Fundamentals of survival of rescuers in the mountains. Fundamentals of survival and vital activity. Actions of a person in the water

Nowadays, in addition to capacious boats suspended from impressive davits that give a romantic flavor to sea vessels, modest metal barrel-like containers are installed on the deck along the sides, sheltering from the sun and rain inflatable rubber rafts. Inflatable life rafts have appeared in the navy and aviation quite recently. In 1955, the First International Conference on Rescue Vessels took place in Lisbon. It was the first time that the question of using inflatable rafts as a means of assistance in case of an accident at sea was raised. But only five years later, at the II International Conference in London, 45 participating countries signed a convention according to which an automatically inflated rubber raft was officially recognized as a means of rescuing crews and passengers on ships over 500 tons of displacement along with lifeboats and boats. In 1967, France, and subsequently other countries, obliged the captains of ships of any class, up to fishing schooners and pleasure yachts, to have on board inflatable life rafts. Without them, today the port authorities will not let a single ship sail and not a single aircraft flying over the ocean will rise into the air. Indeed, rafts have many advantages over other life-saving equipment (boats, boats, etc.).

Survival in natural emergencies.

Earthquakes. Earthquakes are formidable natural disasters in terms of the number of victims, the amount of damage, the size of the territories they cover, and the difficulty of protecting against them. Despite the efforts of seismologists, earthquakes often occur unexpectedly. 15,000 earthquakes are recorded annually in the world, of which 300 have destructive power. Earthquake intensity is measured on the 12-point Richter scale.

If an earthquake caught you in a building, it is best to run out of it to an open place within 15-20 seconds. You can not stand near buildings, brick fences, high walls. In no case should you use the elevator - it can get stuck. And if you couldn’t get out into the street, you need to hide in a pre-selected safe place, open the door to the stairwell and stand in the opening. You can hide under the table, in a wardrobe, cover your face with your hands so as not to get hurt by pieces of plaster, glass, dishes, paintings. In all cases, stay away from windows. The safest place is near the main walls. On the street, you should move away from buildings as soon as possible in the direction of squares, squares, parks, wide streets, sports fields, undeveloped areas. Especially beware of broken wires.

Floods. Floods are flooding of the area due to a rise in the water level caused by various reasons (spring snowmelt, heavy rainfall and rainfall, ice jams on rivers, dam breaks, wind surge, etc.)

Having received a warning about the threat of flooding, you must first inform your relatives and neighbors about this and immediately go to a safe place - on a hill (for subsequent evacuation to a safe area), follow the messages on the local radio. If there is time, take measures to save property, and occupy the upper floors, attics, roofs of buildings. You can not climb small trees, poles, because. they can be washed and dumped.

For movement, you must use the means available "at hand" or you can build them yourself from logs, boards, car cameras, etc. If it is impossible to leave the flooded area, wait for help on the roofs of buildings, giving signals (waving a pole with a bright cloth tied, in the dark - blink a flashlight). Once in the water, try to take off your heavy clothes and shoes, use floating objects and wait for help.

Tsunami. Tsunami is a common international scientific term, derived from the Japanese word for "big wave that floods the bay". The exact definition of a tsunami sounds like this - these are long waves of a catastrophic nature, arising mainly as a result of tectonic movements on the ocean floor.

At the present stage of the development of science, it is not possible to accurately predict the time and place of an earthquake, but after it has occurred, the possibility of a tsunami at one point or another can be predicted.

A tsunami is not a single wave, but a series of several waves. Therefore, stay away from the danger zone until all waves have passed or until the all-clear alarm is given; the danger of a tsunami may exist for several hours. The approach of a tsunami can be heralded by a marked rise or fall in sea levels along the coastline. Such a signal should always serve as a warning - you have 5 - 35 minutes left. Never go down to the sea to look at the bottom exposed during the tsunami or look at the tsunami. When you see the approaching wave, it will be too late to escape. At the first signs of the tsunami mentioned above, you should quickly and orderly leave the coast and take refuge in places whose height above sea level is at least 30-40 m. sea, because rivers themselves can serve as a conduit for a wave of water rushing against their current. If there is no hill nearby, you need to move away from the seashore at a distance of 2-3 kilometers.

Hurricanes, cyclones, typhoons, storms, tornadoes, storms. This emergency is caused by the movement of air masses at high speed. Wind speed during a hurricane is 30-40 m/s, during a storm 20-30 m/s, during a storm 15-30 m/s, during a typhoon more than 50 m/s. Cyclones and typhoons are accompanied by heavy rains. A tornado is a whirlwind movement of air at a tremendous speed, sometimes exceeding the speed of sound, in the form of a dark column with a diameter of several tens to hundreds of meters. A hurricane wind destroys strong and demolishes light buildings, devastates fields, breaks wires, knocks down poles and uproots trees, sinks ships, and damages vehicles.

Having received a storm warning, you must: close windows, doors, attic spaces; remove everything from balconies and loggias that can be thrown off by a hurricane; turn off the gas, put out the fire in the stoves, prepare lanterns, candles, lamps; at home, occupy the inner room, away from the windows; stock up on water, food, keep the radio, TV, receiver turned on; in open areas, take cover in a ditch, pit, ravine; hide in a protective structure; prepare medicines and dressings.

Fires. Fire is an uncontrollable process of burning, entailing the death of people, the destruction of material values. Fires occur spontaneously (up to 10%) or at the will of a person (up to 90%). Causes of fires: careless handling of fire; lightning; arson.

A characteristic of the destructive effect of fires is the burning temperature and the speed of fires. By nature, forest fires are ground fires, underground and riding ones. During ground fires, fire moves at a speed of 0.1–1 km/h only along the surface layer, during crown fires - 3–10 km/h, the fire covers tree crowns, soil fires occur in the thickness of combustible material (peat, shale, brown coal). ). Steppe fire occurs in the dry season when herbs and breads ripen. The speed of such a fire is 20-30 km/h.

Educational questions: 1. Fundamentals of survival. 2. The threshold of human survival (conditions, time, the possibility of returning to life 3. Physiological aspects of human survival. Possible consequences for the human body in extreme conditions 5. Survival in the natural environment. Organization of housing, shelter, food, protection

The ability of a person to successfully resist the natural environment is perhaps one of the most ancient qualities. Thousands of years ago, he learned to protect himself from cold and heat, build his own dwelling from snow and trees, make fire by friction, look for edible fruits and roots, hunt birds and animals with the help of traps and traps.

Extreme conditions in which a person is fighting for survival are characterized by: the absence or lack of food (food); lack or shortage of drinking water; exposure to low or high temperatures on the human body. Food provides the body's needs for energy and the functioning of all human organs and systems. Cold. According to statistics, from 10 to 15% of people who died in various extreme conditions became victims of hypothermia. The wind plays a decisive role in human survival in low temperatures. Refuge. Clothing, no matter how warm it is, can protect a person from the cold only for hours, rarely for days.

Basic human factors contributing to survival The will to live. With a short-term external threat, a person acts on a subconscious level, obeying the instinct of self-preservation. In extreme conditions, with long-term survival, the instinct of self-preservation is gradually lost, sooner or later a critical moment comes when exorbitant physical and mental stress, the seeming senselessness of further resistance suppress the will.

Survival skills. Knowledge of survival techniques must be supported by survival skills. Survival skills are acquired by practice. Having, for example, a weapon, but not possessing the skills of hunting, one can die of hunger with an abundance of game.

General physical training, hardening. The usefulness of general physical training for a person who finds himself in an extreme situation does not need to be proved. In an extreme situation, strength, and endurance, and hardenedness are needed.

Knowledge of self-rescue techniques The basis of long-term survival is a solid knowledge of recipes for cooking dishes from caterpillars and tree bark. A box of matches will not save a person from freezing if he does not know how to properly build a fire in winter or in the rain. Incorrectly provided first aid only aggravates the condition of the victim.

Effects of noise on humans. Physical characteristics of sound. The strength of sound - measured in decibels - characterizes the energy carried by a sound wave per unit time, passing through a unit area perpendicular to the direction of propagation of this wave. Thus, noise as a characteristic of sound has an energy characteristic.

Effect of sound frequencies on human health. The human ear perceives (hears) not the entire range of sound frequencies. Only from 16 Hz to 20 thousand Hz. But this does not mean that other sound frequencies do not affect human health. Sound frequencies ranging from 10 Hz to 20 thousand Hz increase capillary blood flow and lymph flow. Sound frequencies ranging from 40 Hz to 100 Hz soothe the psyche. Sound frequency from 7 to 14 Hz is used as a weapon.

