Presentation of the tripartite alliance. Entente Triple Alliance contradictions between the leading powers intensifying the struggle for spheres of influence. signing of the Anglo-French agreement

Presentation on the topic: Causes of the First World War. The beginning of the war between the Entente countries and the Triple Alliance

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Causes and reason for war Aggravation of contradictions between the leading states: - Anglo-German - in the economic sphere and in the colonial issue (in China and Africa); - Franco-German - in the territorial issue (Alsace and Lorraine), because of the colonies (in Africa), in the economic sphere; - Russia and Austria-Hungary - due to influence in the Balkans; - Russian-German - in the economic sphere.

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Causes and reason for war The reason for the war was the assassination on June 28, 1914 in Sarajevo G. The principle of the successor to the Austrian and Hungarian throne Ferdinand and the refusal of the Serbian government on July 25, 1914 to accept the terms of the Austrian ultimatum of July 23, 191.

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Military-strategic plans of the Entente Russia, in response to the demand of France, planned simultaneous military operations on two fronts - against Germany in East Prussia and against Austria-Hungary in Galicia. If Germany first attacked Russia, then the Russian-German front became the main one, if France, then the main blow was delivered to Austria-Hungary. The French “plan No. 17” provided for the French troops to go on the offensive against the Germans in the Verdun region (eastern France), but only in response to the enemy’s actions. England provided for a blockade of Germany by its fleet. Operations on land were not planned.

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The military-strategic plans of the Triple Alliance The German Schlieffen plan (which was adopted in 1905) provided for, in the event of a war on two fronts, the lightning defeat of France in 6-8 weeks, while the Russian army was being mobilized, and then the transfer of all forces to the east and the defeat of Russia The Austro-Hungarian plan provided for military operations against Russia and in the Balkans. Depending on Russia's actions, either a quick defeat of Serbia and a strategic defense against Russia, or a common defeat of Russia with Germany with an offensive defeat of Serbia was assumed.

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The beginning of hostilities in 1914 On July 28, 1914, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Russia, in order to contain Austria-Hungary, proclaimed mobilization on July 31. Germany used ts as a pretext for declaring war on Russia. On August 1, 1914, Germany declared war on Russia and began its own mobilization. This was the beginning of the First World War. On August 2, German troops entered the territory of a neutral state - Luxembourg (to ensure an offensive against Belgium and France). On August 3, 1914, Germany declared war on France. On August 4, 1914, German troops broke into Belgium, violating its internationally recognized neutrality. Taking advantage of this, Great Britain declared war on Germany on the same day. On August 6, 1914, Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia. A few days later, it was at war with other states of the Entente. On August 23, 1914, Japan declared war on Germany and seized its colonies in China. On October 29, 1914, without declaring war, German ships under the Turkish flag fired on the Russian Black Sea coast. November 1, 1914 Turkey declared war on Russia, on the 5th England, and on the 6th France. On November 12, Turkey declared a “holy war” (jihad) against England, France and Russia.

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The beginning of hostilities in 1914 In early August, in accordance with the Schlieffen plan, German troops went through the territory of Belgium to France, bypassing the French troops from the north (the so-called “sickle strikes”). The threat of the defeat of the French army and the fall of Paris forced the Russian command to throw the guards corps under the command of Samsonov and Renenkampf into East Prussia even before the end of the mobilization of troops. Saving the estates of the Prussian Junkers, the German command transferred part of the troops from France to the east, which defeated the Russian troops, but could not completely defeat them. This halted the pace of the German offensive in France. In August-September, a successful offensive of Russian troops began in Galicia, which led to the capture of Western Ukraine (Lviv, the siege of Przemysl) and access to the Carpathian passes before the end of the year. In September, when German troops approached Paris, the Battle of the Marne took place, in which the French managed to stop the advance of the Germans. The front has stabilized. Attempts to get around each other from the north (the so-called "run to the sea") caused the continuation of the front line up to 600 km. The exhaustion of the parties, the cost of ammunition led to the beginning of a "positional war" on the western front.

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The beginning of hostilities in 1914 In the Balkans, the Serbian army, taking advantage of the weakening of the Austro-Hungarian troops as a result of the “Galician operation”, launched a counteroffensive and liberated Belgrade on December 15, driving the enemy beyond the borders of Serbia. On the Caucasian front, which was formed after Turkey entered the war, Russian troops were Turkish attempts to seize Russian territories and the successful Sarikamish operation (December 22, 1914 - January 7, 1915) were reflected, which ended with the defeat of the Turkish 3rd Army. In Mesopathamia, British troops tried to take control of oil-bearing regions (Basra), and in Palestine they managed to stop the offensive of the Turkish troops in the direction of the Suez Canal. Japan, having entered the war, captured the German colonies in China and did not conduct further active operations. In Africa, the German troops, given the advantage of the Entente forces, switched to guerrilla warfare. Thus, in 1914 neither side was able to realize its strategic plans to defeat the enemy. The depletion of military supplies and the equivalent confrontation caused a transition to a positional war (primarily on the Western Front).

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Attention! The slide preview is for informational purposes only and may not represent the full extent of the presentation. If you are interested in this work, please download the full version.

The purpose of the lesson: Introduce students to the First World War.

Lesson objectives:

consolidate and expand knowledge about the international situation on the eve of the First World War, the events in Sarajevo, the causes and nature of the great war;
determine the reasons for Russia's entry into the First World War;
trace the relationship between the military operations of the Western and Eastern fronts;
continue the formation of the basic skills of students: work with the text of the textbook, analyze and summarize the factual material, establish a connection between historical events, draw conclusions, work with a historical map;
fostering a negative attitude towards war as a method of solving international issues.

Lesson type: learning new material.

Technical equipment: computer, screen, projector, presentation on the topic, map "The First World War of 1914-1915", map "Offensive of the South-Western Front June 4 - August 13, 1916 (Brusilov breakthrough)".

Pedagogical technology: ICT.

During the classes

World War I.(slide 1)

Lesson plan:(slide 2)

Causes of the war
Formation of two military blocs.
Reason for war.
War and Society.
The course of hostilities.
Results and consequences of the war.

If there is to be a war in Europe, it will start because of some terrible, absurd incident in the Balkans.
Otto von Bismarck.

I. Causes of the war.

With the uneven economic development of the capitalist countries, by the beginning of the 20th century, the countries of the “second echelon” begin to catch up with the countries of the “second echelon”. (slide 4)

The colonial possessions of the "first echelon" countries significantly exceeded the colonial possessions of the "second echelon" countries. (slide 5)

Colonial possessions

- Was the distribution of colonial possessions among the leading countries of the world even? (Answer: No).

The size of the colonial possessions was so uneven that the redistribution of the world between the capitalist powers became inevitable in the struggle of the young capitalist countries for their "place in the sun." The economic growth of young countries was hampered by the lack of sales markets, a contradiction was brewing between the country's economic potential and opportunities for further development.

II. Formation of two military blocs.

The confrontation between the major powers began with the creation of two military blocs.

Do you remember when the Triple Alliance was created? (Answer: 1879-1882). What countries were included? (Answer: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy).

- What military bloc was created in opposition to the Triple Alliance? (Answer: Entente). What countries were included? (Answer: England, France, Russia). What year? (Answer: 1907).

Students are introduced to two tables. (slide 6-7).

All these contradictions heated up the situation in Europe. Countries were preparing for a war, the inevitability of which they did not doubt.

III. Reason for war.

The Balkan Peninsula was called the “powder magazine of Europe” for a reason.

The reason for the war in 1914 was a shot in Sarajevo (Bosnia), which ended the life of the heir to the Austrian throne, Prince Franz Ferdinand. (slide 8) He arrived at the maneuvers of the Austrian troops arranged in Bosnia and Herzegovina on the border with Serbia, and was killed by Gavrilo Princip. Gavrilo Princip was a member of the anti-Austrian Serbian organization Narodna Odbrana. (slide 9).

Austria-Hungary presented an ultimatum to Serbia (slide 10), in which it demanded:

close all anti-Austrian organizations;
stop protests against the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina;
start an investigation into the assassination of the prince;
admit Austrian officials to the investigation;
introduce a limited contingent of Austrian troops into the territory of Serbia.

Serbia has traditionally turned to Russia for help. On the advice of Russia, Serbia accepted the ultimatum, with the exception of the last two points.

