The Kuznetsk-Altai subdistrict is located in southern Siberia and includes the Altai Territory, the Altai Republic, the Kemerovo and Novosibirsk regions. What are the features of this sub-area, and what natural resources does it have?

General characteristics and geographical location

The Kuznetsk-Altai subregion is located on the territory of the Altai Mountains, which are the largest mountain system in Southern Siberia (the prevailing heights are 2000-3000 m).

It is within the Altai Mountains that the highest point of Siberia is located - Mount Belukha (4506 m).

Rice. 1. Mount Belukha.

The general type of climate is continental, its manifestations intensify from west to east. The climate of the western foothills of Altai is influenced by western transport (high cloud cover prevents the territory from cooling down, so Altai winters are not severe).

A sharply continental climate is characteristic of the basins (in comparison with the ridges, summers are hotter, winters are colder, and there is less precipitation).

The height of the snow line rises from west to east due to reduced precipitation. Glaciers occupy the largest areas in Altai. In the mountains are the sources of the largest rivers: the Irtysh, Ob, Yenisei, Lena, Amur. The rivers have a mixed supply (rain, snow, glacial). There are many lakes in Altai. The largest tectonic lakes are Teletskoye and Markakol. The oldest (15-20 million years) and deepest lake in the world - Baikal (maximum depth - 1620 m) is also located here, its area is 30.5 thousand square meters. km. It contains about 20% of all fresh water reserves in the world.

Rice. 2. Lake Baikal.

Altitude zonality is expressed in the mountains. Most of the slopes are covered with coniferous forests, steppes are located at the foot, and the tops of the mountains are occupied by tundra. Alpine meadows lie above the forests on the windward slopes of Altai.

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Population and natural resources of the Kuznetsk-Altai subdistrict

The population of the Kuznetsk-Altai subdistrict is made up of two peoples - the Russians and the Altaians. The Altaians are an indigenous people whose descendants were Turkic-speaking tribes that once roamed across Siberia. Traditional occupation Altaians is animal husbandry, which is developed due to fertile soil and lush grass.

The Kuznetsk-Altai subdistrict is the most economically developed part of Siberia. The territory of the district has mineral (coal, non-ferrous metal ores), forest, water, recreational (Altai Reserve, Lake Baikal) resources. The main coal base of the region is Kuzbass.

Rice. 3. Kuzbass is the coal center of the Kuznetsk-Altai subdistrict.

The Kuznetsk-Altai subdistrict includes four subjects Russian Federation. In the Kemerovo region, there are 2 large cities - Kemerovo (the capital of the region) and Novokuznetsk - an industrial city where ferrous metallurgy and engineering enterprises are concentrated. The capital of the Altai Territory is Barnaul, and the administrative center of the Republic of Altai is the city of Gorno-Altaisk.

What have we learned?

The Kuznetsk-Altai subdistrict is located on the territory of the Altai Mountains. within it is the highest mountain in Siberia, Belukha, and the deepest lake in the world, Baikal. The indigenous people are the Altaians, who are engaged in animal husbandry. The lands of the district are rich in natural resources - coal, iron ores, there are also water, forest and recreational resources.

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In Western Siberia, two economic subregions were formed: West Siberian (Ob-Irtysh) and Kuznetsk-Altai. Each of them has its own economic profile. The level of development of their economy is high enough to, perhaps, in the near future, consider them in the group of the main economic regions of Russia.
West Siberian (Ob-Irtysh) subdistrict
Omsk, Tomsk, Tyumen (including the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs) regions
The oil and natural gas reserves available in this sub-area created the prerequisites for the development of not only a powerful oil and gas industry, but also complex industries. organic synthesis. Two main complexes are formed here, corresponding to the petrochemical and gas-energy-chemical EPC. Machine-building, forest-energy-chemical, industrial-agrarian, fishery, industrial-construction complexes also belong to the main ones.
The fuel and energy complex is represented not only by enterprises for the production of energy fuel, but also by a large system
The share of subjects of the Russian Federation in the West Siberian region
by main economic indicators (1997), %
Table 22

The subject of the Russian Federation	Territory	Population at the beginning of 1998	Number of people employed in the economy	Gross regional product	Volume industrial products	1 Agricultural output 1	Investments in fixed assets
Republic	3,8	1.3	1.2	0,4	0,1	1,9	/>0,2
Altai
Altai region	7,0	17,7	16,0	6,4	6,5	21,1	3,0
Kemerovo region.	3,9	20,0	19,2	14,1	17,6	15,4	10,4
Novosibirsk region one	7,3	18,2	16,3	9,5	6,8	22,0	5,5
Omsk region	5,8	14,4	14,2	8,4	9,6	20,0	4,1
Tomsk region	13,1	7,1	7,0	5,3	4,7	7,3	5,0
Tyumen region	59,1	21,3	26,1	55,9	54,7	14,1	71,8
including;
Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug	21,6	9,0	9,8	...	37,0	...	31,4
Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug	39,0	3,3	4,3	...	14,0	...	28,2
TOTAL	100,0	100,0	100,0	100,0	100,0	100,0	100,0

