What was the period of Stalin's rule called? Stalin time. Changes in living standards

The era of Stalin is a period in the development of the USSR, when Joseph Stalin was actually its leader.

Stalin's period in power is marked by:

On the one hand: the forced industrialization of the country, the victory in the Great Patriotic war, mass labor and front-line heroism, the transformation of the USSR into a superpower with significant scientific, military and industrial potential, an unprecedented increase in the geopolitical influence of the Soviet Union in the world;

On the other hand: the establishment of a totalitarian dictatorial regime, mass repressions, sometimes directed against entire social strata and ethnic groups (for example, deportation Crimean Tatars, Chechens and Ingush, Balkars, Koreans), forced collectivization, which led at an early stage to a sharp decline in agriculture and the famine of 1932-1933, numerous casualties (as a result of wars, deportations, German occupation, famine and repression), the division of the world communities into two warring camps, the establishment of pro-Soviet communist regimes in Eastern Europe and the beginning of the Cold War.

Characteristics of the era

An analysis of the Politburo decisions shows that their main goal was to maximize the difference between output and consumption, which required mass coercion. The emergence of excess in the economy has led to the struggle of various administrative and regional interests for influence on the process of preparation and execution of political decisions. The competition of these interests partly smoothed out the destructive consequences of hypercentralization.

Collectivization and industrialization

From the beginning of the 1930s, the collectivization of agriculture was carried out - the unification of all peasant farms into centralized collective farms. To a large extent, the elimination of property rights to land was a consequence of the solution of the "class question". In addition, according to the then prevailing economic views, large collective farms could work more efficiently due to the use of technology and the division of labor. Kulaks without trial or investigation were imprisoned in labor camps or exiled to remote regions of Siberia and the Far East.

Kulaks were imprisoned in labor camps or exiled to remote regions of Siberia and the Far East (see the Law on the Protection of the Property of State Enterprises, Collective Farms and Cooperatives and the Strengthening of Public Property).

Real wheat prices in foreign markets fell from $5-6 per bushel to less than $1.

Collectivization was a catastrophe for agriculture: according to official data, gross grain harvests fell from 733.3 million centners in 1928 to 696.7 million centners in 1931-32. The grain yield in 1932 was 5.7 centners per hectare against 8.2 centners per hectare in 1913. Gross agricultural output in 1928 was 124% compared with 1913, in 1929-121%, in 1930-117%, in 1931-114%, in 1932-107%, in 1933-101% Livestock production in 1933 was 65% of the 1913 level. But at the expense of the peasants, the collection of marketable grain, which was so necessary for the country for industrialization, increased by 20%.

Stalin's policy of industrialization of the USSR required more funds and equipment, obtained from the export of wheat and other goods abroad. Larger plans were set for the collective farms to hand over their agricultural products to the state. the massive famine of 1932-33, according to historians [who?], were the result of these grain procurement campaigns. Middle level the life of the population in rural areas until the death of Stalin did not reach the indicators of 1929.

Industrialization, which, due to obvious necessity, began with the creation of the basic branches of heavy industry, could not yet provide the market with the goods needed for the countryside. The supply of the city through the normal exchange of goods was disrupted, the tax in kind was replaced in 1924 with cash. A vicious circle arose: in order to restore the balance, it was necessary to accelerate industrialization, for this it was necessary to increase the influx of food, export products and labor from the countryside, and for this it was necessary to increase the production of bread, increase its marketability, create in the countryside a need for heavy industry products (machines ). The situation was complicated by the destruction during the revolution of the basis of commodity production of bread in pre-revolutionary Russia - large landlord farms, and a project was needed to create something to replace them.

This vicious circle could only be broken through a radical modernization of agriculture. Theoretically, there were three ways to do this. One is a new version of the "Stolypin reform": support for the growing kulak, redistribution in its favor of the resources of the bulk of the middle peasants' farms, stratification of the village into large farmers and the proletariat. The second way is the liquidation of the centers of the capitalist economy (kulaks) and the formation of large mechanized collective farms. The third way - the gradual development of individual peasant farms with their cooperation at a "natural" pace - according to all calculations, turned out to be too slow. After the disruption of grain procurements in 1927, when extraordinary measures had to be taken (fixed prices, market closures and even repressions), and the even more disastrous grain procurement campaign of 1928-1929. The issue had to be resolved urgently. Extraordinary measures during procurement in 1929, already perceived as something completely abnormal, caused about 1,300 riots. The way to create farming through the stratification of the peasantry was incompatible with the Soviet project for ideological reasons. A course was taken for collectivization. This also meant the liquidation of the kulaks.

The second cardinal issue is the choice of the method of industrialization. The discussion about this was difficult and long, and its outcome predetermined the nature of the state and society. Not having, unlike Russia at the beginning of the century, foreign loans as an important source of funds, the USSR could only industrialize at the expense of internal resources. An influential group (member of the Politburo N. I. Bukharin, chairman of the Council of People's Commissars A. I. Rykov and chairman of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions M. P. Tomsky) defended the "sparing" option of gradual accumulation of funds through the continuation of the NEP. L. D. Trotsky - a forced version. JV Stalin at first stood on the point of view of Bukharin, but after Trotsky's expulsion from the Central Committee of the party at the end of 1927, he changed his position to a diametrically opposite one. This led to a decisive victory for the proponents of forced industrialization.

The question of how much these achievements contributed to the victory in the Great Patriotic War remains a matter of debate. AT Soviet time the view was adopted that industrialization and pre-war rearmament played a decisive role. Critics draw attention to the fact that by the beginning of the winter of 1941, the territory was occupied, in which 42% of the population of the USSR lived before the war, 63% of coal was mined, 68% of cast iron was smelted, etc. As V. Lelchuk writes, “victory had forge not with the help of that powerful potential that was created during the years of accelerated industrialization. However, the numbers speak for themselves. Despite the fact that in 1943 the USSR produced only 8.5 million tons of steel (compared to 18.3 million tons in 1940), while the German industry this year smelted more than 35 million tons (including those captured in Europe metallurgical plants), despite the enormous damage from the German invasion, the industry of the USSR was able to produce much more weapons than the German one. In 1942, the USSR surpassed Germany in the production of tanks by 3.9 times, combat aircraft by 1.9 times, guns of all types by 3.1 times. At the same time, the organization and technology of production were rapidly improved: in 1944, the cost of all types of military products was reduced by half compared to 1940. Record military production was achieved due to the fact that the entire new industry had a dual purpose. The industrial raw material base was prudently located beyond the Urals and Siberia, while the pre-revolutionary industry turned out to be predominantly in the occupied territories. The evacuation of industry to the regions of the Urals, the Volga region, Siberia and Central Asia. Only during the first three months of the war, 1360 large (mainly military) enterprises were moved.

According to Western historians A. M. Nekrich and M. Ya. Geller, collectivization was a disaster for the agriculture of the USSR: according to official data, gross grain harvests decreased from 733.3 million centners in 1928 to 696.7 million centners in 1931 -32. The grain yield in 1932 was 5.7 centners per hectare against 8.2 centners per hectare in 1913. Gross agricultural output in 1928 was 124% compared with 1913, in 1929-121%, in 1930-117%, in 1931-114%, in 1932-107%, in 1933-101% Livestock production in 1933 was 65% of the 1913 level. But at the expense of the peasants, the collection of marketable grain, which was so necessary for the country for industrialization, increased by 20%.

For the years 1928-1940, according to the CIA, the average annual growth of the gross national product in the USSR was 6.1%, which was inferior to Japan, was comparable to the corresponding indicator in Germany and was significantly higher than the growth in the most developed capitalist countries experiencing the "Great Depression" . As a result of industrialization, in terms of industrial production, the USSR came out on top in Europe and second in the world, overtaking England, Germany, France and second only to the United States. The share of the USSR in world industrial production reached almost 10%. A particularly sharp leap was achieved in the development of metallurgy, power engineering, machine tool building, and the chemical industry. In fact, a number of new industries emerged: aluminum, aviation, automotive, bearings, tractor and tank building. One of the most important results of industrialization was the overcoming of technical backwardness and the assertion of the economic independence of the USSR.

