D e n osadchaya and m. Textbook under the general editorship of d e. N. A. Volgina Recommended by the Ministry of General and Vocational Education of the Russian Federation as a teaching aid for students of higher educational institutions. Average ge

CAPITALISM

CAPITALISM

(capitalism) An economic system based on private property and private enterprise. Under this system, at least a large share of economic activity is carried out by individuals and organizations seeking to make a profit, and land and other tangible means of production are largely privately owned. Capitalism does not imply absolute freedom of enterprise and trade (laissez-faire); it fully accepts the existence of large sectors of the economy, which are state-owned, and the regulation of the activities of the private sector in connection with the need to protect public health, ensure the safety of production and protect the environment. Such regulation, however, is usually expressed in the form of a certain prohibition: the rules establish what individuals or firms are prohibited from doing, but the initiative in taking actions that do not contradict the established rules is decentralized. Capitalism is opposed to socialism, in which all important economic decisions are made largely collectively.

Economy. Dictionary. - M.: "INFRA-M", Publishing house "Ves Mir". J. Black. General editorial staff: Doctor of Economics Osadchaya I.M.. 2000 .

CAPITALISM

an economic system in which private ownership of factors of production is widespread, and the distribution of the produced product, goods, goods, services is carried out mainly through the market. Capitalism is characterized by free enterprise, competition, the desire of producers and sellers of goods to make a profit. Capitalism, being a socio-economic system, is closely connected with the socio-political system of the country, and sometimes largely predetermines the latter. Having passed a long historical path of development, capitalism has largely changed its original appearance, which it possessed, replacing the feudal-serf system at the end of the Middle Ages. If in its original form capitalism was characterized by cruel exploitation of labor, and the capitalists - the desire to completely tear away "for themselves" the profit created in production, then modern capitalism is guided by social goals, scientific and technological progress, based on achieving the interest of workers in labor and labor results. Capital becomes not only a factor in making profit, but also in social progress, and capitalism takes on a human face.

Raizberg B.A., Lozovsky L.Sh., Starodubtseva E.B.. Modern economic dictionary. - 2nd ed., corrected. Moscow: INFRA-M. 479 p.. 1999 .

Economic dictionary. 2000 .

Synonyms:

Antonyms:

See what "CAPITALISM" is in other dictionaries:

The method of social organization, established in the countries of the West. Europe in the 17th century and later extended to the North. America and other regions. The concept of "K." is both obscure and inaccurate: its content is rather vague; class of countries, ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

- (capitalism) The organization of society based on the social nature of production and the private form of appropriation of its results and / or control over the means of production. The term appeared in social science relatively recently. Oxford… … Political science. Vocabulary.

- [Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

This is the exploitation of man by man, and communism is the opposite. The inherent vice of capitalism is the unequal distribution of wealth; the inherent virtue of socialism is the equal distribution of poverty. Winston Churchill Capitalism is what people do if their ... ... Consolidated encyclopedia of aphorisms

CAPITALISM, capitalism, pl. no, husband. (French capitalisme) (polit., economics). A mode of production in which the means of production are private property, production is of a commercial nature, products reach the consumer through ... ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

- (capitalism) An economic and political system in which individual owners of capital (capital) are free to dispose of it at their discretion, in particular to use it for profit. Most economically developed countries, ... ... Glossary of business terms

CAPITALISM, a type of society based on private property, a market economy and democratic institutions. In various currents public thought defined as a system of free enterprise, a stage in the development of industrial ... ... Modern Encyclopedia

A type of society based on private property and a market economy. In various currents of social thought, it is defined as a system of free enterprise, a stage in the development of an industrial society, and the modern stage of capitalism as ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

An economic system in which production decisions are controlled by those who invest capital in private business. At the same time, joint-stock companies are controlled by shareholders, and small and non-joint-stock enterprises by their owners. By… … Financial vocabulary

