Causes of the Second Balkan War. Balkan wars. New disputed territories

Military analysts predicted how Russia can support Serbia

The Balkans are once again on the brink of armed conflict. And the point of tension again became Kosovo. On September 29, Kosovo special forces approached the administrative border of Serbia. And not just approached, but entered the territory of a special energy facility - a lake that supplies water to the Belgrade Gazivode power plant. In response to this demarche of the Kosovars, Serbian leader Aleksandar Vučić put the Serbian army on full alert.

At the same time, the Serbian president turned to Russian President Vladimir Putin for help - today their talks were held in Moscow behind closed doors.

We tried to understand whether a new Balkan war threatens Europe and whether Russia will be able to put out the conflict in the former Yugoslavia?

The Balkans have always been a powder keg of Europe. She also remained. A series of wars is already in recent history first they tore Yugoslavia apart, as happened in 1992. And already in 1999, the NATO bombs finally buried the brainchild of Tito. Instead of a blessed republic, which in the days of the USSR was rightly considered a “fraternal capitalist country”, a mass of enclave-states appeared: Croatia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and, in fact, Serbia. Among them, Kosovo stands apart. Force torn away by the "star-striped" hand historical region Serbia has so far remained a bleeding wound for every Serbian patriot.

However, the days of NATO's Allied Force operation against peaceful Belgrade and the march of Russian paratroopers to Pristina are long gone. Kosovo is a separate region, which is partially recognized by the European Union. And Serbia, gradually healing the wounds of that war, began to glance towards the friendly European family.

However, the imaginary calm of the Balkan region was shaken by a strange demarche of the special forces of the Kosovo Ministry of Internal Affairs. About 60 fighters entered the area near the lake, which supplies water to the Belgrade hydroelectric power station Gazivode. Moreover, according to the local police, the Serbian Center for Ecology and Sports was seized along with the staff.

Serbian President Aleksandar Vucic reacts instantly: a note of protest flew to the headquarters of NATO and Jens Stoltenberg personally to the trick of the Kosovo special forces. Following the Serbian leader brings the army to full combat readiness and at the same time ... throws a call to his longtime ally and intercessor.

Vučić appealed to President Putin with a historic call to "Rusiya pomazhe", insisting on an early personal meeting. What help can the Serbian leader count on? The details of today's talks remained unknown - the presidents spoke behind closed doors, and they did not give a press conference on the results. But it is known for sure that there was no talk of any military assistance “according to the Syrian scenario” from the very beginning.

Coming out of the talks, President Vučić enthusiastically declared: "We got everything we were looking for."

Military expert Alexei Leonkov expressed his opinion about the options for Russia's support for Serbia.

“I see assistance to the Serbian people in three directions. The first is the discovery of the Russian military base in Serbia. The goal is the fight against terrorism and the spread of peaceful life in the region, Leonkov says. - Repeatedly there was information that ISIS were seen in the Kosovo enclaves (ISIS is prohibited in Russia - "MK")».

In the expert's opinion, Brussels, Berlin or Paris may well approve the idea.

“Today, for Europe, getting a war like the conflict in 1999 is the worst scenario,” continues Leonkov. - This is the inevitable deterioration of the economy, plus refugees, devastation, a surge in banditry and unresolved issues with borders. Therefore, the European Union will not sing to the tune of the United States and turn a blind eye to another "fire of war" in the Balkans.

The second way, according to the expert, is the direct supply of Russian weapons to the Serbs: “We can supply anything: from light rifles to heavy weapons like tanks or S-300 anti-aircraft missile systems or, in general, S-400 Triumph.

The third option that can put out the smoldering conflict in the Balkans is economic support for Serbia. For example, the inclusion of the Balkan republic in a collective security treaty, similar to the CSTO. “Plus the connection to the economic projects that Russia is conducting with China and other economic communities,” adds Leonkov.

“The Kosovars want to draw attention to themselves, to show that Serbia is a threat to the safe existence of Kosovo,” military analyst Alexander Mozgovoy explains the current situation. - That is, with their demarche, the Kosovo leaders want to provoke a situation where they, the Kosovo troops, will need military assistance. This will give them the support and legal army that they have been trying in vain to get since 1999.

Vladimir Zotov, an expert on the Balkan countries, also agrees with Alexander Mozgov. He is sure that the Kosovars are ready to put everything on the "card" in order to attract the attention of the United States by any means.

– Kosovo has been losing support from the Americans very steadily for a long time. And the Americans themselves are ready to talk to Vučić instead of the Kosovars themselves,” says Zotov.

“The United States and Great Britain are behind the game in the Balkans, smelling of gunpowder and blood,” believes Alexei Leonkov. - Look closely at foreign policy like US President Trump and you will see him trying to rekindle outdated conflicts. Afghanistan, North Korea, Middle East.

The President of Serbia held secret meetings with Putin...
Kosovo is trying to assert itself through a trade war...

At the beginning of the 20th century, there was a rise in the national liberation movement of the Balkan peoples, and the rivalry between the great powers in the Balkan Peninsula also intensified. The strengthening of national and feudal oppression by Sultan Turkey, the refusal of its government to implement the necessary reforms and grant autonomy to Macedonia and Thrace led to two Balkan wars.

The First Balkan War lasted from October 1912 to May 1913. Waging a liberation struggle, the Balkan peoples sought elimination of the remnants of Turkish domination on the peninsula. At the same time, the bourgeoisie of each of the Balkan countries aspired to hegemony in the region.

After the defeat in the Italo-Turkish war of 1911-1912. and prolonged uprisings in Albania and Macedonia, Sultan Turkey became increasingly weak and could not control the situation. Entente countries and Triple Alliance actively intervened in events in the Balkans, while defending their interests and challenging each other's spheres of influence. March-October 1912 as a result of lengthy negotiations Balkan Union consisting of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece and Montenegro, directed against Turkey.

The war with Turkey has begun in October 1912 Within one month, the Serbian army defeated the Turks in Macedonia, Kosovo and Sandzhak, occupied Northern Albania and went to the sea. The Bulgarian army defeated the Turkish troops opposing it, laid siege to Adrianople and reached the approaches to Istanbul. Greek troops occupied Thessaloniki and invaded Albania. On December 3, 1912, at the request of Turkey, hostilities were stopped, and peace negotiations began in London. In February 1913, fighting resumed. But after the fall of Adrianople and Ioannina, Turkey again requested a truce.

On May 29, 1913, a peace treaty was signed in London, according to which Turkey was deprived of all its European possessions, except for an insignificant territory near Istanbul, the independence of Albania was confirmed (from November 1912). But Serbia did not get the desired access to the Adriatic Sea, and between former allies disagreements arose over the partition of Macedonia.