The rapid growth of the urban population led to a deterioration in the housing situation; the strip of "seals" again passed, the workers who arrived from the village were settled in barracks. By the end of 1929, the card system was extended to almost all food products, and then to industrial products. However, even with cards it was impossible to get the necessary rations, and in 1931 additional "orders" were introduced. It was impossible to buy groceries without standing in huge queues. According to the data of the Smolensk Party Archive, in 1929 in Smolensk a worker received 600 g of bread a day, family members - 300 each, fat - from 200 g to a liter of vegetable oil per month, 1 kilogram of sugar per month; a worker received 30-36 meters of chintz per year. In the future, the situation (until 1935) only worsened. The GPU noted acute discontent among the workers.

In 1933, in Moscow and Leningrad, a counter-revolutionary conspiracy of the “society of pederasts” was uncovered, according to which 130 people were arrested. The OGPU identified and suppressed the activities of several groups that were engaged in "creating a network of salons, hearths, dens, groups and other organized formations of pederasts with the further transformation of these associations into direct spy cells." By direct order of Stalin:

"It is necessary to punish the bastards in an exemplary manner, and introduce an appropriate guiding decree into the legislation."

On March 7, 1934, article 121 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR was introduced, according to which sodomy was punishable by imprisonment.

As a result of Stalin's policy of collectivization, in 1930-1933 gross grain harvests began to fall. Livestock production has almost halved. The standard of living of the vast majority of rural residents dropped sharply and, until Stalin's death, did not reach the indicators of 1929. Malnutrition swept the entire territory of the USSR. In 1932, a massive famine broke out in the grain-producing regions of Ukraine, the North Caucasus, the Lower and Middle Volga, the Southern Urals, Western Siberia and Kazakhstan, which claimed the lives of 4 to 11 million people in two years. Despite the famine, the country's leadership continued to sell grain for export.

Changes in living standards

Despite rapid urbanization beginning in 1928, by the end of Stalin's life, the majority of the population still lived in rural areas, remote from major cities. industrial centers. On the other hand, one of the results of industrialization was the formation of a party and labor elite. Given these circumstances, the change in living standards during 1928-1952. characterized by the following features (see below for details):

The average standard of living in the country underwent significant fluctuations (especially associated with the first five-year plan and the war), but in 1938 and 1952 it was higher or almost the same as in 1928.

The greatest increase in the standard of living was among the party and labor elite.

According to various estimates, the standard of living of the vast majority of rural residents has not improved or has deteriorated significantly.

Introduction of the passport system in 1932-1935 provided for restrictions on rural residents: peasants were forbidden to move to another area or go to work in the city without the consent of the state farm or collective farm, which thus severely limited their freedom of movement.

Cards for bread, cereals and pasta were abolished from January 1, 1935, and for other (including non-food) goods from January 1, 1936. This was accompanied by an increase in wages in the industrial sector and an even greater increase in state ration prices for all types of goods. Commenting on the cancellation of the cards, Stalin uttered the catchphrase that later became: "Life has become better, life has become more fun."

Overall, per capita consumption rose by 22% between 1928 and 1938. Cards were re-introduced in July 1941. After the war and the famine (drought) of 1946, they were abolished in 1947, although many goods remained in short supply, in particular, in 1947 there was again a famine. In addition, on the eve of the abolition of cards, prices for rations were raised. The restoration of the economy allowed in 1948-1953. lower prices repeatedly. Price cuts have greatly improved the standard of living Soviet people. In 1952, the cost of bread was 39% of the price of the end of 1947, milk - 72%, meat - 42%, sugar - 49%, butter - 37%. As noted at the 19th Congress of the CPSU, at the same time the price of bread rose by 28% in the USA, by 90% in England, and in France more than doubled; the cost of meat in the US increased by 26%, in England - by 35%, in France - by 88%. If in 1948 real wages were on average 20% below the pre-war level, then in 1952 they already exceeded the pre-war level by 25%.

The average standard of living of the population in regions remote from large cities and specializing in crop production, that is, the majority of the country's population, did not reach the indicators of 1929 before the start of the war. In the year of Stalin's death, the average calorie content of the daily diet of an agricultural worker was 17% lower than the level of 1928 of the year.

Demographics in the era

Stalinist repressions

On December 1, 1934, the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, after the murder of Kirov, adopted a resolution “On Amendments to the Current Criminal Procedure Codes of the Union Republics” of the following content, signed by the Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR M. I. Kalinin and the Secretary of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR A. S. Yenukidze: Make the following changes to the current criminal procedure codes of the Union republics for the investigation and consideration of cases of terrorist organizations and terrorist acts against workers of the Soviet government:

1. The investigation of these cases shall be completed within no more than ten days;

2. The indictment shall be handed over to the accused one day before the trial of the case in court;

3. Cases to hear without the participation of the parties;

4. Cassation appeal against sentences, as well as filing petitions for pardon, should not be allowed;

5. The sentence to capital punishment shall be carried out immediately after the sentence is pronounced.

The mass terror of the “Yezhovshchina” period was carried out by the then authorities of the country throughout the USSR (and, at the same time, in the territories of Mongolia, Tuva and Republican Spain controlled at that time by the Soviet regime), on the basis of the “planned tasks” figures “laid down” by Yezhov identifying and punishing people who harmed Soviet power (the so-called "enemies of the people").

During the "Yezhovshchina", torture was widely used on those arrested; sentences that were not subject to appeal (often to death) were passed without any trial, and were immediately (often even before the sentence was pronounced) carried out; all the property of the absolute majority of arrested people was immediately confiscated; relatives of the repressed were themselves subjected to the same repressions - for the mere fact of their relationship with them; The children of the repressed (regardless of their age) left without parents were also placed, as a rule, in prisons, camps, colonies, or in special "orphanages for children of enemies of the people." In 1935, it became possible to attract minors, starting from the age of 12, to the highest measure of criminal punishment (execution).

In 1937, 353,074 people were sentenced to death (not all those sentenced were shot), in 1938 - 328,618, in 1939-2601. According to Richard Pipes, in 1937-1938, the NKVD arrested about 1.5 million people, of which about 700 thousand were shot, that is, on average, 1,000 executions per day.

Historian V. N. Zemskov names a similar figure, arguing that "in the most cruel period - 1937-38 - more than 1.3 million people were convicted, of which almost 700,000 were shot," and in another publication he clarifies: “According to documented data, in 1937-1938. 1,344,923 people were convicted for political reasons, of which 681,692 were sentenced to capital punishment.” It should be noted that Zemskov personally participated in the work of the commission, which worked in 1990-1993. and considering the issue of repression.

As a result of Yezhov's activities, more than seven hundred thousand people were sentenced to death: in 1937, 353,074 people were sentenced to death, in 1938 - 328,618, in 1939 (after Yezhov's resignation) - 2601. Yezhov himself was subsequently arrested and sentenced to death. More than 1.5 million people suffered from repressions in 1937-1938 alone.

As a result of famine, repressions and deportations, mortality was above the "normal" level in the period 1927-1938. amounted, according to various estimates, from 4 to 12 million people.

In 1937-1938. Bukharin, Rykov, Tukhachevsky and others were arrested politicians and military leaders, including those who at one time contributed to Stalin's rise to power.

post-war period

At the same time, human losses did not end with the war, in which they amounted to about 27 million. Only the famine of 1946-1947 claimed the lives of from 0.8 to two million people.

The state security agencies with harsh measures suppressed the nationalist movements that were actively manifesting themselves in the territory of the Baltic States, Western Ukraine.

Science in the era of Stalin

whole scientific directions, such as genetics and cybernetics, with the direct participation of Stalin, were declared bourgeois and banned, which slowed down the development of these areas of science in the USSR for decades. According to historians, many scientists, such as academician Nikolai Vavilov and other most influential anti-Lysenkoists, were repressed with the direct participation of Stalin.

First Soviet computer M-1 was built in May-August 1948, but computers continued to be created even further, despite the persecution of cybernetics. The Russian genetic school, which was considered one of the best in the world, was completely destroyed. Under Stalin, government support was given to areas that were sharply condemned in the post-Stalin era (in particular, the so-called "Lysenkoism" in biology).

The development of Soviet natural sciences (except biology) and technology under Stalin can be described as a takeoff. The established network of fundamental and applied research institutes, design bureaus and university laboratories, as well as prison camp design bureaus, covered the entire front of research. Such names as the physicists Kurchatov, Landau, Tamm, the mathematician Keldysh, the creator of space technology Korolev, the aircraft designer Tupolev are known all over the world. In the post-war period, based on the obvious military needs, the greatest attention was paid to nuclear physics.