thermal power plants in the Middle Ob region and separate power units in the areas of oil and gas production. The energy system has been significantly strengthened by new state district power plants: Surgutskaya, Nizhnevartovskaya and Urengoyskaya.
The oil and gas complex is based on Tyumen and Tomsk oil and natural gas. Its enterprises are located almost throughout the entire territory of the subdistrict. Oil production is concentrated mainly in the Middle Ob. In the future, the importance of its northern deposits will increase. Natural gas is produced mainly in the northern regions. The most significant deposits are located here - Yamburgskoye and the Yamal Peninsula. Plants for the processing of initial oil and gas raw materials are located in Omsk, Tobolsk and Tomsk industrial hubs. The Omsk petrochemical complex includes plants: oil refinery, synthetic rubber, soot, tire, rubber products, as well as a cord factory, etc. The development of this complex is rapidly expanding not only in depth, but also in breadth. The largest complexes for oil and gas processing have been created in Tobolsk and Tomsk. In the future, new oil and gas processing centers will emerge in Western Siberia.
The machine-building complex has been formed mainly in Omsk, Tomsk, Tyumen, Ishim and Zavodoukovsk. Machine-building enterprises produce equipment and machines for the oil and gas processing and timber industries, for transport, construction, and agriculture. Aircraft building, rocket building, tank building, engine building, radio electronics, and instrument making have received great development.
In the near future, it is necessary to strengthen the role of the cities of Omsk, Tyumen and Tomsk as supporting bases for the development of oil and gas bearing regions of Western Siberia and to deepen the specialization of the mechanical engineering of these centers in the production of various equipment in the northern version.
The wood chemical complex is mainly represented by logging and woodworking industries. A significant part of the timber is still exported from the sub-area in an unprocessed form (roundwood, ore stand, firewood). The stages of deep processing of wood (hydrolysis, pulp and paper, etc.) are not sufficiently developed. In the future, a significant increase in logging is planned in the Tyumen and Tomsk regions.
The agro-industrial complex is an important link in the economy of the subdistrict. Certain types of agriculture and combinations of the main and service industries have developed in its individual parts in accordance with natural conditions and economic features. The agro-industrial complex as a whole specializes in the cultivation and processing of grain. On a small scale, in places where certain industrial crops (flax, hemp, sunflower) are grown, there is a primary processing of flax and hemp, as well as oil production. The livestock branch of the agro-industrial complex includes butter-dairy, milk-canning factories and production for the processing of meat, leather, wool, and sheepskin.
The ancient craft of the subdistrict is carpet weaving (in Ishim and Tobolsk there are mechanized carpet factories). Textile, leather and footwear industries operate on local and imported raw materials. "
The main centers for processing agricultural raw materials are Omsk, Tyumen, Tomsk, Yalutorovsk, Tatarsk, Ishim.
The fishing complex (fishing in rivers and lakes and sea fishing in the Gulf of Ob, fish processing and canning) is served by a net knitting factory in Tyumen and a shipyard in Tobolsk, bases for the receiving and transport fleet. Container and tin-can production is located at fish processing plants.
The industrial and construction complex of the subdistrict is focused on ensuring the reconstruction and new construction of petrochemical enterprises. The main construction organizations are concentrated in large industrial centers in the south of the subdistrict and base cities on | | its north. ]
In the Ob-Irtysh subdistrict, a system of territorial-| but-industrial complexes: i
Omsk, Tyumensko-Tobolsk and Yuzhno-Tomsk - support for the development of oil and gas regions, specializing in machine building, j petrochemistry, woodworking, light and food industries; ^ Sredneobsky and Severo-Tomsky with large-scale oil production, \ GRES and gas processing plants using petroleum associated gas; j Severo-Tyumensky - a pioneer complex, which is being formed on the basis of gas production, and in the future also oil;
Southern Priuralsky (Kondinskoye Priobye), specializing in oil production and timber processing; one
Northern Priuralsky (Severo-Sosvinsky, Sosvinskoye Pri-] Ob), specializing in gas production and wood processing.
The cores of these TPKs were emerging industrial centers: Tyumensky, Tobolsky, Yalutorovsky, Ishimsky in Tyumensko-Tobolsk | skom TPK; Omsk - in Omsk; Tomsky, Asinsky - in South Tomsk; Surgutsky, Nizhnevartovsky, Nefteyugansky, Noyabrsky - j in Sredneobsky; Strezhevo-Aleksandrovsky - in the North Tomsk; Urengoy, Nadym, Salekhard, Yamburg - in the North Tyumen TPK, etc.
Omsk region (territory 139.7 thousand km2, population 2180 thousand people, the share of the urban population in it is 67.1%). Unlike the Tyumen region, the Omsk region does not have large mineral deposits and, like the south of the Tyumen region, serves as a base for the development of the West Siberian North and processing of oil coming from the Middle Ob region. In addition, the largest industrial complex was formed here, not directly related to the development of the North.
More than half of the population is concentrated in the regional center of Omsk (1182.0 thousand inhabitants). Other cities are small; Tara based in; 1594 and in 1669 transferred to. new place, has 26.4 thousand inhabitants, Isilkul - 27.6 thousand, Kalachiisk - 25.6 thousand inhabitants. i
The type of economy of the region is industrial-agrarian: grain and suburban (meat and dairy) agriculture is developed around the powerful Omsk industrial hub.
Omsk is the largest city in the Ob-Irtysh subdistrict. Founded in 1716, for a long time it was the most important administrative center of Western Siberia: the West Siberian (1824-1882) and Steppe (1882-1917) governor-generals (the latter included Akmola and Semipalatinsk regions with the cities of Akmola ( now Astana), Kokchetav, Semipalatinsk, Ust-Kamenogorsk, etc.). Favorable economic and geographical position of Omsk at the fork of the Siberian railway, at its intersection with the river. Irtysh, the adjoining of a railway line from Kazakhstan, the construction of an oil pipeline from the Middle Ob region led to an intensive growth of industry in the city. Omsk is the first large oil refining center created in Western Siberia (Omskorgsintez *, synthetic rubber plant, Omskshina *, etc.). The most important place in the industry of the city is occupied by mechanical engineering, in particular the production of space and aviation technology, tank building, radio electronics, instrumentation (Poljot, named after Baranov, Transmash, etc.). The light and food industries are developed: leather, footwear, meat, dairy, textile, etc.
Omsk is a major cultural center with a university, other universities, one of the largest book depositories in Siberia, theaters and museums.
Tomsk region (territory 316.9 thousand km2, population 1072 thousand people, share of urban population 66.8%), located in the zone of taiga and partially mixed forests, is characterized by less developed agriculture of grain and partly suburban type (in terms of collection grain it yields to Tyumen about 3 times, Kemerovo - 2 times, Omsk and Novosibirsk - 5 times, Altai Territory - 8 times). A powerful Tomsk industrial hub stands out, including the city of Tomsk (481.1 thousand inhabitants; a large center of oil refining, petrochemistry and mechanical engineering), the center of the nuclear industry, the city of Seversk (119.0 thousand inhabitants), a new significant center of the oil industry, the city of Tomsk. Strezhevoy (44.0 thousand inhabitants) in the northern part of the region, the timber industry center of Asino on the river. Chulym (31.3 thousand inhabitants), the center of the fishing and food industry Kolpashevo (28.9 thousand inhabitants) on the river. Ob below the confluence of the river. Chulym.
Tomsk is the oldest administrative, industrial, scientific and cultural center. It was founded in 1604 as an important Russian fortress in the basin of the river. Tom, which relied on the promotion to the basin of the river. Yenisei (through the rivers Ket and Kas). With the construction of the Siberian Highway, Tomsk acquired a particularly important trade and distribution value. However, being away from the main Siberian railway line, from which a railway line was laid to the city in 1896, Tomsk lost economic leadership in this part of Siberia to the rapidly developing Novosibirsk, but continued to develop
23 - 3399

as the largest science Center. Back in 1880, the first university in the Asian part of Russia was founded here, and in 1896 the first higher technical educational institution in Siberia was established - Institute of Technology. Modern Tomsk is the largest scientific center. The petrochemical industry, mechanical engineering (plants "Sibkabel", "Sibelektromotor", bearing, instrumental, electromechanical, electric lamp, radio engineering, etc.), woodworking, production of building materials, food industry have received great development in it.
The Tyumen region (territory 1435.2 thousand km2, population 3243.5 thousand people, the share of the urban population in it is 76.2%) is the only subject of the Russian Federation in Western Siberia, which includes two other subjects of the Russian Federation: Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets autonomous regions. This creates certain conflicts of a constitutional nature.
The south of the Tyumen region developed as a base for the development of oil and gas fields in the Tyumen North and large-scale oil refining in the Middle Ob region. The Tyumen industrial hub, which specializes in industries that meet the needs of the oil and gas industry of the Tyumen North in equipment, building structures and vehicles, and the Tobolsk industrial hub, specializing in oil refining and petrochemistry, have received the greatest development.
Tyumen (556.4 thousand inhabitants) is the first Russian city in Siberia, founded as a prison in 1586 on the banks of the river. Tours, 100 km from its confluence with the river. Tobol. At present it is a major railway junction (lines to Omsk, Yekaterinburg, Surgut) and a river port. The most important industries - river shipbuilding(has a long tradition: in 1838, the first steamboat in Siberia was built in Tyumen), mechanical engineering, engine building, electromechanical, instrument making, machine tool building, production of equipment for the oil industry, plastics, chemical and pharmaceutical products, medical equipment and tools, building materials, light and food industries. From the 60s of the XX century. Tyumen has become the organizational center for the development of northern oil and gas fields.
The city has research and design institutes for the oil and gas industry, higher educational establishments, cultural institutions.
Tobolsk (117.0 thousand inhabitants), like Tyumen, is one of the oldest cities in Siberia. Founded in 1587 on the river. Irtysh, near the confluence of the river. Tobol. The first stone Kremlin in Siberia was built here. From the end of the 16th to the 18th century, that is, for about 200 years, it was the main military-administrative, church (Siberian diocese) and for a long time an important trade and distribution center of Siberia. In the 19th century in connection with the shift of trade routes, and then the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway, which went far from Tobolsk, economic importance cities fell. With the development of the Tyumen North and the construction of the main railway line from Tyumen to the north, passing through Tobolsk (Tyumen -

