Presentation on the topic of the use of waves and currents. Energy resources of the world ocean. Currents of the Pacific Ocean
The idea of obtaining electricity from sea waves was outlined as early as 1935 by the Soviet scientist K.E. Tsiolkovsky.
AT The operation of wave power stations is based on the impact of waves on working bodies made in the form of floats, pendulums, blades, shells, etc. The mechanical energy of their movements with the help of electric generators is converted
into electrical.
AT Currently, wave power plants are used to power autonomous buoys, lighthouses, and scientific instruments. Along the way, large wave stations can be used for wave protection of offshore drilling platforms, open roads, and mariculture farms. The industrial use of wave energy began. There are already about 400 lighthouses and navigation buoys in the world powered by wave installations. In India, the lightship of the port of Madras is powered by wave energy. In Norway, since 1985, the world's first industrial wave station with a capacity of 850 kW has been operating.
The creation of wave power plants is determined by the optimal choice of the ocean area with a stable supply of wave energy, an efficient design of the station, which has built-in devices for smoothing uneven wave conditions. It is believed that wave stations can operate effectively using a power of about 80 kW/m. The operating experience of existing installations has shown that the electricity generated by them is 2-3 times more expensive than traditional electricity, but in the future a significant reduction in its cost is expected.
Wind energy
During the energy crisis of the 70s. interest in the use of energy has increased. The development of wind farms for both the coastal zone and the open ocean has begun. The construction of low-power wind farms (from 100 watts to tens of kilowatts) for power supply of seaside settlements, lighthouses, seawater desalination plants is considered profitable with an average annual wind speed of 3.5-4 m/s. The construction of high-capacity wind farms (from hundreds of kilowatts to hundreds of megawatts) to transmit electricity to the country's energy system is justified where the average annual wind speed exceeds 5.5-6 m/s. (The power that can be obtained from 1 sq.m of the cross section of the air flow is proportional to the wind speed to the third power). Thus, in Denmark, one of the world's leading countries in the field of wind energy, there are already about 2,500 wind turbines with a total capacity of 200 MW.
On the Pacific coast of the USA in California, where wind speeds of 13 m/s and more are observed for more than 5 thousand hours a year, several thousand high-capacity wind turbines are already operating. Wind farms of various capacities operate in Norway, the Netherlands, Sweden, Italy, China, Russia and other countries.
AT Due to the variability of the wind in speed and direction, much attention is paid to the creation of wind turbines operating with other energy sources. The energy of large ocean wind farms is supposed to be used in the production of hydrogen from ocean water or in the extraction of minerals from the ocean floor.
Even at the end of the 19th century. the wind motor was used by F. Nansen on the ship "Fram" to provide the participants of the polar expedition with light and heat while drifting in the ice.
AT In Denmark, on the Jutland peninsula in Ebeltoft Bay, since 1985, there have been sixteen wind farms with a capacity of 55 kW each and one wind farm with a capacity of 100 kW. Every year they produce 2800-3000 MWh
"Salty" energy
The salt water of the oceans and seas harbors huge untapped reserves of energy, which can be effectively converted into other forms of energy in areas with large salinity gradients, such as the mouths of the largest rivers in the world, such as the Amazon, Parana, Congo, etc. The osmotic pressure that occurs when mixing fresh river water with salt water, in proportion to the difference in salt concentrations in these waters. On average, this pressure is 24 atm., and at the confluence of the Jordan River into the Dead Sea, 500 atm. As a source of osmotic energy, it is also planned to use salt domes enclosed in the thickness of the ocean floor. Calculations have shown that when using the energy obtained by dissolving the salt of a salt dome with average oil reserves, it is possible to obtain no less energy than when using the oil contained in it.
Work on converting "salt" energy into electrical energy is at the stage of projects and pilot plants. Among the proposed options, hydroosmotic devices with semipermeable membranes are of interest. In them, the solvent is absorbed through the membrane into the solution. Fresh water - sea water or sea water - brine are used as solvents and solutions. The latter is obtained by dissolving salt dome deposits.
Use of the ocean resources.
Methods for extracting coal, oil and gas from the seabed are widely used, where the thickness of the hard cover to deposits is thinner than on the surface of the earth, and this makes it possible for a person to obtain minerals by cheaper means. The current level of civilization and technology would be unthinkable without the cheap and plentiful energy provided by oil and gas extracted from the bottom of the seas and oceans. At the same time, in the Caspian Sea, on the coast of the Arab Emirates and in many other places, the natural landscape has been practically destroyed, the coastline has been disfigured, the atmosphere has been polluted, and flora and fauna have been exterminated.
The presentation can be used when explaining the topic of the geography lesson in grade 6 "Waves in the ocean". When working with a presentation, you can apply musical accompaniment "Sound of the surf", "Sound of the wave". This gives a greater effect on the perception of educational material. This presentation has been tested in the lessons on this topic and has a positive result in the assimilation of knowledge. Wish you success.