Survival in the natural environment. Organization of housing, shelter, food. It is necessary to be able to navigate without a compass, give distress signals, be able to build a shelter from bad weather, light a fire, provide yourself with water, protect yourself from wild animals and insects, etc. The choice of survival tactics in the natural environment is of great importance. In conditions of survival, three types of human behavior are possible, three tactics of survival - passive survival, active survival, a combination of passive and active survival.

Passive survival tactics are waiting for the help of rescuers at the scene of an accident or in its immediate vicinity, building housing facilities, equipping landing sites, and obtaining food. The tactics of active survival is an independent exit of the victims of an accident or rescuers to the nearest settlement, to people

Oriens is a Latin word that means "east" and it is from it that the term "orient" comes. Why from the "east" and not from the "west" for example? Because the east is the most important side of the world: the sun rises right here, they pray to the east side, but the "west" is not famous for anything special.

If you do not have a compass, you can determine the approximate direction of the north from the sun (and knowing where the north is - all the other sides of the horizon). There is a way by which, at any time when the sun is shining brightly enough, one can determine the sides of the horizon from the shadow of a pole.

Determining the sides of the horizon at night At night, you can determine the sides of the horizon not only by the compass, but also by the stars. In the Northern Hemisphere, to find the North Star, look for the Big Dipper. The two stars at the end of the bucket are called "pointers". The polar star is in a straight line with them, at a distance equal to five segments between the pointers. Ursa Major slowly rotates around the North Star and therefore its position changes.

Determining the sides of the horizon at night In the Southern Hemisphere, you can determine the direction to the south and from here all other directions can be found in the constellation of the Southern Cross. This group of four bright stars is shaped like a cross tilted to one side.

Plants can also help in determining the cardinal points. Tree bark, individual stones, rocks, walls of old wooden buildings are usually thicker covered with moss and lichen on the north side.

Determination of the direction to the north by the anthill, annual rings and moss on the stones. The most accurate are astronomical methods for determining the cardinal points. Therefore, they should be used in the first place. Use all others only as a last resort - in conditions of poor visibility, inclement weather.

Definition of time. The shadow northing method can be used to determine the approximate time of day.

Choosing a route and overcoming obstacles The choice of a route depends on the situation, meteorological conditions, the nature of the terrain and the person who overcomes this path (civilian, soldier). If you have chosen a path through the mountains, along a river, a valley, through a dense forest, be sure that this, although not the easiest, is the safest path for a person in need of disguise.

Two hands up or continuous long signals (dashes) “I demand attention. Watch me!" Hand to the side or two short signals - "Come to me"!

One hand at the top or one short signal (dot) - “I need the help of one or two people”! Two hands to the side or two long signals (dash) - “Do nothing. Do it yourself!"

Frequent flailing of raised arms or continuous short beeps – Stand sideways, arm in front of you, “Emergency thumbs up situation. or one long beep (dash) - Take off the azimuth "! "I am fine" ! One hand up, the other to the side or alternation of short and long signals - “Look around (listen) in the direction I indicated. Remove the azimuth!

Providing food and water. With a lack of food and water, the following rules must be followed: a) take into account the entire supply of food and water that you have. b) divide the food supply so that two-thirds of it falls on the first half of survival, and one third on the second. c) work minimally - the smaller the volume and time of work, the less water and food will be required.

Providing food and water. When there is a lack of food and water, the following rules must be followed: d) plan meals so that you eat one hearty meal every day, and if possible, eat food hot. Cooking makes food safer, more digestible, and more delicious. e) always be careful: do not meet anything edible. With few exceptions, everything that grows on the ground, walks on it, crawls or swims are possible sources of food. Learn to exist at the expense of nature itself.

Water chestnut Nettle Arrowleaf (wild potato) Edible plants Dandelion Mushrooms Lake bulrush St. John's wort Wild sorrel

Fire. It is difficult to underestimate the benefits that fire gives us - warmth, light, the ability to cook delicious food and get purified water, with its help we can send signals, dry clothes, scare away predators and much more. We feel like masters of this element when there are matches in our pockets, but what if there are no matches? . . .

Water can be obtained by punching a hole in the ice or by melting the ice. To get the same amount of water from snow as from ice, you need to spend about 1.5 times more fuel and time. the optimal daily rate of water consumption is 2-2.5 liters, in the heat - 4 liters, without water a person will live a maximum of 7 days.

Once without food, you should not be afraid, remember that if you move as little as possible, you will be able to hold out for 20 days, if you just walk - 6 days, and complete starvation is much easier to tolerate partial and only the first 3 days are felt. But hunger returns again after 20 days as a signal of the onset of dystrophy

Harmful insects, poisonous snakes, predatory animals, cold and wind are hardly your friends. So, ideally, your shelter should provide: - protection from adverse conditions; -- protection from dangerous creatures -- warmth -- camouflage -- safe retreat in case of an unforeseen critical situation

If there is snow around, then snow caves and pits will serve as a good shelter, they will provide camouflage, protect from the wind and keep the relative heat. You need to build such a shelter like this: we are looking for a snowdrift (you can create it artificially), in it we drip a tunnel 1 m long, expand the tunnel to the sides, instead of a door we use a snow block, raincoat or backpack. With a pit, things are easier - we cover the pit from above with a frame of poles or a raincoat, we fill it with snow from above, leaving a small hole.

State educational institution for additional vocational education (advanced training) of specialists). Main Directorate of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia in the Republic of North Ossetia STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION "EDUCATIONAL AND METHODOLOGICAL CENTER FOR GO AND EMERGENCY OF THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH OSSETIA-ALANIA" Vladikavkaz Lecturer of faculty "B" Tsavkaeva Larisa Vladimirovna

Even today, it is not uncommon for a person, as a result of the prevailing circumstances, to find himself in conditions of autonomous existence, the favorable outcome of which largely depends on his psychophysiological qualities, sound knowledge of the basics of survival and other factors. The main task of a person in an autonomous situation is to survive. The word "survive" has always been used in a very specific sense - "stay alive, survive, protect yourself from death." Survival is understood as active, intelligent actions aimed at preserving life, health and performance in an autonomous existence. But an extreme situation is easier to prevent than to get out of it. Therefore, do not go anywhere without telling someone your route and the approximate time of return, know the area of ​​\u200b\u200btravel, when setting off, take with you: a first aid kit, comfortable shoes and clothes for the season, a cell phone / pager / walkie-talkie. And offline:

To survive you need:

1. OVERCOME FEAR.

Under any circumstances, the survival of a person primarily depends on himself. It's not just about his skills. More often than not, a situation of autonomy arises unexpectedly, and the first reaction of anyone who finds himself in a dangerous situation is fear. But the obligatory conditions for the successful overcoming of all difficulties in an autonomous situation are the manifestation of will, perseverance, and competent action. Panic and fear dramatically reduce the chances of salvation.

With a short-term external threat, a person acts on a sensual level, obeying the instinct of self-preservation: bounces off a falling tree, clings to immovable objects when falling, tries to stay on the surface of the water in case of a threat of drowning. There is no need to talk about some kind of will to live in such cases. Another thing is long-term survival. In the conditions of autonomous existence, sooner or later, a critical moment comes when exorbitant physical and mental stress, the seeming senselessness of further resistance suppress the will. A person is seized by passivity, indifference. He is no longer afraid of the possible tragic consequences of ill-conceived overnight stays, risky crossings. He does not believe in the possibility of salvation and therefore perishes without exhausting his reserves of strength to the end, without using food supplies.

Survival, based only on the biological laws of self-preservation, is short-lived. It is characterized by rapidly developing mental disorders and hysterical behavioral reactions. The desire to survive must be conscious and purposeful, and must be dictated not by instinct, but by conscious necessity.

Fear is an emotional response to danger that can be accompanied by physical sensations such as trembling, rapid breathing, and a strong heartbeat. This is a natural reaction, and it is characteristic of every normal person. It is the fear for one's life that causes the desire to act in the name of one's own salvation. If a person knows how to act, fear sharpens the reaction, activates thinking. But if he has no idea what to do, feels pain or weakness from blood loss, then fear can lead to stress - excessive tension, inhibition of thoughts and actions. These sensations can be so intense that sudden intense fear can lead to death. There are various ways to overcome fear. If a person is familiar with the method of auto-training, then he will be able to relax, calm down, and analyze the situation impartially in a matter of minutes. If not, then thinking about something else will help the person relax and be distracted. Breathing exercises also have a good effect. You need to take a few deep breaths. When a person experiences fear or stress, his pulse speeds up, and he begins to breathe very quickly. Forcing yourself to breathe slowly means convincing the body that the stress is passing, whether it has passed or not.

In addition, a person cannot act successfully if he does not have a clear goal and a plan to achieve it. Sometimes it seems that professional rescuers, pilots, and the military act in difficult situations without hesitation. But this is not so: they just have a ready-made, often already proven plan, or even several options. At first, it may seem to a person that he knows nothing and can do nothing. But one has only to divide the situation and tasks into its component parts, as it turns out that much is within his power. The surest way to overcome fear and confusion is to organize planned actions to ensure survival. To do this, a person needs to set himself a clear attitude to act in a possible extreme situation.

2. HELP THE VICTIMS

(including self help)

It is good to have a first aid kit to help, so when you go on a trip, it is better to take it with you. The set of necessary medicines depends on climatic conditions. For example, in the desert you need serum against snake venom, sunburn cream, etc. In a tropical first-aid kit, there should be repellent against leeches, insects, powder for fungal diseases, and an antimalarial drug. Every first aid kit should have:

• individual dressing package for each
• bandages
• sterile wipes
• plaster (bactericidal and simple)
• potassium permanganate
• medical alcohol
• syringe tubes of morphine or other pain medication
• broad spectrum antibiotics
• nitroglycerine
• corvalol/validol
• caffeine solution
• adrenaline solution
• synthomycin emulsion (for burns / frostbite)
• tetracycline ointment (for eye inflammation)
• pantocide (for water disinfection)

You should have medicines individually selected for everyone in sufficient quantities (at least the required minimum). Names and uses of medicines must be signed with indelible pencil/ink. Pack the first-aid kit carefully, excluding the possibility of damage to medicines. Scissors or a scalpel, if not available, can be replaced with a disinfected razor blade.

Must be able to use medicinal herbs, as well as

distinguish them from poisonous plants. Only well-known herbs can be used, therefore, when going to another climatic zone, it is better to remember local poisonous plants and at least 5 medicinal / edible ones in advance. For example, strawberries, celery, elm bark help with fever. Lilac, sunflower, nettle tincture with garlic, wild rose, willow bark help against malaria.

To provide medical assistance immediately after an accident or if a long autonomous existence is necessary, skills are needed, therefore everyone should be able to provide first aid. With autonomous survival, the most likely:

• BURN. The burnt place should be cooled, wiped with an alcohol solution, apply a dry bandage. The affected area can be rubbed with a decoction of oak bark, raw potatoes, urine. Do not lubricate the burn with oil, do not open the resulting bubbles.
• BLEEDING. Press the damaged vessel (artery - from above, except for the arteries of the head, neck) or apply a tourniquet / pressure bandage from improvised means (except for wires, ropes, cords). Treat the wound with iodine / hydrogen peroxide / brilliant green and close with a plaster / bandage. You can apply viburnum berries, wild rose, plantain, aloe to a bleeding wound. For purulent wounds, a decoction of burdock is applied. The tourniquet can not be kept longer than 1.5 hours in summer and 30 minutes. in winter.
• FRACTURES / DISTRUCTIONS. The injured limb must be immobilized (for which a splint or stick/ski/board is used). Pain can be reduced by applying ice. Finely chopped onion helps (with dislocations). You can not take painkillers, you can not try to set the limb yourself.
• CPR/HEART MASSAGE necessary in case of clinical death (no pulse and breathing or spasmodic breathing, pupils do not react to light). The caregiver inhales air into the mouth / nose of the victim about 24 times per minute. The nose / mouth of the victim should be clamped. Circulation can be restored by pressing on the chest. The patient should lie on a hard surface, unbutton the clothes. Death occurs within 5 minutes. after clinical death, but resuscitation should be continued for 20-30 minutes. Sometimes it works.
• FAINTING. If breathing and cardiac activity are not disturbed, it is enough to unbutton the clothes, bring a swab with ammonia to the nose, and lay the person down so that the head is lower than the legs.

In case of any injuries, it is best to try to deliver the victim to a doctor.

3. ORIENTATE ON THE TERRAIN.

When traveling in unfamiliar terrain, it is best to have a map. If it is not there, you can navigate without it.

The sides of the horizon can be determined by the compass, celestial bodies, according to some signs of local objects. When unbraked, the compass needle is set with its northern end in the direction of the north magnetic pole, respectively, the other end of the arrow will point south. The compass has a circular scale (limb), which is divided into 120 divisions. The price of each division is 3 or 0-50. The scale has a double digit. The inner one is applied clockwise from 0 to 360 degrees in 15 degrees. For sighting on local objects and taking readings on the compass scale, a sighting device and a reading pointer are fixed on the rotating compass ring. When working with a compass, you should always remember that strong electromagnetic fields or closely spaced metal objects deviate the magnetic needle from its correct position. Therefore, when determining compass directions, it is necessary to move 40-50 m away from power lines, railway tracks, combat vehicles and other large metal objects.

You can determine the sides of the horizon by celestial bodies:

• according to the sun: the sun at 7 o'clock in the morning is in the East, at 13 o'clock in the South, at 19 o'clock in the West;
• by the sun and the clock with arrows. To determine the direction in this way, it is necessary to hold the clock in a horizontal position and turn it so that the hour hand with its sharp end is directed towards the sun. A straight line dividing the angle between the hour hand and the direction of the number 1 indicates South.
• By moving the shadow from a vertically placed stick, it will show the approximate East-West direction;

At night, the sides of the horizon can be determined by the North Star. To do this, you need to find the constellation Ursa Major with a characteristic arrangement of stars in the form of a bucket with a handle. An imaginary line is drawn through the last two stars of the bucket, and the distance between these stars is plotted on it 5 times. At the end of the fifth segment there will be a bright star - Polaris. The direction to it will correspond to the direction to the north. The sides of the horizon can be determined by some signs of local objects.

1. The bark of most trees is rougher on the north side.
2. Stones, trees, wooden, tiled and slate roofs on the north side are covered with moss earlier and more abundantly. On coniferous trees, resin is more abundant on the south side. It is useless to look for all these signs on the trees among the thicket. But they are clearly expressed on a separate tree in the middle of a clearing or at the edge.
3. Anthills are located on the south side of trees and stones.
4. Snow melts faster on the southern slopes of the hills and mountains.

Magnetic azimuth is used - a horizontal angle measured clockwise from 0 degrees to 360 from the north direction of the magnetic meridian to the direction to be determined.

To determine the magnetic azimuth, it is necessary: ​​to stand facing the observed object (landmark), release the brake of the compass needle and, having given the compass a horizontal position, turn it until the northern end of the arrow is against the zero division of the scale. While holding the compass in an oriented position, turn the rotating cover to direct the line of sight passing through the slot and the front sight in a given direction to a given object. The average error in measuring the azimuth with a compass is about 2 degrees. Movement, during which a given direction is maintained and an accurate exit to the designated point is carried out, is called movement in azimuth. Movement along azimuths is used mainly in the forest, in the desert, at night, in fog and tundra, and other terrain and visibility conditions that make visual orientation difficult. When moving in azimuth, at each turning point of the route, starting from the initial one, they find the desired direction of the path on the ground using the compass and move along it, counting the distance traveled. When moving in azimuth, it becomes necessary to bypass obstacles that cannot be overcome directly. In doing so, proceed as follows. They notice a landmark on the opposite side of the obstacle in the direction of movement, determine the distance to it, add it to the distance traveled. After that, having bypassed the obstacle, they go to the chosen landmark and determine the direction of movement by the compass.

In mountainous terrain, landmarks are chosen so that they are distributed in the direction of action of the subunits not only along the front and in depth, but also in height. In a forest area, maintaining a route of movement passing along dirt roads and clearings requires the ability to accurately recognize on the ground those of them along which the path selected on the map passes. At the same time, it should be taken into account that forest roads are often hardly visible on the ground, and some of them may not be shown on the maps. At the same time, you can find roads that are not shown on the map, but at the same time they are well traveled. As landmarks in the forest, roads, clearings, intersections, and forks in roads and clearings, rivers and streams, glades crossing the route of movement are used. Clearings are usually cut in mutually perpendicular directions, as a rule, in a northerly direction, respectively, west-east.

There are several ways to measure angles and distances on the ground.

1. Measuring angles on the ground with binoculars.

In the field of view of the binoculars there are two perpendicular goniometric scales for measuring horizontal and vertical angles. The value (price) of one large division corresponds to 0-10, and the small one - 0-05. To measure the angle between two directions, looking through binoculars, combine any stroke of the angular scale with one of these directions and count the number of divisions to the second direction and count the number of divisions to the second direction. Multiplying, then, this reading by the division price, we get the value of the measured angle in "thousandths".