- Why did Serbia refuse to fulfill the last two points of the ultimatum? (Answer: If Serbia had fulfilled all the conditions of the ultimatum, it would have lost its sovereignty).

Austria declared war on Serbia. After the artillery shelling of Belgrade, Russia began a general mobilization, in response, Germany demanded that it be stopped. After Russia's refusal to stop mobilization, Germany declared war on it.

Why did England and France go to war? (Answer: England and France were allies of Russia).

IV. War and Society.

The outbreak of the First World War caused an explosion of patriotic feelings. Massive demonstrations were held in large cities under the slogan "War to a victorious end!" Some of them were accompanied by German pogroms. (slide 12).

From the memoirs of P.N. Milyukov(slide 13).

“How was the war of 1914 generally accepted in Russia?.. Of course, there was no shortage of manifestations of enthusiasm – and not only of the official kind – especially at the beginning… Workers’ strikes ceased for a while. Not to mention street and public demonstrations… But in general, the picture sketched by our poet – “the vitias are thundering” in the capitals, and “secular silence” reigns in the depths of Russia – this picture remained true. In the war of 1914 “secular silence” received a common formula in the expression: “we are Kalutsky”, that is, Wilhelm will not reach Kaluga ... ”(Milyukov P.N. Memoirs. T.1.M., 1990).

– How was the war of 1914 accepted in Russia? (Answer: Positively).

From the speech of the philosopher I.A. Ilyin.(slide 14)

“... Our real war with Germany is a war of spiritual defense and will remain so even if Russian troops enter the center of Germany and if the world annexes Polish and Slavic lands to Russia.”

(Ilyin I.A. Spiritual meaning of war. St. Petersburg, 1915).

- How did the philosopher I.A. Ilyin call the war? (Answer: spiritual and defensive).

From the newspaper "Russian Banner" (print organ of the Union of the Russian people).(slide 15)

(Cited in: The latest domestic history. XX-beginning of the XXI century / edited by E.I. Shchagin. Book 1. M., 2008).

- The newspaper "Russian Banner" from whom called for Russia to be liberated? (Answer: from a foreigner).

V. The course of hostilities.

In the history of the First World War, the following stages can be distinguished: (slide 16)

Stages of war	Main events
campaign of 1914	The military campaign did not bring decisive success to either side.
campaign of 1915	The defeat of the Russian army in a military campaign. Russia has lost Poland, part of the Baltic States, Belarus and Ukraine.
1916 campaign	The main military operations on the Western Front. May-June 1916 - "Brusilov breakthrough" on the South-Western Front against Austria-Hungary.
1917 campaign	The defeat of the Russian troops in the conditions of the revolution. Negotiations between the Bolsheviks and Germany for peace.
campaign of 1918	March 3, 1918 - Brest peace. November. The defeat of Germany and its allies from the Entente.

Students work with a historical map. (slide 17-18).

VI. Results and consequences of the war.

V.V. Putin: "Russia in the First World War lost to the losing country." (slide 19).

Germany occupied Poland, the Baltic States, part of Belarus.
The Russian army left Ukraine, Finland.
Kars and Batum went to Turkey.
Russia pledged to pay an indemnity - 6 billion rubles. stamps.

Cessation of hostilities.
Alsace and Lorraine are ceded to France.
Disarmament of German troops, internment of the fleet, confiscation of submarines.
Germany was losing ports and fleets on the Black Sea.
On June 28, 1919, the Treaty of Versailles was signed.

Consequences of the war for Russia:(slide 22).

Russia lost more than 4 million people killed and wounded in the war.
more than 2.3 million are missing.
collapse of the Romanov Empire.
economic crisis in the country.
political crisis.

IN AND. Lenin called the war "the best gift of the revolution." (slide 23)

Human losses during the fighting in the First World War.(slide 24).