The first Balkan war essentially led to the second, which lasted from June 29, 1913 to August 10, 1913. One of its main reasons was differences between Bulgaria and Serbia on the partition of Macedonia. Chauvinist circles in both countries sought to resolve the dispute by force of arms. Oil was added to the fire by Austro-German diplomacy, which sought to destroy the Balkan Union.

Second Balkan War began with an attack by Bulgarian troops on the Serbs on the night of June 30. Soon the Serbian and Greek troops went on the offensive. intervened in the conflict Romania, which occupied Southern Dobruja, and Turkey, which occupied Eastern Thrace. July 29, 1913 Bulgaria capitulated.

According to the Bucharest Peace Treaty of 1913 Bulgaria saved the exit aegean sea, but was forced to yield: Turkey - Adrianople, Romania - Southern Dobruja. Serbia and Greece divided among themselves Macedonia.

The geopolitical situation in the region has changed significantly. The Balkan Union collapsed, the influence of the Entente increased in Serbia, and Bulgaria moved into the camp of the Austro-German bloc. Romania began to draw closer to the Entente, Albania became a bone of contention between Austria-Hungary and Italy, and German influence in Turkey increased. The internal political situation in the South Slavic lands escalated. The results of the Balkan wars brought the beginning of the world war closer.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Hosted at http://www.allbest.ru/

FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION

STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

"VORONEZH STATE PEDAGOGICAL

UNIVERSITY"

DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN HISTORY

Control work for the offset of the interview

Second Balkan War

Completed by a 4th year student

2 groups of correspondence department

Faculty of History

Checked: Candidate

historical sciences, associate professor

departments of foreign history

Voronezh 2010

Introduction

2.New political situation

3. Plans and forces

4. Course of hostilities

5. Battle of Kilkis

8.Results of the war

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The Ottoman Empire, expanding its territory since its inception, captured the Balkan Peninsula in the 15th century. Even before the arrival of the Turks, many warring peoples lived on the peninsula. The common enemy - Turkey - forced them to consolidate. In the 17th century, the gradual weakening of the empire began. The peoples conquered by the Turks strove for independence, therefore, in the 18th century, uprisings of national minorities took place more than once in the weakened empire. By the middle of the 19th century, the formation of ethnocratic states began. On the Balkan Peninsula, part of the population of which were Orthodox Christians and Slavs, this process took place with the support of the Russian Empire. By the end of the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire had lost significant part of their European possessions, on the territory of which independent Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, Greece and Montenegro arose.

The confrontation of the great powers in the Balkans led to the emergence of the Balkan Union - a military defensive alliance of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece and Montenegro. The union was created under the auspices of the Russian Empire and was directed against Austria-Hungary, since the recent Bosnian crisis led to a destabilization of the situation in the Balkans. However, the Balkan Union began to quarrel with Ottoman Empire. The fact is that a large number of Bulgarians, Greeks and Serbs lived in the weakening empire. Besides, Bulgarian government wanted to expand the borders of Bulgaria as much as possible, creating an integral Bulgaria - an empire that was supposed to cover the entire eastern part of the Balkans. The Serbs wanted to gain access to the Adriatic Sea by annexing Western Macedonia and Albania to their country. The Montenegrins sought to occupy the major Turkish ports on the Adriatic and the Novopazar Sanjak. The Greeks, like the Bulgarians, needed to expand the borders of their country as much as possible. Later, after the First World War, the Great Idea of Venizelos arose - the reconstruction of the Byzantine Empire with its capital in Constantinople (Istanbul). There were, however, in the union and contradictions. So, Greece, Bulgaria and Serbia argued about the ownership of Macedonia, Greece and Bulgaria - about the ownership of Thrace. Romania, which was not a member of the union, also had territorial claims to Bulgaria, and during the First Balkan War, it used these claims for political pressure on Bulgaria.

1.Results of the first Balkan war

On October 9, 1912, the First Balkan War officially began, although de facto Montenegro began fighting with Turkish troops on October 4. In the first two months of the war, the forces of the Balkan Union were on the offensive in all directions. In Macedonia, the Western (Macedonian) army of the Ottoman Empire was completely defeated, near Kirklareli - the Eastern one. The protracted battles under the Chataldzha fortified line, the long sieges of the cities of Edirne and Shkoder forced the parties to begin peace negotiations. The negotiations were thwarted by the Young Turks, who seized power in Turkey. The new government of the empire had a negative attitude towards the national minorities of the state, so it called on the Turks to continue the war in the Balkans, returning the "rebellious regions" to the empire. On February 3, 1913, at 7 pm hostilities resumed. In its second phase, the Balkan Union managed to force the surrender of Shkoder and Edirne. On the remaining sectors of the front, a positional war was waged until May 30. On May 30, the Young Turk government nevertheless agreed to sign a peace treaty in London.

According to the London Peace Treaty, Turkey lost most of its European possessions and all the islands in the Aegean. Only Istanbul and its environs remained under her rule. Albania gained independence, although in fact it was a protectorate of Austria-Hungary and Italy.

The creation of a new state did not satisfy Greece, Montenegro and Serbia, who wanted to divide the Albanian territories among themselves. In addition, the peace treaty did not provide for how the territories lost by Turkey would be divided in the future. The participating countries of the Balkan Union had to independently divide the occupied territories. This was problematic, since Thrace and Macedonia immediately after the end of the First Balkan War became disputed territories for the allies. The situation in these regions was constantly aggravated, Macedonia was divided by a disputed demarcation line between Greece, Bulgaria and Serbia. The new borders of the states were never defined.

2.New political situation

German Empire and Austria-Hungary, which late XIX centuries were drawn into the pan-European arms race, they realized that a pan-European war was approaching. The Russian Empire was their potential enemy, and the much stronger Balkan Union was its ally. This was feared by Turkey, Germany and Austria-Hungary. To weaken Russian influence in the strategically important Balkan Peninsula, it was necessary to liquidate the Balkan Union. Austria-Hungary could not directly declare war on the union, since this could develop into an all-European (actually world) war.

