In 1947 came the end of British rule in India. In August 1947, the country was divided into two parts on religious grounds: India, most of which is inhabited by Hindus, and Pakistan, whose population professes Islam. In the north of the diya of the Hindustan peninsula, in Kashmir, which was ceded to India, although Muslims live here, as a result of this:

1. A territorial dispute arose between India and Pakistan. Since 1948, there have been military clashes several times (1965, 1987, 1988, 1997) for the mastery of the principality of Kashmir. At the same time, India relied on the help of the USSR.
2. In turn, Pakistan split into East and West Pakistan. In 1971, a broad movement for autonomy unfolded in East Pakistan. With the intervention of Indian troops, a independent state Bangladesh. In 1974, Pakistan recognized the sovereignty of Bangladesh.

In 1950, India was declared a republic. According to the constitution, it became a federal, and according to the form of government - a parliamentary republic. The basic principles of India's domestic and foreign policy were prepared by J. Nehru. The basis of the “Nehru course” was:

• non-alignment with military blocs;
• peace protection and cooperation;
• planned development of the national economy.

The Republic of India is called "the largest democracy in the world." It is multinational, multi-confessional, with large quantity illiterate rural population. Despite the fact that most of the population lives below the poverty level, India pays great attention to weapons, and an Indian launch vehicle even launched a communications satellite into space orbit. India has been manufacturing tactical and ballistic missiles since the 1990s.

Independent development of India

The powerful upsurge of the national liberation movement in India after the end of World War II forced the British to grant her independence. In 1947, the British Parliament passed the Indian Independence Act. According to this law, the former colony was divided into two dominions - the Indian Union and Pakistan. Divided along religious lines, both states were hostile to each other from the very beginning. Their irreconcilable confrontation led to armed conflicts in 1947-1948, in 1965 and 1971 (the result of the last Indo-Pakistani conflict was the creation of the state of Bangladesh in East Pakistan).

In 1950, India declared its full independence. According to the adopted constitution, India became a federal state (its 25 states were created according to the national-territorial principle) and a parliamentary republic. Jawaharlal Nehru became the first prime minister of independent India. After gaining independence, the Indian National Congress (INC) became the ruling party of the country. A course was taken to create a mixed economy. The public sector and planning were given an important role in the development of the country while maintaining the private sector.

J. Nehru managed to lay the foundations for the stable development of the country. During the entire period of independent development of India, there were no coup d'état, no military regimes. For a long time, the Nehru clan was in power - J. Nehru himself (until 1964) and members of his family: daughter Indira Gandhi (1966-1977, 1980-1984) and his grandson Rajiv Gandhi (1984-1989). They all headed the INC, which was the ruling party. In the 1990s, a real multi-party system began to take shape in India. The period of domination of the INC in the political life of the country is over. The strengthened opposition parties successfully withstood the competition with him in the parliamentary elections. In the 1990s, for the first time in the history of the country, coalition governments began to form without the participation of the INC.

During the years of independence, India has achieved significant success. It has created a great industrial potential. Transformations in the agricultural sector made it possible in the 70s to abandon the import of food grains. But by the end of the 1980s, it became clear that the existing market-command system had exhausted its possibilities. India lagged behind the rest of the world. Her economic development occurred mainly at the expense of the modern sector. Over 40 years of independence, by the beginning of the 90s, real per capita income grew by only 91%.

Therefore, since 1991, the government has moved to the implementation of economic reform. State control over private business was weakened, taxes were reduced, trade was liberalized, and some state-owned enterprises were privatized. This attracted foreign investment and contributed to the improvement of the financial situation in the country. The pace of development of the Indian economy has noticeably increased. At present, however, India remains a country of contrasts, where the latest advances in science and technology (including nuclear and space industries) exist in parallel with economic backwardness. By the number of specialists higher education it occupies one of the leading places in the world, but literacy in the country barely exceeds 50%.

The main socio-economic problems of modern India are overpopulation (in 2000 the population reached 1 billion people) and the low standard of living of the Indians. Most of the country's population does not participate in modern production, and therefore does not enjoy its benefits. Only 20% of Indians belong to the "middle class", about 1% are wealthy, while the other part is poor. Relative social stability is maintained thanks to the caste system, the traditions of which are extremely tenacious. The majority of the country's population belongs to the lower castes, therefore, they perceive the existing inequality as a social norm and do not pretend to redistribute income.