Tobolsk - Surgut - Novy Urengoy), the importance of Tobolsk increased again. The largest petrochemical plant was built here. Shipbuilding and ship repair, production of building materials, furniture, light and food industries have been developed.
Tobolsk is a large and promising tourist center (many valuable monuments of history and architecture).
The Tyumen Region includes the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug (territory 523.1 thousand km2, population 1384 thousand people, the share of the urban population in it is 91.1%). It includes those that have received great development since the 60-90s of the XX century. industrial units of the Middle Ob region, specializing in oil production, partly gas, production of building materials, timber and wood processing industries. Oil production in 1998 amounted to 167 million tons, gas - 19 billion m3.
On the basis of the oil and gas and partly timber industry, several groups of cities and towns have developed.
In the central and eastern parts of the Middle Ob region, along the Tyumen - Tobolsk - Novy Urengoy railway, four such groups have developed: the Surgut group - the cities of Surgut and Lyantor, the villages of Fedorovsky, Barsovo, Bely Yar. The main enterprises are Surgutneftegaz, associated gas processing enterprises, state district power plants, construction industry enterprises (including housing construction), food industry (including fish canning) industry.
Surgut is one of the oldest cities in Siberia. It was founded in 1594, but then for a long time it did not have significant significance and even lost its city status twice (in 1804-1867 and 1926-1965). Currently, after Tyumen in terms of population (278.4 thousand inhabitants) and industrial importance, the city of the Tyumen region. Nizhnevartovsk group - Nizhnevartovsk (238.9 thousand inhabitants), Megion (50.0 thousand), Langepas (40.3 thousand), Rainbow (46.1 thousand), Pokachi (14.5 thousand inhabitants) and etc. The main enterprises are Nizhnevartovskneftegaz, Megionneftegaz, Langepasneftegaz (one of the leading enterprises of the Lukoil company), Sibneftegazpererabotka (gas processing plants), etc.
The city of Nizhnevartovsk, which grew in connection with the discovery in the early 60s of the XX century. and the development of large oil fields, including the largest Samotlor, currently the third largest in terms of population in the Tyumen region. The oil pipelines Samotlor - Almetyevsk, Samotlor - Samara, Samotlor - Alexandrovskoye originate here. Nefteyugansk group (south of Surgut, on the left bank of the Ob river) - the city of Nefteyugansk (98.1 thousand inhabitants; arose on the site of the village of Ust-Balyk on the bank of the Ob channel of the Yuganskaya Ob river, 42 km from the station Ostrovnaya on the iron road Tobolsk - Surgut), Pyt-Yakh (42.3 thousand inhabitants), the village of Poikovsky and others. The main enterprise is Yuganskneftegaz. The Ust-Balyk - Omsk oil pipelines and the Ust-Balyk - Tobolsk oil pipeline originate here.
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Kogalym group - the city of Kogalym (55.2 thousand inhabitants). The main enterprise is Kogalymneftegaz* (oil company Lukoil).
In the western part of the region, groups of settlements were also formed: Yugorskaya - the cities of Yugorsk (30,000 inhabitants), Nyagan (65.8 thousand inhabitants), Sovetsky (22.2 thousand inhabitants), the settlements of Agirish, Zelenoborsk, Communist, Taezhny, Priobye, Andra, Oktyabrsky, etc. The group was formed on the basis of enterprises of the woodworking industry and oil production, located along the Ivdel-Ob railway. The Igrim-Berezovskaya group - the city of Beloyarsky (18.2 thousand inhabitants), the settlements of Igrim, Berezovo, etc. It formed along the banks of the Ob, Severnaya Sosva, Malaya Sosva, Kazym rivers on the basis of woodworking enterprises and those involved in gas transportation. Kondinsky group - Mr. Uray (39.7 thousand inhabitants), the villages of Shaim, Lugovoi, Mezhdurechensky, Mortka, Kuminsky, Kondinsky. It was formed on the basis of oil production in the valley of the river. Konda, as well as timber and woodworking enterprises along the railway to Tavda. The Shaim oil field is one of the first to be discovered in Western Siberia. The oil pipeline Shaim - Tyumen originates here.
In the central part of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug on the river. The Ob is located in its center, Khanty-Mansiysk (38.2 thousand inhabitants), connected with the main oil-producing regions of the Okrug by road, river and air transport and remote from them by 250-400 km.
The Tyumen Region also includes the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (territory 750.3 thousand km2, population 506.8 thousand people, including urban - 419.6 thousand people, or 82.8%). It includes industrial hubs that have been formed in recent decades on the basis of gas production and, to a lesser extent, oil. Although Russian people came here back in the 17th century. (here on the river Taza was located the famous Mangazeya - trade port and customs, through which there was a trade in furs), the region until recently remained poorly developed.
The discovery of huge reserves of gas (about 6 trillion m3) and oil (1 billion tons, including gas condensate) caused an intensive industrial development of the region. In terms of gas and gas condensate reserves, the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug surpasses Canada, Great Britain, Algeria, Mexico and the Netherlands combined. Despite the more difficult natural conditions in the subarctic and arctic zones, gas and oil production in the region is growing. In 1998, 523 billion m3 of gas and 30 million tons of oil and gas condensate were produced here. Powerful gas pipelines have been laid to the European part of Russia and Western Europe. The main enterprises are part of the Gazprom concern.
Groups of cities and towns were formed: the Salekhard group - the cities of Salekhard (32.1 thousand inhabitants; the administrative center of the district) and Labytnangi (27.8 thousand inhabitants; located on the left bank of the Ob River at the junction of the Pechersk railway coming from Vorkuta ), the village of Kharp. The group was formed on the basis of administrative and transport functions. From the city of Labytnangi, a railway is being built to the Yamal Peninsula. The Nadym group - the city of Nadym (47.1 thousand inhabitants), the villages of Stary Nadym, Pangody, Zapolyarny. The group was formed on the basis of the largest Medvezhye and Yubileynoye gas fields. The main enterprise is Nadymgazprom. The Novo-Urengoyskaya group - the city of Novy Urengoy (101.7 thousand inhabitants), the settlements of Urengoy, Korotchaevo, Limbyakha, Yagelskaya, Yamburg, Tazovsky, etc. This is the most powerful center of the gas industry in the Tyumen North, producing about 74% of Russian gas (enterprises "Urengoygazprom", "Yamburggazodobycha", etc.). A railway line was laid from Novy Urengoy to Yamburg for the development of the Yamburg gas condensate field (condensate is delivered to Novy Urengoy for processing along a 230 km route). An export gas pipeline is being built from Yamburg. Noyabrsk group - the cities of Noyabrsk (106.8 thousand inhabitants), Muravlenko (37.0 thousand inhabitants), st. Khanymey and others. The vase enterprise -¦ Noyabrskneftegaz (oil company Sibneft) includes the oil producing enterprises Kholmogorneft, Zapolyarneft (nose Vyngapurovsky), Muravlenkovskneft and Sutorminskneft (Muravlenko). In Muravlenko, nos. Vyngapur and the city of Noyabrsk operate gas processing plants based on associated petroleum gas. There are also food and light industry enterprises in Noyabrsk. Gubkinsky group - the city of Gubkinsky (18.7 thousand inhabitants; received the status of a city in 1996), the villages of Kharampur, Barsukovsky and others. The main enterprise is Purneftegaz (Rosneft company),
Unlike the Novo-Urengoysky and Nadymsky industrial hubs, which specialize in gas production, the Noyabrsky and Gubkinsky industrial hubs specialize in oil production and associated petroleum gas processing.
Important tasks for the further development of the region are the promotion of gas and oil production to the northern regions with more severe conditions, but highly efficient deposits; improving the technology of gas and oil production and reducing their cost at developed fields; significant reduction in the complexity of technological processes; optimization of the settlement system (apparently, it will not be necessary to build new base cities: it is necessary to improve the use of rotational and rotational-expeditionary methods of exploitation of deposits, choosing in each specific case the most appropriate proportions of the use of these methods, the advantages and disadvantages of which in the conditions of the Siberian North have already manifested themselves clear enough). An important problem is the further transport development of the region; in addition to laying roads to the north, it is necessary to consider the possibility of restoring the latitudinal railway Labytnangi - Nadym - Novy Urengoy, and then continuing it to Igarka and Norilsk.
Kuznetsk-Altai subdistrict
. - - : - I .
Republic of Altai, Altai Territory, Kemerovo and Novosibirsk Regions
In the subregion, the following sectoral and adequate EPC-complexes are of primary importance: fuel and energy, pyrometallurgical ferrous and non-ferrous metals, coal-energy-chemical, machine-building, forest-energy-chemical, agro-industrial and industrial-construction.