“In such a situation, German and Austrian diplomats, at the end of 1912, decided to destroy the union from the inside.” In Belgrade - the capital of Serbia - they persuaded the Serbian king to go to war with Bulgaria and Greece. This was argued by the fact that in the First Balkan War, the Serbs did not get what they wanted - access to the Adriatic, but they can compensate for this by annexing Macedonia and Thessaloniki. Thus, Serbia would have access to the Aegean Sea. At the same time, the Germans and Austrians carried out diplomatic work in the Bulgarian capital - Sofia. The Bulgarian government was indoctrinated with the same thing as the Serbian one - to annex Macedonia. Austria-Hungary promised Bulgaria support in this matter. But the opinion of the Bulgarian side has not changed. She still insisted on strict observance of all clauses of the Serbian-Bulgarian union treaty of 1912, which laid the foundation for the Balkan Union.

The Serbs, unlike the Bulgarians, agreed with the German and Austrian diplomats. Serbia was preparing for a new war, everything had already been decided. The future war was seriously discussed in the national assembly already in May. Meanwhile, Greece, dissatisfied with the strengthening of Bulgaria and striving for a common border with Serbia, on June 1, 1913, signed an allied anti-Bulgarian treaty with Serbia. Greeks and Serbs had common interests in the Balkans - primarily transit trade. The Russian Empire, under whose auspices the Balkan Union arose, opposed its collapse. Russian government called for a peaceful settlement of the issue. It was planned to convene a conference of all "interested parties", where new boundaries would be established. The situation was aggravated by the revanchism of the Young Turks, who wanted to regain their lost territories.

In the early summer of 1913, the radicalization of the government and all sectors of society took place in Serbia. Violent "Serbization" began in the regions conquered from the Turks - Western Macedonia and Kosovo. Chauvinistic ideas were spreading, at the end of June the Serbian king himself began to call for the maximum expansion of the state's borders. An extremely radical Black Hand group has formed. It arose with the support of the Serbian counterintelligence and controlled most of the Serbian government. Karageorgievich himself was afraid of her. The internal political situation was aggravated by the fact that part of the Serbian government, headed by Nikola Pasic, did not agree with the policy of the Black Hand. Articles began to appear in the newspapers about "government treason against the homeland of the Pasic cabinet."

Balkan anti-Bulgarian radicalization

3. Plans and forces

By the end of the First Balkan War, the 4th Army was formed in Bulgaria, and after the war, the 5th. Both armies were on a par with the 1st, 2nd and 3rd. In fact, nothing has changed in the Bulgarian troops since the recent war with Turkey. To the line of the future front - the Serbian-Bulgarian border - Bulgaria pulled troops for a long time, since they were far away from Chataldzhi.

Serbian troops, main impact force anti-Bulgarian alliance, stretched along the entire border with Bulgaria. In total, Serbia had three armies and two independent detachments. The Serbian troops also included Montenegrin troops, some of which fell into the 1st Army of Prince Alexander Karageorgievich. Another part of the Serbian troops remained in Skopje as a reserve. The headquarters of the supreme command of the anti-Bulgarian forces was located in the same city.

In Montenegro, after the First Balkan War, the troops managed to demobilize, so mobilization was again announced. Additional mobilizations took place in Serbia and Bulgaria to replenish forces. From June 23 to June 27, the troops of both countries were drawn to the common border. On June 28, they came into contact, at the same time a diplomatic crisis began between the countries of the former Balkan Union and Russian Empire which sought to resolve the conflict through peaceful negotiations. On the same day in St. Petersburg, a date was set for negotiations on the ownership of the disputed territories, but the negotiations were disrupted by the war.

The Bulgarian command planned to attack the enemy in the south and block the communication between Serbia and Greece. Next, the Bulgarians wanted to attack Skopje and then completely occupy Macedonia. In the occupied territories, it was planned to establish a Bulgarian administration and carry out propaganda among the local population. As expected, the local population should support the Bulgarian army. Next, the Bulgarian government wanted to offer the opponents a truce and start diplomatic negotiations. The government of the country believed that after the capture of Skopje, Serbia, under pressure, would agree to all the conditions of the Bulgarians.

The Serbs did not develop any special plans on the eve of the war. Only at the beginning of July, when the war broke out and Serbian troops were advancing deep into Bulgaria, did the Serbian and Greek governments decide to win the war through diplomacy. It was planned to hold back the offensive of the Bulgarians on the entire front, while accusing Bulgaria of violating the allied treaties, thus isolating it.

4. Course of hostilities

In the last days of June, the situation at the border escalated. On June 29, 1913, at 3 o'clock in the morning, Bulgarian troops, without declaring war, went on the offensive on the Macedonian section of the border. For Serbia, this came as a surprise, since it was expecting the start of negotiations in St. Petersburg. George Buchanan, a British diplomat, on the outbreak of the war, said: "Bulgaria was responsible for the opening of hostilities, Greece and Serbia well deserved the charge of deliberate provocation."

Initially, the Bulgarian offensive was carried out only by five divisions of the 4th Army on the Macedonian front and the 2nd Army in the direction of Thessaloniki. Parts of the 4th Army crossed the Zleta River, completely defeating the Serbian troops stationed there, and split into two parts: the first attacked the Serbs at Krivolak, the second at Ishtib. The offensive was successful and unexpected, but the Serbian 1st Army, located 10 kilometers from Zleta, managed to respond to the enemy crossing the border and headed towards the Bulgarians. This army was personally commanded by Alexander Karageorgievich.

In the evening of the same day, at 19:00, the Bulgarian 2nd Army also launched an offensive in the direction of Thessaloniki. With a powerful blow, all the advanced units of the Greeks were destroyed, the survivors retreated. Parts of the 11th division of the 2nd Bulgarian army reached the coast of the Aegean Sea near the Bulgarian-Greek border and the Struma River. Serbian artillery prevented the Bulgarians from developing a larger offensive. From it, fire was opened on the Bulgarian forces in Thessaloniki, the Bulgarians did not advance further. On June 30, after the fact, the Serbs, Greeks and Montenegrins officially declared war on Bulgaria. Constantine I, King of Greece, who personally led the entire Greek army, ordered his troops to launch a counteroffensive. Meanwhile, the 1st and 5th Bulgarian armies went on the offensive against the city of Pirot. The offensive bogged down, the armies were stopped by the Serbs. On July 2, the anti-Bulgarian alliance took the initiative into their own hands, and the Serbo-Greek troops began to gradually advance on enemy positions. Separate Bulgarian units and artillery were captured by the Serbs. So, on the outskirts of Veles, it was possible to capture the 7th division of the Bulgarians in full force. At Zleta, the Serbs managed to stop the advance of the enemy forces on the same day, and at night a significant part of the Bulgarian troops were surrounded and destroyed by powerful artillery fire. A significant part of the 4th Bulgarian army was surrounded on the Ovcha field.