The internal political situation was complicated by the aggravation of intercommunal relations, primarily between Hindus and Muslims, as well as between Sikhs and Hindus. In the 1980s and 1990s, there was an increase in Hindu nationalism, objectively aimed at restricting the rights of other religious denominations existing in the country. Intercommunal clashes led to colossal human casualties and created a very real threat to the territorial integrity of the country.

AT India- the richest colony of Great Britain began the rise of the anti-colonial movement. To weaken it, in 1946 a decision was made to elect elections to the Central Legislative Assembly. The victory of the secular Indian National Congress (INC), which did not express the interests of certain religious groups, caused the displeasure of the Muslims, who refused to trust the Hindus and demanded their representation in power. The INC, unwilling to meet the demands of the Muslims, emphasized its desire to become the only national party representing the interests of both Hindus and Muslims.

It was this that prompted the Muslim League under the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah to break with the INC and embark on the path of separatism, which led to the emergence of the state of Pakistan. In August 1947, an independence law was passed, providing for the creation of two states. The former colony was divided along religious lines into India, in which the majority of the population professed Hinduism, and Pakistan, in which the Muslim population predominated. On August 14 in India and on August 15, 1947, Independence Day was celebrated for the first time in Pakistan.

Massacre in India (1947)

But before the holidays were over, the tragedy began. During August and September 1947, up to 500,000 Muslims were killed as they left the Indian half of the eastern Punjab (Pyatirechye). Militant Sikhs (representatives of a religious doctrine that differs from Islam and Hinduism) did not spare even women and children, stopped trains overflowing with refugees, and killed everyone in cold blood. Killings of Hindus also took place in Pakistan, but on a much smaller scale. The Muslim League tried to survive the Sikhs and Hindus who found themselves in Pakistan. Seeking safety, millions of refugees crossed the border in both directions, maddened by the horror of intercommunal warfare. 9-10 million Muslims fled from India; there were very few Hindus left in West Pakistan, but in East Pakistan there were about 30 million. Intercommunal clashes and killings occurred later, but never reached the horrific proportions of 1947.

Murder of M. Gandhi

The transfer of power in India from the British to the national government turned into a catastrophic massacre. Among the victims was the founder of the Indian National Congress, M. Gandhi, who was killed in January 1948 by a Hindu extremist. A certain share of the blame for this bloodshed lies with the former colonial administration, which did not have a clear concept of a multinational state, and the new authorities, which, through irresponsible statements or inaction, contributed to the tension.

India is coping with food difficulties, it has entered the top ten countries in the world in terms of industrial production.

Unlike India, Pakistan was proclaimed an Islamic republic with a strong presidential power. Pakistan's disagreement with the terms of territorial delimitation, which believed that a number of Muslim regions mistakenly became part of India, caused repeated armed conflicts between the countries.

Ticket number 16.India after World War II

During the Second World War, India officially sided with the countries anti-Hitler coalition, but her politicians behaved differently. The Indian National Congress made claims to the British government: they promised to support England in the war only if the British government officially recognized India's right to self-determination, convene a constituent assembly and form a responsible government (they demanded independent government). The British government did not agree and from 42 to 44 the Indian National Congress was banned. => during these years the Indian National Congress fought on two fronts against both Hitler and the British government. By the end of World War II, England's position softened. The main problem remained the relationship between the Congress and the Muslim League (their divergence point is the sequence of granting independence. The Indian National Congress demanded first to grant independence, and then to draw a territorial demarcation between Muslims and Hindus, the Muslim League, on the contrary, was afraid to remain part of India without the English presence)

In 1944 Congress begins normal political activity. After the end of the Second World War, in June the Viceroy Archibald Wavell provides a plan to grant India independence (actually a protectorate):

1. 1. dominion status
2. 2. Hindu right to their own constitution
3. 3. Giving Indians all seats in the executive council (government), with the exception of the post of viceroy (head of the council) and commander-in-chief (The troops are under the authority of the metropolis)
4. 4. Law of External Relations
5. 5. Separate representation in the council of caste Hindus

Nobody liked this plan. The Indian National Congress demanded that the representation of the caste Hindus be behind it. The Muslim League demanded that it alone provide Muslims, not recognizing the right to represent Muslims for the Indian National Congress. (Further, the new Labor government is trying in every possible way to speed up the granting of independence, and the Indians cannot distribute the sequence of obtaining it)

In 1946 there is a division into various zones in which a vote on the creation of various states should take place. East-west (now Pakistan and Bangladesh) - majority of Muslims and north (Hindustan, Rajputana, Bidar, Bengal) center (Dean) south. It is assumed that the first two zones (west and east) will be united into one state, and the rest - a separate Hindu state. But several problems arise:

• Punjab problem (Half Muslims and half Hindus)
• The Jamma and Kashmir issue
• Hyderabad issue (significantly assimilated by Muslims)

Attlee (Prime Minister of Great Britain, Viceroy of India) cannot resolve these issues. In February 1947, he already issued the 3rd declaration, which speaks of the withdrawal of England no later than 1948.

In March 1947 Attlee was replaced by Mountbatten (the last Viceroy of India). He provides the Mountbatten plan (If Hindus and Muslims do not agree among themselves within 47, he will transfer power to the provinces) => begin to stir, 1947 - the formation of 2 dominions: Pakistan (lasted until 1956) and India (lasted until 1950).

On August 15, 1947, Mountbatten's plan for the independence of India comes into force. Remains head of India for 3 years English king Jawaharlal Nehru becomes prime minister.

From 1947 to 1949, 555 principalities (there were 601 in total) joined India, they entered on different grounds. But in general, not the most favorable period for India (+ the period of skirmishes, hostilities between Muslims and Hindus, who wandered around problem areas and did not know where to settle). The princes of problem areas were left with the right to decide the issue of accession on their own Hyderabad issue: the ruler of Hyderabad had to decide whether he would join India or Pakistan, so the Indian troops stood around the perimeter of Hyderabad and asked to decide as soon as possible => the Raja of Hyderabad decided to join India. The Jamma and Kashmir issue: the rajah was a Hindu, and the population were Muslims. Indian troops entered Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan considered this an act of aggression => a war began, which continues to this day.

India - a multi-ethnic country - it was decided that for 15 years the state language, along with Hindi, would be English (it has remained so to this day). In 1950, a constitution was adopted, according to which three groups of states with different legal status were created in India:

1. Former provinces of British India. Governance: State Governor, State Government and Local Bicameral Parliament.
2. former principalities. Governance: the prince became governor and has a unicameral assembly
3. Former commissioner provinces—provinces that had administration—reported directly to the central government. Administration: State Governor or Presidential Commissioner appointed by the government.

Since 1950, India has been declared independent. . The leading political force is the Indian National Congress, which has various currents. The main current was Jawaharlal Nehru(left and centrist wing) - a formally mixed economy (in fact, the dominance of the public sector), a planned economy, agrarian reform. In foreign policy formal neutrality, real inclination towards a political orientation Soviet Union. Right wing - represented by Deputy Prime Minister Patel + an influential figure - the chairman of the Congress Tandon - freedom of enterprise, the creation of a modern market, integration into the international capitalist system.

After declaring independence from the Indian National Congress, various parties begin to sprout:

• Peasant Workers' Party
• Congress Socialists => Socialist Party
• Dominated by Jawaharlal Nehru – congress socialism and Gandhian socialism

In the first elections of 1951 The Indian National Congress was opposed by the Jan Sangh ( people's union). The Jan Sangh is an ally of the Communalist Party (traditional Hindu organizations like the Hindu Mahasabha and Rashtriya swayamsevak sanghan) - defended the interests of Hindus . The head is Mukherjee. The program is the building of true nationalism, (the slogan of the Indian National Congress was secularism - the separation of religion from the state), the demand for a change in secularist politics, patronage of the Hindus and ensuring their priority. The Indian National Congress wins the elections (75 seats in parliament).

Nehru's course begins to be implemented:

1. Providing yourself with everything you need, creating an import-substituting industry.
2. The program of the National Congress provided for the creation of ethnolinguistic states. In 1956, a state reorganization law was passed, according to which homogeneous ethnolinguistic communities should exist in 19 states and union territories (which again raised the problem of a single language - it became clear that the introduction of Hindi as the state language was being postponed)
3. In the first term of the Indian National Congress, subcongressional socialism was revealed - the restriction of acquisitive instincts and possessive aspirations
4. It was believed that it was necessary to fight caste restrictions (the abolition of the untouchables)
5. Creation of conditions for the development of backward peoples and tribes
6. Emphasis on statism and the mixed economy

In the second elections of 1957 - again the victory of the Indian National Congress, but with less support from the people (it decreased especially in the regional regions). This election also saw the rise of the Jan Sangh.

In 1959, a group comes out of the congress that is dissatisfied with the course of Nehru - Swatantra (a more right-wing organization), which adjoins the Jan Sangh, they are also going to build true Hindu socialism.

In 1957, the Republican Party was created, which expressed the interests of low-caste and non-caste Indians.

Parties are created on the basis of various sects: Rajputs, Brahmins.

1962 - third election . One can see a significant loss of authority of the Indian National Congress (lost 6 million voters). The right Svatantra and Jan Sangh are getting stronger. A factional struggle is unfolding in the Indian National Congress, if earlier Jawaharlal Nehru represented both leftists and centrists, now only centrists. The left gets its new leader - Mallaviya, the right remains Patel and Desai. => factions within the Indian National Congress oppose the officially nominated congressional candidates. In 1963 Morarji Desai and Patel form a group within the congress called the Syndicate and in 1969 they withdraw from the Indian National Congress.

Jawaharlal Nehru dies in 1964 Lal Bahadur Shastri becomes prime minister– cannot overcome congressional divisions; disintegration continues.

In India, in fact 5 communist parties:

• ・Communist Party
• Marxist Communist Party
• The Central Party of Marxist Intellectuals
• Marxist-Leninist Communist Party
• The Naxalite movement

During this time, the 1964-65 war with Pakistan. The reconciliation of the parties takes place in Tashkent. In 1967, Lal Bahadur Shastri realized that he could not cope with the management of the Indian National Congress and with India => gradually eliminated from long. In 1967, as a result of an internal political struggle, Indira Gandhi came to power in the Indian National Congress.

1967 - fourth election , in which the Indian National Congress loses a significant number of seats in Parliament (19 seats in the House of the People). In 1969, Morarji Desai comes out and a split occurs:

• Indian National Congress with Indira
• Indian National Congress Syndicate (organization) with Desai

At this time, on the one hand, the state is developing in the country. sector and heavy industry, the latest technologies are being created, agrarian reform is underway (due to the redistribution of land between large landowners and the poor), and at the same time, there is wild poverty in the country, 70% of the country are in extreme poverty. All economic successes take place in a smaller part of the population.

Fifth election 1971-72 took place against the backdrop of a strong foreign policy success of India, there was a split in India's traditional adversary - Pakistan (in 1971 Pakistan lost its eastern half and Bangladesh was formed). => The Indian National Congress received an absolute majority and the ability to change the constitution.

Against the backdrop of the success of the Indian National Congress, the opposition forces unite: Swatantra, Jan Sangh, the Indian National Congress Syndicate, the United Socialist Party and the Regional Congress - they are trying to resist the Indian Congress.

1974-75: the situation escalates, the Indian People's Party (agrarian) is formed, which is based on the expression of the interests of the rich sections of the village (dissatisfied with the agrarian reform)

In 1975, a trial was initiated against Indira Gandhi, she was accused of electoral fraud, violation of state laws. Ram is nominated for the post of prime minister. In 1975, a state of emergency was introduced in India, and the Indian National Congress tried to stabilize its social base with the help of emergency measures. A youth movement led by Indira's son, Sanjay Gandhi, a supporter of tough problem-solving methods, is advancing into the political arena => puts forward a program:

1. Elimination of illiteracy (going to the people, education of the masses + along the way explaining to them how good the policy of Indira Gandhi is)
2. The fight against caste (elimination of untouchability) - the rise of lower castes
3. Cancellation of the dowry
4. The fight for the cleanliness of the streets (demolition of old houses and the construction of new ones from which they made a profit)
5. The fight against the birth rate was reduced to the sterilization of the male population.

In January 1977, the state of emergency was lifted, and elections were scheduled for March. A popular front (Jarata front) was created by the Apposition, led by Morarji Desi, whose main task was:

1. Restoration of democratic freedoms (Indira was accused of authoritarianism)
2. Carrying out agrarian reform is not of a social nature, but carrying out a “green revolution” and introducing new technologies to increase productivity.
3. Employment
4. Restricting the public sector and giving more freedom to entrepreneurs (+ in lans People's Front there were even privatization projects)

Sixth Election 1977 - The first defeat of the Indian National Congress. Jarat is in power at the front, represented by a conglomeration of various parties. They tried to make a party out of the front => May 1977 - Jaratah party, but as soon as they united, they begin to grind. Various parties begin to emerge from the Jarat front => in fact, it is disintegrating. All this leads to destabilization, disruption of control. =>

In the seventh election 1980 Indian National Congress wins again. (Changes have taken place within the congress during this time - there has been a desire to retreat somewhat from the course of Gandhian socialism)

At this time, national oppositional movements are activated in the country:

• Sikhs - announce their desire to create their own state of Khalistan
• Tamils ​​- trying to form an independent state of Tamil Eelam
• Jammu and Kashmir - openly secret military operations are being conducted

Internal struggle leads to serious consequences. Indira Gandhi's guard consisted of Sikhs => October 1984 - they killed Indira.

In the eighth elections 1984 wins Indian National Congress headed by Rajiv Gandhi (he completely changes the political course):

1. Retreats from Gandhian socialism
2. Privatization begins, the share of state property decreases. sectors
3. India is leaning towards the US, Germany and Japan - the internal and external course changes sharply

At the same time, Rajiv Gandhi's government is under attack for corruption, which is drastically undermining the credibility of the Indian National Congress. A group of members comes out of it again in 1988.

The ninth election in 1989 is the second defeat of the congress. The congressional government resigns and the national front (Rashtriya Morcha) comes to power, led by Vishwanath Pratap Singh. => There is no stability, from 1989 to 1991 various political forces continue to flog (from among the right: a pariah is formed on the basis of the Jarat front - Bharatiya Janata Party).

1991 tenth election (between rounds of elections, Rajiv Gandhi is killed) => Compassionate Hindus vote for the Indian National Congress. In India, the new prime minister is Narasimha Rao, in his program:

1. Denationalization
2. Change from an import-substituting economy to a licensed one

1990s - sharp growth and modernization of the economy. Eleventh election 1996 Indian National Congress loses(the problem of privatization, enrichment, the transition to friendship with America is not originally a policy of Congress, there are those who do it better).

In the twelfth elections 1996 winsBharatiya Janata Party. Comes to powerAtal Bihari Vajpayee (serves as Prime Minister for a short time - May 16, 1996 - June 1, 1996 )

+ A new organization appeared - the United Front ( headed by Deve Govda,which since June 1, 1996 served as Prime Minister of India from the United Front (a coalition of 13 centrist and leftist parties). The Government of Deve Govda resigned on April 21, 1997 ) - technocrats, people representing mainly regional interests (focused on settling relations with China). In fact, they pursued the policy that The Indian National Congress in 1991-95, but they did it better and with more certainty - they are following the path of development of capitalism (private enterprises are being sold, privatization is underway). But they lack certainty (either Gandhian socialism or true nationalism) => The result of a parliamentary compromise between the Congress and the United Front, who did not want to hold early general parliamentary elections after the resignation of the government of H.D. Virgin Govda, became the government of I.K. Gujrala (Janata Dal Party - Prime Minister April 21, 1997 - March 19, 1998).

Thirteenth Election 1998 - again the success of the Bharatiya Janata Party. PremierAtal Bihari Vajpayee, in During Vajpayee's premiership, India conducted its first nuclear test at a test site in the state of Rajasthan. (Sharp economic growth, development zones stand out - India stands out among the leading countries) All this cannot but disturb that part of society that is committed to the ideas of Gandhism (the Gandhi family at that time was headed by Italian Sonia Gandijena Rajiba.

Fourteenth Election 2004 - victory Indian National Congress and the problem arises whether to make an Italian prime minister or to act differently. As a result, the Hindu - Manmohan becomes the prime minister Singh.

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India after the Second World War high school No. 1 "Ivanova Olga Nikolaevna.

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Until the middle of the 20th century, India consisted of principalities dependent on Great Britain and territories that were British colonies. India was considered by Great Britain as a source of raw materials (coal, ore, cotton, etc.). British India and the native principalities in 1909

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Lokamanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak was an Indian radical nationalist, social reformer and independence fighter. By nationality - Marathi. The first leader of the Indian independence movement - the Indian National Congress (1885) Swaraj "law" - a synonym for the concept of self-government used by Mahatma Gandhi. Usually correlated with Gandhi's concept of India's independence from Great Britain. Swaraj basically means political decentralization and management not through the government, but through members of society and public meetings.

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The national liberation movement in India, the largest British colony, intensified after the Second World War. It was led by two parties - the Indian National Congress (INC), whose leader was Jawaharlal Nehru, and the Muslim League, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah. The INC advocated the preservation of the integrity of the country, and the Muslim League demanded the creation of Pakistan - an independent Muslim state. The British tried unsuccessfully to reconcile the positions of both sides. In June 1947, a plan was developed, according to which the country's territory was to be divided on religious grounds into 2 states - India and Pakistan. The plan served as the basis for the Indian Independence Act passed by Britain. On August 15, 1947, British troops were withdrawn from Indian territory. Two new states appeared on the world map - the Indian Union (India) and Pakistan. National Liberation Movement in India Jawaharlal Nehru Muhammad Ali Jinnah

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The borders between the newly formed states did not reflect the features of the national composition, which led to armed conflicts between India and Pakistan. It is estimated that more than 6 million Muslims and 4.5 million Hindus migrated. Nearly 700,000 people died in Hindu-Muslim clashes. Mahatma Gandhi sharply spoke out against the Hindu-Muslim enmity, declaring a hunger strike in protest. However, his position was not shared by extremists from both parties. In January 1948, M. Gandhi was mortally wounded during one of the rallies. His death caused the leaders of the INC and the Muslim League to look for opportunities for compromise and reconciliation. In 1947-1949. 555 Indian principalities (out of 601) joined India, the rest became part of Pakistan.

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On November 26, 1949, a new Indian constitution was adopted, which entered into force on January 26, 1950. India is a parliamentary federal republic. The head of state is the president, elected for a 5-year term by the electorate. The supreme body of legislative power is the Parliament, which consists of two chambers - the People's Chamber and the Council of States. The government of India - the Council of Ministers - is formed by the parliamentary faction of the party that won the elections to the House of the People. The Prime Minister and Government of India enjoy considerable power. The judiciary as the third branch of government functions independently.

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Jawaharlal Nehru became the first Prime Minister of independent India. The economic course of J. Nehru provided for the division of industry. Thus, India's industry consisted of three sectors: - state - heavy industry, energy, vehicles, communications; mixed - modern branches of the economy; private - light and food industries. Western countries shared their technical experience with India, provided loans, and invested in Indian industry. Since 1955, economic relations between India and the USSR began to develop at an accelerated pace. In December 1953, the first Soviet-Indian agreement was signed on the participation of the USSR in the construction of a metallurgical plant with a capacity of 1 million tons of steel in Bhilai.

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Reforms of Jawaharlal Nehru. Development of state capitalism (mixed economy) Agrarian reforms Improvement of the health care and education system Comprehensive development of relations with all states of the world Administrative and political reforms (state reorganization law)

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New modern industries began to develop in the country - aerospace, instrument making, petrochemical. In the agricultural sector of the economy, the situation was much worse. The main social problem of the Indian village - the small allotments of land for the majority of rural workers - was solved with great difficulty. The government eliminated the institution of intermediaries who rented land from the landlords and then subleased it to the peasants, had a fixed rent, bought out part of the landowners' land and transferred it to the peasants. However, the essence of the INC's agrarian policy was to support the development of large, highly productive farms. In the growth of grain production, a certain role was played by the "green revolution" - a set of agrotechnical measures for the use of high-yielding varieties of crops, fertilizers, and modern agricultural equipment. However, the "green revolution" was limited.

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INC in 1947-1964 took a clear position on such fundamental issues as the struggle for peace, security and cooperation with other countries, countering aggression, colonialism and racism. J. Nehru and his country stood at the origins of the non-aligned movement. At the initiative of India, Indonesia and Yugoslavia, in September 1961, the First Conference of the Heads of State and Government of 25 non-aligned countries was held in Belgrade. However, at that time, relations between India and China were seriously complicated. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the PRC laid claim to certain areas in the Himalayas. This was the reason for the escape from Tibet to India of the Dalai Lama - the "living god" of all Buddhists. The support of the Dalai Lama by the Indian government worsened relations between states, which led to an armed conflict. Chinese troops captured part of Indian territory in the Himalayas. These troubles adversely affected the health of J. Nehru, and in May 1964 he died.

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In mid-1973 - early 1974, as a result of the world energy crisis, the cost of importing oil increased manifold, due to which two-thirds of India's needs for this type of raw material were covered. The level of production in the energy sector has dropped sharply. Prices have risen due to inflation. The terrible drought caused great damage to agriculture. Standard of living The population, already low, was declining. Despite the course announced by the government of Indira Gandhi to achieve economic independence, India was forced to take large foreign loans. In the context of the economic crisis, the resistance of the opposition was growing. In this situation, on June 26, 1975, the government declared a state of emergency in the country.

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