The fuel and energy complex includes a system of enterprises producing thermal coal and several powerful thermal power plants. Hydroelectric power plants have also entered the energy system of Kuzbass, but their importance is small compared to thermal power plants. During the development of the Itatsky brown coal deposit, a group of thermal power plants can be created, the largest of which will have a capacity of 6.4 million kW. Thermal power engineering can also develop on the natural gas of the Ob-Irtysh region.
The pyrometallurgical complex of ferrous metals is represented by all stages - from the extraction of ores, their enrichment to the production of iron, steel and rolled products. Enterprises of the basic stages - coal mining (for coke charge) and ore mining. The coal industry of Kuzbass determined the formation of the remaining links in the economy of the subdistrict. The iron ore industry created in Gornaya Shoria does not meet the needs of the metallurgical redistribution; metallurgical plants receive iron ore concentrates from other regions; Kuznetsk - from Khakassia, West Siberian - from the Angara-Ilimsk basin, etc. All stages of the metallurgical redistribution are concentrated at the Kuznetsk and West Siberian metallurgical plants; The Guryev Processing Plant and the Novosibirsk Sheet Rolling Plant produce steel and rolled products. Further development of the complex can be based not only on increasing the capacity of existing enterprises, but also on the creation of new ones, as well as on expanding the range of rolled products.
The main enterprises of the coal-energy and chemical complex are concentrated in the Kuznetsk junction. These are the coking plant, the Novokemerovo chemical plant, the Karbolit (nitrogen-fertilizer), aniline dye, and kapron yarn plants. A new center of coke chemistry has emerged in the Altai Territory, and the production of nitrogen fertilizers is also developing here. Synthetic fiber is supplied to the textile enterprises of Barnaul, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk and Omsk, part of this raw material is exported.
The complex of electrically intensive enterprises is represented by an aluminum and ferroalloy plant in Novokuznetsk and a zinc plant in Belov.
A large machine-building complex arose in the Kuznetsk-Altai subregion due to the growth of coal mining in it, the creation of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. Favorable factors in this case were the proximity of the main agricultural bases of Siberia and a convenient transport and geographical position on the transit railway lines. Novosibirsk is the largest machine-building center in Western Siberia. Aircraft, machine tool building, energy, agricultural, transport engineering and the production of equipment for the mining, light and food industries are concentrated here. In Kuzbass, two machine-building clusters can be distinguished: northern (Kemerovo, Topki, Yurga, Leninsk-Kuznetsky, Anzhero-Sudzhensk) and southern (Novokuznetsk, Prokopyevsk, Kiselevsk). Both are specialized mainly in the production of machines and equipment for the coal industry (tuning machines, drilling rigs, electric motors, mine cars, scraper winches, mechanisms for hydraulic mines, etc.). Significant engineering centers have become Barnaul (boiler building, mining equipment, means of transport), Rubtsovsk (agricultural engineering), Biysk (boiler building).
The forest-energy-chemical complex is represented so far mainly by enterprises for the harvesting of wood and its mechanical processing, which are located throughout the sub-region. Deep chemical processing of wood has not yet been developed. The collection and primary processing of resin, the production of coniferous-vitamin flour is one of the directions for the integrated use of forest resources: resin is processed in Barnaul at a rosin-turpentine plant and in Novosibirsk to obtain medical camphor. Large sawmilling centers are located in Biysk, Mogoch, Ket, Novosibirsk, Novokuznetsk and Prokopyevsk. There is a production of matches in Barnaul and Biysk.
The agro-industrial complex in the Kuznetsk-Altai subdistrict is more developed than in the Ob-Irgysh subdistrict. In harvest years, the subdistrict provides half of the state grain supplies to Siberia. In the strip of steppes and forest-steppes, sunflower and sugar beets are grown (the latter - only in the foothills of Altai), in the northern subtaiga zone - fiber flax. Cattle are bred everywhere, but most of all in the forest-steppe and steppe regions. Fine-fleeced sheep breeding is confined to the steppe zone, and semi-fine-fleeced to the forest-steppe and Altai. The system of enterprises for the production of milk and dairy products (butter, high-quality cheese) is widely developed, especially in the Altai Territory. Meat processing plants are located mainly in large cities - Novosibirsk, Barnaul, Kemerovo, Novokuznetsk, etc.
The powerful industrial and construction complex of the subdistrict is specialized in the construction of heavy industry facilities. The construction base for agricultural and civil construction is insufficient here. The main links of the complex are located in the cities of Kuzbass, Novosibirsk and Barnaul.
In the Kuznetsk-Altai subregion, territorial production complexes can be distinguished: Kuzbass (coal mining, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemistry, mechanical engineering), Novosibirsk and Barnaul (large engineering, chemical, light and food industries), West Altai (machine building, non-ferrous metallurgy and a set of agro-industrial productions) / Kuzbass TPK includes industrial nodes: Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo, Prokopyevsko-Kiselevskiy, Leninsk-Kuznetsko-Belovsky, Osinnikovo-Kaltansky, Myskovsko-Mezhdurecheyasky, Yurginsky, Tapggagolsky, etc.; Novosibirsk TPK - Novosibirsk, Berdsky, Toguchinsky, Iskitimsky; Barnaul TPK - Barnaul, Biysk, Kamensky-on-Ob, Zarinsky; West Altai TPK - Rubtsovsky and others.
The Republic of Altai (territory 92.6 thousand km2, population 203.1 thousand people, share of the urban population 25.0%) is the smallest subject of the Russian Federation in terms of territory and population within Western Siberia. Separated in 1991 from the Altai Territory.
The main sector of the republic's economy is animal husbandry. Industry (light, food, construction) is concentrated in the republican center of Gorno-Altaisk (50.6 thousand inhabitants). The Chemal hydroelectric power station operates in the village of Chemal. It is also known as a mountain climatic resort. Gold is mined in the villages of Maysk and Talon. b
Altai Territory (territory 169.1 thousand km2, population 2691 thousand people, the share of the urban population in it is 52.7%) is located in the southeastern part of Western Siberia. It occupies the flat territories of the Priobsky plateau and the Kulunda lowland and the foothills of the Salair Ridge and the Altai Mountains. Type of economy - agro-industrial. The region stands out for its large-scale production of grain, meat, milk, as well as sunflower, sugar beet, and flax.
Industrial hubs have developed in the region: Barnaul, which includes the regional center of Barnaul, as well as the city of Novoaltaisk (74.6 thousand inhabitants) with a car building plant and enterprises for the production of building materials, food industry and Zarinsk (53.7 thousand inhabitants ) with a large coking plant and food industry enterprises; Biysk - the city of Biysk (236.7 thousand inhabitants) with powerful enterprises of the chemical industry, mechanical engineering (boiler plant, Sibpribormash, etc.), food and light industry; Rubtsovsky - Rubtsovsk (163.9 thousand inhabitants) with Altayselmash factories, tractor, tractor electrical equipment, production of building materials, food and light industry enterprises.
Significant industrial and organizational and distribution centers of gravitating agricultural regions: the city of Kamen-on-Ob (43.7 thousand inhabitants) with food processing enterprises (meat-packing plant, etc.) and light industry; Slavgorod (34.6 thousand) with enterprises of mechanical engineering (production of forging and pressing equipment, a radio plant, etc.), chemical, food and light industries; Aleysk (31.1 thousand inhabitants) with food enterprises (sugar and butter and cheese factories, etc.) and light industry, etc.
In the foothills of Altai there are ancient centers of non-ferrous metallurgy, mining and enrichment of polymetallic ores - the cities of Zmeinogorek (12.9 thousand inhabitants) and Gornyak (16.3 thousand), as well as the famous resort town of Belokurikha (15.0 thousand inhabitants) .
Barnaul (650.0 thousand inhabitants) is the center of the region. The city has developed energy (boiler plant) and transport engineering, motor
construction (Altaidizel), radio industry, chemical industry (Khimvolokno, tire and rubber products plants, etc.) gt; light industry (melange and cotton mills) and food industry. An important university and cultural center of the region.
The Kemerovo region (area of ​​95.5 thousand km2, population of a thousand people, the share of the urban population in it is 86.8%) includes the Kuznetsk basin with the Kuznetsk Alatau bordering it (up to 2178 m high), the Salair Ridge and Mountain Shoria, and also flat territories of the West Siberian lowland (in the northern part of the region). The type of economy of the region is industrial-agrarian: along with a powerful coal and metallurgical complex, agriculture is predominantly of a suburban type, using relatively favorable natural conditions (“Siberian Ukraine”).