5. Battle of Kilkis

Since all the main forces of the Bulgarians on the Greek front were at Kilkis, the Greek command decided to defeat them. For this, a plan was developed in a short time, according to which the left-flank units of the Bulgarian army were to be detained by three divisions of the Greeks, while the four central divisions of the Greek troops were to attack the enemy's center in Kilkis. In the meantime, the 10th Greek division was supposed to bypass Lake Odran from the north and, having contact with the Serbian army, act together. In fact, the plan was to encircle the Bulgarian troops and destroy them. The Greeks overestimated the strength of the Bulgarians, believing that they had at least 80,000 men and 150 guns. In fact, the Bulgarians were several times smaller, only 35,000 soldiers.

On July 2, fighting resumed between the Greeks and the Bulgarians. The Greek 10th Division was the first to launch an offensive on the left flank. She crossed the Vardar River, some of her units attacked Gavgeli, and also entered into an unplanned battle with the Bulgarian troops. On the right flank, the offensive by the 1st and 6th divisions also began. The battle lasted all night, and on July 3 the Greeks came close to Kilkis and tried to capture the city. In the evening, the Bulgarian troops of the center and the right flank retreated to the border. The left flank of the Bulgarian troops continued the defense until the next day. On July 4, the Greeks forced the remnants of the enemy troops to retreat. 12 artillery pieces and 3 machine guns were taken as trophies. After the battle, the 10th and 5th Greek divisions united into a left-flank group and together began the pursuit of the Bulgarians.

6. Counteroffensive of the anti-Bulgarian coalition

On July 6, the Bulgarian troops tried to counterattack at Doiran, but were repulsed and the retreat resumed. The Bulgarians tried to gain a foothold on the Belashitsky pass. The terrain was mountainous, and the day was very hot, it was difficult for the Greeks to deploy artillery. Despite this, they managed to knock the Bulgarians out of position due to the numerical advantage, the pass was taken, albeit with heavy losses.

On July 7, the Greeks entered Strumica. Meanwhile, the retreating left-flank Bulgarian division pulled back three Greek divisions, which made it easier for the central Bulgarian division to resist the Greeks. For three days, she resisted the troops drawn over herself, but was also forced to retreat. At the same time, the Greeks were resisted on the western bank of the Struma near Vetrina. On July 10, resistance was broken, and the Bulgarian troops withdrew to the east. The Bulgarians could not count on victory, as their army was weakened and demoralized, and the enemy outnumbered the Bulgarian troops by three times.

On July 11, the Greek army of King Constantine made contact with the Serbian 3rd Army. On the same day, the Greeks landed from the sea in Kavala, which belonged to Bulgaria. Also, the forces of the anti-Bulgarian alliance managed to occupy Serre, and on July 14 they occupied Drama.

7. Intervention in the conflict between Romania and the Ottoman Empire

The Kingdom of Romania, during the First Balkan War, put pressure on Bulgaria, threatening to intervene in the conflict on the side of Turkey. She demanded to change the border line in Southern Dobruja (in Bulgarian) in her favor. With the outbreak of the Second Balkan War, the Romanian leadership was afraid to lose the offensive initiative, so they were preparing to invade Bulgaria.

“In 1908, a Young Turk coup took place in the Ottoman Empire, with the coming to power of the Young Turks, revanchism was established in the country.” The Ottoman Empire, after the signing of the London Peace Treaty, could not regain all the lost territories in Europe, so it took advantage of the Second Balkan War to partially compensate for the losses in the First. In fact, the Sultan did not give any orders to start hostilities; Enver Pasha, the leader of the Young Turks, initiated the opening of a second front. He appointed Izet Pasha as commander of the operation.

On July 12, Turkish forces crossed the Maritsa River. Their vanguard consisted of several parts of the cavalry, among them an irregular one, consisting of Kurds. At the same time, on July 14, the Romanian army crossed the Romanian-Bulgarian border in the Dobruja region and headed south along the Black Sea to Varna. The Romanians expected fierce resistance, but there was nothing of the kind. Moreover, two corps of the Romanian cavalry were approaching the Bulgarian capital, Sofia, without resistance. There was almost no resistance to the Romanians, since all the enemy troops were located far in the west of the country - on the Serbian-Bulgarian and Greek-Bulgarian fronts. At the same time, over the next few days in Eastern Thrace, the Turks destroyed all the forces of the Bulgarians, and on July 23, the forces of the Ottoman Empire captured the city of Edirne. The Turks captured Eastern Thrace in just 10 crossings.

On July 29, when the Bulgarian government realized the hopelessness of the situation, an armistice was signed. Following him, peace negotiations began in Bucharest.

8.Results of the war

After the end of the Second Balkan War, on August 10, 1913, the Bucharest Peace Treaty was signed in Bucharest, the capital of Romania. Turkey did not participate in its signing. Bulgaria, as the losing side in the war, lost almost all the territories captured during the First Balkan War and, moreover, Southern Dobruja (in Bulgarian). Despite such territorial losses, the country retained access to the Aegean Sea.

From the moment the treaty is ratified, a truce begins between the former adversaries. According to the contract:

A new Romanian-Bulgarian border is being established at Dobruja: it starts in the west at the Turtukay mountain on the Danube, then runs in a straight line to the Black Sea south of Kranevo. To form a new border, a special commission was created, and all new territorial disputes, warring countries had to be resolved in an arbitration court. Bulgaria also pledged to demolish all fortifications near the new border within two years.

The new Serbian-Bulgarian border from the north ran along the old, still pre-war border. Near Macedonia, it passed along the former Bulgarian-Turkish border, more precisely along the watershed between Vardar and Struma. At the same time, the upper part of the Struma remained with Serbia. Further south, the new Serbian-Bulgarian border adjoined the new, Greek-Bulgarian one. In the case of territorial disputes, as in the previous case, the parties had to apply to arbitration. A special commission was also convened to draw the new border.

An additional agreement regarding the borders in Macedonia should be concluded between Serbia and Bulgaria.

The new Greek-Bulgarian border should begin at the new Serbian-Bulgarian border and end at the mouth of the Mesta River on the Aegean Sea. To form a new border, a special commission was convened, as in the two previous articles of the treaty, the parties in a territorial dispute must apply to arbitration.

The apartments of the command of the parties should be immediately notified of the signing of peace, and in Bulgaria the next day - August 11 - demobilization should begin.

The evacuation of Bulgarian forces and enterprises from the territories transferred to its opponents must begin on the day of the signing of the treaty and must be completed no later than August 26th.

During the annexation of the territories lost by Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece and Romania have the full right to use the railway transport of Bulgaria without payment of expenses and to carry out requisitions, subject to immediate compensation for losses. All the sick and wounded, who are subjects of the Bulgarian Tsar and are in the territories occupied by the Allies, must be supervised and provided for by the armies of the occupying countries.

There must be an exchange of prisoners. After the exchange, the governments of the former rival countries must provide each other with information on the costs of maintaining prisoners.

The treaty must be ratified within 15 days in Bucharest.

The Treaty of Constantinople stipulated only the Bulgarian-Turkish border and peace between Turkey and Bulgaria. It was privately signed in Istanbul only by Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire on September 29 of the same year. According to him, Turkey received back part of Eastern Thrace and the city of Edirne.

Conclusion

Thanks to the agreement, the territory of Serbia increased to 87,780 km², 1,500,000 people lived on the annexed lands. Greece increased its possessions to 108,610 km², and its population, at the beginning of the war, amounted to 2,660,000, with the signing of the treaty, amounted to 4,363,000 people. On December 14, 1913, in addition to the territories conquered from the Turks and Bulgarians, Crete was ceded to Greece. Romania received Southern Dobruja with an area of 6960 km², populated by 286,000 people.

Despite significant territorial losses, the central part of Thrace, with an area of 25,030 km², recaptured from the Ottoman Empire, remained part of Bulgaria. The Bulgarian part of Thrace had a population of 129,490. Thus, this was a "compensation" for the lost Dobruja. However, later Bulgaria lost this territory as well.

There were many unresolved territorial issues on the Balkan Peninsula since the First Balkan War. So, the borders of Albania were not fully defined, the islands in the Aegean remained disputed between Greece and the Ottoman Empire. The status of Shkoder has not been determined at all. The city was still home to a major contingent of the great powers—Austria-Hungary, Italy, France, and Great Britain—and was also claimed by Montenegro. Serbia, having again failed to gain access to the sea during the war, wanted to annex the north of Albania, which went against the policy of Austria-Hungary and Italy.

Bibliography

1. Buchanan D.W. Memoirs of a diplomat / D.W. Buchanan.-M.: 2001. - 240s.

2. Mernikov A.G. World history of wars / A.G. Mernikov, A.A. Spektor.-Minsk.: 2005. - 337s.

3. Petrosyan Yu.A.Ottoman Empire: power and death. Historical essays/ Yu.A. Petrosyan.-M.: 1990. - 350s.

4. Pisarev Yu.A. Great powers and the Balkans on the eve of the First World War / Yu.A. Pisarev.-M.: 1986. - 188s.

Hosted on Allbest.ru

Similar Documents

The main causes of the Second World War. Anti-Hitler bloc, the main stages of the war. Battle for Moscow in 1941-1942. Battle of Stalingrad 1942-1943 Battle of Kursk 1943. Results of the Second World War. The significance of military operations for the Soviet Union.

presentation, added 02/16/2014

The war of two world military-political coalitions, which became the largest war in the history of mankind. General view of the war: date, place, causes and results. Participants in hostilities. Compound anti-Hitler coalition and the Nazi bloc. War zone.

presentation, added 05/16/2012

The first Italo-Ethiopian war, its causes and history. fighting, the end and outcome of the war. Political career, domestic and foreign policy of Mussolini. Italy during the reign of Benito Mussolini. The second Italo-Ethiopian war, the course of hostilities.

term paper, added 12/11/2010

Causes of World War II. What prepared the bloody slaughter of so many peoples and countries? The lessons of war for the Germans. The new alignment of forces in the world community is one of the most important outcomes of World War II. The contribution of the USSR and its allies to the victory over fascism.

test, added 06/18/2010

Contradictions between the victorious powers in the First World War. Relations between the Western powers and the USSR in the interwar period. Theories of racial superiority in Germany and Japan. Participants, warring countries, defeat fascist bloc and outcome of the war.

abstract, added 04/18/2011

Prerequisites for the beginning of the Second World War and its participants. The course of hostilities. Global results of the World War. Prohibition and condemnation of the ideologies of fascism and Nazism. Creation of various socio-political systems: socialist and capitalist.

presentation, added 12/12/2010

The concept and origins of the Cold War, the stages of its development and historical background. Bipolar world (creation of military blocs). Soviet-American confrontation: staging of hostilities, "hot" moments and the main results of this war, its role.

abstract, added 01/25/2012

The main causes and participants of the First World War. Events on Western front. military action on Eastern Front. Events in the Balkans. The second campaign in the chronology of the First World War. The situation on the Russian front. Entente and the situation in Russia.

presentation, added 03/22/2017

Causes and nature of the First World War. Armed forces and plans of the parties. The assassination in Sarajevo of the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne as a pretext for the outbreak of hostilities. German advance on the Verdun fortifications. Military and political results of the war.

abstract, added 03/19/2015

Great Patriotic War The Soviet Union as an integral part and main content of the Second World War. Causes of difficulties at the beginning of the war, sources of victory Soviet Union. The most important results of the war. Transformations in the system of international relations.

Plan
Introduction
1 Reasons
1.1 Historical background
1.2 Results of the First Balkan War
1.3 New political situation

2 Plans and forces
2.1 Concentration of troops
2.2 Plans

3 Course of hostilities
3.1 The offensive of the Bulgarian troops
3.2 Battle of Kilkis
3.3 Anti-Bulgarian coalition counteroffensive
3.4 Intervention in the conflict between Romania and the Ottoman Empire

4 Consequences
4.1 Peace treaties
4.2 New disputed territories
4.3 First World War

Bibliography
Second Balkan War

Introduction

Second Balkan War, Inter-Allied War (Bulgarian. Inter-Allied War, Serb. Others of the Balkan Rat, Greek. Β΄ Βαλκανικός Πόλεμος Rum. Al doilea război balcanic, Tur. İ9ci Balkan Savaşı, June 19, 2) - fleeting war between Bulgaria on the one hand, and Montenegro, Serbia and Greece - on the other, as well as the Ottoman Empire and Romania, which joined the hostilities against Bulgaria.

The territory conquered by Bulgaria in the First Balkan War was divided among the victorious countries.

1. Reasons

1.1. Historical background

The Ottoman Empire, expanding its territory since its inception, captured the Balkan Peninsula in the 15th century. Even before the arrival of the Turks, many warring peoples lived on the peninsula. The common enemy - Turkey - forced them to consolidate. In the 17th century, the gradual weakening of the empire began. The peoples conquered by the Turks strove for independence, therefore, in the 18th century, uprisings of national minorities took place more than once in the weakened empire. By the middle of the 19th century, the formation of ethnocratic states began. On the Balkan Peninsula, part of the population of which were Orthodox Christians and Slavs, this process took place with the support of the Russian Empire. By the end of the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire had lost a significant part of its European possessions, on the territory of which independent Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, Greece and Montenegro arose.

The confrontation of the great powers in the Balkans led to the emergence of the Balkan Union - a military defensive alliance of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece and Montenegro. The union was created under the auspices of the Russian Empire and was directed against Austria-Hungary, since the recent Bosnian crisis led to a destabilization of the situation in the Balkans. However, the Balkan Union began to quarrel with the Ottoman Empire. The fact is that a large number of Bulgarians, Greeks and Serbs lived in the weakening empire. In addition, the Bulgarian government wanted to expand the borders of Bulgaria as much as possible by creating a Whole Bulgaria - an empire that was supposed to cover the entire eastern part of the Balkans. The Serbs wanted to gain access to the Adriatic Sea by annexing Western Macedonia and Albania to their country. The Montenegrins sought to occupy the major Turkish ports on the Adriatic and the Novopazar Sanjak. The Greeks, like the Bulgarians, needed to expand the borders of their country as much as possible. Later, after the First World War, the Great Idea of Venizelos arose - the reconstruction of the Byzantine Empire with its capital in Constantinople (Istanbul). There were, however, in the union and contradictions. So, Greece, Bulgaria and Serbia argued about the ownership of Macedonia, Greece and Bulgaria - about the ownership of Thrace. Romania, which was not part of the union, also had territorial claims to Bulgaria, and during the First Balkan War, it used these claims to put political pressure on Bulgaria.

1.2. Results of the First Balkan War

Political map of the Balkan Peninsula after the First Balkan War

On October 9, 1912, the First Balkan War officially began, although de facto Montenegro began fighting with Turkish troops on October 4. In the first two months of the war, the forces of the Balkan Union were on the offensive in all directions. In Macedonia, the Western (Macedonian) army of the Ottoman Empire was completely defeated, near Kirklareli - Eastern. The protracted battles under the Chataldzha fortified line, the long sieges of the cities of Edirne and Shkoder forced the parties to begin peace negotiations. The negotiations were thwarted by the Young Turks, who seized power in Turkey. The new government of the empire had a negative attitude towards the national minorities of the state, so it called on the Turks to continue the war in the Balkans, returning the “rebellious regions” to the empire. On February 3, 1913, at 7 pm hostilities resumed. In its second phase, the Balkan Union managed to force the surrender of Shkoder and Edirne. On the remaining sectors of the front, a positional war was waged until May 30. On May 30, the Young Turk government nevertheless agreed to sign a peace treaty in London.

1.3. New political situation

The German Empire and Austria-Hungary, which at the end of the 19th century were drawn into an all-European arms race, realized that an all-European war was approaching. The Russian Empire was their potential enemy, and the much stronger Balkan Union was its ally. This was feared by Turkey, Germany and Austria-Hungary. To weaken Russian influence in the strategically important Balkan Peninsula, it was necessary to liquidate the Balkan Union. Austria-Hungary could not directly declare war on the alliance, as this could develop into an all-European (actually world) war.

Nikola Pasic - Serbian politician, diplomat, Prime Minister of Serbia

In such a situation, German and Austrian diplomats at the end of 1912 decided to break up the union from the inside. In Belgrade - the capital of Serbia - they persuaded the Serbian king to go to war with Bulgaria and Greece. This was argued by the fact that in the First Balkan War, the Serbs did not get what they wanted - access to the Adriatic, but they can compensate for this by annexing Macedonia and Thessaloniki. Thus, Serbia would have access to the Aegean Sea. At the same time, the Germans and Austrians carried out diplomatic work in the Bulgarian capital - Sofia. The Bulgarian government was inspired by the same thing as the Serbian one - to annex Macedonia. Austria-Hungary promised Bulgaria support in this matter. But the opinion of the Bulgarian side has not changed. She still insisted on strict observance of all clauses of the Serbian-Bulgarian union treaty of 1912, which laid the foundation for the Balkan Union.

The Serbs, unlike the Bulgarians, agreed with the German and Austrian diplomats. Serbia was preparing for a new war, everything had already been decided. The future war was seriously discussed in the national assembly already in May. Meanwhile, Greece, dissatisfied with the strengthening of Bulgaria and striving for a common border with Serbia, on June 1, 1913, signed an allied anti-Bulgarian treaty with Serbia. Greeks and Serbs had common interests in the Balkans - primarily transit trade. The Russian Empire, under whose auspices the Balkan Union arose, opposed its collapse. The Russian government called for a peaceful settlement of the issue. It was planned to convene a conference of all "interested parties", where new boundaries would be established. The situation was aggravated by the revanchism of the Young Turks, who wanted to regain their lost territories.

At the beginning of the summer of 1913, the radicalization of the government and all sectors of society took place in Serbia. Violent "Serbization" began in the regions conquered from the Turks - Western Macedonia and Kosovo. Chauvinistic ideas were spreading, at the end of June the Serbian king himself began to call for the maximum expansion of the state's borders. An extremely radical Black Hand group has formed. It arose with the support of the Serbian counterintelligence and controlled most of the Serbian government. Karageorgievich himself was afraid of her. The internal political situation was aggravated by the fact that part of the Serbian government, headed by Nikola Pasic, did not agree with the policy of the Black Hand. Articles began to appear in the newspapers about "government treason against the homeland of the Pasic cabinet."

2. Plans and forces

2.1. Concentration of troops

Alexander I Karageorgievich - during the Balkan wars he was the heir to the Serbian throne. Personally led the 1st Serbian Army

Serbian troops, the main striking force of the anti-Bulgarian alliance, were stretched along the entire border with Bulgaria. In total, Serbia had three armies and two independent detachments. The Serbian troops also included Montenegrin troops, some of which fell into the 1st Army of Prince Alexander Karageorgievich. Another part of the Serbian troops remained in Skopje as a reserve. The headquarters of the supreme command of the anti-Bulgarian forces was located in the same city.

In Montenegro, after the First Balkan War, the troops managed to demobilize, so mobilization was again announced. Additional mobilizations took place in Serbia and Bulgaria to replenish forces. From June 23 to June 27, the troops of both countries were drawn to the common border. On June 28, they came into contact, at the same time a diplomatic crisis began between the countries of the former Balkan Union and the Russian Empire, which sought to resolve the conflict through peaceful negotiations. On the same day in St. Petersburg, a date was set for negotiations on the ownership of the disputed territories, but the negotiations were disrupted by the war.

2.2. Plans

3. The course of hostilities

3.1. The offensive of the Bulgarian troops

George Buchanan, British Ambassador to the Russian Empire

In the last days of June, the situation at the border escalated. On June 29, 1913, at 3 o'clock in the morning, Bulgarian troops, without declaring war, went on the offensive on the Macedonian section of the border. For Serbia, this came as a surprise, since it was expecting the start of negotiations in St. Petersburg. George Buchanan, a British diplomat, on the outbreak of war said: "Bulgaria was responsible for the opening of hostilities, Greece and Serbia well deserved the charge of deliberate provocation".

Initially, the offensive was carried out by the Bulgarians with only five divisions of the 4th Army on the Macedonian front and the 2nd Army in the direction of Thessaloniki. Parts of the 4th Army crossed the Zleta River, completely defeating the Serbian troops stationed there, and split into two parts: the first attacked the Serbs at Krivolak, the second at Ishtib. The offensive was successful and unexpected, but the Serbian 1st Army, located 10 kilometers from Zleta, managed to respond to the enemy crossing the border and headed towards the Bulgarians. This army was personally commanded by Alexander Karageorgievich.

3.2. Battle of Kilkis

Ruined Kilkis in a Bulgarian photograph taken in 1913

Since all the main forces of the Bulgarians on the Greek front were at Kilkis, the Greek command decided to defeat them. For this, a plan was developed in a short time, according to which the left-flank units of the Bulgarian army were to be detained by three divisions of the Greeks, while the four central divisions of the Greek troops were to attack the enemy's center in Kilkis. In the meantime, the 10th Greek division was supposed to bypass Lake Odran from the north and, having contact with the Serbian army, act together. In fact, the plan was to encircle the Bulgarian troops and destroy them. The Greeks overestimated the strength of the Bulgarians, believing that they had at least 80,000 men and 150 guns. In fact, there were several times fewer Bulgarians, only 35,000 soldiers.

3.3. Counteroffensive of the anti-Bulgarian coalition

Macedonian-Odrinsky corps of Bulgarian troops, consisting entirely of volunteers

On July 11, the Greek army of King Constantine made contact with the Serbian 3rd Army. On the same day, the Greeks landed from the sea in Kavala, which since 1912 belonged to Bulgaria. Also the forces of the anti-Bulgarian alliance managed to occupy Serres and on 14 July they occupied Drama.

3.4. Intervention in the conflict between Romania and the Ottoman Empire

Romanian troops during the invasion of Bulgaria cross the Danube at Zimnitsa

The Kingdom of Romania, during the First Balkan War, put pressure on Bulgaria, threatening to intervene in the conflict on the side of Turkey. She demanded to change the border line in Southern Dobruja in her favor. With the outbreak of the Second Balkan War, the Romanian leadership was afraid of losing the offensive initiative, so they were preparing to invade Bulgaria.

In 1908, the Young Turkish coup took place in the Ottoman Empire, with the coming to power of the Young Turks, the ideology of revanchism prevailed in the country. The Ottoman Empire, after the signing of the London Peace Treaty, could not regain all the lost territories in Europe, so it took advantage of the Second Balkan War to partially compensate for the losses in the First. In fact, the Sultan did not give any orders to start hostilities; Enver Pasha, the leader of the Young Turks, initiated the opening of a second front. He appointed Izet Pasha as commander of the operation.

On July 12, Turkish forces crossed the Maritsa River. Their vanguard consisted of several parts of the cavalry, among them an irregular one, consisting of Kurds. At the same time, on July 14, the Romanian army crossed the Romanian-Bulgarian border in the Dobruja region and headed south along the Black Sea to Varna. The Romanians expected fierce resistance, but there was nothing of the kind. Moreover, two corps of the Romanian cavalry were approaching the capital of Bulgaria - Sofia without resistance. There was almost no resistance to the Romanians, since all the enemy troops were located far in the west of the country - on the Serbian-Bulgarian and Greek-Bulgarian fronts. At the same time, over the next few days in Eastern Thrace, the Turks destroyed all the forces of the Bulgarians, and on July 23, the forces of the Ottoman Empire captured the city of Edirne. The Turks captured Eastern Thrace in just 10 crossings.

On July 29, when the Bulgarian government realized the hopelessness of the situation, an armistice was signed. Following him, peace negotiations began in Bucharest.

4. Consequences

4.1. Peace Treaties

After the end of the Second Balkan War, on August 10, 1913, the Bucharest Peace Treaty was signed in the capital of Romania - Bucharest. Turkey did not participate in its signing. Bulgaria, as the losing side in the war, lost almost all the territories captured during the First Balkan War and, moreover, Southern Dobruja. Despite such territorial losses, the country retained access to the Aegean Sea. According to the contract :

The map was issued in 1914 and shows the disputed territories of the Balkan Peninsula - the "powder keg of Europe". The disengagement according to the London Conference before the war (above) and the final borders after the Second Balkan War according to Bucharest peace(bottom)

From the moment the treaty is ratified, a truce begins between the former adversaries

A new Romanian-Bulgarian border is being established at Dobruja: it starts in the west at the Turtukay mountain on the Danube, then runs in a straight line to the Black Sea south of Kranevo. A special commission was created to form a new border, and all new territorial disputes between the opposing countries were to be resolved in an arbitration court. Bulgaria also pledged to demolish all fortifications near the new border within two years.

The new Serbian-Bulgarian border from the north ran along the old, still pre-war border. Near Macedonia, it passed along the former Bulgarian-Turkish border, more precisely along the watershed between Vardar and Struma. At the same time, the upper part of the Struma remained with Serbia. Further south, the new Serbian-Bulgarian border adjoined the new Greek-Bulgarian one. In the case of territorial disputes, as in the previous case, the parties had to apply to arbitration. A special commission was also convened to draw the new border.

Serbia and Bulgaria should conclude an additional agreement regarding the borders in Macedonia

The new Greek-Bulgarian border should begin at the new Serbian-Bulgarian border and end at the mouth of the Mesta River on the Aegean Sea. To form a new border, a special commission was convened, as in the two previous articles of the agreement, the parties in a territorial dispute must apply to an arbitration court

The apartments of the command of the parties must be immediately notified of the signing of peace, and in Bulgaria the next day - August 11 - demobilization should begin

The evacuation of Bulgarian forces and enterprises from the territories handed over to its opponents must begin on the day of the signing of the treaty and must be completed no later than August 26

There must be an exchange of prisoners. After the exchange, the governments of the former rival countries must provide each other with information on the cost of maintaining prisoners

The treaty must be ratified within 15 days in Bucharest

4.2. New disputed territories

Mehmed V, Turkish sultan. Ruled the Ottoman Empire during the Balkan Wars

Thanks to the agreement, the territory of Serbia increased to 87,780 km², 1,500,000 people lived on the annexed lands. Greece increased its possessions to 108,610 km², and its population, at the beginning of the war, was 2,660,000, with the signing of the treaty, it amounted to 4,363,000 people. On December 14, 1913, in addition to the territories conquered from the Turks and Bulgarians, Crete was ceded to Greece. Romania received Southern Dobruja with an area of 6,960 km² and a population of 286,000 people.

Despite significant territorial losses, the central part of Thrace, with an area of 25,030 km², recaptured from the Ottoman Empire, remained part of Bulgaria. There were 129,490 inhabitants in the Bulgarian part of Thrace. Thus, this was a "compensation" for the lost Dobruja. However, later Bulgaria lost this territory as well.

4.3. World War I

The peace treaty seriously changed the political situation in the Balkans. The final collapse of the Balkan Union was supported by the German Empire and Austria-Hungary. The Bulgarian Tsar Ferdinand I was dissatisfied with such an end to the war. After signing the treaty, he is said to have uttered the phrase "Ma vengeance sera terrible". In turn, in the Second Balkan War, Serbia lost the support of Russia, but significantly increased. Austria-Hungary feared the emergence of a strong state on its borders, which, after the defeat of Bulgaria and Turkey in the Balkan wars, could become the strongest power in the Balkans. In addition, a large number of Serbs lived in Vojvodina, which belonged to the Austrian crown. Fearing the secession of Vojvodina and then the complete collapse of the empire, the Austro-Hungarian government was looking for a pretext to declare war on the Serbs.

Ferdinand I, King of Bulgaria

Meanwhile, Serbia itself was radicalizing. Victories in two wars at once and a sharp strengthening of the state caused a national upsurge. At the end of 1913, Serbian troops attempted to occupy part of Albania, the Albanian crisis began, which ended with the withdrawal of Serbian troops from the newly formed state. At the same time, under the auspices of the Serbian counterintelligence during the wars, the Black Hand group was formed, which controlled almost all authorities.

Part of the group, known as "Mlada Bosna", operated in Bosnia and set itself the goal of splitting it from Austria-Hungary. In 1914, with the support of the Black Hand, the Sarajevo Murder was carried out. Austria-Hungary has long been looking for a reason to eliminate the only state in the Balkans, which at the same time prevented Germany from penetrating into the Middle East - Serbia. Therefore, she presented an ultimatum to the Serbian side, after which the First World War began.

Revanchist Bulgaria sided with Austria-Hungary and Germany in the new war. Her government wanted to restore the state within the borders of May 1913, for this it was necessary to defeat Serbia again. The outbreak of the world war led to greater changes in the Balkans than the previous two Balkan ones. Thus, the Second Balkan War has far-reaching indirect consequences.

Bibliography:

Secondary Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century.

Balkan war. 1912-1913 - Moscow: Publication of the Association of Publishing and Book Trade N.I. Pastukhova, 1914.

Zadokhin A. G., Nizovsky A. Yu. Powder magazine of Europe. - M.: Veche, 2000. - 416 p. - (Military secrets of the XX century). - 10,000 copies. - ISBN 5-7838-0719-2

Vlahov T. Relations between Bulgaria and the central forces in time for the war of 1912-1918 - Sofia: 1957.

Krsto Kojović Crna qiga. Patše Srba Bosna and Herzegovina during the secular period of 1914-1918 / Vojislav Begović. - Beograd: Chigoјa stamp, 1996.

Anderson, Frank Maloy and Amos Shartle Hershey Handbook for the Diplomatic History of Europe, Asia, and Africa 1870-1914. - Washington D.C.: National Board for Historical Service, Government Printing Office, 1918.

Klyuchnikov Yu.V., Sobanin A.V. International politics of modern times in treaties, notes and declarations. - Moscow: 1925 T. 1.

Mogilevich A.A., Airapetyan M.E. On the way to the world war 1914-1918. - Leningrad: 1940.

"My revenge will be terrible"

Military analysts predicted how Russia can support Serbia

At the same time, the Serbian president turned to Russian President Vladimir Putin for help.

We tried to understand whether a new Balkan war threatens Europe and whether Russia will be able to put out the conflict in the former Yugoslavia?

The Balkans have always been a powder keg of Europe. She also remained. A series of wars already in recent history first tore Yugoslavia apart, as happened in 1992. And already in 1999, the NATO bombs finally buried the brainchild of Tito. Instead of a blessed republic, which in the days of the USSR was rightly considered a “fraternal capitalist country”, a mass of enclave-states appeared: Croatia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and, in fact, Serbia. Among them, Kosovo stands apart. The historical region of Serbia, torn away by the "star-striped" hand, has remained a bleeding wound for every Serb-patriot to this day.

Coming out of the talks, President Vučić enthusiastically declared: "We got everything we were looking for."

Military expert Alexei Leonkov expressed his opinion about the options for Russia's support for Serbia.

“I see assistance to the Serbian people in three directions. The first is the opening of a Russian military base in Serbia. The goal is the fight against terrorism and the spread of peaceful life in the region, Leonkov says. - Repeatedly there was information that ISIS were seen in the Kosovo enclaves (ISIS is prohibited in Russia - "MK")».

In the expert's opinion, Brussels, Berlin or Paris may well approve the idea.

Today, for Europe, getting a war like the conflict in 1999 is the worst scenario, Leonkov continues. - This is the inevitable deterioration of the economy, plus refugees, devastation, a surge in banditry and unresolved issues with borders. Therefore, the European Union will not sing to the tune of the United States and turn a blind eye to another "fire of war" in the Balkans.

The Kosovars want to draw attention to themselves, to show that Serbia is a threat to the secure existence of Kosovo, - military analyst Alexander Mozgovoy explains the current situation. - That is, with their demarche, the Kosovo leaders want to provoke a situation where they, the Kosovo troops, will need military assistance. This will give them the support and legal army that they have been trying in vain to get since 1999.

– Kosovo has been losing support from the Americans very steadily for a long time. And the Americans themselves are ready to talk to Vučić instead of the Kosovars themselves,” says Zotov.

“The United States and Great Britain are behind the game in the Balkans, smelling of gunpowder and blood,” believes Alexei Leonkov. “Look closely at the foreign policy of, for example, US President Trump and you will see that he is trying to rekindle outdated conflicts. Afghanistan, North Korea, Middle East.

Causes of the Second Balkan War. Balkan wars. New disputed territories

related posts:

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Similar Documents