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LESSON OF GEOGRAPHY IN THE 6th CLASS teacher of geography of the municipal educational institution "Zhitninskaya secondary school" Kashcheeva E.V. WAVES IN THE OCEAN
OBJECTIVES OF THE LESSON 1. Expand students' information about the types of waves, ocean currents, ebbs and flows, the geography of their action. 2. To improve the work of students with various sources of information (book, atlas, additional literature). 3. Learn to apply the acquired knowledge in the classroom in a non-standard life situation. 4. Develop cognitive interest in the subject.
The sea is bubbling, raging, agitated Angrily and menacingly, gray waves Like whirlwinds fly in the lush expanse And try to move steep rocks.
Look, look - how with their breasts, mighty They, furious, hit the shores! But here in the middle they retreated in a cloud, As if having heard the calling of the enemy.
As if a quarrel started between them - They roar like a hurricane, they thunder with thunder, It is impossible to understand their wonderful choir, But it seems that they are saying something ... N.A. Nekrasov "Incomprehensible song"
WAVE - the movement of water masses under the influence of natural phenomena
TYPES OF WAVES AND THE REASONS FOR THEIR FORMATION Varieties of waves - wind waves (calm, storm) - baric waves - Tsunamis Causes of their formation: variable winds atmospheric pressure difference earthquakes
Tsunamis occur as a result of underwater earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides.
The consequences of the tsunami
Ebb and flow
FLOW AND FLOW 1. FLOW AND FLOW are periodic rises and falls of the water level, independent of the wind 2. Causes of formation - THE POWER OF ATTRACTION OF THE MOON 3. The height of the tides - 4. Ebb and flow people use to get cheap electricity, residents of the coast collect shellfish, brought by water, they catch fish and many others.
List of terms
Archipelago
Peninsula
ppm
Salinity
Bay of Fundy
Sour Bay on the Kola Peninsula
White Sea
Penzhina Bay in the Sea of Okhotsk
Wavelength
wave height
"Yes or no"?
- The main part of the hydrosphere is the waters of the oceans?
2. Only in the driest desert does the air not contain water vapor?
3. The continuous process of moving water from ocean to land and from land to ocean is called the World Water Cycle?
5. Is a large piece of land, washed on all sides by the waters of the oceans, called an island?
6. The largest ocean in terms of area - the Atlantic?
7. Is Greenland the largest island by area?
8. "Sea without shores" is in the Indian Ocean?
9. The widest strait on Earth - Magellan?
10. Does the Bering Strait connect two seas, two oceans, separate two states, two peninsulas, two continents?
11. Is a peninsula half of an island?
12. Is the sea a part of the ocean separated from it by islands or peninsulas?
13. Tides are caused by the attraction of water by the Moon?
A bottle was found in the sea off the coast of Murmansk. It was sealed with sealing wax. A note was found in the bottle:
The ship "Saint Mary" is wrecked off the coast of North America. We have hit an iceberg. Our coordinates are 42 gr. NL and 50 gr. h.d. We ask for help. 1523, November, 23 number "
Lesson topic:
"Ocean currents"
Shmelkova E.A. geography teacher MBOU "Krasnoseltsovskaya secondary school"
The purpose of the lesson:
To form an idea of ocean currents, to improve the ability to work with a physical map of the hemispheres, a map of the oceans, contour maps.
- What are the currents?
- How are they formed?
- Why do some point away from the equator and others toward the equator?
- How is current different from waves?
- What is the speed of the water in the current?
- What current is the fastest, most powerful, the widest?
- How do warm currents differ from cold ones?
The flow is...
… movement of water in the ocean in a horizontal direction. It's like a river without banks.
How are currents formed?
The reason for the currents is constant winds.
Trade winds and westerly winds.
The most powerful current in the World Ocean is the current of the West Winds.
Its width is 2500 km, speed is 3.5 km/h. Length 30,000 km.
Gulfstream
Current speed 10 km/h
Width - hundreds of kilometers
Length 3000 km.
- What is the significance of currents in nature and human life?
- What is the pattern in the distribution of currents?
(Currents away from the equator are warm, while currents towards the equator are cold.
Currents form cycles. Clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere, counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.
On the eastern coasts of the continents, the currents are warm, and on the western coasts, they are cold.
- Draw five warm currents and five cold currents on the contour map. Red arrows indicate warm, blue arrows indicate cold. Label the currents along the arrows.
- Find on the map a unique current that is directed away from the equator, but is cold.
(Monsoon current in the Indian Ocean)
- Why is the Peru current holon?
(It is directed from temperate latitudes to the equator)
Section 39.
Answer the questions at the end of the paragraph.
Complete the task in the contour map.
TOOLKIT
in physical geography for grade 6
PROPERTIES OF WATERS OF THE WORLD OCEAN
MOVEMENTS OF WATER IN THE WORLD OCEAN
THE OCEAN AS A LIFE ENVIRONMENT
Objective:
- To form an idea of the World Ocean;
- To study the properties of the waters of the oceans;
- To form an idea about the movement of the waters of the oceans;
- Get to know the organisms that live in the oceans.
The world ocean is the main part of the hydrosphere.
