Lectures. Organization of research activities - file L2 UIR.doc. The role of science in the innovation process The role of science and education in innovation
Short description
It is known that the scientific community of the country performs an orienting function in the life of the population, and the scientific complex as a whole ensures the development of the economy based on modernization and change of technologies. Science is a bridge between the present and the future, and it is easy to destroy it, but it takes many years and considerable effort to recreate it. Russia - as a major power with a large territory, rich natural resources and profitable geographic location can withstand intense competition for global, as well as for its own markets for products, services and highly skilled labor only with advanced science and strong innovation potential.1
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The role of science in the development of innovation
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Organizational forms of innovative enterprises
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Bibliography
Work content - 1 file
in the discipline "Innovation Management"
1. The role of science in the development of innovation.
It is known that the scientific community of the country performs an orienting function in the life of the population, and the scientific complex as a whole ensures the development of the economy based on modernization and change of technologies. Science is a bridge between the present and the future, and it is easy to destroy it, but it takes many years and considerable effort to recreate it. Russia, as a major power with a large territory, rich natural resources and an advantageous geographical position, can withstand intense competition for the world, as well as for its own markets for products, services and highly skilled labor, only with developed science and powerful innovation potential. one
The political and economic transformations of 1991-1996 caused enormous damage to the scientific complex, and, to some extent, irreparable damage. The scale and depth of the crisis in this sector exceed the indicators of the general economic downturn. The scope of research and development has been drastically reduced. For example, compared with 1991, the number of people employed in research and development has almost halved, and capital investments in the development of the material and technical base of science have decreased tenfold.
The role and place of science in society essentially depend on the level of development of public consciousness, the awareness of the population about the possibilities of applying the results of scientific and technical activities to solve socio-economic problems, as well as the actually obtained practical results of such application.
In almost all components, the trends in the field of innovation activity of the Russian economy do not correspond to the trends of the global economic system. In general, innovation activity is at an extremely low stage of development, and to change this state, targeted efforts will be required on the part of state bodies and all economic entities. At the same time, one should keep in mind not only a sharp change in the level of payment and equipment of innovative activity, but also the need to change the existing public consciousness, which puts forward the sphere of pedagogy and lifelong education as a priority. This, in turn, implies a reorientation of the sphere of innovation activity and structural transformations of the economy in a progressive direction and bringing it to the requirements dictated by the problems of the current state of civilization, such as high environmental tension, the depletion of traditional resources, the need for harmonious development of the territory.
The main reason for the lack of demand for domestic science is that the chosen version of the initial stage of reform (vigorous redistribution of property rights over a short period of 2-3 years) was not based on reliable scientific knowledge. The transitional stage, contrary to expectations, has dragged on, economic growth, which requires scientific support and technological support, is constantly being pushed back. 2
The range of possible orientation of domestic science can vary from the active role of science and innovation in reforming the economy to a model of local support for imported technologies of the educational qualification of the population. This choice is determined both by the position of the country's leadership, and by the self-determination of the scientific community in the social space, as well as by the attitude of the population to the role of science, to scientists and their scientific activities.
Delay in choosing a national model of science is steadily narrowing the field of possible solutions, primarily due to the exclusion of the most positive, active and constructive options from among them. If the scientific community does not build it, and the country's leadership does not support it in a timely manner, then time and competitors in world markets will leave only less favorable options for constructing a domestic model of the economy and science.
All industrialized countries have created innovative areas corresponding to their national interests, allowing, first of all, to quickly master the results of their own developments or acquired patents and licenses.
Firms and companies in developed countries receive significant tax incentives, preferential loans and subsidies for R&D, development and initial replication of innovations (for a period of up to 3 years). This allows developed countries, relying on science and new technologies, to form and defend their goals and national interests, solve issues of national security and the growth of the welfare of their countries, promote the harmonious development of society, take care of the interests of future generations and solve environmental problems. 3
2. Organizational forms of innovative enterprises.
Organization of the innovation process is an activity to unite the efforts of scientific and technical personnel on the basis of relevant regulations and procedures, aimed at accelerating and increasing the efficiency of innovative development. The purpose of the organization is to streamline the innovation process, improve its characteristics, eliminate losses associated with repeated (duplicating) research and development, incomplete use of existing discoveries, slow implementation of the “research-production” process. Features of the organization of the innovation process are associated with inherent uncertainty. The uncertainty of achieving the goal, i.e. the probability of obtaining a positive result is only 5-10% at the stage of fundamental research, increasing to 85-90% at the stage of applied research, and up to 95-97% in the development process. four
However, also on late stages innovation cycle remains significant uncertainty of time and costs required to achieve the effect. Rigid rationing of terms and costs reduces the likelihood of obtaining a given result, and the regulation of the result and terms is associated with the assumption of the possibility of a significant transfer of funds. In short, the organization of the innovation process is based on taking into account its probabilistic nature, the statistical nature of the laws operating here.
The organization of the innovation process in a broad sense includes the organization of the scientific and production cycle (determining the specialization and responsibility of organizations, their size, location, establishing the sequence and order of work), organizing the work of personnel and organizing management. The high rates and efficiency of updating products, technological processes, their competitiveness (in the domestic and foreign markets) are largely determined by the organizational component of the innovation mechanism. At the same time, a special role is played by organizations in which the main work on the creation and development of innovations is concentrated - industry research and design institutes, experimental and special design bureaus, design bureaus and departments of enterprises (associations), joint-stock companies. In general, scientific and scientific-technical organizations (regardless of industry and regional characteristics, sectors of science) can be classified as follows:
Research institutes (NII);
Design Bureau (KB);
Design and Technological Institutes (PTI);
design institutes (PKI);
State design institutes (GPI).
At the same time, a scientific (scientific and technical) organization should be understood as a specialized and isolated economically independent institution, the main purpose of which is to conduct scientific research(fundamental, search and applied) or scientific and technical developments (design, technological, design, organizational). Scientific organizations (institutions) include organizations that systematically conduct scientific research in a certain field of knowledge and branch of science according to a plan of scientific work, drawn up taking into account the needs of the market for innovations (innovations) and state interests, which have sources of funding for research. 5
Classification of scientific and technical (innovative) organizations
To make the right decisions on the creation of new (small innovative firms, including venture capital firms, etc.) and the improvement of functioning scientific and technical organizations, their classification is necessary. They can be classified according to the following criteria:
By the scope of work - international, intersectoral, sectoral, sub-sectoral, as well as all-Russian, republican, regional. At the same time, we note that branch scientific and technical organizations can be all-Russian and republican;
According to the degree of coverage of the process "science" - production "- scientific, scientific and technical, technical, scientific and industrial;
By degree of specialization, profile - research institutes, design and engineering and technological organizations of a narrow and broad profile;
According to the degree of legal and operational-economic independence - organizations that have and do not have the right of a legal entity;
By the nature of the final product - organizations that expand scientific knowledge (discoveries, trends, dependencies, schemes, principles of work), create new types of products (machines, devices, shoes, materials, etc.), develop technological processes, develop forms and methods organization of production and management.
Organizational forms of innovative activity and their prevalence largely depend on industry and regional characteristics. About the variety of forms of organization of scientific and technical developments in the industry that fit into the above classification, a certain idea can be obtained by the example of mechanical engineering. Mechanical engineering is the most branched branch of industry and the most progressive, science-intensive on a national scale. Scientific and technical (innovative) developments in mechanical engineering are mainly carried out in seven organizational forms:
1. research and design institutes (NIPKI);
2. research and production associations (NGOs);
3. independent design bureaus (OKB, SKB, PKB, SKTB);
4. design bureaus (KB) at associations (enterprises) and design departments (SKO, OGK, KTB) of enterprises. Such design bureaus are not only industrially, but in most cases territorially connected with those enterprises that they mainly serve;
5. research and design institutes of narrow and
6. wide profile (NIPTI);
7. Research Institute of Organization of Production (NIIOP) and Research Institute of Technical and Economic Research and Information (NIITEII);
8. state design institutes (SPI).
These established organizational forms of innovative developments differ in their purpose, the scale of the tasks to be solved, the individual types of work performed, and their leading directions. Such a division does not mean the creation of certain types of products in research institutes, others in design bureaus, and still others in OGKs. There are many varieties of forms, a wide division of labor between them. So, in aircraft engine building, a new engine design is being developed in the Design Bureau, which has its own experimental base that can produce a prototype and bring it to fruition, and the SKO of factories are working only on the direct implementation of these projects into production and their partial improvement. In the machine tool and electrical industries, innovations (innovation) are developed in research institutes, special design bureaus and OGKs, i.e. all the main forms of organization of scientific and technical developments are functioning. 6
Formation of new, progressive organizational structures
In the practice of innovative activity, organizational forms have mostly justified themselves. But the changed conditions of production, the complication of social needs and the need to increase the competitiveness of innovations require the search for new forms of innovation. To date, two groups of progressive forms of innovative activity have emerged that ensure the integration of science and production. The first group of these organizations has shown its effectiveness, has gained a certain distribution and requires only further improvement of their activities. These include:
Scientific and production associations (NGOs);
Intersectoral scientific and technical complexes (IRTC);
Engineering centers;
Temporary scientific and technical teams;
Specialized implementation organizations;
Regional scientific centers.
The second group of organizations is associated with the development of market relations, which led to the emergence of fundamentally new organizational forms of innovative activity.
Fundamentally new forms of integration of science and production (the second group) include: science and technology parks, small innovative enterprises, venture organizations, financial and industrial groups (FIGs). Many of these organizational forms are in the process of formation, development and economic experiment. There is no clear definition of their role and place in the system of scientific services, their rights and obligations are not specified. But, nevertheless, based on the experience of individual industries and organizations, it is possible to determine the forms of communication between science and production, which at the stage of transition to market relations seem more appropriate. In this regard, small business in the field of innovation, i.e. small innovative enterprises, including venture (risky), is the most progressive new form. AT last years the role of small innovative enterprises (organizations) has increased dramatically. This is due, firstly, to the possibility of equipping such organizations with modern technology adequate to their size (microcomputers, microcomputers), which makes it possible to conduct scientific developments; secondly, a new form of financing (risk capital); thirdly, the unwillingness of large enterprises (firms) to develop fundamentally new products and carry out technological restructuring of production. The latter was especially pronounced during the years of transition to market relations.
While innovation in its classical definition has always defined and accelerated the development of industry and the economy, the term innovation economy has become widespread since the 1990s.An innovative economy is the economy of countries in which most organizations are engaged in innovative activities (production and use of innovative products), and innovative products exceed half of the total output or are close to it.
In developed countries, 60-80% of industrial enterprises and more than half of service organizations are engaged in innovative activities.
The sector of innovative economy appeared in the industry of advanced countries since the first scientific and technological revolution and has since become the dominant sector of the economy with high technology and high labor productivity.
An innovation economy (IE) as a whole is an economy that can effectively use any innovations useful to society (patents, licenses, know-how, borrowed and own new technologies, etc.).
IE is also a general innovation system (infrastructure) in the state, which contributes to the implementation of the ideas of scientists in practice and their implementation in innovative products.
IE is also an economy capable of accumulating and multiplying positive creative human capital. And to prevent the accumulation of its negative, destructive component.
IE was created, is being created and develops together and in parallel with the growth in the quality and value of accumulated human capital, i.e. parallel to the development of HC. And human capital is the main factor of its development.
The accumulated high-quality HC serves as the main part of the foundation of the innovation economy sector, as well as the next TUE - the knowledge economy, and determines its current level and country development ceiling.
IE includes, as an important component, the venture scientific, technical and technological business - a risky business for the implementation of scientific discoveries, inventions, large and medium-sized technological innovations.
Venture scientific, technical and technological business from the point of view of entrepreneurship is aimed at obtaining high profits. And from the point of view of development processes - to the creation of breakthrough technologies and new powerful companies - world high-tech leaders.
A key element of the infrastructure of the innovation system is a technology park based on the achievements and experience of the global venture business, on world-class specialists, on transparency and competition, on investments from business angels (private investors with experience in venture business), which make up at least half of all investments.
In general, in a developed modern economy, innovation activity covers more than half of all enterprises. And it is dispersed across all types of economic activity.
Competition encourages entrepreneurs and management to create new products, innovative products in order to maintain and expand their market niche and increase profits.
Free competition is the main driver of innovation and innovative products.
In an innovative economy, physical capital is being replaced by human capital as the main factor in development and a share in national wealth.
This process has taken place and is taking place at all stages of the development of the economy and society. But it became decisive at the stage of the post-industrial economy and, especially, the knowledge economy.
The modern post-industrial innovative economy of developed countries is characterized by:
A high index of economic freedom, ensuring freedom of labor and its movement, freedom of business, security of citizens, protection of private property, free competition, rational and scientifically based presence in the state economy, high demand from the economy for innovation and competition between them in terms of quality and efficiency.
- High and competitive quality of life. Human capital flows to where it is more comfortable to work and live for in-demand and competitive specialists.
- High and competitive quality and value of the accumulated national HC, which determine the possibilities of the economy and the state in innovation and the effectiveness of the innovation system.
- High innovative activity of organizations (60-80%) and, accordingly, a high share of innovative and science-intensive products and services.
- Replacement of physical capital by human capital in national wealth. In advanced countries with innovative economies, the share of HC in national wealth is 70-80%.
- Free competition in all types of economic and other activities, generating demand for effective innovations in all spheres of the economy and life.
- Redundancy of innovations and competition between them, market selection of the most effective of them. Redundancy of innovations and competition reject false innovations, reduce risks by transferring them to entrepreneurs, and increase the efficiency of the innovation sector of the economy.
- Initiation of new markets, which is also the most important type of innovation activity.
- The principle of diversity of markets, related to the previous paragraph and the satisfaction of consumer demand.