Countries of the anti-German bloc	Losses(in thousand people)	CountriesGerman bloc	Losses(in thousand people)
Russia	1200	Germany	1473
France	898	Austria-Hungary	727
Great Britain	485	Turkey	250
Italy	381	Bulgaria	49
Romania	152
Serbia and Montenegro	140
USA	37
Belgium	32
British dominions and India	119
French colonies	48
Greece	9
Portugal	5
Japan	0,3
TOTAL:	3506,3	TOTAL:	2499

LISTS OF SOURCES:

Zainchkovsky A.M. World War I. SPb., 2002.
Ilyin I.A. Spiritual meaning of war. SPb., 1915.
Kudryashov S.A. August 14th, June 41st ...// Motherland, 2004 No. 9.
Milyukov P.N. Memories. T.1.M., 1990.
Shchagin E.I. Recent national history. XX - beginning of the XXI century. Book. 1. M., 2008.

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LESSON PLAN

2 Causes and reason for the war Military-strategic plans of the parties Commencement of hostilities in 1914

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Causes and reason for war

3 Exacerbation of contradictions between the leading states: - Anglo-German - in the economic sphere and in the colonial issue (in China and Africa); - Franco-German - in the territorial issue (Alsace and Lorraine), because of the colonies (in Africa), in the economic sphere; - Russia and Austria-Hungary - due to influence in the Balkans; - Russian-German - in the economic sphere.

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4 The arms race of the leading states led to the accumulation of military stocks. Germany, which had managed to carry out rearmament earlier, got a real chance for a military victory in the “lightning war”.

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5 The existence of military-political blocs - the Entente and the Triple Alliance gave rise to the aggressiveness of the countries participating in the alliances, since the strengthening of their military potential made them less compliant in critical situations.

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6 The reason for the war was the murder on June 28, 1914 in Sarajevo. The principle of the successor to the Austrian and Hungarian throne, Ferdinand, and the refusal of the Serbian government on July 25, 1914 to accept the terms of the Austrian ultimatum of July 23, 191.

Slide 7

7 VEL. BRITAIN FRANCE RUSSIAN EMPIRE 1904 1893 1902 ENTENTE FORMATION OF THE ENTENTE

Slide 8

Military-strategic plans of the Entente

8 Russia, at the request of France, planned simultaneous military operations on two fronts - against Germany in East Prussia and against Austria-Hungary in Galicia. If Germany first attacked Russia, then the Russian-German front became the main one, if France, then the main blow was delivered to Austria-Hungary. The French “plan No. 17” provided for the French troops to go on the offensive against the Germans in the Verdun region (eastern France), but only in response to enemy actions. England provided for the blockade of its fleet of Germany. Operations on land were not planned.

Slide 9

FORMATION OF THE TRIPOST UNION

9 GERMAN EMPIRE AUSTRIA-HUNGARIAN EMPIRE ITALY TRIPLE ALLIANCE 1882

Slide 10

Military strategic plans of the Triple Alliance

10 The German Schlieffen plan (which was adopted in 1905) provided for, in the event of a war on two fronts, the lightning defeat of France in 6-8 weeks, while the Russian army was being mobilized, and then the transfer of all forces to the east and the defeat of Russia. The Austro-Hungarian plan provided for military operations against Russia and in the Balkans. Depending on the actions of Russia, either a quick defeat of Serbia and a strategic defense against Russia, or a common defeat of Russia with Germany with an offensive defeat of Serbia, was assumed.

slide 11

Start of hostilities in 1914

11 July 28, 1914 Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Russia, in order to contain Austria-Hungary, proclaimed mobilization on July 31. Germany used ts as a pretext for declaring war on Russia. On August 1, 1914, Germany declared war on Russia and began its own mobilization. This was the beginning of World War I. On August 2, German troops entered the territory of a neutral state - Luxembourg (to ensure an offensive against Belgium and France). On August 3, 1914, Germany declared war on France. On August 4, 1914, German troops broke into the territory of Belgium, violating its internationally recognized neutrality. Taking advantage of this, Great Britain declared war on Germany on the same day. August 6, 1914 Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia. A few days later she found herself at war with other states of the Entente. On August 23, 1914, Japan declared war on Germany and seized its colonies in China. On October 29, 1914, without declaring war, German ships under the Turkish flag fired on the Russian Black Sea coast. On November 1, 1914, Russia declared war on Turkey, on the 5th England, and on the 6th France. On November 12, Turkey declared a “holy war” (jihad) against England, France and Russia.