A feature of Kuzbass is not only the concentration of industry, but also the concentration here of the largest cluster of population and cities in Siberia.
Kuzbass is the largest industrial region of Russia east of the Urals. Less than 1% of the territory of Siberia is home to 13% of its population, including 15% of the urban population. In Kuzbass, one of the most urbanized regions of the country, an extensive complex system of industrial hubs and cities has emerged and is developing.
On the present stage this region retains its place among the regions of Siberia, favorable in terms of natural and economic conditions for priority development. Its fuel and raw materials, along with oil and gas of the West Siberian North, hydropower, ore, timber and coal resources of the Angara-Yenisei basin, Norilsk nickel and Yakut diamonds, are among the most important and cost-effective resources of Siberia. Its world's largest resources of high-quality coal are combined with favorable climatic and soil and plant conditions, significant water resources, and large reserve areas for industrial and urban development. An equally important reserve for the development of industry is the availability of industrial and communal funds, building bases, and especially labor resources.
The coal industry serves as the “core” around which all other links of the economic complex are formed (ferrous metallurgy, chemical industry, electric power industry, production of aluminum and ferroalloys, production of mining equipment and electrical products, light and food industries). Significant opportunities are associated with the development of mining of high-quality coking coal, as well as thermal coal by cheap open pit and hydro mining.
Kuzbass faces important problems of increasing the technical level of coal production, reducing its cost, and significantly increasing labor productivity. None of the major coal regions of the world is located so far from the most important centers of consumption and export ports (Kuzbass is located next to Tyva, the world record holder
distance from the nearest sea). Therefore, in order to increase the efficiency of coal mining, it will be necessary to reduce redundant jobs, close unpromising mines and cuts, no matter how painful these measures are, and also pursue a rational tariff policy.
At the same time, it is necessary to reconstruct the entire industrial complex of Kuzbass with the development here (as workers are released from the coal industry) of the upper floors of the industrial complex - highly qualified mechanical engineering, electronics, production of final products based on chemistry, etc. For this, there are all the necessary prerequisites (infrastructure, qualified labor resources, research and design institutes, universities, etc.).
In the Kemerovo region, a system of industrial hubs and cities has developed:
in the Northern Kuzbass, this is the Kemerovo industrial hub, which includes the city of Kemerovo (533.7 thousand inhabitants), the new coal industry center of Berezovsky (56.3 thousand) and the transport hub and building materials production center of Topki (33.0 thousand . inhabitants); Yurginsky - a large engineering center in the city of Yurga (86.8 thousand inhabitants); Anzhero-Sudzhensky - the oldest coal-mining center of Anzhero-Sudzhensk (100.9 thousand inhabitants);
in the Central Kuzbass - Leninsk-Kuznetsko-Belovsky industrial hub, including the city of Leninsk-Kuznetsky (115.0 thousand inhabitants) - the center of the coal industry, mechanical engineering (plants for electric lamps, Kuzbasselement, mine fire equipment), light (worsted and cloth combine, clothing, shoe factories) and the food industry; Belovo (167.9 thousand inhabitants) - the center of the coal industry, non-ferrous metallurgy (zinc plant), mechanical engineering (Sibalcom * and others), light and food industries; Guryevsk (28.8 thousand inhabitants) - the oldest metallurgical center (convertible metallurgy), production of cement, mineral paints, etc.;
in the Southern Kuzbass - the Novokuznetsk industrial hub, including the city of Novokuznetsk (579.8 thousand inhabitants) - a large center of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy (Kuznetsk and West Siberian metallurgical plants, ferroalloy plants, aluminum), coal industry, production of building materials and structures , light and food industries; Prokopyevsk-Kiselevsk industrial hub - the cities of Prokopyevsk (237.9 thousand inhabitants) and Kiselevsk (116.5 thousand inhabitants) - centers of the coal industry, mechanical engineering (Electromashina plants, mine automation, bearing, food engineering, etc.). in Prokopievsk, coal engineering, metal structures and mining machines in Kiselevsk), light industry, food industry, production of building materials; Myskovsko-Mezhdurechensky industrial hub - the cities of Mezhdurechensk (104.6 thousand inhabitants) - the center for the extraction of high-quality coking coal and Myski (45.2 thousand inhabitants) - the center of the electric power industry (Tom-Usinskaya GRES), the coal industry and the production of building materials; Osinnikovsko-Kaltansky industrial hub - the city of Osinniki (58.7 thousand inhabitants) -
the center of the coal industry and Kaltan (25.8 thousand inhabitants) - the center of the electric power industry (South-Kuzbass State District Power Plant), coal mining, mechanical engineering, and the production of building materials.
Outside the Kuzbass proper, in the Kemerovo region, there are: in the south - Gornaya Shoria (Tashtagol industrial hub and settlements based on the Tashtagol, I1eregeshevsky, Temirtau, Shalymsky, Kazsky, Sukharinsky iron ore deposits, etc.); in the northwest - the mentioned Yurginsky industrial hub, the city of Taiga (25.5 thousand inhabitants) - a transport hub at the branch of the Main Siberian Railway line to Tomsk,
urban settlement Yashkino (15.2 thousand inhabitants) - a center for the production of cement, large-panel housing construction, etc.; in the northeast - the city of Mariinsk (38.7 thousand inhabitants) and the village of Tyazhinskiy (12.8 thousand inhabitants) - significant centers of food and light industry and woodworking.
Kemerovo is the administrative and cultural center of the region, the center of the chemical industry (plants "Azot", "Khimprom", "Karbolit", "Khimvolokno", a coke plant specializing in the production of mineral fertilizers, chemical resins, plastics, dyes, etc.), chemical mechanical engineering, electrical engineering (Kuzbass lektromotor, etc.), light and food industries, production of building materials. Institutes of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, design and scientific institutes and organizations operate in the city.
Novosibirsk region (territory 178.2 thousand km2, population thousand people, the share of the urban population in it is 74.0%) is located in the southeast West Siberian Plain in the zones of the southern taiga and forest-steppe. The type of economy is industrial-agrarian with a powerful Novosibirsk industrial hub and large-scale grain and livestock farming. In addition to Novosibirsk, significant industrial centers are Berdsk (86.3 thousand inhabitants), Iskitim (68.3 thousand), Kuibyshev (52.4 thousand), as well as Barabinsk (32.4 thousand), Tatarsk (28 .2 thousand), Karasuk (30.8 thousand), Toguchin (23.5 thousand inhabitants), etc.
Novosibirsk (1402.1 thousand inhabitants) is the fourth most populous city in the country (after Moscow, St. Nizhny Novgorod), the largest city in Siberia. It arose in 1893 in connection with the construction of a railway bridge across the river. Ob during the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway (under the name first Gusevka, then New Village, Aleksandrovsky, Novonikolaevsky, since 1903 - Novonikolaevsk, since 1925 - Novosibirsk). Located at the "gates" of Siberia, at the intersection of the Main Siberian Highway with
R. Ob and branches of railway lines to Kuzbass and through Altai to Central Asia The city grew at an astonishing rate. A new impetus to the development of the city was given during the Great Patriotic War evacuation to it of many factories, theaters, institutes. In the 60s of the XX century. The Siberian branch of the Academy of Sciences was created here.
Modern Novosibirsk is the largest center of mechanical engineering: aircraft industry (Chkalov plant), machine tool industry (led by the Tyazhstankogidropress plant), energy industry (Sibelektrotyazhmash, electrothermal equipment, etc.), agricultural industry (Sibsel-
mat"), radio electronics, instrumentation, production of communications. It also developed enterprises for the production of apparatus and equipment, fuel energy assemblies for the nuclear industry, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy (¦ Novoebprokat *, a tin plant, an electrode plant), the chemical and pharmaceutical industry, the production of building materials, the fish and food industries.
Academgorodok was built near Novosibirsk. Institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk University, institutes of the Academies of Medical and Agricultural Sciences are located on the banks of the Ob reservoir. There are many other universities, scientific institutions, and design institutes in Novosibirsk. The Novosibirsk Opera and Ballet Theater is one of the best in the country, and its hall is the largest in Russia.