The locomotive of the innovative economy is competition in all types of activities. Competition stimulates entrepreneurs and management to create innovative products.
Free competition is the main stimulus for the growth of knowledge, the generation of innovations and the creation of effective innovative products.
IE includes six main components:
1) education;
2) science;
3) human capital, including high quality of life and highly qualified specialists;
4) an innovation system, including the legal framework and material components of the innovation system (technology transfer centers, business incubators, technology parks, technopolises, innovation centers, clusters, development areas high technology, venture business, etc.);
5) innovative industry that implements innovations;
6) a favorable environment for the functioning of HC, work and life of innovators.
The number of main components of effective IE can be reduced to four:
1) high quality HC in a broad definition;
2) an effective innovation system;
3) an efficient industry capable of producing innovative products;
4) favorable environment for HC.
A significant contribution to the development of the basic principles of the Russian national IP was made by O. G. Golichenko. According to it, to create an IS, it is necessary modern education; knowledge production and knowledge-producing environment; an entrepreneurial environment focused on innovation. Initiated and then self-sustaining processes of transferring knowledge and intellectual property through cooperation, partnership and sale to production are needed: technology diffusion; venture business.
The next stage and structure of the post-industrial innovative economy is the economy and knowledge society.
The innovation system and economy, venture business in developed countries are models for developing countries, which include Russia.
The world's leading countries in science and innovation are characterized by:
High level and quality of human capital and high investments in its development;
- the triumph of the law, high levels of personal security of citizens and businesses;
- high quality of life;
- social stability;
- an active and competent elite;
- high HDI and economic freedom indices;
- high level of development of fundamental science;
- high level of development of applied sciences;
- the presence in the country of powerful intellectual centers of technological development - technoparks;
- a significant sector of the knowledge economy;
- powerful synergetic effects in all spheres of human intellectual activity;
- the presence of developed and effective innovation systems supported by the states;
- the presence of developed and effective venture capital systems supported by the states;
- attractive investment climate and high investment ratings;
- a favorable business climate;
- diversified economy and industry;
- competitive products in the world technological markets;
- effective state regulation of the economy and development of the country;
- the presence of transnational corporations that ensure the competitive technological and scientific development of the country;
- low inflation (usually below 3%).
The presence of these factors and conditions determines the generation of innovations and effective mechanisms for bringing them to the level of competitive products.
The creative core, the engine of the innovation system and the economy is the venture capital business.
Venture business is by definition risky and highly profitable (if successful). And in this case, the participation of the state as a regulator and investor is generally accepted. Some of the risks are assumed by the state.
Venture business is aimed at the implementation of major, sometimes breakthrough innovations, innovations coming from fundamental science. Therefore, the participation of the state in it on the basis of public-private partnership is necessary and useful.
Venture capitalists - specialists, managers and business angels - are highly professional, gifted people who require, accordingly, comfortable conditions for life and work, and high incomes. Venture capitalists - specialists and entrepreneurs - are in short supply all over the world. In the context of the globalization of the world economy and open borders, business angels and other venture capitalists "fly" to where it is more convenient and profitable for them.
Innovative development of the economy
The development of any socio-economic system is its essential, necessary movement, its change in time.There are the following forms of development:
Evolutionary (gradual) and revolutionary (jumping);
exogenous (due to external sources) and endogenous (based on internal resources);
extensive (quantitatively) and intensive (qualitative development).
One of the indicators of successful economic development are high rates of economic growth. In practice, economic growth is understood as a long-term increase in real GDP per capita.
According to the theory of growth based on innovation, the issue of stimulating economic growth is directly related to the increase in the intensity of innovative activity at the enterprise level, which in turn is determined by the expected return on investment in research and development.
The innovation economy (or "knowledge economy") is the economy of society based on knowledge, innovation, on the benevolent perception of new ideas, on the readiness for their practical implementation in various spheres of human activity.
The Russian economy currently has a clearly defined resource and raw material orientation. The main share of Russian exports were: mineral products, fuel and energy products and metals. Scientists from Russian academic institutions are studying the possibilities for Russia to enter the trajectory of sustainable development and transition to an innovative economy. They believe that innovations in Russia at the present time, first of all, should ensure the production of high-quality and accessible food and medicines for the population, the construction of housing and roads, communications, and resource-saving technologies. Many of the innovations are needed not for the harmonization of the economy, but for the survival of the country.
Another important aspect of the formation of the Russian innovation economy is the solution of the problems of university science. As you know, higher educational establishments Russia has significant innovative potential. Therefore, the efforts of scientists and government officials are aimed at, firstly, reviving university science as an important part of the country's innovative potential, and secondly, ensuring the training of high-quality specialists for high-tech sectors of the economy.
Innovative activity in Russia is closely connected with the higher education system and is carried out in two main areas:
Implementation of innovative programs;
development of various scientific, technical and innovative organizational structures (technoparks based on the country's leading universities, innovation and technology centers, innovation and industrial complexes, certification and commercialization centers, small innovative enterprises).
No less important step towards the creation of an innovative economy (in addition to the development of science) are innovations. Russian enterprises which are very few today.
The development of an organization should be defined as a transition from one state to another, which is considered more effective for its activities.
The effective implementation of such a transition requires a number of changes in organizational processes, which entails problems related to the compatibility of old and new procedures and structures.
Managers are confronted with conflicting demands:
Be global and at the same time local;
cooperate and compete at the same time;
constantly change, but keep order;
ensure good business results and at the same time do not forget to educate and educate employees.
To be effective, a manager must constantly take into account conflicting factors and achieve unity of opposites. And for this, he needs to pay close attention not only to the tasks facing him, but also to his own way of thinking.
Economics of innovation
To be successful in modern conditions of the Russian economy, any enterprise needs to pay special attention to innovation, primarily to such issues as the renewal of production, the reorganization of previous activities, the replacement of some structural elements with others, and the addition of existing elements with new technologies. Such objects of innovation in the enterprise are the means of production and technological processes; manufactured products and their quality; human potential and development of a creative and active personality; social sphere, including changing the behavior of employees of the organization; organizational development, etc.An innovative activity is considered to be an activity aimed at obtaining the results of scientific research and conducting experimental developments that should be implemented as a new or improved product that is in demand by the market, as well as creating a new or improving an existing technological process that will be used in the future production activities of the organization.
At the same time, it should be remembered that the introduction of technical, organizational and economic innovations causes adequate changes in the existing forms and methods of management organization. This necessitates the continuity of the process of developing managerial innovations and is becoming an increasingly important condition for improving the efficiency of enterprises.
Innovative activity is one of the forms of managerial activity of enterprise managers, taking into account both the influence of the external environment and changes in the Russian innovation market, occurring under the influence of general and specific factors.
The general factors influencing the innovative activity of an enterprise include cyclical fluctuations, the impact of which on the Russian economy as a result of the globalization process is constantly increasing. So the rise in prices for Russian food is influenced by rising world prices, or the rise in gasoline prices is the result of rising world oil prices, or the growth in world demand increases prices for individual resources.
As specific factors, the state of the scientific and technical potential of the production sector, the commercial and political conditions for the implementation of specific products of innovative activity on the market, the activity of the managers themselves, which can hardly be called innovative, are singled out.
In modern market conditions, the features of innovative activity are:
Involvement in the commercial and non-commercial exchange of achievements in science and technology, which contributes to the dissemination of the production experience of the enterprise to the national and international level;
the dual role of the subjects of the innovative market, which is manifested in the fact that enterprises that produce an innovative product are both its sellers, offering it to consumers on a competitive basis, and at the same time consumers of scientific and technological achievements in the market of manufacturers of such products.
Competition between sellers of innovative products forces business leaders to increase the technical level of production and, accordingly, product quality, reduce production costs, seeking to increase the efficiency of innovation. That is, competition in the innovation market activates the development of the innovation component in the activities of enterprises. This, in turn, requires the use of certain mechanisms.
The mechanism for the development of innovative activity is considered to be the chosen organizational and economic form of implementation and stimulation of its implementation, the formation of innovative solutions, methods of their regulation. They are carried out at three fundamental levels: federal, regional and micro level (enterprise level).
At the macro level, a state innovation strategy is formulated, a favorable innovation climate is created by law both for the country's economy as a whole and for enterprises individually. An example of this is the government's decision to create special economic zones, primarily research and development zones.
At the regional level, similar issues are resolved, but taking into account the specifics of specific regions. A special technology and innovation zone is actively developing, which has received support both at the regional legislative level and from private investors in the innovative sector of the economy. The federal and regional levels form the conditions for the intensive flow of innovative processes at the enterprise.
At the same time, as the analysis showed, at all levels it is important to improve the mechanisms for the development of innovative activity based on:
Clarification of the regulatory framework;
training competent and active innovation managers;
providing investors with certain privileges in the form of tax incentives.
In the process of improving the mechanism for stimulating innovation activity, it is necessary to pay attention not only to the formed features, the accumulated potential of both some innovative economic entities and the national economy as a whole, but also to creating conditions for the further effective development of market participants.
The basic principles for this mechanism should be those that meet modern economic conditions. One of them is the participation of the enterprise in the continuous training and retraining of personnel in the region of the innovation project. That is, an innovative enterprise should not be a simple consumer of labor resources, "pulling" them from other enterprises.
Note that the innovative development of economic systems is characterized by three interdependent features:
1) setting innovative goals for the enterprise,
2) means of achieving the respective goals,
3) a set of conditions of the internal and external environment, which allows you to constantly maintain the innovative activity of the enterprise at a high level.
These conditions include the legal framework, a constantly updated mechanism for the development of innovative activity, its effective management, the availability of resources, the ability of a business entity to seamlessly integrate science, production and the market.
The orientation of an enterprise towards an innovative type of activity will certainly entail the transformation of all components of the economic system. The strategy of the enterprise will change drastically. Therefore, the interaction of strategic and innovative activities can be considered the evolution of management systems of economic entities in a situation of rapid changes and unpredictability of environmental conditions.
It follows that when making decisions on the introduction of innovations, one should take into account such strategic factors as the analysis of the external environment, the allocation of resources and the corporate strategy of the enterprise. At the same time, it is important to remember that in the course of making strategic decisions, the introduction of new technologies is currently one of the determining factors. This is due to the fact that the implementation of an innovative strategy, as a rule, leads to transformations in the activities of the enterprise, and any changes focused on improving any process are innovations.
Thus, at present, innovations determine the orientation of the enterprise towards long-term development, and, consequently, the innovative and strategic activities of the enterprise are fully combined with the development of the market.
It is known that the modern Russian innovation market is characterized by the following problems:
There are not enough financial resources necessary for the implementation of innovative developments;
- organizations, teams and individual specialists who are potentially capable of carrying out innovative activities are poorly involved;
- the system of creation of priorities of budgetary financing of subjects of innovative activity is inconsistent;
- the mechanisms for implementing the priorities of scientific and technological development established by the state are not effective;
- the regulatory and legislative framework for the effective implementation of innovative activities, as well as measures for its state support, has not been formed;
- there is no coordination of research and development projects funded by individual federal executive bodies;
- there is a weakening of cooperative ties between scientific organizations, educational institutions and manufacturing enterprises;
- there is a low information transparency of the innovation sphere;
- there is a low level of development of small innovative entrepreneurship.
As emphasized by the President of the Russian Federation D.A. Medvedev: "The main thing in innovation is the result, and the main enemy of innovation is the inertia of the administrative system."
Our study of the innovative activity of the region showed that large organizations, with rare exceptions, do not involve small enterprises as subcontractors, partners, executors or co-executors. To resolve this contradiction, one should proceed from the fact that innovation activity is able not only to coordinate the work of enterprises of different forms of ownership within the framework of regional structures in the field of personnel training, but also to involve small businesses in the implementation of large projects that can quickly adapt and change the direction of their activities.
Conditions for an innovative economy
The innovative vector of development of the domestic economy is currently considered as the basis for all further transformations in the socio-economic sphere of Russia. The emergence of a new economy will make it possible to carry out fundamental transformations not only in the production sector, but also to promote changes in the social environment, promote the growth of humanization in all spheres of human life, and minimize the technogenic impact on environment, promote the development of all sectors of the economy on an innovative basis.To select the most optimal opportunities for innovative transformations and their effective implementation and use in the socio-economic environment, it is necessary to clearly understand the very essence, factors and conditions for the formation of an innovative economy. It is also important to identify and possibly anticipate the emergence of problem areas in the formation and development of an innovative economy.
The existing variety of interpretations and definitions of the concept of "innovation" provides ample opportunities for analyzing the essential characteristics of both the concept itself and the socio-economic transformations that have arisen on the basis of this phenomenon, taking place in the world community.
The scientific literature uses different approaches to defining the essence of innovation. Many interpretations of this term are not complete and do not fully reflect the role of innovation in the modern economic system. Analysis of the essential characteristics of innovation, in our opinion, should begin with the concept of the term "innovation". "Innovation is a clear and recognized result of scientific or other creativity, which has the main essential quality - novelty, i.e. appearance for the first time and absence in the past." Naturally, not every innovation will be embodied in the production process, that is, it will become an innovation.
To consider the essence of the innovation economy itself, it is necessary to formulate a definition of innovation, on which we will be based in the future.
Innovation is the result of innovative activity (supported by demand), embodied in a new or improved product, service or technological process, leading to an improvement in the quality and efficiency of the production, social, managerial, economic and any other process that implements innovation.
It should be noted, in our opinion, an important fact that innovations are considered not only as technological changes in the production process. The institutional environment, social and educational spheres can be subject to innovative changes, transformations in organizational and managerial structures are also important.
The formulation of the key concept of the innovation process allows us to proceed to the next logical stage - the definition of the main characteristics of the innovation economy.