slide 12

12  In early August, in accordance with the Schlieffen plan, the German troops went through the territory of Belgium to France, bypassing the French troops from the north (the so-called “sickle strikes”).  The threat of the defeat of the French army and the fall of Paris forced the Russian command to throw the guards corps under the command of Samsonov and Renenkampf to East Prussia, even before the end of the mobilization of troops. Saving the estates of the Prussian Junkers, the German command transferred part of the troops from France to the east, which defeated the Russian troops, but could not completely defeat them. This halted the pace of the German offensive in France.  In August-September, a successful offensive of Russian troops in Galicia began, which led to the capture of Western Ukraine (Lviv, the siege of Przemysl) and access to the Carpathian passes before the end of the year.  In September, when the German troops approached Paris, the Battle of the Marne took place, in which the French managed to stop the advance of the Germans. The front has stabilized. Attempts to get around each other from the north (the so-called "run to the sea") caused the continuation of the front line up to 600 km. The exhaustion of the parties, the cost of ammunition led to the beginning of a "positional war" on the western front.

slide 13

13 In the Balkans, the Serb army, taking advantage of the weakening of the Austro-Hungarian troops as a result of the “Galician operation”, launched a counteroffensive and on December 15 liberated Belgrade, driving the enemy out of Serbia. On the Caucasian front, which was formed after Turkey's entry into the war, the Russian troops repelled the attempts of the Turks to seize Russian territories and the successful Sarikamish operation (December 22, 1914 - January 7, 1915), which ended with the defeat of the Turkish 3rd Army. In Mesopathamia, British troops tried to take control of the oil-bearing regions (Basra), and in Palestine they managed to stop the advance of Turkish troops in the direction of the Suez Canal. Japan, having entered the war, seized the German colonies in China and did not conduct further active operations. In AfricaGerman troops, given the advantage of the forces of the Entente, switched to guerrilla warfare. Thus, in 1914 neither side was able to realize its strategic plans to defeat the enemy. The depletion of military supplies and the equivalent confrontation caused a transition to trench warfare (primarily on the Western Front).

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The First World War: the Triple Alliance and the Entente The work was done by students of the 9th grade of the MOU "Secondary School No. 4" Denis Kolomnikov and Alexey Churbanov

Triple Alliance TRIPLE ALLIANCE - a coalition of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy, which arose in 1882 and played a major role in unleashing the World War of 1914-18.

Having concluded an alliance with Austria-Hungary in 1879, Germany, in order to isolate France, energetically sought a new ally in Italy. Bismarck used the struggle for the capture of Tunisia in order to first, in order to isolate France, to quarrel with Italy, and then to force Italy to rapprochement not only with Germany, but also with Austria. Hungary.

In 1881 France occupied Tunisia. Bismarck reassured the Italian ambassador, but emphasized that "Italy can find the keys to the German doors only in Vienna." Having received this instruction, the Italian government took appropriate steps in Austria. As a result of negotiations on 20. V 1882 in Vienna, an alliance treaty was concluded between Germany and Austria. Hungary and Italy.

According to Art. 1, the parties to the treaty promised each other "peace and friendship", pledged not to take part in any alliances or obligations directed against one of them, to consult among themselves on "political and economic questions of a general nature" and to provide mutual support to the other "within the boundaries of their own interests."

According to Art. 2 Germany and Austria-Hungary pledged to render Italy "assistance and assistance with all their forces" in the event that she "would be attacked by France for any reason without a direct challenge from her side," and Italy pledged to do the same in the event unprovoked French attack on Germany. As for Austria-Hungary, it was exempted from rendering assistance to Germany against France - it was assigned the role of a reserve in case Russia entered the war, etc.

The Second Union Treaty of the Powers of T. s. was signed in Berlin on February 20, 1887. He confirmed all the provisions of the 1882 treaty and fixed its validity until May 30, 1892. At the same time, separate Italo-Austrian and Italo-German treaties were signed in Berlin, supplementing the obligations of the 1882 treaty.