From 1992 to 1996 I worked at the Akilovsky basic school in the Kochevsky district of the Perm region. This educational institution was declared an experimental site on the topic “Block-laboratory system based on immersion in the subject”. In 1997, I changed my place of residence, but the nostalgia for experimental work remained and I continued to work in this direction, already at another school. The structure and principles of building a lesson have been preserved. The training session is distinguished by a clear organization, a high level of independence and self-organization of students, and differentiation of the educational process. I offer one of the developments of such a lesson.

Geography lesson in grade 9
developed by a geography teacher of the first qualification category MOU
“PSOSH №2” Khuranova S.E.

Textbook Rom V.Ya., Dronov V.P. “Geography of Russia. Population and economy”.

Lesson topic	Western Siberia
The purpose of the lesson	Organize work on the assimilation of features geographical location, resource base, population and economic specialization of Western Siberia. Learn to establish relationships, highlight the main problems, predict results. Bring up careful attitude to the nature of their region, its natural resource potential.
Main content	Statistical data. Features of the geographical location. Specificity natural conditions and resources. TPK of Western Siberia and their specialization. Problems and prospects of development.
Geonomenclature	Large industrial hubs - Kuzbass, Novosibirsk, Nizhnevartovsk, Surgut, Tyumen, Barnaul. Cities - Tomsk, Kemerovo, Novokuznetsk, Gorno-Altaisk. Technopolises - Tomsk, Novosibirsk, Omsk. Oil concerns - Lukoil, Yukos, Surgutneftegaz.
Leading Concepts	PTK, TPK, metallurgical base, branch of specialization, technology.
Equipment	Physical map of Western Siberia; atlases - grade 9, YNAO; symbol table; signal cards; album sheets; markers; LOK cards; contour maps
Working with a contour map	Apply TPK of Western Siberia (according to Fig. 77 of the textbook). Apply industrial nodes with an indication of their specialization and the nature of the relationship.
textbook material.	x 64 p.300, 307 – 315

During the classes.

1. Teacher's lecture

(20 minutes, based on the LOC written on the board and on student cards).

Composition: Tyumen, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Kemerovo regions, Altai Territory, rep. Altai, YNAO, KhMAO

G-D prom + resources oil-70%, 1/3 swamps c.coal-30% term. water	Z-Sib plant in Novokuznetsk Ferroalloy plant in Novokuznetsk	Zn - Belovo; Sn, Novosibirsk; Al -Novokuznetsk	Metallurgical VPK- Omsk, Novosibirsk En. Machine Rocket Tractor Aircraft Agricultural machinery	HPP-Novosibirsk
Fertilizers - Barnaul, Tobolsk Plastics, dyes - Omsk, Tomsk Petrochemistry	Yar. wheat, grain - 20% m, m-m livestock, deer-in bees-in	mechanical revised wood prevails Wood chemistry	2 TPK: a) Kuznetsk-Altai Coal, CM b) West Siberian Oil Gas

2. Self-immersion

(20 minutes, on assignments from the board).

2) Compose a story (based on LOK) about the economy of Western Siberia.

3) To characterize the TPK of Western Siberia according to the plan:

1. Geographic location.

2. Natural conditions and resources.

3. Specialization of TPK.

4. Problems and prospects of development.

• 1st option - Kuznetsk-Altai coal and metallurgical TPK;
• Option 2 - West Siberian Oil and Gas Chemical TPK)
.

4) Additional tasks (at the choice of students) of a problem-search nature:

• prove that Western Siberia stands out for its powerful economy;
• formulate the problems facing the West Siberian petrochemical complex;
• make an advertising brochure in the drawings of the West Siberian economic region.

3. Workshop

.(20 minutes, checking self-immersion tasks).

1) A story about Western Siberia (based on LOK).

2) Characteristics of the West Siberian and Kuznetsk-Altai TPK according to the plan.

3) Checking the performance of additional tasks of a problem-search nature (at the choice of the teacher).

• Evidence that a powerful economy has developed in Western Siberia:

1. diversified economy;
2. Developed scientific base;
3. This is the main oil and gas and coal base of the country;
4. Large metallurgical base;
5. Area of ​​developed grain farming.

• Problems of the West Siberian TPK:

a) insufficient development of the oil and gas processing industry;

c) insufficient development of the chemical industry;

With) environmental problems;

d) problems of the peoples of the Far North;

f) lack of labor resources;

f) insufficient development of social infrastructure.

• Exhibition of brochures.

4) The game “Do you believe - do not believe?”

Students have flashcards. The teacher asks a question and reads the answers. Students raise the required card: “I BELIEVE” - white, “I DON'T BELIEVE” - black.

1 question. What are the main features of the EGP and FGP of the West Siberian region:

• large area °
• remoteness from the central regions °
• proximity to the Ural region°
• good transport network
·
• access to the seas of the Arctic Ocean °
• favorable natural conditions ·
• rich natural resources°
• the main territory of the region has a flat relief °
• borders with Kazakhstan and Mongolia.

2 question. What resources are rich in the Kuznetsk-Altai TPK?

Question 3. What branches of specialization have been formed in the West Siberian TPK?

4 question. What branches of mechanical engineering are developed in Western Siberia?

• severe°
• exact°
• agricultural°
• automotive ·

CONCLUSION. The main economic function of Western Siberia is the supply of oil and gas to the European part of the country. The role of coal has recently been declining.

4. Offset.(20 minutes)

Assignments are given in ascending order from option A to B. Students must complete assignments starting from level A.

Level A - corresponds to the mark "3", a test that determines the minimum a basic level of on this topic.

Level B - corresponds to the grade "4", includes the leading concepts on the topic.

Level B - corresponds to the grade "5", complicated and creative tasks.

2.Set match:

3. Match:

4. In Western Siberia, the zone of the North occupies:

1. Most of the territory;
2. Approximately half;
3. The smaller part.

5. Of the resources of Western Siberia, the most important for the country are:

1. Forest;
2. Fuel and energy;
3. Ore.

6. A complex of structural materials is developed in Western Siberia:

1. In the north;
2. On South.

7. Set match:

8. The economy of Western Siberia mainly uses resources:

1. Own;
2. Imported.

B. Explain concepts.

B. Creative tasks of the choice of students.

1. Draw a diagram of the Siberian metallurgical base.

2. There is such a song among the peoples of the Mansi:

We will leave, we will leave the earth,
Not to be born again
And on fast horse-skis
Do not slide after sables.
Our boats are like graves
On the sands they rot sadly,
And in the deserted villages
Only mice will live.

What problem of the indigenous people of the North is mentioned in the poem?

What other problems of the indigenous population would you add? Suggest ways to solve these problems.

5. The result of the lesson.

6. Homework.

§ 64.

Consider problems and prepare for discussion (1st group - p.311, 2nd group - p.314).

Apply nomenclature to contour map and learn.

Note: The material is designed for 2 paired lessons.

Application

Agriculture

The agriculture of Western Siberia is characterized by the production of grain, industrial crops, vegetables, potatoes, as well as the development of dairy and meat cattle breeding, sheep breeding and reindeer breeding. Of the cereals, the main crops are wheat, rye, barley and oats. To increase the productivity and sustainability of agriculture, work is underway to drain the lands of the Baraba forest-steppe and irrigate the lands in the Kulunda steppe. Aleiskaya and Kulunda irrigation systems were created. In addition to the areas of animal husbandry traditional for Western Siberia, horses, sarlyk yaks, deer and sika deer are bred in the Altai Mountains. Camel breeding is practiced in the south of Western Siberia.

Transport and economic relations

The transport routes of Western Siberia are characterized by high traffic density. In addition to the main Siberian railway line, the South Siberian Railway was built, which played an important role in the development of the production forces of Kuzbass and Altai. A number of lines departed from it in the northern and southern directions. The railway was built: Irtysh - Karasuk - Stone on the Ob - Altai. The new railway line is: Tyumen - Tobolsk - Surgut - Nizhnevartovsk - Urengoy. To a large extent, inter-district and intra-district transportation of goods in Western Siberia is carried out along the rivers of the Ob-Irtysh basin. Particularly widespread in Western Siberia were pipeline transport and power lines. Great importance has a motor road - the Chuisky tract, providing connections with Mongolia. Air transport is of great importance for passenger and cargo transportation, without which it is difficult to imagine the implementation of regular internal and external relations.

A feature of interregional relations is the predominance of exports over imports. The region exports oil, gas, coal, lumber, metal, non-ferrous metal ore concentrates, etc. Machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, and consumer goods are imported.

Intra-district differences

Kemerovo region has huge natural resources - high-quality coking coal, iron ores, various non-ferrous metal ores, building materials, forest resources. This is the first coal base in Russia and the second metallurgical base after the Urals. The leading sectors of the region's market specialization are coal mining, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, the chemical industry and metal-intensive engineering, especially the production of equipment for specialization industries. In the agriculture of the region, the leading role is played by agriculture, which specializes in the production of cereals, potatoes, vegetables, as well as developed dairy and meat livestock. the largest industrial center region is Kemerovo. Mechanical engineering and chemical industry are especially developed in the city. The second largest industrial center is Novokuznetsk, where one of Russia's largest Novokuznetsk Iron and Steel Works operates, and 30 km. from it is the West Siberian Metallurgical Plant. The coal mining centers are Prokopyevsk, Kiselevsk, Anzhero-Sudzhensk, Mezhdurechensk, Leninsk-Kuznetsky. The center of non-ferrous metallurgy is Belovo.