1. Measuring angles with a ruler.

In some conditions of the situation, a situation may arise when there is no binoculars at hand, then it can measure angular values ​​using a ruler. To do this, you need to hold the ruler in front of you at eye level at a distance of 50 cm. One millimeter of the ruler will correspond to 0-02. The accuracy of measuring angles in this way depends on the ability to maintain distances from the eyes (50 cm), which requires some training.

3. Measuring angles with improvised means.

Instead of a ruler, you can use various objects whose sizes are well known: a matchbox, a pencil, fingers and palms of your hands. You can measure angles with a compass. Measuring angles on the ground is a preparation for determining distances on the ground. Various methods and instruments are used to determine distances on the ground. Often people are forced to determine distances in various ways: by eye or by the measured angular magnitude of objects on the ground, by the speedometer of a car, by measuring steps, by average speed.

EYE - the main way and the easiest way to determine distances, available to everyone. This method does not give high accuracy in determining distances, but with some training, you can achieve an accuracy of up to 10 m. To develop your eye, you need to constantly practice in determining distances on the ground.

One way to measure distances on the ground is to use known distances on the ground (power lines - distance between supports, distance between communication lines, etc.).

For a rough estimate of distances on the ground, the following data can be used:

For each person, this table can be refined by him.

Determination of distances by the angular dimensions of objects is one of the main methods for determining distances and has a fairly high accuracy. To determine distances by angular values, it is necessary to know the linear dimensions of a local object, determine the angle at which it is visible, and then determine the distance to this object using the formula:

D= 1000*B

At

In this formula: D - range

H - height

Y - the angle in "thousandths" under which the object is visible; 1000 - constant coefficient.

Measuring distances in steps.

It is necessary for each commander to know that a person's step is approximately equal to 0.75 m, but it is inconvenient to make calculations at this size and, therefore, it is assumed that a couple of steps are equal to 1.5 m. In this case, it is much more convenient to carry out calculations. With this method, the accuracy of determining distances can be 98%.

It is advisable to determine distances by the speed of movement and by the speedometer of the car in cases of movement. One of the ways to determine distances can be a method by sound, flashes. Knowing that the speed of sound in air is 330 m/s i.e. rounded 1 km. For 3 sec. you can determine the distance by doing a little calculation. In some cases, the distance can be determined by ear, i.e. listening to different sounds. From the experience of assessing the audibility of various sounds, it becomes clear that:

• walking on a dirt road can be heard at a distance of 300 m, and when driving on a highway - 600 m.
• movement of cars on a dirt road - 500 m, on a highway - up to 1000 m.
• Loud screams - 0.5 - 1 km.
• Driving stakes, felling trees - 300-500m.

The given data is very approximate and depends on the hearing of the person.

At the heart of any method of determining distances is the ability to select landmarks on the ground and use them as marks indicating the desired directions, points and boundaries. Landmarks are usually called well-visible objects on the ground and relief details, relative to which they determine their location, direction of movement and indicate the position of targets and other objects. Landmarks are chosen as evenly as possible. The selected landmarks can be numbered by choosing a direction, or given a conventional name. To indicate your location on the ground relative to a landmark, determine the direction and distance from it.

1. TRY TO GET OUT

Getting out as soon as possible is especially important if there are wounded among the lost or if the lost are in a dangerous zone. It is difficult to move among the rubble and windbreaks, in thick forests overgrown with shrubs. The apparent similarity of the environment - trees, terrain folds, etc. - can completely disorient a person, and he often moves in circles, unaware of his mistake.

In order to maintain the chosen direction, some well-marked landmark is usually marked every 100-150 m of the route. This is especially important if the path is blocked by a blockage or a dense thicket of shrubs, which force you to deviate from the direct direction. Trying to go ahead is always fraught with injury, which will aggravate the already difficult situation of the person in distress. But it is especially difficult to make transitions in the swamp zone. It is not easy to find a safe walking path among the shifting green space.

Of particular danger in the swamp are the so-called windows - areas of clear water on the gray-green surface of the swamps. Sometimes their sizes reach tens of meters. It is necessary to overcome the swamp with the utmost care and be sure to arm yourself with a long, strong pole. It is held horizontally at chest level. Having failed, in no case should you flounder. It is necessary to get out slowly, leaning on the pole, without making sudden movements, trying to give the body a horizontal position. For a short rest when crossing the swamp, you can use outcrops of hard rock. Water obstacles, especially rivers with a fast current and a rocky bottom, are overcome without taking off their shoes, for greater stability. Before taking the next step, the bottom is probed with a pole. It is necessary to move obliquely, sideways to the current, so that the stream does not knock you down.

In winter, you can move along the beds of frozen rivers, while observing the necessary precautions. So, it must be remembered that the current usually destroys the ice from below, and it becomes especially thin under snowdrifts near steep banks, that in the channels of rivers with sandy shallows, streaks often form, which, when frozen, turn into a kind of dam. At the same time, water usually finds a way out along the coast under snowdrifts, near snags, rocks, where the current is faster.

In cold weather, the streaks soar, resembling the smoke of human habitation. But much more often, streaks are hidden under deep snow, and they are difficult to detect. Therefore, it is better to bypass all obstacles on the river ice; in places where rivers bend, one must stay away from the steep bank, where the current is faster and therefore the ice is thinner.

Often, after the river freezes, the water level drops so quickly that pockets form under the thin ice, which pose a great danger to pedestrians. On the ice, which seems not strong enough, and there is no other way, they crawl. In spring, the ice is thinnest in areas overgrown with sedge, near flooded bushes.

If there is no firm confidence in the ability to quickly get out of the situation, and the situation does not require immediate departure from the scene, it is better to stay in place, make a fire, build a shelter from improvised materials. This will help you to protect yourself well from the weather and keep your strength for a long time. In addition, in parking conditions it is much easier to get food. In some cases, this tactic will facilitate the actions of the search and rescue service, which received information about the incident in a particular area. Having made the decision to “stay in place”, you need to draw up a plan for further action, in which to provide for the necessary measures.

4BUILD A SHELTER

Organizing an overnight stay is hard work. First you need to find a suitable site. First of all, it must be dry. Secondly, it is best to settle down near the stream, in an open place, in order to always have a supply of water on hand.

The simplest shelter from wind and rain is made by linking individual elements of the base (frame) with thin spruce roots, willow branches, and tundra birch. Natural cavities in the steep bank of the river allow you to comfortably sit on them so that the place of sleep is between the fire and the vertical surface (cliff, rock), which serves as a heat reflector.

When preparing a place to sleep, two holes are dug - under the thigh and under the shoulder. You can spend the night on a bed of spruce branches in a deep hole dug or thawed to the ground with a large fire. Here, in the pit, one should keep the fire in the fire all night long in order to avoid a serious cold. In the winter taiga, where the thickness of the snow cover is significant, it is easier to arrange a shelter in a hole near a tree. In severe frost, you can build a simple snow hut in loose snow. To do this, the snow is raked into a heap, its surface is compacted, watered and allowed to freeze. Then the snow is removed from the pile, and a small hole is made in the remaining dome for the chimney. A fire built inside melts the walls and makes the whole structure strong. Such a hut retains heat. You can not climb under clothes with your head, because from breathing the material becomes damp and freezes. It is better to cover the face with clothes that are easy to dry later. From a burning fire, an accumulation of carbon monoxide is possible and you need to take care of a constant influx of fresh air to the combustion center.

A canopy, a hut, a dugout, a tent can serve as a temporary shelter. The choice of type of shelter will depend on the skill, ability, diligence and, of course, the physical condition of the people, since there is no shortage of building material. However, the more severe the weather, the more reliable and warmer the dwelling should be. Make sure that the future home is spacious enough. There is no need to adhere to the principle of "in close quarters, but not offended."

Before starting construction, it is necessary to clear the site well, and then, having estimated how much building material is needed, prepare it in advance: cut down poles, chop spruce branches, branches, collect moss, cut bark. To make the pieces of bark sufficiently large and strong, deep vertical cuts are made on the larch trunk, up to the very wood, at a distance of 0.5-0.6 m from each other. After that, the strips are cut from above and below with large teeth of 10-12 centimeters in diameter, and then the bark is carefully torn off with an ax or a machete knife.

Rice. 10. Hut, canopy and bonfires: A - combined gable hut and “star” bonfire; B - the simplest canopy and fire "pyramid"

Rice. II. Trench, hut and fire: A - snow trench near a tree; B - gable hut and taiga fire *

Rice. 12. Chum tent

In the warm season, you can limit yourself to building a simple canopy (Fig. 10, B). Two one and a half meter stakes as thick as a hand with forks at the end are driven into the ground at a distance of 2.0-2.5 m from each other. A thick pole is laid on the forks - a load-bearing beam. 5-7 poles are leaned against it at an angle of approximately 45-60 ° and, having secured them with a rope or vine, a tarpaulin, parachute or any other fabric is pulled over it. The edges of the awning are bent from the sides of the canopy and tied to a beam laid in the base of the canopy. Litter is made from spruce branches or dry moss. The canopy is dug in with a shallow groove to protect it from water in case of rain.

A gable hut is more convenient for housing (Fig. 10, A and Fig. 11, B). After driving in the racks and laying the load-bearing beam on them, the poles are laid on it at an angle of 45-60 ° on both sides, and three or four poles are tied to each slope parallel to the ground - rafters. Then, starting from the bottom, spruce branches, branches with dense foliage or pieces of bark are laid on the rafters so that each subsequent layer, like a tile, covers the bottom one to about half. The front part, the entrance, can be hung with a piece of fabric, and the back part is covered with one or two poles and braided with spruce branches.

With a high snow cover at the foot of a large tree, you can dig a “snow trench” (Fig. 11, A). From above, the trench is covered with a tarpaulin or parachute cloth, and the bottom is lined with several layers of spruce branches.

1. GET FIRE

A bonfire in the conditions of autonomous existence is not only warm, it is dry clothes and shoes, hot water and food, protection against midges and an excellent signal for a search helicopter. And most importantly, a fire is an accumulator of cheerfulness, energy and vigorous activity. But before starting a fire, all measures should be taken to prevent a forest fire. This is especially important during dry, hot seasons. A place for a fire is chosen away from coniferous, and especially withered trees. Thoroughly clean the space for a meter and a half around from dry grass, moss and shrubs. If the soil is peaty, then, so that the fire does not penetrate the grass cover and cause the peat to ignite, a “cushion” of sand or earth is poured.

In winter, with a high snow cover, the snow is carefully trampled down, and then a platform is built from several tree trunks.

To get fire you need use a flint and flint, a piece of flint. Any steel object can serve as a flint and flint, in extreme cases, the same iron pyrites. Fire is struck by sliding blows on flint so that sparks fall on tinder - dry moss, crushed dry leaves, newspaper, cotton wool, etc. Fire can be mined friction. For this purpose, a bow, a drill and a support are made: a bow - from a dead trunk of a young birch or hazel 2-3 cm thick and a piece of rope as a bowstring; drill - from a pine stick 25 - 30 cm long, pencil-thick, pointed at one end; the support is cleaned of bark and a hole 1-1.5 cm deep is drilled with a knife. The drill, wrapped once with a bowstring, is inserted with a sharp end into the hole, around which tinder is laid. Then, pressing the drill with the palm of the left hand, the right hand quickly moves the bow perpendicular to the drill. In order not to damage the palm, a gasket is placed between it and the drill from a piece of cloth, tree bark, or a glove is put on. As soon as the tinder smolders, it must be blown up and put into kindling prepared in advance. To achieve success, you should remember three rules: the tinder must be dry, you must act in strict sequence, and most importantly, show patience and perseverance. For cooking and drying clothes, the “hut” fire is most convenient, giving a large, even flame, or “starry” of 5-8 dry trunks arranged star-shaped. They are set on fire in the center and shifted as they burn. For heating during an overnight stay or in cold weather, 3-4 thinner stems are placed in a fan on a thick trunk. Such a fire is called taiga. For heating for a long time they use a fire Node. Two dry trunks are laid one on top of the other and fixed at the ends on both sides with stakes. Wedges are inserted between the trunks and kindling is laid in the clearance. As the wood burns, the ashes and ashes are cleaned from time to time. Leaving the parking lot, smoldering coals must be carefully extinguished by filling them with water or throwing earth. To make fire in the absence of matches or a lighter, you can use one of the methods that have long been known to mankind before their invention.

1. GET FOOD AND WATER

A person who finds himself in conditions of autonomous existence must take the most energetic measures to provide himself with food by collecting edible wild plants, fishing, hunting, i.e. use everything that nature gives. Over 2,000 plants grow on the territory of our country, partially or completely suitable for food. When collecting plant gifts you have to be careful. About 2% of plants can cause severe and even fatal poisoning. To prevent poisoning, it is necessary to distinguish between such poisonous plants as the crow's eye, wolf's bast, poisonous milestone (hemlock), bitter henbane, etc. Food poisoning is caused by poisonous substances contained in some mushrooms: pale grebe, fly agaric, false honey agaric, false chanterelle, etc. It is better to refrain from eating unfamiliar plants, berries, mushrooms. When forced to use them for food, it is recommended to eat no more than 1-2 g of food mass at a time, if possible, drinking plenty of water (vegetable poison contained in such a proportion will not cause serious harm to the body). Wait 1-2 hours. If there are no signs of poisoning (nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dizziness, intestinal disorders), you can eat an additional 10-15 g. You can eat without restrictions a day later. An indirect sign of the edibility of a plant can be: fruits pecked by birds; many seeds, scraps of peel at the foot of fruit trees; bird droppings on branches, trunks; plants gnawed by animals; fruits found in nests and burrows. Unfamiliar fruits, bulbs, tubers, etc. it is desirable to boil. Cooking destroys many organic poisons.

There are many trees and shrubs that give edible fruits: mountain ash, actinidia, honeysuckle, wild rose, etc. From edible wild plants, you can use the stems and leaves of hogweed and angelica, arrowhead tubers, cattail rhizome, as well as a variety of edible mushrooms. In food, you can use garden or grape snails. They are scalded with boiling water or fried. They taste like mushrooms. Snails without shells - slugs, also need to be boiled or fried first.

Pupae of solitary bees in the stems of blackberries, raspberries or elderberries, pupae of the woodcutter beetle, which can be found in stumps, logs, oak logs, are suitable for food. The larvae can be eaten after gutting, cutting off the back end and rinsing in water. At the bottom of rivers and lakes in winter there are bivalve shells of toothless and barley, quite suitable for food. In stagnant water, there are snails with a curled shell of coils and pond snails. Ant pupae or, as they are called, ant eggs are a high-calorie food source. In the warm season, ant eggs, similar to white or yellowish rice grains, are found in abundance in anthills near the surface. To collect "prey" near the anthill, in a site lit by the sun, they clear a site 1 X 1 m and spread a piece of cloth on it, wrapping the edges and placing a few small branches under the bottom. Then the upper part of the anthill is torn off and scattered in a thin layer on the fabric. After 20-30 minutes, the ants drag all the pupae under the wrapped edges of the fabric, saving them from the sun. In conditions of autonomous existence fishing, perhaps the most affordable way to provide yourself with food. Fish has a higher energy value than vegetable fruits, and is less labor intensive than hunting. Fishing tackle can be made from improvised materials: fishing line - from loose shoelaces, thread pulled out of clothes, untwisted rope, hooks - from pins, earrings, hairpins from badges, "invisible", and spinners - from metal and mother-of-pearl buttons, coins and etc.

It is permissible to eat fish meat raw, but it is better to cut it into narrow strips, dry them in the sun, so it will become tastier and last longer. In order to avoid fish poisoning, certain rules must be observed. You can not eat fish covered with spines, spikes, sharp growths, skin ulcers, fish that are not covered with scales, devoid of lateral fins, having neo

A danger to a person during outdoor activities in natural conditions can be a meeting with wild animals, especially predatory (wolf, bear, lynx), large ungulates (elk, wild boar, deer) and reptiles (poisonous snakes). The vast majority of wild animals avoid meeting with humans. Animals smell a person before he can see them, and almost always try to get out of his way. However, the behavior of many animals changes significantly under certain conditions. Most animals are dangerous during the mating season, during the hunt, when they are injured, when they protect their young, being caught near prey and in self-defense. In the summer, attacks by wild animals on humans are very rare. It has been established that a tiger rushes at a person for no reason in 4% of all encounters with him. According to many experts, most of the sudden encounters between a man and a brown bear ends in a swift flight of the beast. Although cases of bear attacks on humans, and the European part of the country are noted almost annually. A significant danger to a person is fraught with a meeting with a wolf. In recent years, it has been noted that people encounter wolves in the forest zone more often than before. Wild ungulates common to Russian forests - elk, wild boar, deer, roe deer - are more cautious than predators. However, during the mating season, these animals are characterized by increased excitability and aggressiveness, and meeting them during this period is dangerous. The most serious danger to a person can be a sudden meeting with a wolf or a fox that is sick with rabies. In this case, the attack cannot be avoided, so it is necessary to avoid places where, according to information, there are sick animals. In winter, a real danger for a person is a meeting with a wolf or a connecting rod bear (a rod bear is a bear that has not hibernated in a den for the winter). According to experts, in order to reduce the possibility of meeting wild dangerous animals in natural conditions, you need to know the following. Any kind of wild animal prefers certain habitats that it is desirable to know. When planning a trip to nature, it is best to try to avoid such places. During the trip, you must be observant and careful, try to detect the presence of dangerous wild animals in the area in a timely manner. The presence of animals can be determined by their footprints on the ground, peeled tree bark, the presence of droppings, feeding areas, or the remains of prey. Noticing such traces, it is necessary to increase vigilance. It must be remembered that animals try to avoid danger and move away from it. Therefore, moving through the forest, it is sometimes worth letting know about your presence by talking loudly, calling to each other, as if warning the animals and giving them the opportunity to leave. In the forest, a meeting with a herd of wild boars that are feeding is undesirable. You can determine such a place by the noise that the boars make. In the forest, following the route, it is necessary to avoid animal paths, difficult to pass, overgrown with shrubs in the forest area. To ensure safety, one should strictly observe the rule: never destroy the shelters of animals, because in the face of the loss of their own "home" or the death of offspring, the most peaceful animals become dangerous. Most often in nature, a person can meet a snake. On the territory of Russia, the most common type of poisonous snake is the common viper. This snake is found on the territory of Russia from the western borders to Sakhalin. Vipers live, as a rule, in swamps, clearings, forest clearings and edges. The color of the viper is from light gray to almost black. A characteristic feature of this snake is a thin zigzag strip along the back. In the summer, vipers prefer to hide under the roots of rotten stumps, in crevices of stones, in the burrows of other animals. After wintering, in April, with the onset of heat, the vipers crawl to the surface. In the second half of May, their mating season begins. At this time, the vipers become more aggressive. Having met a person, the viper first of all tries to hide. A snake attack can occur if a person inadvertently stepped on it or approached it so close that it entered the zone of its attack. Usually snakes bite in the leg (if stepped on). Therefore, where snakes are found, you can not walk barefoot, as well as in light open shoes. Reliably protect against a snake bite rubber or leather boots. During summer outdoor recreation, a lot of trouble is caused to a person by ubiquitous blood-sucking insects. These are mosquitoes, midges, midges and horseflies, which appear in early May and disappear only in autumn. Their bites are painful, and the continuous presence day and night tires a person, negatively affects his mood, and reduces the positive impression of communicating with wildlife. These insects can also be carriers of infectious diseases. Therefore, being in places where there are a lot of mosquitoes, midges, horseflies, you should cover as much as possible all parts of the body with clothes. During the campaign, parking should be arranged in open areas of the area, well ventilated, and a fire should be built to repel insects. Other insects also pose a certain danger to a person in natural conditions: bees, wasps, bumblebees, hornets, if their habitats are disturbed. Nests of forest bees and wasps are located on trees, hornets - in hollows of trees, and bumblebees - in underground burrows. It is better to bypass them and not disturb them. In the second half of summer, wasps and hornets can bring a lot of trouble. They have a sweet tooth and flock to the smell of fruits, jams, sweets. These insects are very aggressive and attack without much reason. Bumblebees are considered more peaceful than bees, and they attack extremely rarely, since they have less reason to worry about their home. After a bee, wasp, bumblebee or hornet sting, an itchy swelling forms on the human skin. For some people, a bite can be very dangerous: after 5 minutes, a painful blister appears, which increases within two days, and more serious consequences of the bite may appear - urticaria, swelling, sore throat, vomiting. With this in mind, it is advisable to avoid the habitats of these insects on a hike, and even more so not to destroy the nests. If during the movement you accidentally disturbed a swarm of bees, you should freeze and do not move for several minutes until the insects calm down, and then carefully leave the dangerous place. When attacked by a swarm of bees, you can only escape by fleeing, covering your face with your hands. It is necessary to run to water or dense bushes to hide from insects. During the hike, in order not to be bitten by bees or hornets, it is recommended to lubricate exposed areas of the body with cologne, in which mint oil and mint drops are added. In the natural environment, a formidable enemy lies in wait for a person - ticks. Ticks are carriers of encephalitis. The period of greatest activity of ticks comes in spring and the first half of summer. Orientation on the ground is the determination of one's position relative to the sides of the horizon and local objects. Depending on the nature of the terrain, the availability of technical means and the visibility of the horizon, it can be determined by the position of the Sun, the North Star, by the signs of local objects, etc. In the northern hemisphere, the direction not north can be determined by standing with your back to the Sun at local noon. The shadow will indicate the direction to the north, the west will be on the left, the east on the right. Local noon is determined using a vertical pole 0.5 - 1.0 m long according to the smallest value of the shadow length from it on the Earth's surface. The moment when the shadow was the shortest in terms of marks on Earth corresponds to the passage of the Sun through this meridian. Determining cardinal points with a clock: the clock must be placed horizontally and rotated so that the hour hand points to the sun. Through the center of the dial, the bisector of the angle formed between this line and the hour hand is mentally drawn, showing the north-south direction, and the south is to the right of the Sun until 12 o'clock, and after 12 o'clock - to the left. At night in the northern hemisphere, the direction of north can be determined using the North Star, located approximately above the North Pole. To do this, you need to find the constellation Ursa Major with a characteristic arrangement of stars in the form of a bucket with a handle. An imaginary line is drawn through the last two stars of the bucket, and the distance between these stars is plotted on it 5 times. At the end of the fifth segment there will be a bright star - Polaris. The direction to it will correspond to the direction to the north. You can navigate by some natural signs. So, for example, on the north side, the trees have a coarser bark, covered with lichen and moss at the foot, the bark of birch and pine on the north side is darker than on the south, and tree trunks, stones or ledges of rocks are densely covered with moss and lichens. During thaws, snow stays longer on the northern slopes of the hills. Anthills are usually protected from the north by something, their northern side is steeper. Mushrooms usually grow on the north side of trees. On the surface of the trunk of coniferous trees, facing south, more resin drops stand out than on the north. These signs are especially clearly visible on trees standing separately. On the southern slopes, grass grows faster in spring, and many flowering shrubs have more flowers.

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RUSSIAN EMERGENCY SITUATIONS MINISTRY

FEDERAL STATE STATE INSTITUTION

"1 TEAM OF THE FEDERAL FIRE-FIGHTING SERVICE

FOR THE UDMURT REPUBLIC"

FPS TRAINING STATION

APPROVE

Head of the Training Center of the FPS

FGKU "1 detachment of FPS

for the Udmurt Republic"

lieutenant colonel of internal service

S.A. Churakov

"____" __________________ 2017

PLAN-SUMMARY

Conducting classes on the discipline "Fire Tactics"

with students of special initial training of firefighters

Topic number 5.3.2. "Fundamentals of Survival in Various Emergencies"

Considered at a meeting of the pedagogical council

Protocol No. _____ dated ______________

"_____" ________________20 years

Type of lesson: lecture

Lesson time: 80 minutes

The purpose of the lesson: to familiarize students with the basics of survival in various emergencies

Literature:

Fire tactics / Terebnev V.V., Yekaterinburg: "Publishing house" Kalan "2007.

Handbook of the head of fire fighting. Povzik Ya.S. Moscow "Special equipment" 2001

Rescuer's Manual M 2011

Order of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection dated December 23, 2014 No. 1100n “On approval of the Rules for labor protection in the divisions of the federal fire service of the State Fire Service”.

Belov SV et al. Life safety. Textbook. M., "Higher School", 2001.

Psychology of extreme situations for rescuers and firefighters / ed.

Study questions:

Study question

Time, min.

Moving in the natural environment

Educational issues (including control of classes)

Basics of survival, signaling

When conducting RPS in the natural environment, rescuers often have to perform tasks far from populated areas, spend several days in the “field conditions”, and face a variety of extreme situations, which imposes additional requirements on their ability to work in these conditions.

Solid knowledge in various fields, the ability to use them in any conditions are the basis of survival. Going to the RPS, rescuers must, along with tools and protective equipment, have the following set of necessary items that can be useful in any climatic and geographical zone: a signal mirror, with which you can send a distress signal at a distance of up to 3 (M0 km) hunting matches, a candle or tablets of dry fuel for making a fire or heating a shelter, a whistle for signaling; a large knife (machete) in a sheath that can be used as a knife; an ax; a shovel; a spear; a compass; a piece of dense foul and polyethylene; fishing accessories; signal cartridges; medicines supply of water and food.

Signaling. Rescuers must know and be able to put into practice special signals

Rescuers can use the smoke of a fire during the day and bright lights at night to indicate their own location. If you throw rubber, pieces of insulation, oil rags into a fire, black smoke will be emitted, which is clearly visible in cloudy weather. To get white smoke, which is clearly visible in clear weather, green leaves, fresh grass, and damp moss should be thrown into the fire.

To give a signal from the ground to an air vehicle (aircraft), a special signal mirror can be used. It is necessary to keep it at a distance of 25-30 cm from the face and look through the sighting hole at the plane; turning the mirror, match the light spot with the sighting hole. In the absence of a signal mirror, objects with shiny surfaces can be used. For sighting, you need to make a hole in the center of the object. The light beam must be sent along the entire horizon line, even in cases where the noise of the aircraft engine is not heard.

At night, the light of a hand-held electric flashlight, a torch, a fire can be used for signaling.

A fire built on a raft is one of the distress signals.

Good means of signaling are brightly colored objects and a special coloring powder (fluorescein, uranine), which are scattered on snow, earth, water, and ice when an aircraft (helicopter) approaches.

In some cases, sound signals (shout, shot, knock), signal rockets, smoke bombs can be used.

One of the latest developments in the development of "targeting" is a small rubber balloon with a nylon shell, covered with four luminous colors, under which a light bulb flashes at night; the light from it is clearly visible at a distance of 4-5 km. Before launch, the balloon is filled with helium from a small capsule and held at a height of 90 m by a nylon cable. The mass of the kit is 1.5 kg.

In order to facilitate the search, it is advisable to use the International Ground-to-Air Air Signals Code Table. Its signs can be laid out with the help of improvised means (equipment, clothing, stones, trees), directly by people who must lie down on the ground, snow, ice or trampled on the snow.

Along with the ability to give signals, rescuers must be able to work and live in the field, taking into account meteorological (weather) factors. Monitoring the state and forecasting of the weather is carried out by special meteorological services. Weather information is transmitted by means of communication, in special reports, is applied to maps using conventional signs.

In the absence of information about the weather, rescuers must be able to determine and predict it according to local characteristics. To obtain reliable information, it is advisable to make a weather forecast simultaneously for several of them.

International Code Table for Airborne Ground-to-Air Signals:

1 - Need a doctor - serious bodily injury; 2 - Medicines are needed; 3 - Unable to move; 4 - Need food and water; 5 - Requires weapons and ammunition; 6 - Map and compass required; 7 - We need a signal lamp with a battery and a radio station; 8 - Specify the direction of travel; 9 - I am moving in this direction; 10 - Let's try to take off; 11 - Vessel seriously damaged; 12 - Here you can safely land; 13 - Fuel and oil required; 14 - All right; 15 - No or negative; 16 - Yes or positive; 17 - Did not understand; 18 - Need a mechanic; 19 - Operations completed; 20 - Nothing found, keep searching; 21 - Information received that the aircraft is in this direction; 22 - We found all the people; 23 - We found only a few people; 24 - We are unable to continue, returning to base; 25 - Divided into two groups, each follows in the indicated direction.

Organization of housing, shelter, food, protection

The weather imposes certain requirements on the organization of a bivouac, temporary housing, life and rest during multi-day RPS. With this in mind, rescuers organize a bivouac. It should be located in avalanche-safe and rock-fall-safe areas, close to a source of drinking water, have a supply of deadwood or firewood. It is impossible to arrange a bivouac in the dried up beds of mountain rivers, near the shallows, in dense shrubs, coniferous thickets, near dry, hollow, rotten trees, in thickets of flowering rhododendron. After removing stones, branches, debris from the site and leveling it, rescuers can proceed with setting up the tent.

Tents differ in design features (frame, frameless), capacity, material. Despite this, they are all designed to protect a person from cold, rain, wind, dampness, and insects.

The procedure for setting up the tent is as follows:

deploy a tent;

stretch and secure the bottom;

install racks and tighten guy lines;

fasten the exit and tighten the roof braces;

eliminate creases on the roof by tensioning (loosening) the guys;

dig a ditch around the tent with a width and depth of 8-10 cm to drain water into
case of rain.

Under the bottom of the tent, you can put dry leaves, grass, ferns, reeds, moss. When setting up a tent on snow (ice), empty backpacks, ropes, windbreakers, blankets, polyurethane foam mats should be placed on the floor.

The pegs are hammered at an angle of 45° to the ground to a depth of 20-25 cm. Trees, stones, ledges can be used to secure the tent. The back wall of the tent must be placed in the direction of the prevailing winds.

In the absence of a tent, you can spend the night under a piece of tarpaulin, polyethylene, or equip a hut from improvised materials (branches, logs, spruce branches, leaves, reeds). It is installed on a flat and dry place, in a clearing or the edge of a forest.

In winter, the campsite should be cleared of snow and ice.

In snowy winter conditions, rescuers must be able to arrange shelters in the snow. The simplest of them is a hole dug around a tree, the size of which depends on the number of people. From above, the pit must be closed with branches, dense cloth, covered with snow for better thermal insulation. You can build a snow cave, a snow dugout, a snow trench. When entering a snow shelter, you should clean your clothes from snow and dirt, take a shovel or knife with you, which can be used to make ventilation holes and a passage in case of snow collapse.

For cooking, heating, drying clothes, signaling, rescuers use fires of the following types: "hut", "well" ("log house"), "taiga", "no-dya", "fireplace", "Polynesian", "star" , "pyramid".

"Shalash" is convenient for making tea quickly and lighting the camp. This fire is very "gluttonous", it burns hot. “Well” (“log house”) is kindled, if you need to cook food in a large bowl, dry wet clothes. In the "well" the fuel burns more slowly than in the "hut", a lot of coals are formed, which create a high temperature. On the "taiga" you can cook food at the same time in several pots. On one thick log (approximately 20 cm thick) put several thinner

Types of fires: a - "hut"; b - "well"; c - "taiga"; g - "nodya"; d - "fireplace"; e - "Polynesian"; g - "star"; h - "pyramid"

Any fire must be made only after careful preparation of the site: collection of dry grass and deadwood, making a deepening in the ground, fencing with stones the place where it will be bred. The fuel for the fire is dry forest, grass, reeds, shrubs. It has been noticed that burning spruce, pine, cedar, chestnut, larch give a lot of sparks. Quietly burning oak, maple, elm, beech.

To quickly kindle a fire, kindling is needed (birch bark, small dry branches and firewood, a piece of rubber, paper, dry fuel). It fits tightly with a "hut" or "well". To make the kindling light up better, put a piece of candle in it or put dry alcohol. Thicker dry branches are laid around the kindling, then thick firewood. In wet weather or during rain, the fire must be covered with a tarpaulin, a backpack, or a thick cloth.

You can kindle a fire with matches, a lighter, sunlight and a magnifying glass, friction, flint, a shot. In the latter case, you need:

open the cartridge and leave only gunpowder in it;

lay dry cotton wool on top of the gunpowder;

shoot at the ground, while observing security measures;

smoldering cotton wool will ensure further kindling of the fire.

To set up a fire in winter, it is necessary to clear the snow to the ground or build a deck of thick logs on the snow, otherwise the melted snow will extinguish the fire.

To prevent a fire from causing a fire, it should not be made under low tree branches, near flammable objects, on the leeward side, relative to the bivouac, on peat bogs, near reeds and reeds, dry grass, moss, in spruce and pine undergrowth. In these places, the fire spreads at high speed and is difficult to extinguish. In order to prevent the spread of fire, the fire must be surrounded by a ditch or stones.

The safe distance from the campfire to the tent is 10 meters.

The energy consumption of the human body with an average and above average intensity of loads ranges from 3200 to 4000 kcal per day. Under extreme loads, energy costs increase to 4600-5000 kcal. In this case, the diet should consist of various products containing all the elements necessary for the body. An example of a balanced diet is shown above.

This list may be supplemented by forest products (mushrooms, berries, fruits of wild trees), hunting, and fishing.

Food consumption is carried out in the established mode, which includes two or three hot meals a day, if possible, every day at the same time. For lunch, 40% of the daily diet is spent, for breakfast - 35% and for dinner - 25%.

To maintain a high level of efficiency, the rescuer must adhere to the optimal mode of drinking water consumption.

The water lost by the body must be replaced, otherwise the process of dehydration begins. The loss of water in the amount of 1-2% of body weight makes a person very thirsty; at 3-5% nausea, fever, apathy, fatigue occur; at 10%, irreversible changes appear in the body; at 20% a person dies. The need for water depends on the intensity of the work, the temperature and humidity of the air, and the weight of the human body. With relatively limited physical mobility, the need for water ranges from 1.5-2.0 liters per day in areas with moderate temperatures, to 4-6 liters or more per day in the desert and tropics. With high physical and nervous stress, the need for water increases by 2-3 times.

In natural and artificial reservoirs, water quality often does not meet the requirements for safe use. Therefore, it is advisable to boil it before use. Contaminated or swamp water must be treated with potassium permanganate or special preparations before boiling. Water can also be filtered using depressions in damp earth, thick cloth, special filters.

Moving in the natural environment

RESCUER MOVEMENT OVER ROUGH TERRAIN

Rough terrain is a piece of the earth's surface without high mountains. It is characterized by a variety of conditions, including the presence, along with flat plots of land, hills, hills, ravines, valleys, screes, rivers, reservoirs, vegetation.

Movement on flat areas of rough terrain is characterized by the rhythm of steps with approximately the same length and frequency. The rhythm of movements is ensured by the optimal functioning of the circulatory system, respiratory and other functional systems of the body. At the moment of unsupported position of the leg, its muscles must be relaxed as much as possible. When lowering to the ground, the leg muscles tighten again. The foot must be placed on the entire surface, and not on the edge, to avoid injury to the ankle joint. Walk with slightly bent knees.

The length and frequency of the step are purely individual and depend on many factors: height, weight, strength, experience, fitness of a person, terrain, mass of the load carried. On steep sections, the stride length is reduced by more than half, sometimes it is equal to the length of the foot or can even be shorter.

When driving on flat areas, the average speed is 4-5 km / h and decreases when driving through forests, swamps, bushes, thickets, snow, sand.

On the rises, the leg must be placed on the entire foot, the toes of the legs should be slightly turned to the sides. This provides a reliable grip of the sole of the shoe with the supporting surface. The body leans slightly forward. With an increase in the steepness of the slope of more than 15 °, the ascent is carried out using the “herringbone” method. At the same time, the toes of the legs turn to the sides. The steeper the slope, the greater the angle you need to turn your feet.

The ascent and descent of the slopes is often carried out using the "serpentine" method. This method is associated with movement across the slope (traverse). When “serpentine” the leg must be placed with the entire sole across the slope so that the toe of the “nearest” leg to the slope of the legs is turned up, and the toe of the “far” leg is turned down. The angle of the foot turn depends on the steepness of the slope. At the moment of changing the direction of movement along the slope, it is necessary to take an elongated step with the “far” leg, placing it up the slope, then place the foot of the “near” leg across the slope, in a “herringbone”, turn around and continue moving.

To facilitate movement along the slope, animal trails, potholes, securely lying objects, an alpenstock, an ice ax should be used.

Scree movement requires special attention, since it is associated with the possibility of rockfall. Screes are strong and fragile, with small, medium and large stones.

Movement along solid talus is carried out straight up or with small zigzags. When zigzagging, always be careful not to be above or below another rescuer.

On fragile scree, you need to move carefully, obliquely. Each broken stone, if possible, should be detained and strengthened. If it was not possible to detain him, then everyone should be warned with the exclamation: “Stone”. Rocks and tree trunks are reliable shelter from stones.

The most dangerous talus with a rocky base.

MOVEMENT OF RESCUERS IN THE CONDITIONS OF ROCKETS

Conducting RPS can cause the need to move rescuers in the conditions of blockages. The route of movement is selected taking into account the shortest distance to the place of work, in the absence of unstable elements and additional obstacles on the way.

When moving through a blockage, rescuers must exercise extreme caution, as it can be fraught with many unexpected things:

victims and material values;

collapse of surviving, unstable fragments of buildings and elements of buildings;

voids and their subsidence;

explosions as a result of the accumulation of combustible and explosive gases in voids;

fire and smoke;

damaged utility networks, product pipelines;

harmful substances, including AHOV.

When moving in the immediate vicinity of the blockage, special attention should be paid to the surviving fragments of buildings, since they represent an increased danger. This is due to the possibility of their sudden collapse. No less dangerous are damaged utility systems.

When moving along the surface of the blockage, the optimal and safe route is chosen. Particular attention is paid to the choice of the place of setting the legs. You need to step only on securely lying objects. In some cases, the remains of buildings, boards, pipes, fittings should be removed from the road.

It is impossible to move in conditions of blockage, enter destroyed buildings, and be near them unnecessarily. Do not run, jump, or throw heavy objects at the blockage. This can cause injury to rescuers and create an additional threat to the health and life of the victims who are in the rubble.

In cases where partially destroyed buildings remain in the RPS area, it is necessary to provide assistance to the people who are in them. To do this, rescuers must assess the reliability of buildings, determine the methods of movement, extraction and evacuation of victims.

MOVEMENT OF RESCUERS IN CRASHED CONDITIONS

When conducting RPS, rescuers often have to move in cramped conditions (narrow passage, well, crack, pipe). The peculiarity of this movement is that it is carried out in unusual positions: on the side, on the back, on all fours, crawling. To this must be added the psychological discomfort associated with the constant feeling of fear that arises on the basis of claustrophobia - fear of enclosed space.

As a rule, toxic and explosive substances accumulate in a closed space, there is no light in it.

Work in cramped conditions can be carried out after checking the air in the working area with instruments or in an insulating gas mask. A rescuer in cramped conditions must be secured with a rope. Special lamps are used to illuminate the route and places of work.

MOVEMENT OF RESCUERS IN THE SNOW

The movement of rescuers on snow can be carried out on foot, using snowshoes, skis, sledges, snowmobiles and all-terrain vehicles.

One of the most common ways is walking. Its speed depends on the height and structure of the snow cover, the nature of the terrain.

Snow cover with a height of 0.3 m or more is difficult for walking. This is due to the peculiarity of walking, which consists in the need to punch a continuous road in freshly fallen snow or individual holes in old snow. All this requires great physical effort, causes rapid fatigue. Therefore, when walking in deep snow, it is often necessary to replace the rescuer walking in front.

To prevent snow from getting into your shoes, put on trousers over them and tie them at the bottom.

Special devices - snowshoes - help to increase the speed of rescuers' movement in the snow and save energy. They are an oval-shaped frame made of a bar 7 mm thick, 420 mm long and 200 mm wide. 20-25 holes with a diameter of 8-9 mm are drilled in the frame, through which it is intertwined with rawhide belts. A tarpaulin or dense fabric measuring 80x270 mm and rings for tying snowshoes to shoes are attached to the resulting mesh.

MOVEMENT OF RESCUERS ON ICE

At an air temperature of 0 ° C and below, water from a liquid state passes into a solid state (crystallizes), ice is formed. On water surfaces, the thickness and strength of ice depend on the speed of the water flow, its composition and the presence of aquatic vegetation. Level ice forms on a smooth, wind-sheltered water surface. Old (pack) ice is covered with hummocks, which appear as a result of ice compression.

When large heavy ice floes collide between them, grated ice is formed, unsuitable for movement.

The thickness of the ice, especially on fast water, is not the same everywhere. It is thin near the coast, on rapids, in the area of ​​riffles, near rocks, at the confluence of rivers, their confluence with the sea (lake), near frozen objects on bends and bends of rivers. The most dangerous ice under the snow and snowdrifts. The danger when moving on ice is polynyas, ice holes, holes, cracks, hummocks, places where solder and moving ice come into contact.

The movement of rescuers on the ice requires increased security measures. An ice thickness of 10 cm in fresh water and 15 cm in salt water is considered safe for one person. To determine the thickness of the ice, it must be drilled (cut through).

The reliability of the ice is checked by the passage of one lifeguard (light) on it, who, for safety reasons, must be insured with a rope. If, when moving along it, the ice makes characteristic sounds - it cracks, then you can’t walk on it. In case of breaking through the ice, it is necessary to drop heavy things, get to the surface of the ice, lie on your stomach, lean on a pole, skis or ski poles and crawl to the shore.

Special care must be taken when driving on ice that is covered with snow or water. When jumping from one ice floe to another, the support points should be no closer than 50 cm from the edge of the ice.

Aids and equipment used in the lesson: teaching board, teaching aids

Assignment for independent work of students and preparation for the next lesson: repeat the material covered

Developed

teacher of special disciplines

FPS training center

FGKU "1 detachment of the FPS in the Udmurt Republic"

senior lieutenant of the internal service A.V. Arkhipov