The Italo-Austrian treaty obliged its participants to try to maintain the territorial status quo in the East. If, however, the preservation of this status quo in the Balkans, or on the Turkish coast, or on the islands of the Adriatic and Aegean seas would turn out to be impossible and the occupation of the named areas by Italy and Austria-Hungary would follow, then it was envisaged that “this occupation will follow only after a preliminary agreement between both named Powers, based on the principle of compensation for any territorial or other acquisition beyond the present status quo". The Italo-German treaty contained the same obligation to maintain the territorial status quo in the East, but left free rein for both sides in the Egyptian question.

For the third time, T.'s contract. was signed in Berlin on 6. V 1891. Its text repeated all the provisions of the agreement of 1882. In addition, according to Art. 9 of the 1891 treaty, Germany and Italy pledged to make efforts to maintain the territorial status quo in Cyrenaica, Tripolitania and Tunisia. It was further added: "It goes without saying that in the event of such a case, both powers will also try to enter into an agreement with England." The contract was concluded for 6 years.

The additional protocol attached to the treaty stated that, since it was possible to achieve in principle the accession of England to the provision of the treaty concerning the East, i.e., the territory of the Ottoman Empire, the contracting parties would make every effort "to achieve a similar accession with respect to the North African territories in central and western parts of the Mediterranean, including Morocco". However, hopes for an alliance with England did not come true. The British rejected repeated proposals for such an alliance by Chancellor Caprivi.

The fourth union treaty between Austria-Hungary, Germany and Italy was signed in Berlin on 28. VI 1902, fully reproduced the text of the previous, third union treaty, was concluded for the same 6-year period and with the same extension conditions. In a secret declaration communicated to the Italian government on June 30, 1902, the Austro-Hungarian government announced that it was striving to maintain the territorial status quo in the East, but would not do anything that could interfere with Italian actions dictated by its interests in Tripolitania and Cyrenaica.

Fifth agreement T. s. was signed in Vienna on December 5, 1912. The content of this treaty is identical to that of the treaties of 1891 and 1902. The treaty of 1912 was in the history of T. s. last; during the world war that began a year and a half later, Italy went over to the side of the Entente powers, and T. s. broke up.

Entente ANTANTA - an alliance of Great Britain, France and Russia; took shape in 1904-1907 and united during the First World War (1914-1918) against the coalition of the Central Powers more than 20 states (among them the USA, Japan, Italy). The formation of the Entente was preceded by the conclusion in 1891-1893 of the Russian-French alliance in response to the creation of the Triple Alliance (1882) led by Germany.

Russia and France were allies, bound by mutual military obligations, determined by the military convention of 1892 and subsequent decisions of the general staffs of both states. The British Government, despite contacts between the British and French General Staffs and the Naval Command established in 1906 and 1912 respectively, did not make any definite military commitments. The formation of the Entente softened the differences between its members, but did not eliminate them. In turn, the Entente countries, preparing for war with Germany, took steps to separate Italy and Austria. Hungary from the Triple Alliance.

After the outbreak of the First World War, in September 1914 in London between Great Britain, France and Russia an agreement was signed on the non-conclusion of a separate peace, replacing the allied military treaty. In October 1915, Japan joined this agreement, which in August 1914 declared war on Germany.

During the war, new states gradually joined the Entente. By the end of the war, the states of the anti-German coalition (not counting Russia, which withdrew from the war after the October Revolution) included Great Britain, France, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Haiti, Guatemala, Honduras, Greece, Italy, China, Cuba, Liberia, Nicaragua, Panama , Peru, Portugal, Romania, San Domingo, San Marino, Serbia, Siam, USA, Uruguay, Montenegro, Hijaz, Ecuador, Japan.

The main participants in the Entente - Great Britain, France and Russia, from the first days of the war entered into secret negotiations about the goals of the war. The British-French-Russian agreement (1915) provided for the passage of the Black Sea straits to Russia, the London Treaty (1915) between the Entente and Italy determined the territorial acquisitions of Italy at the expense of Austria-Hungary, Turkey and Albania. After the October Revolution, the Entente organized an armed intervention against Soviet Russia - on December 23, 1917, Great Britain and France signed a corresponding agreement. In March 1918, the Entente intervention began, but the campaigns against Soviet Russia ended in failure.

The goals that the Entente set for itself were achieved after the defeat of Germany in the First World War, but the strategic alliance between the leading countries of the Entente - Great Britain and France - was preserved in subsequent decades.