Most closely, in our opinion, the essence of the innovation economy reflects the definition given by Sklyarova E.E. the potential of the country to provide the economic growth necessary to achieve increased personal and social well-being”.
An important aspect, in our opinion, is that the innovative economy is considered as a set of relations affecting all aspects of the socio-economic life of society and the individual.
The functioning and development of the innovation economy is determined by a number of factors. The first group consists of factors that determine the existence of any economic system. Let us define them as the basic basis for the functioning of the economy. The second group is the factors that determine the qualitative characteristics of the existing economic system. In this case, we refer to such factors as factors that determine and contribute to the formation and effective functioning of an innovative economy.
Natural and climatic factors are determined, first of all, by the resource and raw material potential of the country. At the same time, the relationship between the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of this potential and the level of innovative activity of the economic system is multidirectional. Rich Natural resources often determine the export-raw material vector of economic development. The ability to quickly obtain excess profits from the natural environment reduces innovation activity within the country.
Production and economic factors form the basis of the entire production process in the economy. These include, first of all, the means of production, appropriate technologies, the educational and qualification level of workers, forms of organization of labor and production. All these components are directly related to the quality characteristics of the production process, determine its efficiency, productivity, safety, environmental friendliness, etc. On the other hand, it is the level of production in the economy that directly depends on the innovative component: the qualifications of the workforce, the management methods used, the innovativeness of the technological process, etc.
Socio-cultural factors are the prevailing life values, attitudes, cultural traditions that determine the spiritual and creative activity of a person. One of the defining principles here is the national mentality, which forms the social position of a person and society, forms the direction of development of the entire social, economic, political and international life of the country.
The factors of the second group, which determine the quality of the innovation system, include:
Innovation-oriented human capital;
- research potential;
- innovation transfer system;
- venture investment;
- development of cooperation between science and entrepreneurship;
- development of innovative entrepreneurship;
- state policy on the formation of an innovative environment;
- innovative infrastructure;
- international conditions.
It is undeniable that innovative development is becoming the main factor in economic growth. The creation of an innovation-generating economy should be based on the intellectual and creative component of human capital, the use of high-precision and knowledge-intensive technologies, the expansion of the role of science and education in production processes, and the penetration of an innovative approach into all spheres of human life.
In an innovative economy, there is a process of turning human resources into a leading and determining productive force. In the first place are the knowledge, skills of individuals, their willingness to adapt to new realities, which is due to a different system of motivation, different from that adopted in the industrial economy. Motivation of an innovation-oriented specialist is based on the formation of intellectual potential, increasing the level of his competence and responsibility, developing the employee's inclinations for growth and creativity, and continuous improvement of his skills. This changes the very role of labor in the production process. Labor changes and acquires new features, its intellectual component increases. The worker transfers all his knowledge and skills to the manufactured product through the implementation of his labor function. “Knowledge can be realized in material and non-material benefits only through the expedient work of a person.” Thus, we can talk about the complexity of the process of reproduction of the labor factor and the increase in its value in the economy, since the supply of creative and intellectual activity is limited and requires significant costs for its formation.
The research potential is determined by the level of development of science and technology, the opportunities and resources that society and the economy have to carry out research work. It includes a scientific and technical base (a network of research, design, design organizations, research departments of universities), scientists, developers and technical specialists of the country, a system for disseminating and implementing scientific knowledge into practice, and the scientific and technical policy of the state. Within the framework of the innovation economy, the constant movement of knowledge and innovation between and within participating organizations should be ensured in order to transfer scientific and technical knowledge and experience, provide scientific and technical services, apply technological processes, release knowledge-intensive products and services.
Venture capital is aimed at the development of scientific, technical and innovative activity in economic systems. Venture investment contributes to the improvement of investment support for innovative activities, the development of small innovative entrepreneurship, promotes the commercialization of the results of scientific, technical and innovative activities, promotes the formation of scientific and innovative concerns, etc. “Currently, in many countries, venture financing is a sign of economic and social changes in a society in which information has become an independent factor of production, and venture capital itself becomes a specific resource for the innovative development of the economy.
The effective functioning of the innovation economy is based on the mutually beneficial interaction of all economic entities, the search for ways to rational interaction and development. An important role in this process belongs to the synthesis of the scientific and business sectors of the economy. Their interaction is due to bilateral mutually beneficial cooperation, which ultimately leads to a common socio-economic result. The scientific sphere forms, generates and transforms the information resource into knowledge-intensive technology, products and services, and the business sector takes the risk of producing, promoting and selling these products, introducing them into all spheres of society. Here the question arises of the formation and development of innovative entrepreneurship, its necessity and role in the innovative economy. In our opinion, it is this economic unit that is the main engine of the innovation process, on the other hand, it is innovative entrepreneurship that undergoes the greatest changes during the transition to new type management. In particular, the business sector accounts for the bulk of research and development costs: Russia - 58.3%, Germany - 67.8%, Great Britain - 63.4%, Canada - 52.3%, USA - 69.8%.
But the formation of interaction between science and entrepreneurship and the formation of a qualitative new innovative entrepreneurship on this basis is impossible without the mediation of the state. Therefore, innovative complexes of the relationship between science and entrepreneurship with the participation of state structures become the basis of innovative development. The role of the state in this case is not limited to the establishment of effective interaction between business and science, its role is much broader - the formation of the innovative environment of the region, as a socio-economic, organizational, legal and political spheres that ensure the development of innovative activities. In particular, in Russia, the participation of the state in the financing of science, despite the gradual growth, is still at a low level.
The innovation infrastructure is a complex of interrelated organizational and economic institutions that provide conditions for the implementation of continuous innovation: research institutes, institutions of higher professional education, innovation and technology centers, technology parks, etc.
International conditions have an ambiguous effect on the country's innovative development. Intercountry competition, on the one hand, contributes to the desire of developing countries to form and strengthen their innovative potential, on the other hand, the growing gap between the leading countries and the rest of the world makes it more and more difficult to reach their level of innovative and economic development.
The acquisition of a qualitatively new role by science and theoretical knowledge has become the starting point for the formation of an innovative economy. Information, its processing, further transformation into knowledge and innovation serve as the basis for the development of modern technologies, determine new approaches to solving technical, economic and social problems. Modern scientific and technological progress is gaining momentum in high-precision areas of production: replacement of mechanical interactions by electronic technologies; miniaturization; the transition to digital methods of storing and processing information, the production of software, which becomes even more important than the creation of the technology that uses it.
Such a significant role of the information sector in supporting the production process, according to some economists, makes it possible to single out the share of industries that produce knowledge-intensive products in social production.
The rapid growth of new technologies, their wide distribution and implementation not only in all sectors of the national economy, but also in the social and domestic spheres of life of the population, attracts significant investment funds, thereby further deepening this process. There is a rapid and massive dissemination of innovations, an acceleration of demand for new technological developments.
The information environment is becoming a natural environment for the interaction of various economic entities, and the virtual sector is developing. "The interactivity of institutional structures' links suggests a different scheme of their interaction - a firm - a state structure - a household - the Internet."
Based on all these changes that characterize the innovation economy, and in order to clearly define this economic category, we single out the main enlarged features of the innovation economy:
First, the informatization of all spheres of the economy is expanding more and more. Thanks to the introduction and development of new technologies, an increase in the knowledge intensity of production, economic growth is increasingly ensured. The growth of labor productivity and economic growth is provided by high-tech sectors. All this leads to a significant increase in the share of innovative products in the total volume of the product. The volume of innovative goods, works, services in Russia amounted to 6.3% of the total volume of shipped goods, works and services performed. The level of innovative activity of organizations is 10.4%, while in the countries of the European Union this figure is 30-50%.
Information and knowledge, becoming economic resources, are distinguished by the property of inexhaustibility, and self-reproduction. This manifests itself in innovation continuity. There is a process of shortening the life cycle of goods and services, the movement of the flow of knowledge within and between sectors of the economy is accelerating.
Secondly, within the framework of the innovative economy, a rethinking of the role of a person in the economy, the level of his intellectual and spiritual development is taking place. The labor of an employee becomes more creative and science-intensive. The quality of the labor process is changing, leading to a simultaneous change in the position of a person in the economic system. For example, the leaders in terms of the proportion of researchers in the economically active population are Finland (1.48%) and Denmark (1.31%). In Russia, this figure is 0.59%. Moreover, unfortunately, this value in Russia tends to decrease.
The change in the characteristics and motivational guidelines of human capital does not occur in a vacuum. Scientific and educational processes By integrating knowledge, they become the basis for the formation of new qualities of human capital. The total amount of spending on education in developed European countries is 5.5 - 6.5% of GDP. In Russia, this figure was 4.8%. Rationalization, research, creative potential of an employee is embodied in tangible and intangible production processes "... innovative capital is created on the basis of intellectual capital."
The intellectualization of economic relations, the formation of a new type of worker require fundamental changes in the system of labor resources management. Innovative methods and personnel-oriented management technologies prevail, non-material motivation and stimulation are gaining ground. “They are aimed at building intellectual potential, increasing the level of competence and responsibility, and developing employees' inclinations for growth and creativity.”
Thirdly, the innovative economy sets itself the task of not only a qualitative transformation of the production sector. At the same time, social and social changes must occur, the humanization of all spheres of human life, the minimization of technogenic impact on nature, the search for new opportunities to maximize the satisfaction of social needs. “In fact, all sectors of the economy can and should develop on an innovative basis, although to a different extent. … If we focus exclusively on the tasks of developing individual, high-tech products, then the result will be the creation of a truly competitive isolated cluster, but this will not mean innovative development of the entire economy.”
Fourth, the innovative economy is characterized by the growth of intangible assets in their total value. But it should be borne in mind that material production does not disappear or decrease, it is qualitatively transformed. The expansion of the entire sphere of innovative and intellectual nature is based on a modern and efficiently functioning material basis.
One can note an infinite number of advantages of the innovation process and the economic system developing on its basis: wide availability of information, receiving it in real time, reducing the cost of obtaining an information resource, accelerating commodity and resource flows, etc. But, naturally, this is just the tip of the iceberg , because these processes also contain considerable hidden problems and contradictions.
With the development of computer technology, copying almost any data has become much easier. Their uncontrolled replication has caused record companies, video publishers and other companies to suffer huge losses and spend large amounts of money to combat this phenomenon. The development of online publications and Internet news leads to a decrease in the circulation of newspapers and magazines. The extremely high availability of information carries a certain threat if it is used improperly.
In the structure of motivation, there is a change in the dominant: not external, i.e., economic motives of activity, but internal, based on the desire for self-development and improvement of the personality, become dominant. Another side of the intellectualization of society is its stratification based on the level of education of its members, their possession of knowledge. Information becomes a source of power. Moreover, the availability of access to it does not mean the possibility of owning it, the ability to use information resources is necessary - the level of development of the individual, the presence of certain intellectual abilities, memory. These qualities can not always be brought up, they are often due to innate abilities. On this basis, a new class is formed - the class of information owners, the sign of which is "not the right to dispose of the good, but the ability to use it." On the other hand, those who do not have the knowledge, skills and abilities necessary in the developing intellectual production, do not meet the ever-increasing requirements of a professional level, will suffer losses, although these workers set the growth of well-being as the main goal of their production activities. “The poorest subject is not the one who spends more than 50% of income on food, but the one who is not included as a participant in a single information space.” Thus, the conflict between financially and non-materially motivated workers, the maturation of which occurs gradually, is considered by scientists to be one of the most dangerous and difficult to overcome in the structure of the emerging innovative society.
This contradiction is the more difficult to overcome, the less willingly the business sector is ready to invest in "long-term" but profitable innovations in the future. These include the development of human capital. The development of an innovative economy largely depends on the activity of the business sector, on its readiness to work in an innovative and, as a result, risky area, on understanding the need for venture capital investments, on the readiness to interact with the scientific community and to increase the intellectual component of the management process.
Based on the foregoing, we can say that the innovation economy in Russia is still being formed. But its formation brings global changes in all spheres of socio-economic life. An in-depth analysis of the essence and factors of the formation of a new type of economy will make it possible to more effectively use and expand the existing innovative potential of the country, ensure economic growth and contribute to an increase in the general welfare of the country.
Problems of the innovation economy
The course of the country's development for the coming years has been proclaimed - the formation of a knowledge-based or innovative economy. What problems stand in the way of the formation of an innovative economy? What are the possible ways to solve these problems?The development of science is an important factor influencing the development of production, defense, medicine, education, construction, etc. Technologies used in all spheres of human activity determine the quality of services and products produced, their cost, the profits of enterprises, and, as a result, the standard of living of the population, the volume of GDP and its structure. The innovative economy assumes scientific achievements as the basis of production.
During the Soviet period, the main scientific research was carried out in the military and space spheres - zones of rivalry between the USSR and the USA. Development of fundamental science, qualitative higher education, a high level of quality in health care, but scientific achievements have been little applied in the economy. The introduction of technologies based on scientific developments was carried out at one or two enterprises and was not of a mass nature.
The first technopark was created in Tomsk - "Tomsk Scientific and Technical Park", in three years their number in the country has grown to 43, today there are about 80. Basically, technoparks are created at universities as a platform for accommodating small innovative firms. However, only 30 of them were able to pass state accreditation, many technoparks do not engage in their direct activities, but rent space to various organizations, regardless of their field of activity. The underdevelopment of the innovation infrastructure is one of the main obstacles to the development of an innovation economy.
Only a small number of countries can be called innovative, according to the ranking compiled jointly by the Paris school INSEAD and the Internet portal World Business, the USA took the first place, the seven most innovative countries are as follows:
1 US
2 Germany
3 UK
4 Japan
5 France
6 Switzerland
7 Singapore.
The formation of an innovative economy in the United States began in the 1950s of the last century. At this time, the first technopark was created on the basis of Stanford University, this laid the foundation for the modern Silicon Valley. To date, there are more than 160 technology parks in the United States. However, the US is losing ground in favor of Asian countries, primarily Japan, China and Singapore. The concern is caused by a decrease in funding for fundamental research, a fall in the popularity of technical education and the scientific field. In addition, China and Japan are ahead of the United States in the field of information and nanotechnology technologies, energy, biotechnology, etc.
Currently, Russia's main export item is natural resources. An economy based on energy exports will not be competitive in the future. If active measures are not taken now, then Russia is waiting for the role of a raw materials appendage of the developed countries of the post-industrial world. The country is faced with the task of reaching new way economic development - the formation of an innovative economy.
An innovative economy for Russia is an opportunity to move from the export of resources to the export of science-intensive products, the introduction of innovations in the manufacturing sector will not only improve product quality and reduce costs, conquer new markets, but also produce fundamentally new types of products, create new markets. Energy-saving technologies and a change in the structure of exports in favor of innovative products will allow Russia to get rid of the "oil needle". Not only industry requires innovative transformations, new technologies are needed in medicine, effective and affordable, also in the service sector and education.
According to the Federal State Statistics Service, more than 50,000 patents were issued in 2009, but most of the scientific developments are sold abroad. The reason for this is the unpreparedness of enterprises to introduce innovations, revise production technologies, and take risks. Many developments did not find their buyer in Russia, but became in demand abroad. At the same time, there is an urgent need to introduce innovations at Russian enterprises, because production assets are worn out, technologies are outdated, labor safety is extremely low, the quality of products suffers from this, which makes it uncompetitive not only in the external, but also in the domestic market.
The process of formation of an innovative economy reveals a number of problems on its way:
Underdeveloped innovation infrastructure;
- the unpreparedness of enterprises (and for some, the impossibility due to an unfavorable financial situation) to introduce innovations;
- lack of qualified personnel at all levels from workers to top management;
- insufficient interaction between universities and enterprises;
- insufficient financing of science;
- lack of financing mechanisms for innovative projects and small innovative firms.
It is necessary to find ways to resolve all these problems, the economy is an integral system and the formation of a new economy should take place in a complex manner.
At the moment, a lot is being said about the creation and development of technoparks in the country, this will certainly help develop the innovation infrastructure, however, a single information and innovation space is needed, open on the one hand, and sufficiently protected on the other.
Many universities have significant scientific and innovative potential - innovation platforms at universities are an opportunity to develop innovative potential and infrastructure.
At the same time, innovations matter only when they are applicable in the economy and can give a significant return. Cooperation between universities and enterprises is necessary.
There are various options here:
1. The innovation center at the university receives an order from the enterprise - develops a product (technology, material) - the enterprise finances the development - innovation is implemented at the enterprise - the university receives a monetary reward. It should be noted that the enterprise finances the development at different stages, since the university may not have the financial capacity to conduct expensive research or purchase special equipment. Upon successful implementation, the innovation center receives a reward for the development, and the enterprise receives a multiple return on the introduction of innovation;
2. Universities develop an innovation, then offer it for implementation at the enterprise. Here there is a risk of not finding a buyer for a new product.
Large enterprises and TNCs can create their own innovation platforms, with or without the help of third-party specialists, in which case there is less likelihood of information leakage than when innovations are developed by third-party organizations.
The lack of qualified personnel is solved with sufficient funding for schools and universities, the development of educational and scientific projects, advanced training at the enterprise in training centers.
The unpreparedness of industries to introduce innovation is due to the fact that enterprises are accustomed to existing in conditions of survival today, and do not always think about how competitive their products will be in 5-10 years. State assistance is also possible here, as well as tax incentives for the introduction of more environmentally friendly, resource- and energy-saving technologies. Various state programs are needed that, on the one hand, stimulate the development and implementation of innovations, and, on the other hand, allow enterprises that introduce innovations in the production process to receive benefits, financial support, etc.
Financing of fundamental science should become a priority of the state, without which it is impossible to develop an innovative economy. Applied science is closer to production, but a discovery in fundamental science is a breakthrough in applied science, and this, in turn, is new technologies and equipment being introduced into the economy, education, and medicine.
If fundamental science is a state priority, then big business can take part in the financing of applied research, both through direct investments and through various funds, programs and projects.
Mechanisms for financing innovative enterprises are not very diverse, mainly venture funds. However, in addition to venture funds, state orders for innovations could become a means of financing. State auctions for developments in a particular area, for example, for the development of medical equipment and its subsequent implementation in state medical institutions at the expense of the budget and in private ones at full cost.
Ways to overcome problems on the way to the formation of an innovative economy are different, how our country will develop depends not only on state policy, but also on the interest of small and medium-sized businesses in the development and implementation of innovations, and therefore in the transition of the economy to a new level.
Modern innovation economy
At the turn of the third millennium, human civilization faced the problem of a life-threatening limit in the reasonable use of natural resources (environmental factor). Meanwhile, the necessary natural resources are an important factor ensuring the normal development of the economy (economic factor) and ensuring the required level of social guarantees (social factor). It is the consideration of the environmental factor as an objective threat to the existence of social systems that requires a reassessment of scientific views on solving the problem of human education (educational factor). The interaction of these main factors was a necessary condition for the revision of many provisions that have developed in economic theories. The practice of life requires the creation of harmoniously stable conditions for the organization of life on Earth, and, above all, this concerns the new organization of the economic space and the search for new solutions in the management system of the global socio-economic space. Such an innovation in economic life is an innovative development path focused on the synthesis of scientific knowledge, advanced technologies and an efficient, competitive business.The formation of an innovative economy in Russia is increasingly becoming a necessary condition for reforming, modernizing and developing competitive domestic production. The creation of an innovative economy is a strategic direction for the development of our country in the first half of the 21st century. It is known that specific technologies, production-technological systems and production relations underlie each socio-economic revolution. For a post-industrial society, this role is primarily played by information technologies and computerized information systems; high production technologies, which are the result of new physical-technical, chemical-biological, informational, systemic and synergistic principles that underlie innovative technologies, innovative systems and innovative organizations in various fields of human activity.
The main elements of the emerging structure of the innovation environment in Russia are: the system of entrepreneurship, the system of technical and technological developments and the system of science and education.
Thus, for the Russian conditions, the important prerequisites for implementing the concept of innovative development of the economy are: the development of industrial and technological policy at the national and regional levels, the restructuring of the industrial sector, the technical modernization of production, the development of R&D and the reform of the system of training and retraining of personnel for innovative activities.
Innovation: (eng. innovation - innovation, literally means "investment in innovation") - the end result of innovation, realized in the form of a new or improved product sold on the market, a new or improved technological process used in practice.
An innovative product is the end result of creative work that has been implemented in the form of a qualitatively new or improved product, or a new or improved technological process used in the socio-economic system.
An innovative economy is an economy that develops on the parity use of new knowledge and innovative products, readiness for their practical implementation in various fields of human activity. An innovative economic system is a system in which technology is the basic basis for its development.
Innovative activity - a process aimed at developing and implementing the results of completed scientific research and development, or other scientific and technical achievements in a new or improved product sold on the market; into a new or improved technological process used in practical activities, as well as additional research and development related to this. This is a complex of scientific, technological, organizational, financial and commercial activities aimed at commercializing the accumulated knowledge implemented in innovative technologies and new equipment. The result of innovation activity is new products (services) or products (services) with new qualities.
Innovation process - a set of stages of creation, development, dissemination and use of innovation. The innovation process in relation to a product (goods) can also be defined as a process of successive transformation of an idea into a product through the stages of fundamental and applied research, design development, marketing, production, and sales.
Innovative modernization of the economy
In the modern world, when the transition of the world economy to the priorities of advanced technological modes intensifies competition, the creation of a dynamically developing innovative economy is becoming increasingly important for countries. This led to the development in Russia at the federal and regional levels of legislative and regulatory documents, as well as concepts and modernization programs that act as a tool for transferring the economy to an innovative development path and provide for the formation of a new technological base based on the use of the latest achievements in science and technology.The need to manage the transfer of the economy to a new path of development actualizes scientific research in the field of modernization theory. In this regard, the concept of innovative modernization is becoming more widespread in economic science.
Domestic scientists consider it from different angles (table), including how:
The process of activating innovations from high-tech and knowledge-intensive industries, which are designed to become the innovative core of the domestic industry;
transition to a new type of economy, where the commercialization of new scientific and technical knowledge becomes the leading factor of production;
the process of evolutionary development of equipment and technologies, pushed by the information revolution;
the process of transition to a new type, model of the country's development;
a complex of interconnected economic, technological, political and institutional changes, the last two being the leading ones.
An analysis of the applied approaches led to the conclusion that the concept of innovative modernization in economic science is considered too general and for use in managing the transition of the economy to an innovative development path, it is necessary to clarify and specify it.
The concept of innovative modernization is closely related to the concepts of modernization and modernization of the economy, which necessitates their joint consideration.
In the scientific and specialized literature, there is a fairly wide range of definitions of the concept of modernization, the consideration of which led to the conclusion that at present this category is used in the following two main contexts:
Firstly, in science, modernization is understood as the process of comprehensive improvement of the social structure, i.e. its transition to more modern forms and states based on the widespread use of the achievements of scientific, technical and technological progress. In the course of modernization, systemic changes in the productive forces, political, social and institutional structure are achieved. Therefore, this type of modernization in the scientific literature is also called systemic modernization (G.B. Kleiner);
Secondly, modernization is understood as the process of improving one of the spheres of public life. In this case, various spheres of society can act as an object of modernization. Modernization of industrial production, social security of citizens, public administration, army, political system, etc. can be carried out.
In the course of both processes, complex transformations are implemented (transformation of social relations, structures, subsystems that form the object of modernization), the result of which is the transition of the corresponding object to a higher level of system organization. Therefore, modern researchers are increasingly inclined to consider modernization not only as a process of transformation, but also as a tool, the use of which allows society or its subsystem to move to a higher level of organization, corresponding to the most advanced examples of modernity.
Within the framework of the first context, modern researchers distinguish the following periods of modernization that took place in the history of the developed countries of Europe:
1) the formation of a manufactory mode of production (early industrial modernization, XVI - the middle of the XVIII century);
2) the formation and final consolidation of the industrial mode of production (early industrial modernization, the end of the 18th century - the end of the 19th century);
3) the formation and flourishing of mass production (later industrial modernization, the end of the 19th - the end of the 20th century);
4) post-industrial modernization, the formation of a knowledge economy.
Initially, the main direction of the implementation of modernization in the first context, in countries that do not belong to the world centers of growth, was understood as “catch-up modernization”, as an imitation of Western project(Westernization). Today, under the influence of the success of the "new industrialized countries", a new paradigm of systemic modernization is being formed - "modernization without westernization", i.e. modernization as a national project (S. Huntington, R. Inglegart, S. Eisenstadt, E. Giddens, V. Zapf). This presupposes the organic inclusion of a number of countries in new technological structures while preserving the most important socio-cultural and institutional features of their social structure.
In the second context, modernization is supposed to improve, update, a specific area of public life in line with the ideology of benchmarking, i.e. in comparison with the best, as a rule, world samples available in the countries-leaders of economic and social development.
Modernization is being prepared global processes dissemination of modern ideas, institutions and technologies from world development centers, as well as the endogenous state of specific countries and regions. But the process of modernization is always unfolding within the framework of a specific regional system: country, its regions. Therefore, a specific territorial socio-economic system should be singled out as an object in the formation of a modernization project.
Analysis and evaluation of the most widely used definitions of system modernization in science and economic practice leads to the conclusion that they do not fully reflect the essence of this concept at the present stage of scientific, technical and technological development. Summarizing the views of various authors, it should be concluded that at present, the concept of systemic modernization is most often understood as such an update of the socio-economic mechanism of a society that has lagged behind in technical, technological and institutional development, which ensures its transition to a modern, industrial society of the capitalist type.
The concept of modernization of the economy is closely related to the concept of systemic modernization. It focuses on the economy as a basic system that forms the objective prerequisites for systemic modernization and consolidates new forms of economic relations. Therefore, insufficient disclosure of the essence of the concept of systemic modernization leads to incomplete disclosure of the essence of the concept of modernization of the economy.
The concept of modernization of the economy in the scientific literature is currently most often understood as the development of the economic system of society on the basis of advanced achievements in the field of engineering and technology in accordance with new technical conditions, requirements, norms, quality indicators, which is accompanied by the necessary changes in the institutional and political spheres of public life.
In our opinion, these concepts did not adequately reflect the need for a structural restructuring of the productive forces on the basis of advanced technological structures.
Therefore, it is proposed to define the concept of modernization of the economy as a process of its complex transformation based on the restructuring of productive forces, which is aimed at achieving a new quality of economic growth by transferring the economy to advanced technological structures. Such a definition makes methodological foundations evaluation and management of the process of modernization of the economy. But it still does not take into account the singularity modern stage development, which lies in the fact that the determining factor in the economic growth of any modern territorial socio-economic system is an effective innovation process.
According to the theory of innovative development, in order to achieve a new quality of economic growth, it is necessary that economic growth be based on product, process, marketing and organizational innovations. Management of this process forms the basis of the innovative development of the economy. Therefore, the authors propose to use the concept of innovative modernization of the economy, which means not only the transfer of the economic system to a fundamentally new level of ensuring the achievements of modern parameters of economic development through the introduction of innovations, as a one-time phenomenon, but the formation of the economy's ability to innovative self-development. Of course, this can only be done through the effective interaction of methods and tools for managing innovative renewal, the consistent and comprehensive introduction of innovations, and the creation and use of conditions conducive to innovative renewal. This means that the management system itself must be constantly updated and rebuilt on an innovative basis. This category should be considered as the most important characteristic of modernization and significantly different from the concepts of innovative development and modernization of the economy, as shown above.
Formation of an innovative economy
The spread of modern computer technologies contributed not only to updating the technological base of production, but also to the transition to fundamentally new forms of information search, processing and transformation. Information began to be seen as a key resource for economic growth. Naturally, the accumulation of information in itself cannot replace material, “material” production. But modern ways of analyzing and exchanging information are qualitatively changing the entire economic space. The orderliness and purposefulness of the development of production are now achieved not through centralized administrative regulation, but through programming and forecasting, constant monitoring, and modeling of various production situations. The use of computer technology almost completely eliminates the production of prototypes from the design stage. Thus, the design becomes virtual, which not only reduces costs, but also significantly expands the possibilities of creative search. In addition, thanks to the global information system, the exchange of knowledge has accelerated dramatically. It became possible to quickly master the latest achievements and concentrate a huge intellectual potential on the most promising areas of scientific and industrial progress.Informatization of social production led to the formation at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries. innovative model of economic growth. Innovation is a complex process of creation, distribution and use of technical, technological, organizational and other innovations. From ordinary innovations, the innovation process differs in a systematic nature, a focus on the future, a close relationship between fundamental and applied developments, design and experimental testing. In this sense, human activity in almost any sphere of life can be innovative. In the field of scientific and industrial research, the innovation process makes it possible for the first time in history to move from the accumulation of individual technical and organizational innovations to a systematic change in the generations of equipment and technology. Innovation becomes an integral feature of any production. Competition is increasingly moving from commodity markets to the research area, the R&D area. Rivalry in the materialization of new ideas and discoveries, in the speed and efficiency of their commercial implementation, is replacing traditional price competition.
Innovative entrepreneurship blurs the line between different stages and directions of social reproduction. It is a holistic system of actions aimed at the development, development and implementation of technical and commercial innovations. The innovation process covers not only all stages of the life cycle of any product (from the emergence of an idea to its market implementation), but also the further improvement of the quality of the product, its consumer properties, as well as research and development of new generations of products.
In the conditions of an innovative economy, scientific and technical research, production design and planning, investment activities, organization of experimental and mass production, and commercial implementation are closely interconnected. Entrepreneurs are forced to be guided not only by product quality criteria, but also by the concept of the "life cycle" of each product, proceeding from the fact that no innovation can ensure commercial success for a long period of time. Many types of products become morally obsolete already at an early stage of mass sale. Therefore, the urgent tasks are the construction of a flexible production system based on the constant updating of the technological base and the range of goods, the accelerated implementation of the results of scientific, technical and experimental design research.
A huge role in the formation of an innovative model of economic growth was played by the revival of small and medium-sized businesses. This category abroad includes enterprises with up to 100-500 employees and annual sales of up to 5-50 million dollars. The traditional vulnerability for small businesses (lack of start-up capital, difficulty entering the global market, limited marketing opportunities) is compensated by its greater maneuverability on the market, simplicity of the management system, minimal conflict in labor relations, readiness for risky innovations, the ability to quickly re-profile production and adapt it to changing consumer sentiment, socio-economic, demographic and cultural characteristics of a particular region.
Small business is a kind of antipode of standardized mass production, a sphere of economic activity with a very high degree of individualization of labor, creative freedom and self-realization of workers. This sector provides flexibility, plasticity of the modern economy, a high level of innovative activity. Consuming only 2–5% of the total R&D expenditure, it provides up to 50% of all innovations entering the world market. Thus, the efficiency of innovations in small enterprises is much higher. According to the US National Science Foundation, for every dollar invested in R&D by a firm with up to 100 employees, innovations were carried out 4 times more than in enterprises with 100-1000 employees, and 24 times more than in enterprises with 100-1000 employees, and 24 times more than in enterprises where employment exceeded 1000 people.
The increased role of small business in the conditions of an innovative economy does not indicate the decline of large business. The limited financial and production resources do not allow small enterprises to provide mass production of new products. Therefore, the mass market is still the "zone of responsibility" of large, mainly transnational, capital. Under the direct control of large corporations, there were more than / of all the production assets of the world, / of foreign trade turnover and 80% of mass-introduced new technologies. But traditional models of mass production are ineffective in an innovative economy. This is forcing large corporations to move from a strategy of crowding out small businesses to cooperating with them. The forms of such interaction are different - from direct production cooperation (at the end of the 20th century, more than 50% of the cost of finished products of large companies was formed due to the supply of components and services of small companies) to various franchisor relations.
The franchising system was formed in the 1960s. as the practice of selling licenses to use a firm's trademark. In modern conditions, franchising has become an extensive system of interconnections between large corporations and thousands of small suppliers, dealers and distributors. Corporations acting as franchisors supply "subsidiary" firms (franchisees) with goods, technology, provide marketing services, but prescribe the forms, terms and region of action. Franchisees, who retain full legal and financial independence, are able to combine the beneficial features of a small, nimble business with the technological power of the large corporations that support them. Such an alliance can significantly reduce the degree of entrepreneurial risks in a rapidly changing market environment. At the beginning of the XXI century. more than half of the products on the world market were sold through the franchising system.
The formation of an innovative model of economic growth made it necessary to reconsider the principles of the internal organization of corporate business. Conglomerates, with their characteristic maximum autonomy of internal divisions and wide industrial specialization, were very effective in the conditions of the structural economic crisis of the 1970s. But in the era of the information revolution, they were unable to ensure the concentration of financial and scientific and industrial resources in the most promising areas of production. There was a need to create a mixed organizational model of production, combining the advantages of conglomerates and concerns. The solution to this problem was the transition to a networked corporate structure.
The network model of a corporation, like conglomerates, is based on the predominance of horizontal connections. The division of labor in such a system is not regulated by a rigid administrative hierarchy and retains considerable variability. But unlike a multi-divisional structure, the market principle does not operate in the relationship between the internal divisions of the corporation. On the contrary, close coordination and cooperation of their actions is ensured. This allows us to achieve the implementation of common strategic goals of the corporation while maintaining the specifics of each division.
The flexibility of the market strategy of modern corporations is achieved not by a breakthrough into new industry markets, but by a growing variety of basic products, their models and modifications, and an increase in the level of quality and service. The information revolution has led to a strengthening of the relationship between marketing activities and R&D. The development of a long-term strategy in the market is carried out as an advanced order for production, and promising technological ideas are introduced into marketing programs at the stage of their refinement and experimental testing.
The use of information technology in marketing activities allows you to move from traditional advertising to an active dialogue with the consumer. Mass demand, focused on the generally recognized, prestigious attributes of the consumer basket, is replaced by differentiated requests that reflect the socio-cultural specifics of a particular country or region, age or social group. In the structure of consumer demand, personal factors, the desire for self-realization, the search for one's own lifestyle are playing an increasingly important role.
So, the development of information technologies and the formation on this basis of an innovative model of economic growth radically change the entire nature of social production. Society is moving from a hard choice between resource-intensive and resource-saving models to an information economy with an "unlimited" resource base. The main "unlimited" resource is information, because when consumed, it is not depleted, but accumulated. Knowledge is not limited by space, it is inalienable as a commodity, has no limit and is not subject to overproduction. The structure of their cost is unique - the main part of the costs falls on the preliminary development period, while the cost of massively consumed information resources is disproportionately small. In the information economy, the role of the “human factor” is also fundamentally changing. From a carrier (passive user) of information, a person turns into its creator (active user). The ability to model, predict, synthesize information becomes a key criterion for professionalism. The dynamics of economic growth is closely related to the creative, creative abilities of a person.
Innovative economy of the enterprise
Each enterprise must develop and improve its products (works, services). Otherwise, it will not have a competitive advantage, which will lead to the loss of sales markets. For this reason, the company is constantly looking for new ideas that can be commercialized. Innovations, or innovations, apply to new products, methods of their production, innovations in the organizational and financial sphere.Innovation is an improvement in the activity of a business entity that brings a positive economic, social or environmental result. Innovation is the use of scientific achievements for commercial purposes.
The global innovation of recent years is the creation of a global information network - the Internet. An industry innovation, for example, in the electronics industry is the transition from reel to cassette tape recorders. These innovations are called product innovations and cover the creation of new or improvement of pre-existing goods. There are also process innovations that relate to technology and organization of production, labor, and management. The application of a new product is perceived as a basic innovation. Improvement innovations affect the product available on the market and are expressed in the use of more efficient components or partial changes in the systems of a complex product.
Pseudo-innovation is understood as the modernization or rationalization of means of labor, aimed at the partial improvement of obsolete machines. Rationalization proposals in the activities of the enterprise are also a kind of innovation. More important and significant milestones in the innovation process are discoveries and inventions related to the concept of intellectual property.
There are two stages of the innovation process - fundamental and applied research. Only large and efficient corporations can finance the full cycle of the innovation process. Basic Research are aimed at obtaining new scientific knowledge and are financed, as a rule, at the expense of the state budget. Applied research is necessary to explore the possibilities of practical application of previously discovered phenomena and processes.
They include the following steps:
Research work (R&D);
experimental design work (R&D);
technological preparation of production (TPP);
organizational and economic training (OEP).
Innovative activity includes a strategic analysis of the retrospective and prospects of innovation, the development of an innovation policy, the preparation of an innovation plan, material incentives for staff creativity.
The work of the personnel of the enterprise, aimed at using the results of scientific research to expand and update the range and improve the quality of products, improve equipment, technology and organization, also refers to innovation.
The starting position in innovation activity is marketing research of sales markets and the search for new consumers; information support of competing firms; search for innovative ideas and partners to finance innovative projects. Great importance in the organization of innovative activities for the enterprise has an innovative infrastructure: business incubators, innovation centers, technology parks, consulting firms and other subjects of the market economy.
With the help of innovative infrastructure, a manufacturing enterprise can receive the following types of services:
Access to information bases and data banks on various conditions;
conducting qualified expertise of innovative projects;
financial support for innovative projects;
certification of science-intensive products;
promotion of science-intensive products to various markets, including advertising and exhibition activities;
patent-licensing work and protection of intellectual property.
In a market economy, there are innovative enterprises that specialize in a particular type of innovative activity or provide a range of innovative services on a commercial basis. Large corporations have material, financial capabilities and highly professional human resources that ensure the continuity of the innovation process and leadership in the national and foreign markets.
The role of the innovation economy
At present, the vast majority of countries in the world consider the development and implementation of innovative technologies as a necessary basis for ensuring economic growth.In accordance with international documents regulating innovation, innovation is the implementation of a new or significantly improved product (goods, services) or process, a new method of marketing or a new method of business organization.
Technological product innovation is the result of the commercialization of new products with improved consumer properties (providing new or improved services to consumers).
Technological process innovation is the introduction or adaptation of new or significantly improved methods of production or delivery.
Innovative processes may include equipment upgrades, human resources, new work organization and management methods, or all of the above changes.
Innovation activity is a type of activity associated with the transformation of ideas (usually the results of scientific research and development or other research achievements) into technologically new or improved products or services introduced on the market, into new or improved technological processes or methods of production (transfer) services used in practice.
In Russian and international statistics, the following types of innovative activities are distinguished:
- Research and development;
– instrumental preparation and organization of production;
- industrial design, design and other, not related to scientific research, development of new products, services and methods of their production, new production processes;
– the acquisition of embodied technologies – machines and equipment, according to their technological purpose, associated with the introduction of innovations;
- acquisition of non-material technologies - objects of intellectual property associated with the introduction of innovations;
- training, training and retraining of personnel, due to the introduction of technological innovations;
– marketing research related to the introduction of innovations.
From the above definitions, the technological orientation of innovation processes is obvious.
In the world economic theory a new concept has appeared - the knowledge economy (“new economy”, innovative economy), in which the leading growth factors are assumed to be the results of scientific research, which are reflected in advanced science-intensive technologies and types of products. Knowledge becomes a resource that makes it possible to increase the efficiency of other factors of production.
The development of the economy is now closely linked with globalization. Enterprises, regions and states are facing increasing global market pressure through more intense price and non-price competition, which forces them to innovate.
The liberalization of trade and financial markets, the development of transport and communications, rapid technological changes are the main phenomena that can describe the nature of globalization and its impact on the economy.
The liberalization of financial markets began in the 1980s. Starting with Japan and the UK in 1979, most developed countries have abandoned capital flow controls in recent years. The main goal of the liberalization of financial markets and the movement of capital was to enable enterprises to participate in foreign investment and open domestic financial markets to competition from foreign participants. The deregulation of financial markets and the liberalization of capital movements have been accompanied by an increase in foreign direct investment (FDI) and thus contributed to globalization.
The development of communications on a global scale is understood as the rapid formation and improvement of the infrastructure for the exchange of information. The amount of computing power available to humanity has increased by at least 1 billion times. Technology and infrastructure complement and reinforce each other, and their combination creates new channels of communication.
The following main directions of the influence of globalization on the innovation process can be distinguished:
1. Acceleration. The time needed to launch new products has been significantly reduced, as has the life cycle of the products themselves (not only in high-tech, but also in mid- and low-tech industries). The development of information and telecommunication technologies (ICT) plays a key role in this.
2. Interfirm cooperation and development of network organizational structures. New products are the result of the integration of different technologies, which are increasingly the result of interdisciplinary research. Such research is impossible even within large organizations. In addition, the short life cycle of products requires fast access to all major global markets. Most firms (even the largest ones) do not have sufficient resources for such activities. This is the main reason for the development of cooperation in the field of research and the growing importance of networking in industry.
3. Functional integration and collaboration within enterprises. The rapid transformation of external signals into activities within the firm can only occur if departments work in close cooperation, and employees participate in horizontal communication within the enterprise. Flexibility, cross-specializations and cross-fertilization of ideas at managerial and research levels are important success factors for a firm.
4. Cooperation with knowledge production centers - public and private laboratories, universities, centers of academic and applied science.
5. With a general increase in the volume of international trade and an increase in the share of services in this volume, the role of knowledge transfer also increases. This also leads to a change in business models, in particular, the spread of the “open innovation” model, according to which enterprises can and should use both internal and external ideas in their innovation activities, as well as apply “internal” and “external” ways to enter the market. market with innovative technologies. “This business model uses both external and internal ideas to create value; while there are internal mechanisms in the overall design that allow the company to capture some of that value.” The spread of the "open innovation" model has given an additional impetus to the development of innovative entrepreneurship through the networking of researchers. Often, large companies (Procter & Gamble, Toyota, Intel, etc.) are the initiators of such interaction.
The second distinguishing feature of the modern economy is the increase in its potential growth rate, which was observed for a long time before the crisis, mainly as a result of technological development and its promotion of profitability and investment growth. The increase in economic growth rates is combined with the strengthening of the role of the state, the formation of the state innovation policy. An important aspect of modern state policy in developed countries, aimed at improving the quality and efficiency of human capital, is the desire to reorient part of social spending on the development of education, vocational training and retraining of personnel.
It should be noted the growing importance of value added, intellectual capital and intangible assets of enterprises, which leads to a significant excess of their capitalization over the value of tangible assets.
The growth of entrepreneurial activity should also, in our opinion, be attributed to the main features of the modern economy. Dynamic competition, the reduction of entry barriers to the market (due to the influence of globalization, which makes it possible to relatively painlessly switch resources to new areas in the event of a decrease in the efficiency of their use) contributed to the growth of entrepreneurship, which has been observed in almost all developed countries in recent decades.
The identified main features make it possible to characterize the modern world economy as highly dependent on the production, dissemination and application of new knowledge.
The defining feature of the modern economy is the leading role of innovation, which allows us to use the term "innovative economy".
Let us note the main features of the modern innovation process.
Acceleration. Reducing both the development period and the life cycle of products and technologies. The key role in this direction is played by the development of information technologies, which made it possible to form data banks, global networks for the transmission and dissemination of information, and the technique of its processing.
Continuity and cumulativeness. Most product and technology changes are often driven by the state of existing and existing technologies. In addition, the very possibility of developing enterprises, organizations and individual states is a function of the scientific and technological level they have achieved.
Growth of scales of innovative activity. This leads to an increase in the diversification of organizational forms of entrepreneurial activity, the fruitful coexistence of large vertically integrated structures and small enterprises, the development of network organizations, virtual corporations, strategic technology alliances and other forms of business. The creation of international strategic alliances is typical for all sectors of the economy, but knowledge-intensive industries predominate - telecommunications, the pharmaceutical industry, the automotive industry, aircraft construction, and business services.
In its structure, the modern innovation process is multifaceted, covering not only technological and organizational, but also social innovations. The main competitive advantage of enterprises in modern conditions is the ability of employees to learn. The economic activity of enterprises requires, on the one hand, highly qualified, enterprising, creative workers involved in the decision-making process. On the other hand, the participation of employees in decision-making, contributing to the mobilization of creative potential, leads to the acceleration of innovation and the growth of competitiveness.
In different countries and regions, the organization of innovation activity is different both in terms of state policy and in terms of the type of relationship between the institutions involved in the innovation process. Differences that make it possible to draw conclusions about the national characteristics of the organization of innovation activity determine the application of the concept of national innovation systems.
Economics of innovation processes
Innovation (innovative product, innovation) is the result of long and persistent efforts of scientists and inventors, innovators and entrepreneurs, the result of a scientific discovery or technical invention, the creation of a new product (goods) on this basis and its commercialization. There are many definitions of the term "innovation" in the literature. In our opinion, the definition given by N.M. Rozanova that “innovation is a process of research and development work, starting from the concept of a new product, through the transformation of ideas into prototypes, up to the introduction of a new product into everyday life producers and consumers. In a narrower sense, innovation is the application of an invention to create a new or improve an old product or process.Innovation is based on scientific knowledge - scientific discovery or technical invention. However, not all knowledge is innovation. Innovation is knowledge embodied in a commercial product. This is also noted by Y. Morozov and a number of other scientists: the goal of innovation is to obtain an economic effect.
According to the currently existing classification of innovations, it is customary to single out such types of innovations as production (technological and product), marketing and managerial. Technological innovations are innovations aimed at improving production technology and resulting in lower production costs, more efficient use of scarce resources, and faster production times. Product innovations are innovations aimed at improving either the consumer characteristics of products or the development and implementation of new types of products. Marketing innovations consist in the development and implementation of new methods of influencing consumer preferences, expanding the sales market and increasing the efficiency of product promotion on the market. Management innovations bring improvements to the enterprise management process in terms of business process solutions.
The prerequisites for innovation can be internal and external changes. As a rule, internal problems include intra-company problems: positive (new ideas in the field of R&D, growth of additional demand, emergence of new competitive advantages, etc.) product quality, etc.). Changes in the external business environment include changes in direct impact (consumers, counterparties, contact organizations, public organizations) and indirect impact (scientific and technical environment, political, social, demographic environment, ecology, etc.).
Technological innovations are perceived by the economy only during certain periods of its development and provide a tangible added value after a certain finite period of time.
The periods when the economy is receptive to innovations are determined by the so-called long economic cycles (about 50 years). Science owes D. Kondratiev the discovery of the connection between the “upward” and “downward” stages of these cycles with the waves of technical inventions (waves of technological innovations) and their practical use.
Another economist, J. Schumpeter, developed the innovative theory of long waves, integrating it into the general innovative theory of economic development. He argued that it was innovation that brought about long business cycles. In the process of introducing innovations into the economy, the equilibrium of the former economic system is undermined. As a result, obsolete technologies and obsolete organizational structures are eliminated from the market, as a result of which new viable industries appear, the economy and the well-being of the population grow.
E. Mansfield and other researchers studied the process of penetration (diffusion) of innovative products on the markets in sufficient detail and found that it is best described by a logistic function (S - figurative curve). This indicates the non-linear nature of the innovation process - each diffusion trajectory reaches a saturation level within a finite period of time representing the innovation life cycle. Initially, positive feedback forces act: the diffusion of innovations is characterized by an increasing speed. When a certain critical value is reached, negative feedback automatically turns on, the process of slowing down the speed and saturation of the innovation process takes place. The Japanese researcher M. Hirooka found that the life cycle of innovations has been gradually decreasing since the time of the first industrial revolution (XVIII century) from 90 to 25 years at the present time. Scientists believe that the lower limit may be limited to only 20 years.
Another feature of the innovation process is self-organization. Innovations act in groups, gathering in close connection and forming so-called "clusters". The process of enhancing innovation within one cluster is called a synergistic effect. It causes a powerful cumulative growth of the economy, providing a breakthrough character of its development. Clusters of basic technologies lead to the emergence of new industries and, thus, start long economic cycles. A set of clusters of basic innovations form a technological structure.
M. Hirooka came to the conclusion that any innovative paradigm consists of three logistical trajectories: technological, development and diffusion.
A technological trajectory is a set of “key” technologies related to the innovation in question. The development trajectory is a set of new innovative products obtained on the basis of these key technologies. At this stage, there is a process of transferring technological knowledge from academic institutions of industry to venture enterprises with the aim of its commercialization. Favorable opportunities for venture capitalists tend to be concentrated in the first 10-15 years of the first half of the development trajectory. The diffusion trajectory continues for about 25–30 years until the market is saturated. Thus, the innovation paradigm has a cascade structure, consisting of three logistic trajectories separated from each other by a certain fixed period of time, established empirically. This allows for fairly accurate prediction of the diffusion trajectory of future innovations, since the trajectory ahead of the development trajectory of the relevant technology is easily built.
M. Hirooka, based on the analysis of a large array of empirical data, confirmed that the success of the state innovation policy depends entirely on the ability of the government to anticipate and actively promote the innovation process during periods of depression and recovery. However, if government support is carried out with a delay, the effectiveness of innovations is significantly reduced. M. Hirooka even introduced the concept of "infratrajectory", when individual innovations spread beyond the limits of one Kondratiev cycle to the next cycle and contribute to the emergence of new infrastructures and networks, thereby forming a longer development trajectory. These innovations are called main (stem). They have a pervasive effect on the economy (for example, computers).
P. Drucker in his definition emphasizes that innovation is more of an economic or social concept than a technical one. The purpose of an innovative solution, in his opinion, is to increase the return on invested resources. In the refraction of modern economic thought, innovation is defined as a phenomenon that lies in the sphere of demand, not supply, that is, it changes the value and utility that the consumer extracts from resources.
Thus, in the conditions of the economic crisis, the breakthrough of some states to a new level of scientific and technological development will mean a fundamental change in the possibilities of doing business for all participants in the system of world economic relations. A. Zverev notes that the formation of economic policy aimed at modernizing the domestic economy and related to the diversification of production, updating the material and technical base of the real sector of the economy, and increasing labor productivity on an innovative basis are of great importance for Russia. Indeed, according to Russian President Dmitry Medvedev, the modernization and technological renewal of the entire production sector is a matter of Russia's survival in the modern world. The President outlined the need not only to increase the extraction of minerals, but also to achieve leadership in the introduction of innovations, both in traditional and alternative energy. D. Medvedev identified five priority areas: energy efficiency and energy saving (development of new types of fuel), nuclear, space (telecommunications, including GLONASS, and ground infrastructure development programs), medical technologies (diagnostic equipment, medicines) and strategic information technologies (creation of supercomputers and software development) and proposed the creation of the Skolkovo innovation center.
Thus, innovative business can be viewed from two points of view: firstly, as a means of providing a strategic advantage to companies for which innovation itself is the main type of business; secondly, as a type of business, the product of which are specific scientific, scientific, technical and other results that can be used as the basis for innovations in other industries.
Fundamentals of innovation economy
The innovative economy is characterized by:High index of economic freedom;
high level of development of education and science;
high and competitive quality of life;
high quality of human capital in its broadest definition;
high share of innovative enterprises (over 60-80%) and innovative products;
capital substitution;
competition and high demand for innovation;
redundancy of innovations and, as a result, ensuring the effectiveness of some of them through competition;
initiation of new markets;
principle of market diversity.
In an innovative economy, under the influence of scientific and technological knowledge, the traditional spheres of material production are transformed and radically change their technological basis, because production that is not based on new knowledge and innovations is not viable in an innovative economy.
Information technologies, computerized systems and high production technologies are the basic systems of the innovation economy. In their development, they radically transform all means of obtaining, processing, transmitting and producing information, radically technologize intellectual activity (for example, automation of design and technological preparation of production, automated control over the course of production, automation of financial and accounting reporting and organizational and administrative activities, multilingual automated translation, diagnostics and pattern recognition, etc.).
The main features of an innovative economy. The economy of a society is innovative if in a society:
Any individual, group of persons, enterprises anywhere in the country and at any time can receive, on the basis of automated access and telecommunications systems, any necessary information about new or known knowledge, innovations (new technologies, materials, machines, organization and management of production, etc. .), innovation activities, innovation processes;
modern information technologies and computerized systems are produced, formed and available to any individual, group of persons and organizations, ensuring the implementation of the previous paragraph;
there are developed infrastructures that ensure the creation of national information resources in the amount necessary to support the constantly accelerating scientific and technological progress and innovative development, and society is able to produce all the necessary multifaceted information to ensure the dynamically sustainable socio-economic development of society and, above all, scientific information ;
there is a process of accelerated automation and computerization of all spheres and branches of production and management; radical changes in social structures are being carried out, which result in the expansion and activation of innovative activity in various fields of human activity;
welcome new ideas, knowledge and technologies, are ready to create and introduce into wide practice at any time necessary innovations for various functional purposes;
there are developed innovative infrastructures that are able to quickly and flexibly implement the innovations needed at a given time, based on high production technologies, and deploy innovative activities; it must be universal, competitively carrying out the creation of any innovations and the development of any industries;
there is a well-established flexible system of advanced training and retraining of professionals in the field of innovation and innovation, effectively implementing comprehensive projects for the restoration and development of domestic industries and territories.
To develop an innovative economy and stimulate the formation of new markets, it is necessary to create a special innovation infrastructure and institutions to support the innovation process.
Innovation Economy Management
Due to the evolution of social and economic relations, as well as due to technological progress, corporate management systems are becoming more complex, the number of sectoral and target management systems is increasing.The management of the enterprise, trying to implement and use advanced management systems, often faces the problem of constructive coordination of requirements and capabilities. different systems. From the place of each management system in the organizational structure and the role that it has to perform depends on the performance, and the specific management tool in particular, and the effectiveness of the entire corporate management.
For integrated structures, an important factor in the interaction of individual control mechanisms is the increase in the efficiency of companies from their joint activities. Therefore, each mechanism needs to find that niche for the implementation of its purpose, in which its potential will be used most rationally. In this regard, the Quality Management System (QMS) is no exception. The role and place of the QMS is determined by the company's management and implements the design of the organizational structure of the enterprise. The degree of realization of its functional potential will directly depend on the positions that the QMS will occupy in the organizational structure, and the role that will be predetermined for it.
Typically, the organizational structure of an enterprise includes 4 levels of management: strategic, tactical, operational and operational. In large corporations, a fifth level is added - corporate.
The lowest and most extensive operational level covers the chain of technological processes of real production of goods and services, starting from the input of raw materials and ending with the output of finished consumer values. All other higher levels are considered to be the management apparatus of the company, methodologically carrying out the management of operational activities. Therefore, it is necessary to distinguish between management methodology and production technology in order to identify "delay points" not only in the processes of the operational level, but also in no less complex processes of the management system.
The control system is a set of structural components united by information links (communications). It is difficult to overestimate the role of effective communications in the management of an organization. The exchange of information between people is necessary in the implementation of any of the functions of management. Consequently, in the management system, both horizontal and vertical processes of corporate communications are informational in nature and actually take place in the information environment. It is believed that the degree of formalization of information can be used to judge the level of transparency of the corporate information environment. And there are pretty good reasons for this.
Verbal information is changeable in space and time and therefore is poorly controllable. A person can say one thing in one place, and completely different in another. Over time, a person’s statements can also change, even if he does not have malicious intent. Because of the vagueness, verbal communications often become a significant limitation of effective management. In such an informationally opaque environment, as a rule, intrigues start, opportunism flourishes, and methods of bureaucratic voluntarism are approved.
As a rule, companies with a non-transparent information environment work inefficiently due to poor control of management processes. For example, J. Juran argued that "the management system is responsible for 85% of quality problems, and the performers are responsible for the remaining 15%."
Determining the role of the QMS in the overall corporate management system, it is necessary to take into account both the evolution of corporate management systems and the evolution of quality management systems. While the QMS went through the stages: quality control, quality management, quality management, including ever higher levels of the structural vertical in the orbit of its competencies, general management, on the contrary, was detailed by specialization: personnel, innovations, investments, marketing, etc. Therefore, the practical problems of constructive structuring of organizational systems remain relevant. How relevant is the issue of integrating the QMS into the overall corporate management system.
Consider the structure of the QMS from the point of view of the management vertical:
Corporate level - development of a policy in the field of quality.
- Strategic level - goal-setting in the field of quality.
- Tactical level - planning the achievement of goals in the field of quality (quality management of management processes: distribution of responsibilities, powers, regulation of the timing of the implementation of plans, how the results will be evaluated ...).
- Operational level - quality management of technological processes.
- Operational level - quality control of goods and services produced.
In this way, modern system quality management is integrated into all levels of the company's structural vertical, and its functions are not limited to quality control of production processes at the operational level and technical control of goods and services produced. However, the level of the sphere of influence and the effectiveness of the QMS depends on the level of the powers delegated to it by the top management of the company. If the powers of the QMS are limited to the operational level of quality management of technological processes, then all higher levels of the system will be in an opaque information environment of non-formalized processes.
And this state of affairs suits many because “the cultural basis of Russian quality management systems, according to the author study guide“Quality Management” Mazur I.I. is repressive management based on the search for the guilty.
In order to make the information environment of the company as transparent as possible, it is necessary to raise the QMS to the level of quality management of management processes. Because the gap between the strategic course aimed at improving the quality of activities and the practical implementation of the tasks set arises in the poorly formalized middle links of the organizational structure. Therefore, the greatest resistance to new trends is provided by “middle managers”. I agree with the opinion of E.V. Minko and M.L. Krichevsky, expressed in the work “Quality and Competitiveness”, that for many of them the management policy based on a qualitative approach violates the established rules of bureaucratic relations, and also poses a threat to their professional authority and official position. Production workers, as a rule, are ready to take responsibility for the quality of their work, if the company provides them with the necessary resources for this.
The level at which the QMS is located is characterized, first of all, by the correspondence of the objectives in the field of quality to the objectives of the organization; in the second - the objectivity, independence and effectiveness of internal audits. After all, it is no secret that under the task of certification of the QMS for compliance with ISO 9001, quality goals are often developed for show, it is clear that few managers who have goals set want their activities to be controlled and analyzed. The same goes for internal audits. There is an audit plan, trained auditors, audits are being carried out ... but inconsistencies are either not detected, or they are formal. As a result, the enterprise receives a certified QMS, but does not receive an increase in product quality and production efficiency.
Therefore, before implementing the QMS, the initiator, and this is often the owner of the enterprise, or the head of a large branch, must decide why he needs the QMS (certificate or quality of activity), determine its role and place in the enterprise management structure.
Factors of the innovation economy
The most important characteristic of the new economy is the intensification of innovation processes, their transformation into a factor of economic growth. The results of studies conducted by the OECD indicate that investment in the innovation sector leads to GDP growth at a ratio of 1 to 3, investment in information and communication technologies at a ratio of 1 to 2. In developed countries, 90% of GDP growth is determined by innovation and technological progress.The innovation process acts as a resultant of many economic factors, objective and subjective, external and internal.
Objective factors include those environmental factors that are caused by long-term trends and are not associated with the volitional decisions of a particular subject.
These include economic laws that actively influence innovation activity:
The law of receiving and appropriating profit, which can also be called the law of movement of a market economy, since profit is driving force production;
the law of value, which regulates the development of the economy and determines the need for mutually beneficial exchange in all types of transactions;
the laws of supply and demand that determine the economic mechanism of the connection between production and consumption;
the law of competition, which characterizes the economic mechanism by which objective economic laws are implemented and interact in a particular type of market;
the regularity of the cyclical development of the economy, which determines the relationship of business, including innovative activity, and the corresponding phase of the "cycle".
Those factors whose action is a direct consequence of consciously made decisions have a subjective nature, among which it is worth highlighting:
Innovative policy of the state as the most important component of the state economic policy;
- monetary policy of organizations acting as investors. The implementation of innovative projects is often associated with the use of borrowed funds, which requires taking into account the high degree of risk of such investments;
- strategies of competing firms. The value of this factor is determined by the ability of other economic entities to influence the structure of the market, the intensity of competition, to adjust the receipt of the necessary material resources;
- the behavior of consumers, on which the availability of demand for innovations that appear as a result of the development of innovative relations largely depends. Accounting for this factor for an enterprise engaged in innovative activities implies additional efforts to form future consumer demand for a new product, service, technology, etc.
At the same time, objective and subjective factors are coordinated with each other, interpenetrate and form a system of motivation for the formation of an innovative strategy.
Factors of innovative activity can also be divided into global, determined by macroeconomics and society as a whole, and local, determined at the micro level of enterprises.
Global factors include the political situation within the country and at the international level, competition in the external market, relations with the authorities, tax policy.
In an environment favorable for the implementation of innovations, the center of gravity in innovative relations shifts towards the innovative potential of innovating firms - internal factors that affect the innovation strategy. When the external environment of the economic system is favorable for innovations, they entirely depend on the internal factors of innovation activity.
The innovative potential of an enterprise is presented as a set of material, financial, labor, infrastructural, intellectual information and communication resources. We can single out two groups of factors that determine innovative activity: internal, aimed at establishing and managing innovative activity in an enterprise, and external, contributing to the expansion of the boundaries of innovative activity.
External factors include factors that determine the interaction of the enterprise with the economic and social environment:
Use of external sources to support all phases of the innovation process: from discovery and development to commercialization;
communications with customers, business partners, investors, competitors, research organizations and universities;
lobbying interests in state institutional structures.
Internal factors are the essential features of an enterprise that distinguish it from competitors and determine its innovative viability:
Motivated leadership;
integration of technological and organizational and managerial innovations;
high performance;
effective relations with the staff, wide involvement of them in the innovation process;
continuous organizational learning;
an effective marketing system that communicates with end users;
quality management, infrastructure, organizational development.
Internal factors, in turn, can also be divided into two groups. The first group includes factors that form the system of internal economic relations and ways of interacting with environmental factors. The second group is formed by factors that characterize the "internal resources" of the organization.
The first group of factors is:
The form of ownership of the means of production, which determines the nature of the economic interests of business entities, in general, intra-company economic relations, including management relations;
- organizational structure, which determines the mobility of the economic system in the process of making managerial decisions and the degree of compliance of these decisions with the impact of the external environment;
- "size of organizations", which determines its belonging to the category: "small", "medium", "large" companies;
- industry affiliation, characterizing the specialization of the company, the main purpose of its activities, market share and competitiveness in the market.
The size of a firm affects its ability to concentrate not only financial but also human resources for innovation. Ceteris paribus, the larger the size of the firm, the more opportunities it has to divert part of the production resources to the innovation sphere.
The second group of factors includes:
The financial position of the company, which gives an idea of its financial stability, the degree of its dependence on external sources of financing for innovation, its solvency and, as a result, the possibility of obtaining a loan for the implementation of innovative projects;
- scientific and technical potential characterizing the organization's capabilities in the field of R&D;
- production potential characterizing the production base of the company, the ability to produce a particular product, production capacity;
- personnel potential, which determines the level professional qualifications personnel of the organization necessary for the implementation of innovations.
The restructuring of enterprises acts as a means that forms a system of internal economic relations and ways of interacting with environmental factors.
Restructuring processes can be passive in nature, expressed in the closure of unprofitable divisions, staff cuts, reducing spending on social facilities, debt restructuring, etc., as well as active in nature, consisting in the introduction of new production and management technologies, investment in training, promotion to new territorial markets for traditional products, development of new products and their promotion to the market, etc. In the scientific literature, product (horizontal and vertical), technical and technological, organizational and managerial innovations are among the areas of restructuring.
Product innovations are the most common type of activity of Russian enterprises in the course of their restructuring. The essential difference between innovations in general and product innovations in particular relates to the source of innovation activity: whether they are carried out through imitation, borrowing of existing technologies or products from other companies, or through their own research and development. In one case, we are talking about imitation, in the second - directly about innovation.
The competitive factor ensures the selection of innovations in the product market. At the same time, competition is also the economic environment of a particular market, in which other economic factors interact.
There is a very close relationship between competition and innovative relations. In a certain sense, innovative relations are a product of competition, and the results of such relations are a tool in the competitive struggle.
Competition from other companies acts as a significant factor in stimulating innovative activity in the enterprise. Thus, Yu. Simachev notes the inverted dependence of the innovative activity of enterprises on the level of competition in the market. At the beginning, with the growth of the number of competitors in the market, innovative activity increases, and then it stabilizes or even falls. Moderate competition helps speed up the process of innovation. But with the intensification of competition, financial resources are depleted, the innovation process either slows down or stops altogether.
Factors that stimulate the innovative activity of an enterprise are associated with the emergence of new needs and preferences among consumers, a reduction in the life cycle of goods, and an increase in the knowledge intensity of products.
Horizontal product innovations include such forms of innovative activity as expanding the range of goods previously produced by the enterprise; creation of a new appearance and packaging of goods.
Vertical product innovations include such forms of innovative activity as: creation of a qualitatively new product; replacement of discontinued obsolete products; improving the quality of manufactured products; introduction of a new after-sales service system.
With horizontal competition, the growth of innovative activity is a way to occupy new market niches or consolidate in existing niches. With vertical links, innovations are a response to increased requirements for suppliers on the part of buyers of raw materials and semi-finished products, or the desire of suppliers to ensure an appropriate level of product promotion on the market.
Process innovations should be understood as the improvement of the used or the introduction of a completely new technology, the modernization of equipment.
Management innovations are aimed at transforming the company's management structure, improving the corporate finance system, as well as personnel management.
If competition is an incentive for innovative activity, then technology transfer becomes a means of penetrating new ideas into the company in a situation where the innovation process occurs through copying and imitation. The transfer of more modern technologies is most often implemented through horizontal links between enterprises. We are talking about simply copying a new product, a new technological process, as well as new management decisions from companies operating in the same market, i.e. from competing companies.
To characterize innovative activity, such an indicator as the share of innovative enterprises is used, i.e. those who master new products or new technologies. In OECD countries, the share of innovative enterprises in industry is 53%. In Russia, this figure is much lower.
It should be noted that an innovatively active enterprise in Russia differs significantly from the Western one, because. Western enterprise operates in a highly competitive market, saturated with quality products. Russia, on the other hand, lags noticeably behind the quality standards of the international market. A significant part of new products is new only on the Russian market and is not competitive, and bringing it to world standards requires such costs and efforts that many enterprises cannot afford.
In this regard, three types of Russian enterprises can be distinguished depending on the nature and scale of innovation:
Type 1 - innovative enterprises operating internationally. These are predominantly large enterprises working for the state order, having a sufficiently developed material and technical base and selling their products on the international market.
Type 2 - innovative enterprises operating at the level of the requirements of the Russian market. These are enterprises whose products are intended mainly for the Russian market and only partially sell products abroad. The production base of such enterprises, as a rule, does not reach world standards, and the implemented innovations mainly affect not the renewal of production, but the improvement of the financial situation and other aspects of the work of enterprises.
Type 3 - enterprises that do not innovate. Unfortunately, at present, most Russian enterprises belong to this type - 78%. These are mainly small and medium-sized enterprises with an outdated material base, unloaded production capacities that do not enter the foreign market.
A factor capable of activating innovative activity is international competition in the domestic market. Under the conditions of the openness of the domestic market, the economy of an individual country becomes an open system, which significantly changes the nature of competition in all market segments. It is quite difficult to carry out innovative activities, focusing simultaneously on the “passive” domestic market and the “active” foreign market. For the development of innovative relations, it is necessary to know the needs, incentives and requirements of the single market. The openness of the domestic market creates conditions for a chain reaction of the spread of innovations, their multiplication, elasticity of demand in terms of price and quality. At the same time, innovation costs are considered by entrepreneurs as inevitable investments to ensure “survival” in a competitive environment.
The diversified nature of the pre-perestroika economy of the USSR, the high share of highly processed products in the country's exports, including science-intensive products, dictated the demand for highly educated people in a wide range of specialties and maintained the high status of science, education and culture. As a result of the economic reforms carried out, the structure of the Russian economy was "primitivized" to a certain extent; in the course of reform and the developed economic crisis, many enterprises, and industries as a whole, were on the verge of destruction. The need for entire branches of scientific research, for maintaining the high status of education and culture, began to disappear.
In this regard, attention should be paid to one of the most important conditions for the development of the competitiveness of domestic producers - raising the general educational and professional level of the country's labor force. Our country faces the danger of losing this important competitive advantage, accumulated over decades of thoughtful educational policy, including in the field of training highly qualified workers. The noted circumstances are also supplemented by a tendency to underestimate the cost of labor, especially of higher qualifications, accompanied by degradation and disorientation of the domestic scientific potential.
An important factor in the development of innovative activity is the quality of the workforce. A higher quality of the labor force, characterized by a higher level of education and qualifications of workers, leads to a more efficient use of production resources. It is the educational level that reflects the creative ability of employees to perceive new ideas that have appeared on the market. The quality of the workforce determines the ability of a firm to carry out its own R&D or copy new products from other firms.
A company that uses the principles of a learning organization becomes an attractive place to work for highly qualified creative workers, improves relationships with customers and partners. Science plays a special role in this. Therefore, it should be closely integrated into production, become a participant in the innovation cycle of development, dissemination and use of innovations.
Competitive opportunities can be judged by indicators of the relative market share controlled by the company, the speed of reaction to changes in the market situation, etc. Technical capabilities are determined by the parameters of the equipment, the technological scheme of production, etc. Of particular note is the power of organizational culture in promoting innovation and the role of strong leadership in creating such a culture.
Innovative trends in the economy
The expansion of innovative activity is a necessary condition for the development of the national economy of the regions and cities of the country in an open market economy. The innovation policy of the subjects of the Russian Federation is aimed at organizing and stimulating innovation activity, turning it into a sustainable source of economic growth in the regions.In the modern economy, the role of innovation processes has increased significantly. This is due to the fact that in a market economy, innovation is a method of competition, since innovation leads to a reduction in costs, prices and profit growth, to the creation of new needs, to an influx of money, to an increase in the image (rating) of a manufacturer of new products, to the discovery and capture new markets, including foreign ones.
The level of development of the innovation economy achieved in Russia has remained virtually unchanged since the mid-1990s. 20th century In Russia, for a long time there has been a stagnation of industries with high added value - mechanical engineering, the radio-electronic complex, the information sector, etc. The mechanism of state management of the innovation sphere has not actually been created to date. The share of the innovative economy is growing at an extremely slow pace. The number of innovative enterprises in the country does not exceed 5%.
It is necessary to single out the main reasons hindering the effective development of Russia in the scientific, technical and innovative fields of activity.
First, it is overcoming the traditional Soviet period organization of scientific, technical and investment activities, when developments introduced into the defense complex prevailed in the R&D structure; formation of mostly non-commercial relationships between organizations at all stages; division of science into fundamental, branch, university and factory; weak cooperative ties between scientific institutions, organizations and industrial enterprises; the predominance of command-administrative and moral-political methods of management in this field of activity. All of the above slows down the process of intensifying innovation. Therefore, it is necessary to replace the existing market management mechanism with a new one, aimed at the introduction of innovative areas in the country's economy and their subsequent development.
Secondly, it is the need to return to the scientific, technical and innovative spheres of highly qualified scientific and design personnel who have gone to other areas of activity or emigrated due to a change in the value system of society.
Thirdly, it is the need to create at the federal, regional levels and at the level of enterprises a system for investing in scientific, technical and innovative activities, the main levers of which should be market components (competition, price, profit), and organizational forms of implementation - targeted programs focused on priority areas market economy and social problems of society. In this regard, a certain place should be given to small enterprises, since only they, in combination with large and medium-sized research teams, can create a monolithic sphere of innovation at all levels of the economy. Increasing the number of small enterprises in this field of activity is a strategic task, since with their help it becomes possible to transfer the latest technologies from fundamental science and the defense complex to the civilian industry.
For the successful implementation of the innovation policy for the formation of an innovation economy, a set of scientific, organizational and technical measures should be carried out, the main of which are the following:
1. Development of a concept for the development of innovation activity and innovation infrastructure in the country with the definition of long-term strategic goals and means of achieving them in the framework of the formation of an innovative economy.
2. Development of a program for the country's innovative development, which should be an address document indicating the set of activities aimed at achieving the goals of innovative development in terms of resources, performers and terms.
3. Inclusion of the main provisions of the program of innovative development of the country in the program of its socio-economic development.
4. Organization of practical activities of local and regional governments for the implementation and adoption of relevant regulatory acts of regional significance, as well as for their implementation of the organizational and information support of this program.
In solving the problems of staffing the innovative development of the economy, the role of the lower level, i.e. enterprises, organizations. It is here, in the daily labor process, with the use of certain mechanisms of stimulation and motivation, that the creative attitude of the masses of workers to their work, the use of all factors of production, is formed. This means that in modern production, not only the labor force in its classical sense functions, i.e. a set of physical and spiritual abilities, knowledge and skills (skills) inherent in a particular profession, specialty; many personal qualities of a person are important for the new economy: devotion to the work in which one is engaged, conscientiousness and honesty, a conscious, creative attitude to work, an interest in common success, mutual assistance and goodwill in relations with colleagues at work, and much more. A man of labor with all his personal qualities becomes a factor of economic development. Among them, an important place is occupied by innovative abilities, which are of a pronounced personal nature.
For the active introduction and development of innovative areas in the economy of the country and its subjects, it is necessary to create conditions for the formation of a favorable environment for attracting private investment in innovative activities. To do this, at the legislative level, it is necessary to provide preferences for business entities involved in innovation, including concessional lending, the use of collateral, and leasing of expensive equipment. It is important to provide for the development of forms of joint financing of innovative projects at the expense of the federal, regional and local budgets and private investors through territorial-industry programs and venture funds. And in the absence of large innovative projects, give preference to small and medium-sized businesses. To do this, it is necessary to change the attitude of the state and local authorities in Russia towards these business entities.
A concrete step in this direction may be the legislative consolidation of all tax revenues from the activities of small and medium-sized businesses for the local budget on a long-term basis. Only such an approach can stimulate municipalities to introduce and develop innovative areas in the economy and attract additional investment flows to the social and business infrastructure of the municipality.
One of the most promising innovative ways to develop industrial enterprises in municipalities can be the introduction of industrial tourism.
The introduction of industrial tourism to enterprises will increase the level of economic development of municipalities and regions in which there is no recreational potential, reduce the cost of services, bring stagnant enterprises to a new level of development and significantly improve relations in the workforce. Moreover, industrial tourism will have a significant impact on the development of the tourism infrastructure of the municipality and will help increase the flow of "domestic" and "inbound" tourists, as well as increase the competitiveness of the tourist product and ensure the establishment of a favorable investment climate. them a cash outflow in foreign countries is significantly reduced.
Innovative technologies in the economy
With the advent of information technology, a revolution occurred that affected the foundations of the economy. It was the transition to the Internet system that provided an opportunity to make a profit while increasing the existing level of marketability.The Internet has become the main information medium for both consumers and manufacturers.
Information technology is a process that consists of rules for performing operations and actions performed on data. The main goal of information technology is to obtain the information necessary for the user through the implementation of actions for processing primary data. The environment that is the main one for information technology is information systems.
The term "information technology", according to UNESCO, is a set of interrelated, scientific, technological and engineering disciplines that study methods for the effective organization of the work of people who are engaged in processing and storing information, as well as techniques and methods for organizing the interaction of people with equipment.
In general, information technologies in the economy are actions carried out on economic information with the help of computers in order to obtain an optimal result.
In the economy, technologies are usually used to process, store data in order to organize the process of interaction between participants and technology, satisfying the needs for information.
Any managerial decisions are made taking into account expediency in the economy. It is also worth paying attention to education in the application of technologies in the economy. The optimal operation of technologies will be carried out in the case of staff training and analysis of the latest developments in the field of technologies in the economy.
The application of technology in the economy is a means of the virtual economy.
A virtual economy is an environment or a special economic space where electronic business is carried out, in other words, an economy based on the use of interactive features.
E-business is the activity of a company that is aimed at making a profit and is based on technologies and their advantages.
E-business includes various information technologies:
1. Technology in e-commerce is one of the ways to carry out e-business.
Therefore, e-commerce contains a number of technologies:
Electronic Data Interchange Protocol;
Email;
Internet.
Of these components, the most developed protocol will be considered the electronic data interchange protocol - EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) - this is a method for assigning codes to operations and processing them on-line.
Speaking of the commercial side of the possibilities of the Internet, the structure of e-commerce is as follows:
2. Technologies of electronic auctions. It is through electronic auctions that trading activities take place on electronic trading platforms in order to bring sellers and buyers together. The sources of income received from electronic auctions are commissions for transactions and advertising.
3. Electronic banks. This activity involves two forms: electronic banking and traditional online banking. E-banks make it possible to make services more accessible to customers, they use round-the-clock operation. Since such banks provide a wide range of services for their customers, as a result of the use of process automation, they fully use electronic opportunities.
4. IP-telephony is considered the most powerful information technology. AT modern times services for the consumer are newer now, as e-mail has appeared, and e-commerce helps to order and pay for goods without even leaving home. IP telephony is a technology that allows voice signals to be transmitted over the Internet. This type of technology in the economy makes it possible to organize a corporate telephone network and reduce the cost of telephone services.
5. Internet telephony is a manifestation of IP telephony. It is thanks to the Internet channels that data is transmitted. Often it is based on an already existing telephone network.
6. Technologies of electronic pointers. With their help, customers can now search for goods and services on the Internet.
7. Electronic franchising. It is an agreement between the company and the dealer. In this case, the dealer becomes a user of the company's trademark, know-how, technologies, etc., paying for this with a share of the profit.
8. Email. It is a postal service where messages are delivered using electronic methods.
9. Electronic marketing. The main function is the study of demand, pricing, advertising, and other issues related to sales. Internet marketing and its development is directly related to the opportunities provided by the Internet: advertising campaigns of enterprises, market research, analysis of competitors, demand, etc.
10. Electronic management of operational resources - with its help, advertising is carried out, sales and delivery of non-productive goods.
11. Electronic supply management - a method of posting offers, information, goods and services using the Internet.
12. Electronic brokerage services - carried out in the financial market, which provide agreements between sellers and buyers.
It is the Internet that allows you to carry out brokerage activities online. Brokers compete with each other for the provision of services and bank accounts in the financial market on the Internet.
Types of technologies in the economy:
1. According to the areas of application of information technology:
Accounting and auditing;
banking activities;
Insurance activities, etc.
2. According to the construction of the Internet network:
Local;
Distribution;
Multilevel.
3. According to the participation of a person in the management process:
Information and reference;
Information and advice.
4. According to the degree of volume of management tasks:
Electronic decision processing;
Automation of management functions;
Decision support, etc.
5. According to the degree of centralization of the technological process:
Centralized. The easiest technology to implement. Their advantages are the ease of maintaining the relevance of the database. The disadvantages are the limitation of the database in size, the inaccessibility of the database for remote data.
Decentralized. Such technologies break the information base into several distributed ones. As a result, each client can use his own database, or a common one, duplicated for each. The advantages will be the availability of data and their reliability, the reduction of requests for updates, requests are satisfied by local databases. Disadvantages include the need for information about the location of the data.
Combined.
distributed. With their help, processing functions are distributed among several computers. The advantages are data processing on time, reliability, system flexibility, many users. The disadvantages include increased requirements in the computer, complexity in network management, and its organization.
Integrated. An information model of the control object is created. Such technologies are considered more user-friendly. The features of this type will be the temporal and technological separation of processing processes from the process of collecting, storing and outputting data.
The existence of the concept of new information technology in the modern economy implies:
Use of computer technology;
The existence of communication means;
Availability of an integration approach;
Flexibility in the processes of changing data and tasks.
Alekseeva S.G., Ivanova I.L.
Today it is accepted as an axiom that the economic development of Russia is already unthinkable without the creation of an effective national innovation system. The subject of discussion is only possible ways of transferring the economy to an innovative path of development. In September 2011, the Presidium of the Government of the Russian Federation approved the draft Strategy for Innovative Development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020 "Innovative Russia 2020". One of the main directions of the innovative development of the Russian Federation is education and science. The strategy "Innovative Russia 2020" is a continuation of the policy of stimulating innovative activity that has been carried out over the past decade. As part of the implementation of these strategies, the foundations of the current national innovation system were laid, significant efforts were made to develop the research and development sector, form a developed innovation infrastructure, and modernize the economy based on technological innovations. In general, to date, it has not been possible to reverse a number of trends that are significant for innovative development. It has not been possible to radically increase the innovative activity and efficiency of companies, including state-owned ones, and to create a competitive environment that encourages the use of innovations.
Public funds allocated for research and development work in most sectors of the economy are spent inefficiently. It was not possible to solve the problem of the aging of scientific personnel, although the state made significant efforts to improve the situation. The key problem is the generally low demand for innovation in the Russian economy. Neither the private nor the public sector show sufficient interest in innovation. The level of innovative activity of enterprises is significantly inferior to the indicators of the leading countries in this area. R&D spending in 2010 in Russia is estimated at 1.04% of GDP, against 1.43% of GDP in China, and 2.3% in OECD countries, 2.77% of GDP in the US, 3.44% of GDP in Japan.
From the point of view of innovative development, human capital is one of the most important remaining competitive advantages in Russia. Coverage of the entire population with basic education, one of the first places in the world in terms of the share of the population with higher education (23.4% of the employed in the economy, which corresponds to the level of a number of leading foreign countries, such as the UK, Sweden, Japan, and is ahead of the level of such countries such as Germany, Italy, France), a high level of higher education in natural sciences and engineering specialties - all this creates the basis for building an effective innovation system. At the same time, the situation in this area is characterized by a number of negative trends, which in the future may actually devalue this competitive advantage. As part of the implementation of the tasks set by the Innovative Russia 2020 strategy, it is planned to significantly increase a number of indicators of innovative development in the field of education.