The water of the oceans exceeds ¾ of the earth's surface.
The world ocean is one, it is never interrupted.
From any of its points you can get to any other without crossing the land.
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE OCEANS
Total area, million km²
World Ocean
Average depth, m
Atlantic Ocean
Maximum depth, m
Indian Ocean
Pacific Ocean
Arctic Ocean
SALINITY
WATER TEMPERATURE
Salinity is the number of grams of substances
dissolved in 1 liter (kg) of water.
The average salinity of water in the oceans is
35 ‰ or 35 g.
If 1 liter of water contains less than 1 g
dissolved substances, such water
called fresh.
Red Sea - 42 ‰
Baltic Sea - 11 ‰
ON WHAT REASONS WATER SALINITY DEPENDS AT WORLD OCEAN?
Salinity of water depends on:
- from evaporation from the surface of the ocean;
- from the influx of fresh water (precipitation, land runoff).
TEMPERATURE
The water in the oceans is heated by the sun,
but only in the top layer.
The highest water temperature
near the equator (+27+28 ºС),
the lowest, in the polar regions (+1 ºС).
POLAR REGION
AVERAGE TEMPERATURE OF WATERS OF THE WORLD OCEAN + 4 º C
POLAR REGION
WHY AT GREAT DEPTH
TEMPERATURE CONSTANT –
The sun's rays heat only the top layer of water, which is only a few meters thick. Down from this layer, heat is transferred due to the constant mixing of water, therefore, deeper than 1000 m t º of water
always + 2+3 ºС.
OCEAN WATER FREEZES AT t º - 2 º C
The greater the salinity, the lower the freezing temperature.
1. What is called the salinity of water?
2. What does it mean: salinity 18 ‰?
3. How many grams of various substances
can be obtained from 1 ton of Black Sea water,
if its salinity is 18‰?
How many times less than from 1 ton of Red water
4. At what temperature does ocean water freeze?
wind waves
Ebb and flow
currents in the ocean
Wind waves - these are predominantly oscillatory movements of the water surface up and down from the average level
Wavelength
wave crest
wave outsole
wave height
THE REASON CAUSING WIND WAVES IS WIND
Tsunami is a Japanese word
"tsu" - bay "nami" - wave:
"wave flooding the bay"
Tsunamis are waves caused by an earthquake.
and eruption of underwater volcanoes.
The reason for their occurrence is the movement of the earth's crust.
The average tsunami propagation speed is
700-800 km/h.
The height of a tsunami near the coast can reach
10 or more meters.
The height of a tsunami in the open ocean is usually
no more than 1 m with a length of 100 - 200 km.
Therefore, there they are hardly noticeable and not dangerous.
When a tsunami approaches the shore, its height increases to 10 meters or more.
Collapsing, it throws ships ashore, destroys buildings, and retreating, it takes everything that comes in its path into the Ocean.
It is impossible to prevent a tsunami.
You can only warn in advance of their approach.
They arise due to the approach of the waters of the Ocean by the Moon and in
to a lesser extent the sun
Penzhina Bay High tide = 14 m
Bay of Fundy tide height = 18 m
Flow is the movement of water in
horizontal direction
The main reason for the formation of currents in the ocean is
constant winds
T E C E N I A
by depth
cold
deep
superficial
Gulfstream
West Winds
West Winds
Gulfstream
Currents of the Pacific Ocean
california
Intertrade countercurrent
South trade wind
The course of the westerly winds
East Australian
Peruvian
Alaskan
North Pacific
North trade wind
northern trade wind
Antillean
Gulfstream
North Atlantic
Canarian
Guiana
brazilian
The course of the West winds
Bengal
currents Atlantic ocean
southern trade wind
mozambican
The course of Cape Agulhas
Western Australian
Somali
monsoon
Currents of the Indian Ocean
South Passatnoye
The course of the West winds
North Atlantic
Norwegian
East Greenland
West Greenland
Labrador
Currents of the Arctic Ocean
Look at the diagram and name the parts of the wave
ANSWER THE QUESTIONS:
1. Explain what it is
tsunami danger.
2. Make two drawings in notebooks.
On one depict the tide,
and on the other the tide.
3. Using the atlas, match:
flow
ocean
1. Gulf Stream
2. Labrador
3. Peruvian
4. Norwegian
5. Kuroshio
6. Somali
7. Western
Australian
B. Indian
V. Atlantic
G. Severny
arctic
plankton
Passively moving plants (phytoplankton) and animals (zooplankton) in the water column
Actively moving organisms
Organisms that live on the bottom
small crustaceans, jellyfish
fish, cetaceans, turtles, cephalopods
brown and red algae, molluscs, crustaceans, starfish
burning jellyfish
crustacean blue
big jellyfish
seaweed
fish - parrot
hammer fish
dolphins
g reenspot nudibranch
bright fish
turtle
starfish
sea blue
starfish
red algae
Set match:
marine organisms
groups of organisms
- turtle
- red algae
- starfish
- shark
- crustaceans
- jellyfish
A. plankton
B. nekton