Tyumen region- Russia's main base for oil and gas production. It is also a large timber industry region. The main branches of market specialization are oil, gas, petrochemical - a large petrochemical complex has developed in Tobolsk. The branch of specialization is the timber industry. In agriculture, there are conditions for farming. Rye, spring wheat, oats, flax, potatoes and vegetables are cultivated. Animal husbandry is specialized in cattle breeding and sheep breeding, reindeer breeding is developed in the northern regions. A large industrial center is Tyumen, where mechanical engineering, woodworking, light food industry and especially petrochemistry are developed.

Cities with the main specialization in oil and gas have grown in the region - Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk, Nefteyugansk, Strezhevoy, Urengoy and others.

In the Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous region the most important branch of specialization is the oil and gas industry. Its centers are Ust-Balsk, Surgut. Shaim, Berezovo. The timber, fishing and fur trade industries are also developed. Reindeer herding and dairy farming occupy the most important place in agriculture. Vegetables and potatoes are grown in the suburbs. The center of the district is Khanty-Mansiysk.

Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug has unique gas resources, especially promising on the Yamal Peninsula and the Kara Sea continental shelf. The district is also rich in oil resources. The main branches of specialization are oil and gas production, fishing industry, fur trade, fur farming and reindeer husbandry. The center of the district is Salekhard.

Tomsk region it is also rich in natural resources - oil, gas, iron ores, various building materials, as well as forest resources with high-quality wood of such valuable tree species as spruce, pine, cedar and fir. River fishing and fur trade are developed. Agriculture specializes in the production of crops such as rye, spring wheat, oats, vegetables, and potatoes. Dairy livestock breeding is also developed. Tomsk is a large industrial center of the region. The city has developed engineering, metalworking, woodworking, chemical-pharmaceutical, rubber industry. The area is especially distinguished by a large petrochemical complex. In the city of Asin, the largest in Western Siberia, the Asinsk timber industry complex, was created.

Altai region is the largest agricultural base of Western Siberia and at the same time stands out for its developed industry, especially engineering, chemical industry, light and food. The mining industry, woodworking, and fur trade have been developed.

In agriculture, the leading place is occupied by agriculture. Spring wheat, sunflower, potatoes and vegetables are grown. Animal husbandry of the meat and wool direction is developed. The large center of the region is Barnaul. In this city, industries such as mechanical engineering, which produce boilers, motors, mechanical presses, etc., are developing. Chemical enterprises produce rubber products, viscose and nylon fibers, etc. The textile food industry has developed. The center of tractor building is Rubtsovsk. The food industry is also well developed here. The largest industrial center is Biysk - a center of mechanical engineering and a diverse food industry.

Altai Republic are characterized by the richest forest resources with valuable tree species (cedar, pine, spruce), non-ferrous metals, especially mercury. The leading sectors of the republic's specialization are fine-wool sheep breeding, fur trade, and the extraction of non-ferrous metals, especially mercury and gold. The only protected area for maral breeding in Russia has been created. Pantocrine is obtained from the antlers of maral deer. The Republic gives 60% of all antlers to the country. Agriculture is developing. They breed yaks and sarlyks. They grow gray bread, potatoes, vegetables. The center of the republic is the city of Gorno-Altaisk.

Novosibirsk region stands out primarily in such industries as mechanical engineering, mainly machine tool building and power engineering. Such industries as chemical, light industry, production of building materials are also developed. The region has a highly developed agriculture, which specializes in the production of spring wheat and dairy and meat livestock. The Siberian branch is located in Novosibirsk Russian Academy Sciences. Research multidisciplinary institutes are located in a specially built academic campus near Novosibirsk. The large center of the region and the largest city in terms of population is Novosibirsk. The city hosts a number of machine-building enterprises that produce generators for turbines, electric motors, metal-cutting machines, and various equipment. The metal is produced at the Kuzmin Metallurgical Plant. It produces sheet steel, electric-welded pipes.

Chemical industry enterprises located in the city produce plastics, household chemicals, and medicines. There are also enterprises in the textile, clothing, knitwear, footwear and food industries. In the cities of Berdsk, Iskitim, the production of building materials is developed, in Barabinsk and Kuibyshev - mechanical engineering and the food industry.

Omsk region specializes in the processing of oil coming through the pipeline from the Tyumen region, the chemical industry, mechanical engineering and the food industry. In agriculture, the region specializes in the cultivation of spring wheat, vegetables, potatoes, and dairy and meat animal husbandry.

Omsk is a large industrial center of the region. Just like Novosibirsk, Omsk is one of the largest cities in Russia. Mechanical engineering is developed in the city, which produces spare parts for tractors, cars and agricultural machines for eastern regions countries. Plants them. Kuibysheva and Omskselmash produce equipment for livestock breeding complexes and accessories for agricultural machinery. There is an oxygen engineering plant, the Omsk-gazoapparat plant produces equipment for gas facilities.

The chemical industry, in addition to the refinery, produces tires, carbon black, synthetic rubber, and fibers. The light and food industries have been developed.

According to the peculiarities of the economic and geographical position, the nature of natural conditions and resources, according to the originality historical development and specialization of the economy on the territory of the West Siberian economic region, two subdistricts can be distinguished - Kuznetsk-Altai and West Siberian. In the future, they can become independent large economic regions.

Kuznetsk-Altai subdistrict includes the Kemerovo, Novosibirsk regions, Altai Territory and the Republic of Altai. Although this subdistrict occupies less than 20% of the territory of Western Siberia, about 60% of the total population of the district lives in it. The Kuznetsk-Altai subregion stands out for its coal, metallurgical, chemical, machine-building industries, a developed agro-industrial complex, with a somewhat limited scale of logging.

The entire mining of non-ferrous metal ores, ferrous metal ores, all the production of coke, chemical fibers, the production of aluminum and ferroalloys, steam boilers, railway cars, and tractors is concentrated in the subregion. The metal-intensive machine building of Kusbass is largely focused on the needs of the coal and metallurgical industries, while the machine building of the Novosibirsk Region and the Altai Territory is mainly transport, energy, and agricultural. The food and light industry in Kuzbass is associated with the rational use of labor resources, especially female labor, while in the Altai Territory and Novosibirsk Region these industries are associated with the presence of an agricultural base and the need to build up industrial potential. Agriculture in the Kemerovo region is largely suburban in nature, while in the Novosibirsk region and the Altai Territory agriculture is inter-district in nature and is focused on the supply of agricultural products to other regions of the country. However, these internal differences of the subregion strengthen the economic unity of Kuzbass and Altai.

West Siberian subregion located within the Tyumen, Omsk, and Tomsk regions. With the exception of a strip along the Trans-Siberian Railway, its territory is the least developed part of Western Siberia. At the same time, due to the presence of large and highly efficient oil, gas, timber and water resources, the process of forming a large program-targeted West Siberian Territorial Production Complex (TPC) is proceeding at an accelerated pace. It is located in the north of the Tyumen and Tomsk regions, and its branches of market specialization are oil, gas, timber, fishing, reindeer breeding, and hunting. The southern part of this subregion has become the base zone of the centers of this TPK, in which the resources of the north are processed and the necessary industrial equipment and food products are manufactured for the TPK.

The West Siberian economic region has specific environmental problems associated with the distribution of productive forces, especially with the development of the oil, gas and coal industries in the region, which lead to serious environmental violations.

Particularly high sensitivity ecological systems north of Western Siberia to anthropogenic impact, the impact of transport, the destruction of reindeer pastures. All this reduces the productivity of the territory, therefore, such an organization of production is needed that would ensure the preservation of the environment.

In the context of the formation and development of market relations, the implementation of economic reforms, Western Siberia will retain its role as the country's largest fuel, energy and export base. The leading role is played by the gas, oil and coal industries. New forms of organization and ownership will make it possible in the coming years to stop the decline in production in these industries and bring them to active market activity. There is already experience of entering the market in Western Siberia. The state gas concern not only prevented a decline in production, but was also able to increase its capacity during the crisis in Russia. At present, the process of corporatization is also intensively going on in other industries, primarily in coal and oil. As the main factors for the further development of the economy of the West Siberian region is the situation in the world oil, gas and coal markets, as well as in the markets of the CIS countries.

The priority development of the fuel and energy complex in Western Siberia will require centralized capital investments from the federal budget and attraction of foreign investments in the development of new oil and gas fields, especially on the Yamal Peninsula.