The decision to build Moscow State University was supplemented by a set of measures to improve all universities, primarily in cities affected by the war. Universities were given large buildings in Minsk, Voronezh, Kharkov. Universities of a number of Union republics began to actively create and develop.

Why is it so hated by the authorities in the Kremlin, home-grown "liberal democrats" and the owners of the "civilized world".

I live in Mordovia and was a witness historical events the last 35 years. Now it is fashionable to remember, but mostly to invent, about blue blood, or at least the kulak origin of family ancestors.

In the generation of my parents in pre-revolutionary Russia, it consisted entirely of workers and peasants, and therefore I am proud of them. It was they who created the great Soviet state, where social justice was not an empty word, where people had confidence in the future. Everything is relative. I have something to compare, past and present. There is something to compare with other eyewitnesses. Therefore, it is so important for the enemies of Russia to destroy this memory. They give a special place to the Stalin era, so our historical past is a club in the political struggle.

From my childhood, I remember my grandmother, a Mordovian by nationality. She, like my grandfather, were illiterate peasants from the poor. Now they are called drunks and parasites. I remember her soft, calm character, how she rejoiced and fussed when my father and I came to visit her from the city, to the Mordovian village of Otradnoye.

I didn't notice that she ever prayed, obviously she was an atheist. A special place, I remember her words when the conversation turned to the death of Stalin. She explained that when he died, the whole village was crying. She, too, was crying, because she was sure that the landowners and kulaks would now come to power. Not much wrong.

Do you think fists Soviet era, as they are now called, were hard workers and honest entrepreneurs. You are wrong. They were ordinary world-eaters or "effective owners". They received their main income at the expense of the needs of their fellow villagers, giving them grain on credit at 250-300%, while for agricultural rent. inventory, burdening them with various dues. The kulak created stocks of grain by buying it from fellow villagers and really influenced the prices on the market. It was economic power, and therefore, in many respects, political power in the countryside. Having caused a grain procurement crisis in 1927, holding back grain from sale, because. the international situation became more complicated and the air smelled of war. No hard feelings, just business. As they say, they ran into greed and got collectivization. And when they began to kill collective farm activists and burn collective farm barns, they deserved dispossession.

Now it is fashionable to condemn terrorists, but it was the kulaks who carried out mass terror, both against fellow villagers who joined the collective farm, and against party activists in the countryside. Realizing power floats away from their hands. True, now this terror is considered legitimate and justified. Do you think that fellow villagers felt sympathy for them during dispossession. You are wrong again. My grandmother hated them. Ask yourself how you feel about a person who has fallen into debt bondage and he is pulling all the juice out of you. Remember those evicted by banks from mortgage apartments.

Stolypin carried out a similar exile or dispossession, only the peasants were driven to a new place, driven by hunger and want. According to many historians, the Stolypin reform failed, because. was not prepared by the authorities, so most of the settlers returned, but they had already lost what little they had previously. So, apart from fate, they become farm laborers, they didn’t have food for a stew. No one was waiting for them in the cities.

Stolypin dreamed of liquidating communities and creating more kulaks. He did not understand that he was digging a grave for tsarism and his class when he destroyed the community. Now they try not to remember that during this period of time, 7 million farmers in the United States were driven out of their land by banks for non-payment of debts. Most of them died of starvation. By the way, almost all the photographs shown at the exhibitions of the "square", as victims of "Stalin's tyranny" and the "Holodomor" arranged by him in 32-33, are photographs, namely the consequences and famine in the United States, during the Great Depression. The more monstrous the lie, the more truthful it is.

According to official data, about 380 thousand families, with a total number of 1,803,392 h., of which they were settled on specific land plots 1 421 380 hours, the rest mostly fled, tk. the passport system was introduced in the USSR in 1934. This is a note to those who claim that the peasants under Soviet rule were serfs.

Tvardovsky's father, the same was dispossessed and fled from exile to his son in Moscow. Tvardovsky sent it back at his own expense. This writer, during Stalin's lifetime, praised him to the skies, after his death he was in the forefront of the accusers of the "cult of personality."

Settlers until 1934 were exempt from taxes.. These special. settlers by 1938, according to the "Information on the state of GULAG labor settlements in the NKVD of the USSR": They had 1106 primary, 370 incomplete secondary and 136 secondary schools, 12 technical schools and 230 schools of vocational education. In total, 217,456 students are children of labor settlers. For cultural - mass work in these villages, there was 813 clubs, 1202 reading huts, 440 traveling cinemas, 1149 libraries. Gradually they were restored in all civil rights. With special status migrant by 1950, there were about 20 thousand people.

You say the innocent suffered. The concept of innocent, everyone is different. I believe that guilt determines the law of that era. If you do not like the law, then call the convicts of that time, fighters against "Stalin's tyranny", but not innocent.

The Bolsheviks did not call themselves innocent victims of tsarism, these words would have sounded stupid and ridiculous. Yes, there were and always will be innocent, both here and all over the world. But many who created lawlessness during dispossession are now recorded precisely as victims of "Stalin's tyranny." These victims of "Stalin's tyranny" created terror and abuse of power, now many of their actions can be safely called terrorist acts.

And many “innocent” dreamed and sought to divide the USSR, for their loved ones, in order to settle at the trough, new “independent” states, as happened in 1991. Or squander state lands, that is, donate them to the “civilized world” in order to get them recognition and support. How does one treat them? Everyone treats differently. Many terrorist attacks by Chechen religious obscurantists, ISIS, Binder Nazis, are considered justified by the struggle for democracy and freedom. They just forget to say that in the USSR at that time, as now in the Russian Federation, the laws are more humane than in "civilized countries". For example. On May 16, 1918, the U.S. Congress passed an amendment to the "Espionage Act" according to which "speaks orally and or in writing in a disloyal, defamatory, rude or offensive tone about the form state structure or in relation to the constitution of the United States, or in relation to the armed forces," faces up to 20 years in prison or a fine of up to $10,000. That's what "democracy" is like. What is forbidden among them is encouraged and considered democracy by others. At present, the legislation there and in other "civilized countries" has been sufficiently improved, that is, the concept of a crime against the state has been expanded, and the punishment has become tougher.

Many "liberal-democrats" claimed that there were no saboteurs, spies, terrorists in the USSR. I give statistics, only for the RSFSR, but there were other republics of the USSR. In the period from 1921 to June 22, 1941, over 936 thousand people were detained alone, violators of the USSR border, approximately 128 people each. in a day! In addition, during this period over 30 thousand spies, saboteurs, over 40 thousand armed bandits were detained, 1119 gangs were liquidated. So little things. Even by these figures, it is obvious what kind of living conditions the “civilized guys” suited us.

Our Mordovian family of 8, before the war, had two cows, piglets, chickens. Grandmother worked on a collective farm. Grandfather was a hired shepherd. AT free time, in the artel he dug wells in the villages. These are now called covenants or small entrepreneurs. And he never belonged to any of the collective farms. This is about a fairy tale, about serfs before the war. The fields of collective farms were cultivated by tractors, and the harvest was harvested by MTS combines. The experience with MTS is currently being used in the USA. Why would a farm buy expensive equipment, if it is possible without the risk of ruin, hire it during the agricultural period. works. So it was in WWII. Our family sold excess milk through the collective farm, to the Consumer Cooperatives (KOPTORG). Even in perestroika times, scarce products were sold there without problems, naturally more expensive than in state-owned stores. But most importantly, the collective farmers could sell the products from their personal farms, because there were sales markets. Who understands how much food is needed for these animals. He will understand that without the support of the collective farm, this is not possible.

The older children attended a seven-year school. In 1935 the card system was abolished and there were no problems with food and basic goods. Even in August Leningrad 1941, the sausage was in free sale in stores. My mother's half-sister told me about it. She lived in Leningrad and was a member of the militia of the defenders of the city. I did not believe and asked to confirm what was said. She confirmed that groceries were sold in stores in August, and even sausage, but it never occurred to her to buy more than she could immediately eat.

Many now tell tales about the insignificance of the size of household plots of that era. In 1935, at the 11th congress of collective farmers - shock workers, the size of household plots of collective farmers was set from 0.2 to 0.5 hectares, and in some areas - up to 1 hectare. Homestead land did not include residential buildings. The number was set: up to 2-3 cows, 2-3 sows, 20-25 sheep and goats, etc., an unlimited number of poultry and rabbits, up to 20 bee hives. And only under Khrushchev these plots were cut right under the walls of the villagers' houses.

Yes, during and immediately after the war they were starving. My father told me that dung was made from cow dung and later they heated stoves in huts with them. Woven bast shoes, because. there was nothing to wear. They ate bread with quinoa. The first cow was slaughtered, because there was no fodder, the second one died in 1944. He remembered how they children stole spikelets from collective farm fields and how they were driven for it, how he died of exhaustion and illness younger brother. He also remembers that his father went missing near Kharkov in 1942, so the pension was paid in a smaller amount than those declared dead. And I think it's right. He remembers that they cut down apple trees, because. until 1947, there was a tax on literally all household plots. But the most important thing, with rare exceptions, was hard for everyone, and therefore no one grumbled, everyone brought victory closer as best they could. Children studied in schools. Despite the difficulties, they survived the war. What do you think? Now a single woman will be able to raise and raise five children.

After the war, life got better every year. After the monetary reform in 1947, taxes on household plots and personal agriculture were abolished. animals. People began to acquire agriculture. animals, chic gardens have remained since that time, I remember the seven-acre cherry orchard planted by my father and his older brother in 1951. Every year until 1953, prices for literally everything were reduced, salary. increased. And prices dropped on average, almost 2.5 times for all products and goods. My parents said that everyone was already used to it and waited New Year with joy. The older brother moved to the village of Chamzinka, the sisters moved to Nizhny Tagil in the late 40s. years. This is for the information of those who tell a fairy tale about collective farm serfdom after the war.

But then Khrushchev came to power, an accuser of "Stalin's tyranny", and during Stalin's life, his main public admirer and sycophant. He was in the forefront of kissing Stalin in one place and he kissed that place less than thirty times in one performance. Khrushchev, along with Eikhe, Kasior, Postyshev, Chubar, Kosarev, were the most active initiators of "mass repressions" in 1937 - 1938. It was they who at the Plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks in 1937 demanded for themselves special with "enemies of the people". They were given these powers. They distinguished themselves by the destruction of their opponents and those who disagree with their policies in the party. For their bloody lawlessness and abuse, they were shot. There were no untouchables back then. Earned, so get what you deserve.

It was for them that Khrushchev shed tears at the 20th Congress, as innocent victims of "Stalin's tyranny." Now these guys are naturally rehabilitated, otherwise they are the victims of the "tyrant". He shed tears before. He himself recalled:

“When Stalin was buried, I had tears in my eyes. Those were real tears."

As they say, super hypocritical scum, how not to believe this, the Lord God himself, “recommends” to believe this. He himself wrote denunciations:

“Dear Joseph Vassarionovich! Ukraine monthly sends 17-18 thousand repressed enemies of the people, and Moscow approves no more than 2-3 thousand. I ask you to take urgent measures. N. Khrushchev, who loves you.”

He spoke about the approval of sentences. And when Stalin reproachfully asked him if he didn’t find too many enemies in Ukraine, he replied that there were “actually much more”

After coming to power, Khrushchev told a fairy tale that Stalin was going to raise the tax on collective farmers and only the death of this "tyrant" saved the peasants from poverty, that is, he showed himself to be the protector of the peasants. But Khrushchev started with household plots, almost completely took them away from the collective farmers and established taxes on agriculture. animals. Collective farmers put animals under the knife. This led to a shortage of meat products. He explained his policy by the fact that the collective farmers should not be distracted by personal farming, because communism should be built towards the USSR. Then he announced at the 22nd Congress of the CPSU, the construction of Communism in 2000, not forgetting to tell another tale about the "tyrant Stalin", who destroyed 2/3 of the participants in the 17th Congress of the CPSU (b) in 1934, this congress is called the "Congress of the Winners" .

The epic with corn began. She was planted where it was necessary and where it was not necessary. As Khrushchev said, corn is food for animals and people. He disbanded the MTS and handed over the equipment to the collective farms, naturally for money, which led not only to downtime due to breakdowns, because. there was no repair base, but also to the debt bondage of collective farms, and subsequently to their miserable existence. Stalin in his work: "Economic problems of socialism". He warned that the transfer from / x. equipment to collective farms, will lead to their bankruptcy and their forced enlargement, which will lead to the formation of unpromising villages. Like looking into the water.

After Khrushchev's art, there was a shortage of bread and meat, to shoes. Prices skyrocketed. They raised prices, of course, on behalf of and for the people, as they are now going to raise the retirement age for the people. It was not for nothing that Stalin called him an ever-experimenting agronomist, which means that he must be looked after. At that time, Khrushchev repented and promised to improve. I did not forget to say a eulogy to the "teacher". Yes, he was a rare rottenness, like most of the Soviet creative intelligentsia, and the modern Russian one, does not differ much from them.

It is not surprising that modern "democrats" and "liberals" Khrushchev is so appreciated, but then the people really hated him. But our fighters for "democracy" and "free enterprise" forget to tell that before Stalin's death, in the USSR they produced products, 114,000 workshops and industrial enterprises, they were called an artel, currently they are called small and medium-sized businesses. But the difference was that the artels were engaged in the production and marketing of their products, but the prices were not more than 10-15% of the state ones. There were 2 million such entrepreneurs. And they produced mainly consumer goods, which accounted for 6% of GDP. Which accounted for 40% of furniture, 1/3 of knitwear, almost all children's toys. Stalin understood that some branches of production needed a rapid change in the products themselves. For example, tailoring and footwear, because. fashion is changing rapidly. Khrushchev, having come to power, determined that artels are a relic of capitalism. As a result, many people remember, the stores sold products in excess, which no one wanted to buy, these are the consequences of the Khrushchev “thaw”. The gradual destruction of socialism and its conquests began with him, not the communists who fought for social justice, but animal careerists began to penetrate into the party. As they say, what a pop, such a parish. The result is known. Window dressing and eyewash have become commonplace, including in real Russia.

Before the perestroika Mordovian village of Otradnoye, my father's homeland, there were about 300 households, almost every family had a cow and piglets, many had calves. There were three herds, which were grazed in turn by fellow villagers. Collective farms provided fodder and the opportunity to procure it. The potatoes were sold. Now in Otradnoe and neighboring villages, devastation. I ask one of my relatives why you don't raise cattle. I received an answer, for such a price for feed, it is not profitable to raise animals. Potatoes are not sold, because purchase prices are too low.

Same story with milk. Now they are creating landlord farms, the same slippage, there are no honest slaves who are ready to work for a bowl of stew, cheap loans are not available, expensive equipment, mostly imported. Where is domestic? We are told that the equipment is not of high quality. So “effective owners” and the existing government, why do we need you if you cannot create high-quality equipment, under socialism it was high-quality. They created a state where all the people and entrepreneurs work on the profits of commercial banks, which, with the help of the authorities, put almost all enterprises and the majority of the population into debt bondage. Where there will be high-quality equipment, miracles do not happen.

The farmer will feed us, Stalin is to blame, he cut out the hard-working peasants and destroyed the gene pool. My grandmother already spoke about these peasants. But what about the gentlemen, with the Soviet men and women who fed the country and the army in the Second World War and the entire Soviet people under socialism. Why didn’t you create power in 30 years of “hard-working peasants”? Besides you, no one needs these "hard-working men". The state and the people need agronomists, livestock specialists, machine operators, agricultural specialists.

We do not live in the 19th century, when we plowed plows on horseback and mowed with sickles. Expensive equipment will pay for itself only with the scale of production. In the US, more than 10,000 small and medium-sized farmers go bankrupt each year. Nothing better than a large collective farm has been invented. In Israel, 90% of agriculture. products are not even produced by collective farms, something similar to communes. You choose, the revival of the landowners or, as in Israel, collective farms. But for this, quite a bit to the state was led by a patriot and a business executive, and not by a colonial manager and the great fraudster of Russia. I personally have not met a resident of the agricultural. areas, namely workers who dreamed of working for landlords or farm laborers. If they had a choice, they would prefer something like a collective farm.

Why is the Stalin era hated by the enemies of the country from the “civilized world” and the modern “democratic-liberal” public of Russia? Statistics are stubborn things. Everything is relative. According to the agricultural census:

In 1927 (basically the USSR was equal in terms of GDP with Russia in 1913), the gross grain harvest was 40.8 million, in 1940 - 95.6 million tons, the peasants owned 29.9 million heads of cows,
in 1941 - 54.8 million cows.

In 1942, 10 million heads of cattle were evacuated from Ukraine. Now on the "square", only 5 million heads. This is food for thought for some.

The production of granulated sugar increased in 1927 - from 1283 thousand tons, to 2421 thousand tons in 1937.

By industry: Cars were produced by 1913 (screwdriver production) - 0.8 thousand units. In 1937 alone, 200 thousand units were manufactured.

Email energy, in 1913 they produced 2 billion kW, in 1940 - 48.37 billion kW.

Between 1932 and 1936 the collective farms received 500,000 tractors and more than 150,000 combines. Since 1934, the country has completely abandoned agricultural imports. technology and cars.

In 1928, 0.8 thousand machine tools were produced (before 1913, machine tools were imported), in 1940 - 48.5 thousand machine tools.

Now lathes are imported from Bulgaria. We've come. And it should be of particular interest to our "liberal democrats", who claim that the growth was due to heavy industry. In 1913, 58 million pairs were produced, and already in 1940 -183 ml. steam. leather shoes. You can list indefinitely.

In the period from 1913 (1927), the GDP grew more than 10 times. Everything is relative. In 1913, the Russian Empire ranked fifth in the world in terms of GDP, that is, 5.3% of the world. In 1938, the USSR, in terms of GDP, that is, in terms of production, was already second in the world, namely 13.7%. Yielding only to the United States, which produced 41.9% of the world.

Who does not understand what were the achievements. I'll try to explain. Money is paper. The equivalent of this paper is GDP, that is, mainly production. How could the population live worse in the Stalin era, as we are constantly told, in comparison with 1913, if the money supply, provided with products, and, consequently, the purchasing power of the population, increased almost 10 times. Under Stalin, capital was not exported abroad; Soviet workers did not have accounts there. Guys like Pyatakov, who received kickbacks for purchasing technology in the "civilized world", were put up against the wall.

Man does not live by bread alone. In 1914, there were 91 universities in the Russian Empire and 112 thousand students studied there, most of them with paid education, as in gymnasiums. In 1939, there were 750 universities in the USSR, with 620,000 students enrolled in them. This does not include technical schools.

Now they “broadcast” a lot that the Russian Empire until 1913 was industrialized and fed the whole world. What was the industry I indicated above. A country cannot have a scientific and technical base and a developed industry if during this period about 15% of the population lived in rural areas, if 80% of the population was illiterate. For comparison.

In the United States during this period, 50% were literate, only among black US citizens. We are also "broadcast" that in terms of growth rates, Russia ranked first. Something Russia did not show its growth during the First World War (WWI). Here are the official statistics. During the WWI period, weapons were manufactured in pieces, I give an example: 1. By machine guns; Russia - 28 thousand, England - 23.9 thousand, USA - 75 thousand, Germany - 280 thousand, Austria-Hungary - 40 thousand. Artillery; Russia - 11.7 thousand, England - 25.4 thousand, USA - 4 thousand, Germany - 64 thousand, Austria - 15.9 thousand; 3. Aircraft - Russia - 3.5 thousand (80% of the engines are imported), England - 47.8 thousand, USA - 13.8 thousand, Germany - 4.73 thousand, Austria - Hungary 5.4 thousand. , 4. Tanks; Russia - 0, England - 3 thousand, France - 4.5 thousand, Germany - 70. Even Italy produced 4.5 thousand aircraft.

The result of such industrial development is known. Yes, there were those who fought valiantly, there were heroes. But everything is relative. And the truth is. According to Tsentrollenbezh, 3.9111 million former servicemen of the Russian army were captured by the enemy. Of these, 2.385 million are in Germany, of which more than 70 are generals. Compared. On September 1, 1918, the Russian army captured more than two times less. You will say that there were the same number of prisoners during the Great Patriotic War (WWII). But forget about 2 million Russian servicemen died in WWI. Empire, and in the Second World War there are about 8 million spacecraft and SA of the USSR. The difference is significant. There is something to compare. This is called the concept of courage.

The war cannot be won if the country is economically backward. When its elite rots and it is not able to think adequately, is not able to create a scientific and technical base and industry. And at the same time, she believes that bad people, they are ingenious and kind, always owe something. And therefore, according to their views, it is the people who are to blame for the troubles of the country. That is, the boyars are good, the king is good, the people are not full-fledged. There is also an ideological research - the king is good, the boyars are bad, the people are also good. Now this theory is often applied to V.V., Putin.

By the way, the same ideology is professed by the Chief Euro-communist Zyuganov. The Euro communist Zyuganov professes the same theory. The third indoctrination of the consciousness of the people - the bad and stupid Russian peoples can only be controlled by tyrants, and since. its king and its elite are soft and fluffy, therefore, this people must be introduced to the "democratic values" of the "civilized world." The last "brilliant idea" comes from behind the hillock. Who reads the statements of the Kiev trolls in the social. networks will understand me. This is exactly what the Russian Empire was like in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The same situation is in the modern former USSR, that is, Russia.

It does not work with the great agricultural power that fed the whole world. Indeed, Russia exported a significant part of grain crops. In 1913, it ranked first in the world in terms of exports, that is, 22.10%. Argentina - 21.34%. USA - 12.15%, Canada - 9.58%. But they forget to clarify that this year, with a record harvest in Russia, 30.3 poods of grain were harvested per capita, in the USA - 64.3 poods, in Argentina - 87.4 poods, Canada - 121 poods. And this is all grain, including for livestock feed. That is, Russia itself did not have enough bread, and at the same time it exported, mainly at the expense of landlord farms. And what else could Russia export besides grain and raw materials?

China also exported rice during the Cultural Revolution, as did the USSR before 1941. Food shortages often led to famines with crop failures, even in parts of the country. The main periods of the queen - famine are 1901, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1911 - 1912.

In the winter of 1900/01, 42 million were starving, and 2,813,000 Orthodox souls died of starvation. And in 1911 (already after the much-praised Stolypin reforms), 32 million were starving, losing 1,613,000 people. By the way - this was told to us by Stolypin himself, speaking before the State Duma. Information about the starving and dying of starvation was provided from church parishes, elders and landlords. And how many were not taken into account, Old Believers and non-Orthodox.

By the way, in 1912, 54.4% of all grain was exported, because. world market prices for these products have risen. Some "historians" claim that Russia at that time was selling a record amount of butter on the world market. As they say, the more monstrous the lie, the more truthful it is. Interesting. How exactly these products were imported, if the shelf life of butter is several days. Back then, there were almost no refrigerated containers. I quote the words of the Minister of Agriculture Ros. Empires from 1915 - 16: "Russia actually does not get out of the state of famine, then in one or another province, both before the war and during the war."

It does not work with the "broadcasters" and with the power of the golden ruble. Vvito, or as they then began to call him Witte - Polusakhalinsky, he was something like a mixture of Kudrin and Gref, so the "liberals" pray for him, with their "brilliant" reforms, he put Russia on a debt needle, subsequently the debt increased, and with debts and interest on them from 4.5 to 6%. By 1913, the external state. The Empire's debt was 8.85 billion, and by the summer of 1917 it reached 15.507 billion gold rubles. Who does not understand what kind of grandmother. I remind you that the gold reserve Russian Empire amounted to about 3 billion gold rubles. That is, Russia was in debt bondage. You must have heard about Kolchak's gold.

Facts are stubborn things and hard to disprove. Then they came up with another story. The achievements of the Stalin era were achieved by monstrous methods, innocent prisoners and their slave labor. The USSR had no enemies and crooks, only angels. The population of the USSR, naturally, during collectivization and industrialization, was subjected to repression by tens of millions. Due to their inhuman exploitation, there were achievements, and how many because of the "tyrant of Stalin" tens of millions of children were not born. A special place in this tale is given to the decision in the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars dated 08/07/1932, now called the "Law on Three Spikelets", naturally they shot and imprisoned from 5 to 10 years, for three spikelets. Only the accusers of "Stalin's tyranny" forget to clarify that these punishments were applied for large-scale theft, for small things the criminal law of the Union Republics operated. According to the official version of the authorities of the Russian Federation, the most monstrous and bloodiest 1937, in the ITR, ITK and prisons (the prisons were then pre-trial detention centers), then contained 1,196,246 people, with a population of about 164 million. In 1934, 511 thousand prisoners, that is, by the end of the first five-year plan. This means that there was no one to carry out industrialization on the scale of the “liberal-democrats” “broadcasting” to us. In the Russian Federation in 1998, with a population of about 145 million, there were 1.8 million prisoners. According to official data, there are now about 800 thousand prisoners, hundreds of thousands of probationers. In reality, more. At the moment, for embezzlement of state property on an especially large scale, conditionally convicted. Everyone knows Vasiliev, who is always singing and painting pictures, and who does not understand what kind of documents Serdyukov signed. Yes, these guys under the "tyrant" Stalin, in best case, for a long time they waved a pick on Magadan, extracting gold, because they love him so much. Now Serdyukov has found a warm place again. Surely for his "professionalism", how else, the criminal case for negligence was terminated against him, due to the amnesty. And therefore, it can again be called an irreplaceable specialist.

I gave official statistics. And where is here unimaginable amount prisoners? And who told you that languages should not work, they did not come to the resort and on the necks of the Soviet people, then it was forbidden to sit. So it was always and everywhere, especially in the countries of the "civilized world". Of course, there was a difference, in the USSR, even in the GULAG system, labor law was in effect, that is, 40 hour work week and a system of clubs and other cultural institutions. There are even private prisons in the USA, try not to work there, the administration will immediately add your term, it is allowed for them by law, they are such “democrats”. It is now, in the Russian Federation, prisoners are engaged in excesses from idleness, and the taxpayer feeds them.

It does not come out of the accusers of "tyranny" and with a monstrous mortality. According to the census in the Russian Empire in 1912, about 164 ml. subjects, taking into account the lost territories in 1920, about 138 million subjects. Censuses in the USSR showed 147 million in 1926, 164 million in 1937, and 170 million in 1939. citizens, without annexed territories. On average, population growth is about 1.36% per year. In the countries of the "civilized world", during this period, population growth was: in England - 0.36%, Germany - 0.58%, France - 0.11%, USA - 0.66%, Japan - 1.37%. And as luck would have it, there was no "tyrant" Stalin. In the RSFSR, according to the 1989 census, 147.6 ml lived. citizens, in the Russian Federation in 2009 - 142 ml., and this with a million refugees from Kazakhstan and other republics former USSR. At the moment, without the annexed Crimea, according to ROSSTAT, about 144 million, and according to unofficial estimates, about 139 million of its citizens live in the Russian Federation. Explain gentlemen "democrats-liberals", the authorities of the Russian Federation and the intelligentsia attached to it, who carried out and are carrying out genocide and famine of their people. Everything is relative.

In conclusion, I will quote Stalin's famous saying:

“I know when I’m gone, more than one tub of dirt will be poured on my head, a bunch of garbage will be put on my grave. But I am sure that the wind of history will dispel everything!”

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Stalin period

Stalin period- a period in the history of the USSR, when I.V. Stalin was actually its leader. The beginning of this period is usually dated to the interval between the XIV Congress of the CPSU(b) and the defeat of the "right opposition" in the CPSU(b) (1926-1929); the end falls on the death of Stalin on March 5, 1953. During this period, Stalin actually had the most power, although formally in 1923-1940 he did not hold positions in the structures of the executive branch. Propaganda of the Stalinist period pathetically called it the Era of Stalin.

Stalin's period in power is marked by:

On the one hand: the forced industrialization of the country, mass labor and front-line heroism, victory in the Great Patriotic War, the transformation of the USSR into a superpower with significant scientific, industrial and military potential, an unprecedented increase in the geopolitical influence of the Soviet Union in the world, the establishment of pro-Soviet communist regimes in Eastern Europe and a number of countries in Southeast Asia;
On the other hand: the establishment of a totalitarian dictatorial regime, mass repressions, sometimes directed against entire social strata and ethnic groups (for example, the deportation of Crimean Tatars, Chechens and Ingush, Balkars, Kalmyks, Koreans), forced collectivization, which led at an early stage to a sharp decline in agriculture and the famine of 1932-1933, numerous human losses (as a result of wars, deportations, German occupation, famine and repression), the division of the world community into two warring camps and the beginning of the Cold War.

Period characteristic

An analysis of the Politburo's decisions shows that their main goal was to maximize the difference between output and consumption, which required mass coercion. The growth of the accumulation fund entailed a struggle between various administrative and regional interests for influence on the process of preparing and implementing political decisions. The competition of these interests partly smoothed out the destructive consequences of hypercentralization.

Modern researchers believe that the most important economic decisions in the 1920s were made after open, wide and sharp public discussions, through open democratic voting at the plenums of the Central Committee and congresses of the Communist Party.

According to Trotsky's point of view, set out in his book "The Revolution Betrayed: What is the USSR and where is it going?", Stalinist Soviet Union was a reborn workers' state.

Collectivization and industrialization

Real wheat prices in foreign markets fell from $5-6 per bushel to less than $1.

Collectivization led to a decline in agriculture: according to official data, gross grain harvests fell from 733.3 million centners in 1928 to 696.7 million centners in 1931-32. The grain yield in 1932 was 5.7 centners per hectare against 8.2 centners per hectare in 1913. Gross agricultural output in 1928 was 124% compared with 1913, in 1929-121%, in 1930-117%, in 1931-114%, in 1932-107%, in 1933-101% Livestock production in 1933 was 65% of the 1913 level. But at the expense of the peasants, the collection of marketable grain, which was so necessary for the country for industrialization, increased by 20%.

Stalin's policy of industrialization of the USSR required more funds and equipment, obtained from the export of wheat and other goods abroad. Larger plans were set for the collective farms to hand over their agricultural products to the state. mass famine of 1932-33 , according to historians [ who?], were the result of these grain procurement campaigns. The average standard of living of the population in rural areas until the death of Stalin did not reach the figures of 1929 (according to the USA).

Industrialization, which, due to obvious necessity, began with the creation of the basic branches of heavy industry, could not yet provide the market with the goods needed for the countryside. The supply of the city through the normal exchange of goods was disrupted, the tax in kind was replaced in 1924 with cash. A vicious circle arose: in order to restore the balance, it was necessary to accelerate industrialization, for this it was necessary to increase the influx of food, export products and labor from the village, and for this it was necessary to increase the production of bread, increase its marketability, create in the village a need for heavy industry products (machines ). The situation was complicated by the destruction during the revolution of the basis of commodity production of bread in pre-revolutionary Russia - large landlord farms, and a project was needed to create something to replace them.

The second cardinal issue is the choice of the method of industrialization. The discussion about this was difficult and long, and its outcome predetermined the nature of the state and society. Not having, unlike Russia at the beginning of the century, foreign loans as an important source of funds, the USSR could only industrialize at the expense of internal resources. An influential group (member of the Politburo N. I. Bukharin, chairman of the Council of People's Commissars A. I. Rykov and chairman of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions M. P. Tomsky) defended the "sparing" option of gradual accumulation of funds through the continuation of the NEP. L. D. Trotsky - a forced version. JV Stalin at first stood on the point of view of Bukharin, but after Trotsky's expulsion from the Central Committee of the party at the end of the year, he changed his position to a diametrically opposite one. This led to a decisive victory for the proponents of forced industrialization.

The question of how much these achievements contributed to the victory in the Great Patriotic War remains a matter of debate. In Soviet times, the point of view was accepted that industrialization and pre-war rearmament played a decisive role. Critics draw attention to the fact that by the beginning of the winter of 1941, the territory was occupied, in which 42% of the population of the USSR lived before the war, 63% of coal was mined, 68% of cast iron was smelted, etc. As V. Lelchuk writes, “victory had forge not with the help of that powerful potential that was created during the years of accelerated industrialization. However, the numbers speak for themselves. Despite the fact that in 1943 the USSR produced only 8.5 million tons of steel (compared to 18.3 million tons in 1940), while the German industry this year smelted more than 35 million tons (including those captured in Europe metallurgical plants), despite the enormous damage from the German invasion, the industry of the USSR was able to produce much more weapons than the German one. In 1942, the USSR surpassed Germany in the production of tanks by 3.9 times, combat aircraft by 1.9 times, guns of all types by 3.1 times. At the same time, the organization and technology of production were rapidly improved: in 1944, the cost of all types of military products was reduced by half compared to 1940. Record military production was achieved due to the fact that the entire new industry had a dual purpose. The industrial raw material base was prudently located beyond the Urals and Siberia, while the pre-revolutionary industry turned out to be predominantly in the occupied territories. The evacuation of industry to the regions of the Urals, the Volga region, Siberia and Central Asia played a significant role. Only during the first three months of the war, 1360 large (mainly military) enterprises were moved.

The rapid growth of the urban population led to a deterioration in the housing situation; the strip of "seals" passed again, the workers who arrived from the village were settled in barracks. By the end of 1929, the card system was extended to almost all food products, and then to industrial products. However, even with cards it was impossible to get the necessary rations, and in 1931 additional "orders" were introduced. It was impossible to buy groceries without standing in huge queues. According to the data of the Smolensk Party Archive, in 1929 in Smolensk a worker received 600 g of bread a day, family members - 300 each, fat - from 200 g to a liter of vegetable oil per month, 1 kilogram of sugar per month; a worker received 30-36 meters of chintz per year. In the future, the situation (until 1935) only worsened. The GPU noted acute discontent among the workers.

Changes in living standards

The average standard of living in the country underwent significant fluctuations (especially associated with the first five-year plan and the war), but in 1938 and 1952 it was higher or almost the same as in 1928.
The greatest increase in the standard of living was among the party and labor elite.
According to various estimates, the standard of living of the vast majority of rural residents has not improved or has deteriorated significantly.

Introduction of the passport system in 1932-1935 provided for restrictions on rural residents: peasants were forbidden to move to another area or work in the city without the consent of the state farm or collective farm, which thus severely limited their freedom of movement.

Cards for bread, cereals and pasta were abolished from January 1, 1935, and for other (including non-food) goods from January 1, 1936. This was accompanied by an increase in wages in the industrial sector and an even greater increase in state ration prices for all types of goods. Commenting on the cancellation of the cards, Stalin uttered the catchphrase that later became: “Life has become better, life has become more fun.”

Overall, per capita consumption rose by 22% between 1928 and 1938. Cards were re-introduced in July 1941. After the war and the famine (drought) of 1946, they were abolished in 1947, although many goods remained in short supply, in particular, in 1947 there was again a famine. In addition, on the eve of the abolition of cards, prices for rations were raised. The restoration of the economy allowed in 1948-1953. lower prices repeatedly. Price cuts significantly increased the standard of living of the Soviet people. In 1952, the cost of bread was 39% of the price of the end of 1947, milk - 72%, meat - 42%, sugar - 49%, butter - 37%. As noted at the 19th Congress of the CPSU, at the same time the price of bread rose by 28% in the USA, by 90% in England, and in France more than doubled; the cost of meat in the US increased by 26%, in England - by 35%, in France - by 88%. If in 1948 real wages were on average 20% below the pre-war level, then in 1952 they already exceeded the pre-war level by 25%.

Demographics in the Stalin period

As a result of famine, repressions and deportations, mortality was above the "normal" level in the period 1927-1938. amounted, according to various estimates, from 4 to 12 million people. However, over the 29 years of being in power, the population of the USSR increased by 60 million people.

Stalinist repressions

Introduce the following changes to the current criminal procedure codes of the Union republics for the investigation and consideration of cases of terrorist organizations and terrorist acts against workers of the Soviet government:

1. The investigation of these cases shall be completed within no more than ten days;
2. The indictment shall be handed over to the accused one day before the trial of the case in court;
3. Cases to hear without the participation of the parties;
4. Cassation appeal against sentences, as well as filing petitions for pardon, should not be allowed;
5. The sentence to capital punishment shall be carried out immediately after the sentence is pronounced.

In 1937, 353,074 people were sentenced to death, in 1938 - 328,618, in 1939-2601. According to Richard Pipes, in 1937-1938, the NKVD arrested about 1.5 million people, of which about 700 thousand were shot, that is, on average, 1,000 executions per day.

Historian V. N. Zemskov names a similar figure, arguing that "in the most cruel period - 1937-38 - more than 1.3 million people were convicted, of which almost 700,000 were shot", and in another publication he clarifies: “According to documented data, in 1937-1938. 1,344,923 people were convicted for political reasons, of which 681,692 were sentenced to capital punishment.” It should be noted that Zemskov personally participated in the work of the commission, which worked in 1990-1993. and considering the issue of repression.

As a result of famine, repressions and deportations, mortality was above the "normal" level in the period 1927-1938. amounted, according to various estimates, from 4 to 12 million people.

In 1937-1938. Bukharin, Rykov, Tukhachevsky and other political figures and military leaders were arrested, including those who at one time contributed to Stalin's rise to power.

The attitude of representatives of society adhering to liberal democratic values is, in particular, reflected in their assessment of the repressions carried out in the Stalin period against a number of nationalities of the USSR: in the Law of the RSFSR of April 26, 1991 No. 1107-I "On the rehabilitation of repressed peoples", signed by the president RSFSR B.N. Yeltsin, it is argued that in relation to a number of peoples of the USSR at the state level, on the basis of national or other affiliation "a policy of slander and genocide was carried out".

War

According to modern historians, arguments about the quantitative or qualitative superiority of German technology on the eve of the war are unfounded. On the contrary, in terms of individual parameters (the number and weight of tanks, the number of aircraft), the Red Army grouping along the western border of the USSR significantly exceeded the similar grouping of the Wehrmacht.

post-war period

Shortly after the end of the war, repressions were carried out among the highest commanders armed forces THE USSR. So, in 1946-1948, according to the so-called. A number of major military leaders from the inner circle of Marshal of the Soviet Union G.K. Zhukov were arrested and put on trial in the "trophy case", among them - Air Chief Marshal A.A. Novikov, Lieutenant General K.F. Telegin.

The ideological split between the communist doctrine of which the USSR was guided and the democratic principles that guided the "bourgeois" countries, forgotten during the war against a common enemy, inevitably came to the fore in international relations, and after Winston Churchill's famous Fulton speech, this split is no longer former allies did not try to hide. The cold war has begun.

In the liberated Soviet Army In the states of Eastern Europe, with the open support of Stalin, pro-Soviet oriented communist forces came to power, later entering into an economic and military alliance with the USSR in its confrontation with the United States and the NATO bloc. Post-war contradictions between the USSR and the USA on Far East led to the Korean War, in which Soviet pilots and anti-aircraft gunners took a direct part.

The defeat of Germany and its satellites in the war radically changed the balance of power in the world. The USSR has become one of the leading world powers, without which, according to V. M. Molotov, not a single issue of international life should now be resolved.

However, during the war years, the power of the United States grew even more. Their gross national product rose by 70%, and the economic and human losses were minimal. Having turned into an international creditor during the war years, the United States got the opportunity to expand its economic and political influence on other countries and peoples.

All this led to the fact that instead of cooperation in Soviet-American relations, there came a time of mutual competition and confrontation. The Soviet Union could not help but worry about the US nuclear monopoly in the early postwar years. America saw a threat to its security in the growing influence of the USSR in the world. All this led to the beginning of the Cold War.

At the same time, human losses did not end with the war, in which they amounted to about 27 million. Only the famine of 1946-1947 claimed the lives of from 0.8 to two million people.

In the shortest possible time, the national economy, transport, housing stock, destroyed settlements in the former occupied territory.

The state security agencies with harsh measures suppressed the nationalist movements, which were actively manifested in the territory of the Baltic States, Western Ukraine.

The measures taken led to an increase in grain yields by 25-30%, vegetables - by 50-75%, herbs - by 100-200%.

In 1952, the cost of bread was 39% of the price of the end of 1947, milk - 72%, meat - 42%, sugar - 49%, butter - 37%. As noted at the 19th Congress of the CPSU, at the same time the price of bread rose by 28% in the USA, by 90% in England, and in France more than doubled; the cost of meat in the US increased by 26%, in England - by 35%, in France - by 88%. If in 1948 real wages were on average 20% below the pre-war level, then in 1952 they already exceeded the pre-war level by 25%. In general, during 1928-1952. The greatest increase in living standards was among the party and labor elite, while for the vast majority of rural residents it did not improve or worsened.

The fight against cosmopolitanism

In the post-war period, massive campaigns began against the departure from the "party principle", against the "abstract-academic spirit", "objectivism", as well as against "anti-patriotism", "rootless cosmopolitanism" and "belittling Russian science and Russian philosophy" .

Almost all Jewish educational establishments, theaters, publishing houses and mass media (except for the newspaper of the Jewish Autonomous Region "Birobidzhaner Shtern" ( Birobidzhan star) and the Soviet Gameland magazine). Mass arrests and dismissals of Jews began. In the winter of 1953, there were rumors of an alleged deportation of the Jews being planned; whether these rumors corresponded to reality is debatable.

Science in the Stalin period

Entire scientific areas, such as genetics and cybernetics, were declared bourgeois and banned; in these areas, the USSR, after decades, could not reach the world level. . According to historians, many scientists, for example, academician Nikolai Vavilov and others, were repressed with the direct participation of Stalin. Ideological attacks on cybernetics could also affect the development of the field of informatics, which is closely related to it, but the resistance of the dogmatists was eventually overcome thanks to the position of the military and members of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Culture of the Stalin period

List of films of the Stalinist period

Stalinist architecture ("Stalin's Empire style")

Stalin's time in works of art

Literature

Notes

Gregory P., Harrison M. Allocation under Dictatorship: Research in Stalin's Archives // Journal of Economic Literature. 2005 Vol. 43. P. 721. (English)
See review: Khlevniuk O. Stalinism and the Stalin Period after the "Archival Revolution" // Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. 2001 Vol. 2, no. 2. P. 319. DOI:10.1353/kri.2008.0052
(unavailable link) Misunderstood NEP. Alexander mechanic. Discussions about economic policy during the years of monetary reform 1921-1924. Goland Yu. M.
M. Geller, A. Nekrich History of Russia: 1917-1995
Allen R. C. The standard of living in the Soviet Union, 1928-1940 // Univ. of British Columbia, Dept. of Economics. Discussion Paper No. 97-18. August, 1997.
Nove A. About the fate of the NEP // Questions of History. 1989. No. 8. - S. 172
Lelchuk V. Industrialization
MFIT Reform of the defense complex. Military Herald
victory.mil.ru The transfer of the productive forces of the USSR to the east
I. Economics - World Revolution and World War - V. Rogovin
Industrialization
A. Cherniavsky Shot in the Mausoleum. Khabarovsk Pacific Star, 2006-06-21
See review: Demographic Modernization of Russia 1900-2000 / Ed. A. Vishnevsky. M.: New publishing house, 2006. Ch. 5.
CHRONOLOGY OF THE MOST IMPORTANT EVENTS AND DATES. 1922-1940 World History
The national economy of the USSR in 1960. - M.: Gosstatizdat TsSU USSR, 1961
Chapman J. G. Real Wages in the Soviet Union, 1928-1952 // Review of Economics and Statistics. 1954 Vol. 36, no. 2. P. 134. DOI: 10.2307/1924665 (English)
Jasny N. Soviet industrialization, 1928-1952. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961.
post-war reconstruction and economic development USSR in the 40s - early 50s. / Katsva L. A. Distance course of the History of the Fatherland for applicants.
Popov V. Passport system of Soviet serfdom // New World. 1996. No. 6.
Nineteenth Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks). Bulletin No. 8, p.22 - M: Pravda, 1952.
Wheatcroft S. G. The first 35 years of Soviet living standards: Secular growth and conjunctural crises in a time of famines // Explorations in Economic History. 2009 Vol. 46, no. 1. P. 24. DOI:10.1016/j.eeh.2008.06.002 (English)
See review: Denisenko M. The demographic crisis in the USSR in the first half of the 1930s: estimates of losses and problems of study // Historical Demography. Collection of articles / Ed. Denisenko M. B., Troitskoy I. A. - M.: MAKS Press, 2008. - S. 106-142. - (Demographic Studies, no. 14)
Andreev E. M., et al., Population of the Soviet Union, 1922-1991. Moscow, Nauka, 1993. ISBN 5-02-013479-1
Decree of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR December 1, 1934 // SZ USSR, 1934, No. 64, Art. 459
Documents on repression
Big Russian Encyclopedia. Volume 4. Great terror.
See Explanation to the court and prosecutor's office dated 04/20/1935 and the previous Decree of the Central Executive Committee and Council of People's Commissars of the USSR dated 04/07/1935 "On measures to combat juvenile delinquency"
STATISTICS OF THE REPRESSIVE ACTIVITIES OF THE SECURITY BODIES OF THE USSR FOR THE PERIOD FROM 1921 TO 1940
Richard Pipes. Communism: A History (Modern Library Chronicles), p. 67.
Internet versus TV screen
To the question of the scale of repressions in the USSR // Viktor Zemskov
http://www.hrono.ru/statii/2001/zemskov.html
Meltyukhov M.I. Stalin's missed chance. The Soviet Union and the Struggle for Europe: 1939-1941. - M.: Veche, 2000. - Ch. 12. The place of the "Eastern campaign" in the strategy of Germany in 1940-1941. and the forces of the parties by the start of Operation Barbarossa. - See discussion. tab. 45-47 and 57-58.
Lektorsky V. A., Ogurtsov A. P.

Historians call the dates of Stalin's reign the period from 1929 to 1953. Joseph Stalin (Dzhugashvili) was born on December 21, 1879. Is the founder. Many contemporaries of the Soviet era associate the years of Stalin's rule not only with victory over Nazi Germany and an increase in the level of industrialization of the USSR, but also with numerous repressions of the civilian population.

During the reign of Stalin, about 3 million people were imprisoned and sentenced to death. And if we add to them those sent into exile, dispossessed and deported, then the victims among the civilian population in the Stalin era can be counted as about 20 million people. Now many historians and psychologists are inclined to believe that the situation within the family and upbringing in childhood had a huge influence on Stalin's character.

The formation of Stalin's tough character

From reliable sources it is known that Stalin's childhood was not the happiest and most cloudless. The leader's parents often cursed in front of their son. The father drank a lot and allowed himself to beat his mother in front of little Joseph. The mother, in turn, took out her anger on her son, beat and humiliated him. The unfavorable atmosphere in the family greatly affected Stalin's psyche. Even as a child, Stalin understood a simple truth: whoever is stronger is right. This principle became the motto of the future leader in life. He was also guided by him in governing the country. He was always strict with his.

In 1902, Joseph Vissarionovich organized a demonstration in Batumi, this step was the first for him in his political career. A little later, Stalin became the Bolshevik leader, and Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (Ulyanov) is among his best friends. Stalin fully shares the revolutionary ideas of Lenin.

In 1913, Joseph Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili first used his pseudonym - Stalin. From that time on, he became known by this surname. Few people know that before the surname Stalin, Joseph Vissarionovich tried on about 30 pseudonyms that never took root.

Stalin's reign

The period of Stalin's rule begins in 1929. Almost all the time of the reign of Joseph Stalin is accompanied by collectivization, mass death of the civilian population and famine. In 1932, Stalin adopted the law "on three spikelets". According to this law, a starving peasant who stole ears of wheat from the state was immediately subject to the highest penalty - execution. All the saved bread in the state was sent abroad. This was the first stage in the industrialization of the Soviet state: the purchase of modern foreign-made equipment.

During the reign of Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin, mass repression peaceful population of the USSR. The beginning of the repressions was laid in 1936, when the post of People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR was taken by Yezhov N.I. In 1938, on the orders of Stalin, his close friend, Bukharin, was shot. During this period, many residents of the USSR were exiled to the Gulag or shot. Despite all the cruelty of the measures taken, Stalin's policy was aimed at raising the state and its development.

Pros and cons of Stalin's rule

Minuses:

tough government policy:
the almost complete destruction of the highest army officials, intellectuals and scientists (who thought differently from the government of the USSR);
repression of wealthy peasants and the believing population;
widening "chasm" between the elite and the working class;
oppression of the civilian population: wages in products instead of cash rewards, working hours up to 14 hours;
propaganda of anti-Semitism;
about 7 million starvation deaths during the period of collectivization;
prosperity of slavery;
selective development of branches of the economy of the Soviet state.

Pros:

the creation of a protective nuclear shield in the post-war period;
an increase in the number of schools;
creation of children's clubs, sections and circles;
space exploration;
lower prices for consumer goods;
low prices for utilities;
development of the industry of the Soviet state on the world stage.

AT Stalin era the social system of the USSR was formed, social, political and economic institutions appeared. Iosif Vissarionovich completely abandoned the NEP policy, carried out the modernization of the Soviet state at the expense of the village. Thanks to the strategic qualities of the Soviet leader, the USSR won the Second World War. Soviet state became known as a superpower. The USSR became a member of the UN Security Council. The era of Stalin's rule ended in 1953, when. N. