Ph.D

A candidate of sciences, who has decided to finally conquer the scientific pedestal, becomes a doctoral candidate. To do this, you can enter a doctoral program, which, theoretically, will allow you to get rid of some official duties(for example, to reduce the teaching load at the university). But you can be a doctoral student and "in absentia" - just write a doctoral dissertation without any changes in your work.

It is believed that the degree of Doctor of Science is the highest criterion for the competence and viability of a scientist, therefore the requirements for the preparation of a doctoral dissertation (and its defense) are significantly higher than for a candidate's dissertation. Although in formal terms there are no significant differences between these processes.

Doctor of Science is a much less common academic degree, since not all candidates of science want (strive, can) become doctors. In terms of preferences, a doctoral degree allows a scientist to apply for a professorship (subject to some other conditions), as well as count on a higher salary supplement.

Positions for candidates and doctors of sciences

It is important to understand that an academic degree is not automatically associated with the position held by a scientist. Usually, the “layout” for the positions that scientists occupy at the university (and for which they apply) is as follows.

No position

A graduate student may not have any position and only engage in scientific work at the department. The position is also not needed by a part-time student or applicant.

Assistant

An assistant can be a graduate student or even a Ph.D.

Senior Lecturer

For the position of senior lecturer, former graduate students (who have not become candidates, but have accumulated some experience), or candidates of sciences can work. This position is considered in some way "transitional", when a person without a degree just needs to be morally supported and promoted from assistants.

Docent

As a rule, candidates of sciences work at the positions of associate professor. Sometimes doctors.

Professor

As a rule, professorships are awarded to doctors of sciences. PhDs rarely work as professors (this position is for highly respected scientists).

The real picture of the distribution of posts

It is worth saying that a candidate or doctor of science can apply for any position, but this position is far from always available. In reality, the situation often develops in such a way that candidates work for a long time as assistants or senior lecturers, and doctors of science work as associate professors, since the university does not allocate new staff positions in the departments. This process is highly bureaucratic, and the struggle for "a place in the sun" among scientific and pedagogical workers is a common thing.

There is a widespread practice when, after defending a candidate's dissertation, a position of assistant professor is automatically "opened" for a young scientist. Usually this is the prerogative of the educational institution. But such a temporary position is not permanent, and in order to gain a foothold in this position, a young candidate of sciences should take care of obtaining the academic title of "docent".

Academic title

Academic titles are consonant with some positions from the system higher education, so they are often confused or considered one and the same. An academic title is awarded to a person with a certain academic degree some time after defending a dissertation, if he has fulfilled a number of requirements (for example, he has published a series of scientific papers, written teaching aids prepared textbooks, etc.).

Docent

The academic title "Associate Professor" is not the position of Associate Professor. As a rule, candidates of sciences are awarded the academic title "associate professor". This title entitles the scientist to heaven about a large increase in salary (in Ukraine it is 15...25%).

Professor

The academic title "professor" is not a professorship. As a rule, the academic title "professor" is awarded to doctors of science. Accordingly, with the receipt of the title of "professor" the salary of a scientist also increases.

I hope that this information shed at least a little light on how the system works. state science and education. Of course, in this system there are many more "intermediate" concepts, positions, titles.

Vitaly Artemov, CEO Dystlab

If you decide to work as a teacher, then you need to navigate the positions in the departments of universities: assistant, senior lecturer, associate professor, professor, know what the difference is between them, and what requirements a candidate for each position must meet in order to imagine what you have to be ready.

If you already have experience in scientific and pedagogical activity, you may have defended your Ph.D. thesis, but you doubt the correctness of understanding that there is a position, academic degree, academic title, you will also find explanations in this article.

If you're just idle curiosity, who's higher: a professor or a Ph.D.? Also look for the answer in the article.

How to get a job as a teacher at a university?

+ Improve diploma

If you want to work as a teacher in the future, and there is still enough time before graduation from a specialized university, then do not waste it in vain and work on your grades. It sounds trite, but in practice it turns out to be true: employers really look at the grades in the diploma, and the higher they are, the more job opportunities open up for you, and no one needs C students.