Imperialism; society of equal opportunities, welfare society, state capitalism, mister coupon, free world, free society, formation Dictionary of Russian synonyms. capitalism / figuratively: mister coupon (obsolete iron.)) Dictionary of synonyms ... ... Synonym dictionary

Aggregation

Definition #1-dependence between the behavior of aggregate quantities and their components. (Economics. Explanatory Dictionary. - M .: "INFRA-M", Publishing House "Ves Mir". J. Black. General edition: Doctor of Economics Osadchaya I.M.. 2000)

Definition #2-consolidation of economic indicators by combining them into a single group. (Raizberg B.A., Lozovsky L.Sh., Starodubtseva E.B.. Modern economic dictionary. - 2nd ed., Rev. M .: "INFRA-M", 1999)

Adaptive system

Definition #1- a system (technical or living), capable of adapting both to changing environmental conditions and to various deviations from the norm in itself. An adaptive system is based on feedbacks, the maintenance of which is carried out through appropriate mechanisms (for example, the exchange of matter, energy and information between the system and environment, trophic relationships between populations within the biocenosis, etc.). ( I.I. Grandpa. Ecological encyclopedic Dictionary. - Chisinau: Main edition of the Moldavian Soviet Encyclopedia, 1989)

Definition #2- a system that ensures a balance between nature and society (Encyclopedia of Sociology, 2009)

An activator is a person who, spontaneously or by virtue of the function entrusted to him and accepted by him, tries to raise or maintain at the required level the activity of the participants in the joint solution of the problem. In the decision process, any member of the group can act as an “activator”. (E.P. Ilyin. Psychology of creativity - St. Petersburg: "Peter", 2013)

Approbation

Definition #1- (Latin approbatio), approval, approval based on verification, examination, test. (Modern Encyclopedia, 2000)

Definition #2- approval, approval based on verification, examination, testing. (Big Encyclopedic Dictionary, 2000)

Association

Definition #1- (lat. associatio - connection) - a natural connection that arises in the experience of an individual between two mental elements (sensations, ideas, thoughts, feelings, etc.), which is expressed in the fact that the manifestation in the mind of one of the elements of consciousness entails and the appearance of another. (E.P. Ilyin. Psychology of creativity - St. Petersburg: "Peter", 2013)

Definition #2- a naturally occurring connection between individual events, facts, objects or phenomena reflected in the mind and fixed in memory ( Dictionary of associations "beta" )

Verbalization

Definition #1- verbal (verbal) description of experiences, feelings, thoughts, behavior. (Psychological Encyclopedia)

Definition #2- the process of expression through the sound designation of the symbols of the description of the world (O.M. Reflection at the foot of Genesis - M: "Amrita-Rus", 2004)

Gestalt psychology

Definition #1- a direction in Western psychology that arose in Germany in the first third of the 20th century, putting forward a program for studying the psyche from the point of view of integral structures (gestalts), primary in relation to their components. (Encyclopedia practical psychology, "Psychologist")

Definition #2- a science that has become the most productive option in solving the problem of maintaining the integrity of Austrian and German psychology. The main representatives of Gestalt psychology, such as M. Wertheimer, W. Koehler and K. Koffka, K. Levin, created science to resist structuralism. ( Research Article- "Gestalt psychology basic provisions. The concept of gestalt psychology")

Delegation is the transfer of authority to another person. It is usually used as a means of decentralizing management (delegation of authority to subordinates by the head). (Economic Dictionary 2000)

9. Improvisation - (from lat. imprivisus - unexpected, sudden). General concept- creating something (composing poetry, writing music, performing with something, etc.) at the time of performance and without preparation. (E.P. Ilyin. Psychology of creativity - St. Petersburg: "Piter", 2013)

10. Innovation industry - the sphere of development, production and implementation of competitive innovations on a mass scale, the goals of which are the modernization and development of all sectors of the economy and spheres of society, improving the level and quality of life of citizens, increasing efficiency, knowledge intensity and quality of labor and production in all sectors economy, ensuring the country's competitiveness in world markets. (Under the general editorship of Prof. Melnikov O.N. Problems of development of innovative and creative economy. - M.: "Creative economy", 2010)

Engineering

Definition #1-a field of activity to study the issues of creating industrial facilities, infrastructure, etc., primarily in the form of providing various engineering and consulting services on a commercial basis. (Financial Dictionary)

Definition #2- a complex of engineering and consulting services of a commercial nature for the preparation and provision of the direct production process, maintenance of facilities, operation of economic facilities and sales of products. (Financial Dictionary "Finam")

12. Incubation is the most uncertain and creative stage, on which the idea "ripens" and insight occurs. (Scientific article - "The concept of innovation", authors: V. Gribov, V. Gryzinov )

Innovation activity

Definition #1 is an activity aimed at finding and implementing innovations in order to expand the range and improve the quality of products, improve technology and organize production. ( Scientific article "Innovative activity of the enterprise", the authors: B. Gribov, V. Gryzinov )

Definition No. 2– activities aimed at commercialization of accumulated knowledge, technologies and equipment. result innovation activities are new or additional goods/services or goods/services with new qualities (Finam Financial Dictionary)

WEIGHTED AVERAGE (AVERAGE) WEIGHTED AVERAGE (AVERAGE) (weighted average, weighted mean) An arithmetic mean that takes into account the weights of each of the numbers for which the mean is calculated. For example, if a person buys goods in three lots, one of which is 100 tons at 70l. Art. per ton, the other - 300 tons at 80l. Art. per ton and the third - 50 tons at 95l. Art. per ton, then in total he buys 450 tons of goods; ordinary average price purchases will be (70 + 80 + 95) / 3 = 81.7l. Art. The weighted average price, taking into account the volumes of each of the parties, is equal to (100 x 70) + (300 x 80) + (50 x 95) / 450 = 79.4l. Art. per ton.

Finance. Dictionary. 2nd ed. - M.: "INFRA-M", Publishing house "Ves Mir". Brian Butler, Brian Johnson, Graham Sidwell et al. Osadchaya I.M.. 2000.

WEIGHTED AVERAGE is:

WEIGHTED AVERAGE (weighted average) The arithmetic mean, which takes into account the weight of each of the terms for which this average is calculated. For example, if someone buys a commodity in three lots, one of which is 100 tons at 70l. Art. per ton, the other - 300 tons at 80l. Art. per ton and the third – 50 tons at 95 lbs. Art. per ton, then in total he buys 450 tons of goods; the usual average purchase price will be (70 + 80 + 95): 3 = 81.7l. Art. The weighted average price, taking into account the volumes of each of the lots, is (100 × 70) + (300 × 80) + (50 × 95): 450 = 79.4l. Art. per ton.

Business. Dictionary. - M.: "INFRA-M", Publishing house "Ves Mir". Graham Bets, Barry Brindley, S. Williams et al. Osadchaya I.M.. 1998.

Geometric weighted mean

Main article: geometric mean

Geometric weighted mean set of non-negative real numbers x 1 , … , x n (\displaystyle x_(1),\ldots ,x_(n)) with real weights w 1 , … , w n (\displaystyle w_(1),\ldots ,w_(n) ) , such that ∑ i = 1 n w i ≠ 0 (\displaystyle \sum _(i=1)^(n)w_(i)\neq 0) , is defined as

X ¯ = (∏ i = 1 n x i w i) 1 / ∑ i = 1 n w i = exp ⁡ (1 ∑ i = 1 n w i ∑ i = 1 n w i ln ⁡ x i) (\displaystyle (\bar (x))=\left( \prod _(i=1)^(n)x_(i)^(w_(i))\right)^(1/\sum _(i=1)^(n)w_(i))=\quad \exp \left((\frac (1)(\sum _(i=1)^(n)w_(i)))\;\sum _(i=1)^(n)w_(i)\ln x_(i)\right)) .

The above formulas make sense for any values ​​of the weights, except when some x i = 0 (\displaystyle x_(i)=0) and the corresponding weights w i ≤ 0 (\displaystyle w_(i)\leq 0) . Therefore, it is generally assumed that all numbers x i ≠ 0 (\displaystyle x_(i)\neq 0) . Non-negative weights are also usually considered.

If the weights w 1 , … , w n (\displaystyle w_(1),\ldots ,w_(n)) are normalized to one (i.e. their sum is equal to one), then the expression for the geometric weighted mean becomes

X ¯ = ∏ i = 1 n x i w i = exp ⁡ ∑ i = 1 n w i ln ⁡ x i (\displaystyle (\bar (x))=\prod _(i=1)^(n)x_(i)^(w_( i))=\exp \sum _(i=1)^(n)w_(i)\ln x_(i)) .

Properties

• In the event that all weights are equal, the weighted geometric mean is equal to the geometric mean.
• It is easy to see that the arithmetic weighted mean of the logarithms of some numbers is equal to the logarithm of the geometric weighted mean of these numbers with the same weights.

Average weighted score

people tell me the formula for the weighted average valuation of something, preferably with an example - I can’t find a pancake anywhere, everywhere there are links to the weighted average valuation of capital, but I don’t really need it.

Yulia-julya

The weighted average formula is the ratio of the sum of the volume of each indicator multiplied by the number to total amount all quantities
For example, the weighted average price in the securities market
- N - the number of securities in the first transaction, S the value of securities in the second transaction
- N1 number of securities in the second transaction S1 value of securities in the second transaction
weighted average price = (N*S+N1*S1)/(N+N1)

I will give an example to make it quite clear.
For example, you bought sweets at a price: 1 kg for 100 rubles, 2 kg for 250 rubles. per kg. , 3kg for 400 rubles. per kg, then the weighted average cost of sweets will be 1*100+2*250+3*400/1+2+3= 1800/6= 300 rubles.

On February 25, after a long serious illness, which she endured with great stamina and courage, Irina Mikhailovna OSADCHAYA, Doctor of Economics, Honored Scientist, passed away. Russian Federation, Head of Sector at IMEMO RAS .

Irina Mikhailovna came to IMEMO practically from its foundation in 1956, and all her labor activity is connected with this institute. Irina Mikhailovna is an expert recognized in our country and abroad in the field of macroeconomic policy, the role of the state in a market and transition economy, history and modern development economic science. Her work contributed to the establishment in domestic economic science of new principles of an unbiased, creative approach to the study of Western economic thought. Books by I.M. Osadchay translated and published in many countries of the world. English Keynesians themselves highly appreciated her work "Modern Keynesianism". Irina Mikhailovna never aspired to occupy leadership positions. But under all the leaders of the Sector of General Problems, and then the Department of Modern Theories of the Market Economy, it remained in the full sense of the word “the main researcher”, the work of these teams largely rested on her efforts and an unparalleled sense of responsibility.

The monographs of Irina Mikhailovna, collective works published under her editorship, numerous articles in scientific and popular journals are among the the best works Institute. She has done a lot to ensure that the theoretical studies of Western economists become the property of Russian readers. She participated in the translation into Russian of a number of major works by world famous authors. She has written chapters on modern economic thought in many textbooks on the history of economic thought.

was extremely active educational activities Irina Mikhailovna - she participated in the compilation of the first comprehensive English-Russian economic dictionary, which has already gone through 3 editions, she edited translations of three Oxford explanatory dictionaries in economics.

Benevolent attention and qualified judgments of Irina Mikhailovna supported many young authors. She has a huge number of reviews on scientific publications, reviews for dissertations. For many years, Irina Mikhailovna was the chairman of the State attestation commission high school economy.

Irina Mikhailovna was very loved and respected for her high professionalism, comprehensive education, erudition and intelligence, kindness, sincere generosity and responsiveness. It is difficult for us to imagine IMEMO without Irina Mikhailovna Osadchaya.