The West Siberian Economic Region (ZSER) includes 9 federal subjects:

Altai Territory (Barnaul);

Regions: Kemerovo; Novosibirsk; Omsk; Tomsk;

Tyumenskaya;

Autonomous Okrugs: Khanty-Mansiysk - Yugra (Khanty-Manksiysk; Yamalo-Nenets (Salekhard);

Republic of Altai (Gorno-Altaisk).

West Siberian economic region occupies the space to the east of the Ural Mountains almost to the Yenisei. This is one of the largest economic regions in Russia.

Possessing the richest natural resources, the region has favorable conditions for economic development, but the peculiar natural and climatic conditions greatly complicate the situation.

Most of the area is occupied by West Siberian Plain. Located in the southeast of the Altai mountainous country - the highest part of Western Siberia (Belukha - 4506m). The nature of the Far North is significantly influenced by the Arctic Ocean.

The main river of the district- Ob- navigable throughout and flows into the Kara Sea. The river has many tributaries, many of them navigable. The rivers of the region serve as transport arteries and for water supply. The hydropower potential of the rivers is small (flat area). Waterlogging makes it extremely difficult to lay transport routes and develop oil and gas fields.

The West Siberian region is rich in various minerals. Huge reserves of oil and gas. The region accounts for more than 60% of Russian peat reserves. To the north of Altai is the Kuznetsk coal basin. (Kuzbass). In the south of the Kemerovo region (Gornaya Shoria) iron ores were mined, but they are already almost exhausted. The main reserves of iron ore are located in the Ob, in the Tomsk region. Mercury and gold were found in Altai.

In the foothills of Altai there is a resort Belokurikha with mineral springs and. Dense forests, fast-flowing rivers, famous teletskoye lake attract numerous tourists to Altai.

Population district - 16 million people, 2/3 of the population of the entire eastern (Asian) part of Russia lives here. The average population density is 6 people. per 1 km 2. It is placed very unevenly. The most densely populated strip along the Trans-Siberian railway and the Kemerovo region (33 people per 1 km 2). In the taiga, villages are found mainly along river valleys. In the Tomsk, Tyumen regions, in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, the population density is 2- 3 people per 1 km 2. Even more rarely, the population is located in the tundra (in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the population density is 0.6 people per 1 km 2).

Over 90% of the population Russians, quite a high proportion Ukrainians. Indigenous population of the northern regions entsy inhabit the Yamalo-Nenets a.o. Nationalities live in the middle reaches of the Ob Khanty and Mansi. The indigenous population of the mountains (south of Western Siberia) - peoples of the Turkic language group - Altaians, Shors, in the regions bordering with Kazakhstan, live Kazakhs.

As a result of the industrial development of the region, the proportion of the urban population increased (71%). The large cities of the West Siberian region are located mainly at the points where the railways cross navigable rivers. Particularly stand out Novosibirsk and Omsk ("city-millionaires"). Many cities have grown up in places of mining, timber processing and agricultural products. In the highly urbanized Kemerovo region (87%), cities are located mainly along the railway line.

AT last years increased markedly urban population in the Middle Ob and in the north of the region (the urbanization coefficient in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug is 91%). grew up here modern cities:

Nadym - on the basis of the Medvezhye oil field;

Urengoy - near the Urengoy gas field, etc. Western Siberia compares favorably with the availability of labor resources , as a favorable factor for economic development.

16.2. Economic specialization of the region.

Industries of specialization economy of Western Siberia are :

Fuel industry (extraction of oil, gas, coal);

Metallurgy;

Chemistry and petrochemistry;

mechanical engineering;

Grain farming.

Thanks to the large-scale development of natural resources, Western Siberia has become Russia's main base for oil and gas production, and in recent years the basis of the financial stability of the country. About 90% of all Russian gas and 70% of oil are produced in the West Siberian economic region.

The oil produced here is of high quality, and its prime cost is the lowest in the country. Oil and gas occur in loose sedimentary rocks at a depth of 700-3000 m.

The largest deposits oil, which, in turn, is the main source of income for all Russian exports are located in the Tyumen region: Samotlor; Ust-Balykskoye; Surgut.

On the basis of oil and gas, as well as the timber industry in Western Siberia, a West Siberian TPK (territorial production complex) of the petrochemical and woodworking industries.

Created in the south of Western Siberia Kuznetsk-Altai TPK . Specialization of TPK enterprises in the coal industry (Kuzbass) and metallurgy.

One of the problems of the TPK district- oil and gas fields are aging, production is declining, and the issue of disposal of commercial water from them becomes especially significant. For example, 1 million tons of product is extracted daily at Samotlor: 50 thousand tons is oil itself, and 950 thousand tons of “water with drops of oil” (in the words of I.I. Nesterov) is pumped back into the bowels. The most important task of researchers is to search for objects where water can be buried without harming the environment. In 2008 for the first time in Russia, a license was obtained for underground solid waste disposal. The task of scientists is the geological support of applications for obtaining a license.

At the same time, the oil and gas complex is not only the basis of the region's competitiveness, but also a source of risks for its development in the future. High degree dependence of the base sector on the global hydrocarbon price environment creates additional problems, since the sustainable socio-economic development of the region, first of all, northern territories also depends on external destabilizing factors. The south of the region is more resistant to market changes in the energy market, although for enterprises southern zone in the fuel and energy complex is a consumer of a significant part of the products, works performed and services rendered.

As international experience shows, in the future the main investors in the development of oil and gas chemistry will be large mining companies that organize successive chains of deep processing of hydrocarbons.

The largest gas fields: Urengoy; Bear; Yamburgskoye. A new branch of the Yamal-Europe gas pipeline is being laid

Kuzbass is a coal and metallurgical base of republican significance. Kuznetsk coal is consumed in Western Siberia, in the Urals, in the European part of Russia, Kazakhstan.

The main center of ferrous metallurgy- Novokuznetsk(ferroalloy plant and 2 complete metallurgical plants). The Kuznetsk Iron and Steel Works uses local ores from Gornaya Shoria.

Non-ferrous metallurgy It is represented by a zinc plant (Belove), an aluminum plant (Novokuznetsk), plants in Novosibirsk, where tin and alloys are produced from Far Eastern concentrates. A local deposit of nepheline has been developed - a raw material base for the aluminum industry.

mechanical engineering district serves the needs of all Siberia. In Kuzbass, metal-intensive mining and metallurgical equipment and machine tools are made. Heavy machine tools and hydraulic presses are produced in Novosibirsk, and there is also a turbogenerator plant.

The chemical industry is developing Coal coking base in Kuzbass produces: nitrogen fertilizers; synthetic dyes; medicines; plastics; tires.

In connection with the rapid development of oil and gas production in Western Siberia, the question of ecology of districts North of Russia. Oil gushing, pipeline failures lead to water pollution in rivers and lakes, and damage to fish resources. Forests are also affected by human activities. All these processes affect the decrease in the size of the territory where the indigenous population of Western Siberia can engage in hunting, fishing, and reindeer herding.

Agro-industrial complex. AT conditions for agriculture in the forest and tundra zone of the region are unfavorable, and leading role reindeer herding, fishing and fur trade play here. The south of Western Siberia (forest-steppe and steppe zone with chernozem soils) is one of the main grain regions of Russia. Cattle, sheep and poultry are also bred here. Creameries have been set up in the forest-steppe zone. Meat-packing plants, wool-washing factories - in the steppe. Goats and yaks are bred in Gorny Altai.

Transport. The Great Siberian Railway - Transsib was laid in late XIX- early XX centuries. Later, the South Siberian Railway was built, linking Kuzbass, Kazakhstan and Eastern Siberia, and a number of roads to the north were laid. Timber road Asino - Bely Yar was put into operation. built railways Tyumen - Tobolsk - Surgut, Surgut - Nizhnevartovsk.

Construction is very expensive in the area highways (features of construction in the area of ​​permafrost and wetlands).

Has a high rate of development pipeline transport. Oil pipelines have been built and are operating. From the extraction sites in the north of the region, gas pipelines were laid. From the Urengoy gas field, for example, 6 gas pipelines with a total length of more than 20 thousand km have been laid to the west, and new routes are being built.

test questions

1. What are the features of the district's EGP?

2. The main areas of specialization of the area?

3. Why is the issue of ecology acute in the area?

4. Agro-industrial complex of the region?

5. What are the features of the transport infrastructure of the area?