If the diploma has already been received, and nothing can be changed, then, unfortunately, I do not know the facts that teachers with triples in core disciplines worked at the university (do you know such cases? Share them in the comments!).

+ Write a resume with a photo

The finished resume must have a photo, so it will be easier for the employer to combine and remember as one: you, your resume and the interview with you. Imagine, he / she may have a bunch of papers in the table, taking out some kind of resume, it will be difficult for him / her to remember the person, the interview with him, and the impression made on him / her, if there is a photograph, the question is removed.

+ Personally contact the head of the department

If you are confident in your desire to find a job as a teacher and have a resume ready, the next step is to contact the head of the department of the university where you would like to work, because it is she / he, and not some other official of the university, who is aware of whether her / his free bets, or when they become free. Knowing the last name, first name, patronymic, work phone number of the head of the department, you need to contact her / him, and, in case of a vacancy, you will be invited for an interview.

At the same time, talking to the head of the department on the phone increases the chances of scheduling an interview compared to sending a resume by email.

Think about why you should be shaking for a couple of weeks waiting for a possible response from the employer to your resume, and why should the employer make extra gestures in the form of looking for a meeting with you? It’s better for you to immediately get an answer: “yes, we have vacancies, come for an interview”, or: “no, and they are not expected”, and move on, look for other options for solving the problem, how to get a teacher at a university. The employer, in his position, usually does not have to "run" for personnel, as a rule, there are few vacancies in the university, and it is the candidate who wants to get a job that should show ABOUT more initiative.

+ Choose a good time

A well-chosen job search time will help you successfully get a job as a university teacher.

Usually the workload between teachers is distributed over the ACADEMIC year, and it starts on September 1st. Begin to pre-distribute the load in the spring.

As you know, the academic year is divided into 2 semesters, and teachers most often quit, read: places are vacated at the beginning of the semester.

From the foregoing, it follows that approximately in May, June, the head of the department will approximately know whether he / she will need new teachers for the next academic year. => it is better to contact the head of the department in May, June.

But in any case, it often turns out not as planned, and here too: some teacher found another job and decided to quit, he usually does this from the beginning of the 1st semester, less often from the beginning of the 2nd semester. => you can monitor vacancies at the end of August, beginning of September, end of December, January.

It happens that even in the middle of the year someone leaves somewhere, then the head of the department has to be nervous to find at least someone, and at the height of the academic year it is very difficult, everyone is arranged and working in their places. This is where he / she opens the folder with the accumulated resumes of candidates, and your resume photo can serve you well: he / she will vaguely remember one, barely the other, but he will remember you and invite you for an interview!

How is the competition for the vacant position of a university teacher going?

I will answer. On the first point: information about really free places at university departments is not submitted either to labor exchanges or published on the Internet; on the second point: posting announcements about a competition for filling vacant positions at the university is a formality, fulfilling the requirements of the competition procedure, and for each post there is already a real person who is now applying, and a little earlier held this position, his term of employment has simply expired contracts.

The fact is that this happens in accordance with the practice adopted at universities, in view of following the Regulation on the procedure for filling the positions of teaching staff belonging to the teaching staff, approved by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (the last one was in 2015):

" 1. Present Regulations<…>determines the procedure and conditions for filling the positions of teaching staff related to the teaching staff in an organization that implements educational activities for implementation educational programs higher education and additional professional programs, and the conclusion of employment contracts with them for an indefinite period or for a fixed period no more than five years.

3. The conclusion of an employment contract for filling the position of a teacher in an organization, as well as the transfer to such a position, is preceded by election by competition to fill the relevant positions (hereinafter referred to as the competition). "

// garant.ru

Practice shows that an employment contract is concluded with a teacher for a period of up to 5 years (it can be either 1 year or 3 years, or another figure up to 5), I am not aware of the approval of open-ended contracts, this happens, perhaps, with eminent professors (if you know the circumstances, examples when they conclude termless contracts with teachers, tell us in the comments).

So, in order to take a certain position in the department, you need to go through the competition, which means confirming your compliance with this position. Competitions keep teachers in good shape, make them develop, since a suitable candidate is usually a teacher who meets the following requirements: science articles who has published teaching aids, has work experience, and more.

Among the stages of the competition, the following can be distinguished: the applicant filling out a package of documents, the candidate's report to the members of the department in which he claims to continue working, the candidate's approval at a meeting of the institute / university competition committee, the approval of the candidacy by the academic council of the institute / university - this is briefly.

Positions in the university in ascending order

The lowest position of a university teacher - assistant . He, just like other teachers, conducts practical or seminar classes, but not may be allowed to lecture. The salary of an assistant is the lowest, but the requirements for a candidate for this position are minimal - work experience of 1 year, and after graduating from graduate school - there is no condition for having experience.

The next position at the university in ascending order is Senior Lecturer . The teacher in this position is also not allowed to lecture. But the requirements for an employee applying for it are quite high: work experience of at least 3 years and, in the case of a candidate of science degree, work experience is also necessary. In addition, the candidate for the position must submit the results of the research and development methodical work: the presence of published scientific articles, the release of teaching aids.

For the vast majority of teachers who have not defended their Ph.D. thesis, and therefore do not have a Ph.D. degree, the position of a senior teacher is the ceiling of development in a department at a university.

Position associate professor at the department at the university is given in the presence of a PhD degree (that is, a successful defense PhD dissertation) and the experience of scientific and pedagogical work, that is, work at the university as a teacher, at least 3 years or the academic title of associate professor.

Senior Lecturer and Associate Professor, the difference, as we can see, is as follows:

Senior Lecturer - a position lower than Associate Professor.

The presence of a PhD degree is the main condition for an applicant for the position of associate professor.

The necessary scientific and pedagogical work experience seems to be the main requirement for the applicant for the position of senior lecturer.

Teaching positions at the university also include such as Professor , only a teacher with a doctoral degree in science (and, therefore, who defended doctoral dissertation), or the academic title of professor, as well as work experience of at least 5 years.

The difference between an associate professor and a professor is as follows:

The position of associate professor is lower than the position of professor.

The presence of a scientific degree of a candidate of sciences (or an academic title of associate professor) is the main condition for applying for the position of associate professor.

The scientific degree of doctor of science (or the academic title of professor) seems to be a necessary requirement for an applicant for the position of professor.

Position and degree

Now you know what positions teachers can hold at the department, but I also mentioned such a concept as an academic degree - it is worth dwelling on it in more detail.

There are two academic degrees in Russia: candidate of science and doctor of science.

To obtain PhD degree , you need to enroll in graduate school, after which you need to defend your PhD thesis - Scientific research dedicated to a specific issue.

What does postgraduate study in Russia give and why go there? Graduate school gives a respite from the army? Is it included in the work experience? What gives in employment? Postgraduate study and work, how to combine? What is the duration of postgraduate studies? What are the types of postgraduate studies? Is there a postgraduate course? How is part-time postgraduate study different from full-time? What is the learning process in graduate school? What does postgraduate study without protection give?

PhD degree awarded after successfully defending a doctoral dissertation written during doctoral studies. You can enter doctoral studies only if you already have a PhD degree.

Is an assistant professor a position or an academic degree? Associate Professor and PhD, what's the difference?

Thus, answering the question: is an associate professor a position or an academic degree, we can say that an associate professor is a position held by a teacher in a department who usually has a Ph.D.

Associate Professor and PhD, what is the difference? The difference between an associate professor and a candidate of science is that, as you already know, an associate professor is a position of a teacher in a university department, and a candidate of science is a degree awarded to him as a result of a successful defense of his Ph.D. thesis.

What is the difference between a PhD and a professor? Who is higher professor or doctor of science?

Doctor of Science and Professor - The difference is that a Doctor of Science is a degree awarded to a researcher who has completed a doctoral dissertation. A professor is a teaching position at a university department, which can be occupied, in the vast majority of cases, by a teacher with a doctorate degree.

To answer the question: who is higher professor or doctor of science, in my opinion, is impossible, because these concepts refer to different systems ranking scientists.

Professor - is the highest position in the department: Assistant -> Senior Lecturer -> Associate Professor -> PROFESSOR.

Academic degrees in Russia are important concepts in scientific activity, as they establish the necessary qualification sequence in scientific circles. The first scientific degrees in Russia began to be awarded at the end of the distant 18th century by Catherine II. At the present time, a two-stage hierarchy of scientific professional levels is used, modeled on the gradation of academic levels in force in the USSR.

What is a degree

In Russia, a scientific degree is called a certain level of qualification of a scientist, a form of attestation of scientists, which makes it possible to establish the ranks of "servants of science" and the sequence of stages of an academic career. To obtain it in the Russian Federation, it is necessary to defend a dissertation for a candidate or doctor of science. In modern times, anyone researcher it is known what academic degrees are and in what gradation they are.

University academic degrees of bachelor and master, borrowed from the European educational system, are not types of academic degrees. These include only Ph.D. and Ph.D. degrees.

Degrees in ascending order

Academic degrees in our country differ from others in terms of types, names, hierarchy, as well as the way scientific degrees are awarded in different countries. For any branches of science and specialties in European countries, a three-level hierarchy of academic career is applied. In ascending order, the elements of its classification are as follows:

1. Bachelor;
2. Master;
3. Ph.D.

The level of "Doctor of Philosophy" does not mean an example of a separate branch of knowledge, but generalizes them as a whole. The degree of Doctor of Philosophy abroad is the highest stage of the academic career of a scientist from the list and is an analogue of the degree of a Russian doctor.

In Russia, scientific degrees are understood as a two-stage gradation of the stages of an academic career. List of species in ascending order of Russian scientific levels:

1. PhD;
2. Ph.D.

Conditions for awarding a degree

Currently, the competition for the degree of candidate of science, as well as the degree of doctor of science, is carried out by defending an independently conducted dissertation research by speaking before the dissertation council. It is created under the leadership of the Supreme attestation commission at a university or other institution. Each dissertation council usually works with no more than three specialties. It consists of at least 19 people, more than half of whom are employees of the institution under which it was created. Only doctors of sciences can be members of the dissertation council.

The defense of a thesis for a candidate or a doctorate does not have to be from the same field in which the applicant has an education, as this is not regulated by a special Regulation governing this activity.

There is no specific list of industries prohibited or allowed for protection, for example, for a candidate of economic sciences. It is possible for him to earn degrees in every industry he chooses. As an example, a graduate of the Institute of Law or social sciences in technical specialties can also gain success and defend a dissertation. In practice, it often happens that a graduate of the Faculty of History becomes a candidate of physical and mathematical sciences and subsequently builds a career as a mathematician or engineer.

A prerequisite is that the author of a thesis for a degree at any level must provide a diploma of higher professional education.

What is not a degree

The meanings of the concepts of academic degrees and titles differ significantly from each other, although they are often confused. Ranks mean the position of a specialist or teacher in a university and other scientific organizations, qualification level in a career scientific worker. These are associate professor and professor. They are awarded for life for scientific and pedagogical merits to specialists of universities and other organizations specializing in science, according to the documents provided by these organizations.

Participate in the award of academic titles Higher Attestation Commission And Ministry of Education. Only the title of professor of the Russian Academy of Sciences is awarded Russian Academy nau to.

After awarding a certain title, a certificate is issued.

Associate professor and professor are not only academic titles, positions in universities are similarly named, but this is not the same thing. Often, the position of a teacher depends on the type of academic degree. As a rule, a specialist who holds the position of a teacher and has a Ph.D. degree is appointed as an associate professor, and specialists with a doctoral degree most often occupy fairly large positions and are professors. At the same time, teachers who have not yet received such a title can get the position of associate professor or professor. After working in a certain position for some time, they can be nominated for the corresponding rank. It also happens vice versa: an employee who has high rank occupies a lower position.

Degrees in universities

In 2015, the Government of the Russian Federation launched a project, according to which a list of universities was approved that can independently award their own academic degrees. IN this moment it includes about 60 higher educational institutions, which belong to:

• National research universities;
• Federal Universities;
• Universities from the 5-100 program.

These universities must necessarily correspond to the high quality of pedagogical, scientific work and have at least one dissertation council. This means that not all educational institutions have such an opportunity. The first universities included in this list are St. Petersburg State University and Moscow State University (examples of the name are Candidate of Sciences of Moscow State University, Doctor of Sciences of St. Petersburg State University). Bakhtiyor Alimdzhanov became the first candidate of science at St Petersburg University with a dissertation on history in January 2017. The rest, included in the list, educational institutions can conduct the first defenses only from September of this year.

The successful implementation of this project is necessary to increase the prestige of Russian science among the developed world powers.

INTRODUCTION

1. ACADEMIC DEGREES………………………………………………………..2

2. ACADEMIC RANKS……………………………………………………….....7

3. STATUS OF BACHELOR AND MASTER DEGREES IN RUSSIA………………………………………………………………………......8

4. WHY DO YOU NEED A DEGREE……………………………………….9

6. NOMENCLATURE OF ACADEMIC DEGREES………………………………...11

7. HONORARY DEGREE……………………………………………………… 12

8. CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………….12

9.LIST OF USED LITERATURE……………………..…13

Introduction

Academic degrees and titles - a qualification system in science and higher education, which allows ranking scientific and scientific and pedagogical employees at individual stages of an academic career. Currently in Russian Federation they award academic degrees of Candidate and Doctor of Science and confer academic titles of Associate Professor and Professor (by department, by specialty). As a rule, the academic title of associate professor is assigned to candidates of sciences, and the academic title of professor is usually awarded to doctors of sciences.

1. Degrees

Degrees awarded in different countries vary significantly in terms of titles, qualification requirements, award and/or approval procedures.

In the USA, Great Britain and a number of other European countries that have joined the Bologna Process, the nomenclature of academic degrees is being harmonized, which involves the establishment of uniform requirements for three degrees in each branch of knowledge:

bachelor or licentiate

Bachelor (from Latin baccalarius - “young man”, in turn from Latin bacca lariu - fruit of the laurel) is an academic degree or qualification awarded to students after mastering the basic training program. It first appeared in the medieval universities of Western Europe. In Russia, this level of training was introduced in 1993. The normative term of the bachelor's training program (with full-time education) is 4 years. After December 31, 2010, bachelor's and master's qualifications will become the main qualifications for applicants to Russian universities.

master's

Master (from Latin magister - mentor, teacher, leader) - the highest academic degree, qualification (in some countries - the initial academic degree), acquired by the student after graduating from the master's program (mastering a special training program). Master's degree is a stage of higher professional education, following the post-bachelor's degree, which allows to deepen specialization in a particular professional area. In 1993, the term "master" returned as a qualification for graduates of educational institutions of higher professional education. The position of the magistracy in the modern Russian education system is dual. On the one hand, this is a system of advanced training for bachelors and specialists, on the other hand, the “master” qualification is equated to the qualifications of university graduates. The normative term of the master's program (with full-time education) is 2 years. However, the student must first master the training program for a bachelor (4 years) or a specialist (5 years). After December 31, 2010, bachelor's and master's qualifications will become the main qualifications for applicants to Russian universities.

Doctor of Philosophy (here, philosophy refers to sciences in general, and not philosophy proper; in parallel, there are similar degrees of Doctor of Law, Medicine, Theology, etc.)

Doctor of Philosophy (lat.Philosophiæ Doctor, Ph.D., PhD, usually pronounced as pi-h-di) is a degree awarded in many Western countries. The actual analogue of the degree "Doctor of Philosophy" in the Russian education system is the degree "Ph.D." philosophy (only historical) and is awarded in almost all scientific fields, for example: Ph.D. in literature or Ph.D. in physics. This situation is connected with traditions dating back to the days of medieval universities, the standard structure of which usually assumed the presence of faculties of philosophy, jurisprudence, theology and medicine. Therefore, in addition to the Ph.D. degree, there are also a limited number of other doctoral degrees of the same rank; doctors are awarded the degree of M.D., lawyers are awarded the degree of Doctor of Laws, theologians are awarded the Doctor of Divinity, and everyone else is awarded the Doctor of Philosophy.

In Russia, the system is currently mixed: the new system is partially applied with the release of bachelors (4 years) and masters (6 years), partly the old one with the release of graduates (5 years). Instead of the highest single Western degree of doctor (philosophy, etc.), the German-style system inherited from the Soviet Union is used, in which there are two degrees:

PhD

Candidate of Sciences - a first-stage academic degree (doctor of science) in the USSR, the Russian Federation and a number of CIS countries. Established by a decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of January 13, 1934. In Russian universities, the PhD degree is one of the sufficient conditions to compete for the post of Associate Professor. Order of assignment: in Russia, the degree of candidate of sciences is awarded by the dissertation council based on the results of defending a candidate's dissertation. Then the Higher Attestation Commission of Russia makes a decision to issue a PhD diploma.

Scientific branches:

PhD in Architecture (PhD)

Candidate of Biological Sciences (Ph.D.)

Candidate of Veterinary Sciences (PhD)

Candidate of Military Sciences (PhD)

Candidate geographical sciences(Ph.D.)

Candidate of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences (PhD)

Candidate of Art History (Ph.D.)

Candidate historical sciences(PhD)

PhD in Cultural Studies

Candidate of Medical Sciences (Ph.D.)

Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences (PhD)

PhD in Political Science (Ph.D.)

Candidate psychological sciences(c. ph. n.)

Candidate of Agricultural Sciences (Ph.D.)

Candidate of Sociological Sciences (Ph.D.)

Candidate of Technical Sciences (Ph.D.)

Candidate of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Ph.D.)

Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (Ph.D.)

Candidate of Philological Sciences (PhD in Philology)

Candidate of Philosophical Sciences (PhD in Philosophy)

Candidate of Chemical Sciences (PhD)

PhD in Economics (PhD)

PhD in Law (PhD)

Ph.D

Doctor of Science - a second degree, the highest level (after a candidate of sciences) in the USSR, Russia, a number of CIS countries and in some former socialist countries. In Russian universities, the doctoral degree is one of the sufficient conditions for participation in the competition for the position of professor.

Scientific branches:

Depending on the specialty in which the doctoral dissertation is defended, the applicant is awarded one of the following academic degrees:

Doctor of Architecture (Dr. Arch.)

Doctor of Biological Sciences (D.Sc.)

Doctor of Veterinary Sciences (D.V.N.)

Doctor of Military Sciences (Doctor of Military Sciences)

Doctor of Geography (Dr. Sc.)

Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences (D.G.-M.S.)

Doctor of Arts (D.Sc.)

Doctor of Historical Sciences (D.H.)

Doctor of Cultural Studies

Doctor of Medical Sciences (D.M.S.)

Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences (D.P.S.)

Doctor of Political Sciences (Ph.D.)

Doctor of Psychological Sciences (D.Sc.)

Doctor of Agricultural Sciences (D.Sc.)

Doctor of Sociological Sciences (D.Sc.)

Doctor of Technical Sciences (D.Sc.)

Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Doctor of Pharmacy)

Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (D.Sc.)

Doctor of Philology (Doctor of Philology)

Doctor of Philosophy (Doctor of Philosophy)

Doctor of Chemical Sciences (D.Sc.)

Doctor of Economics (D.E.S.)

Doctor of Law (Doctor of Law)

At the same time, the degree of candidate of science is awarded by the dissertation council and approved (a decision is made to issue a diploma of a candidate of science) by the Higher Attestation Commission of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia, and the degree of doctor of science is awarded by the presidium of the Higher Attestation Commission on the basis of a petition from the dissertation council.

To obtain the degree of candidate or doctor of science, it is necessary to prepare a dissertation and defend it at a meeting of the dissertation council. Academic degrees appeared in the USSR in 1934 (introduced by the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR "On Academic Degrees and Titles" dated January 13, 1934, which actually restored academic degrees that previously existed in pre-revolutionary Russia). The largest number of candidates and doctors of sciences in technical, medical, physical and mathematical sciences.

The equivalent of the PhD degree in most countries is the Ph.D. An approximate analogue of the degree of Doctor of Science in countries with a "single-stage" system of academic degrees is the degree of Doctor of Science (D.Sc.), in countries with a "two-stage" system (for example, in Germany) - a habilitated doctor.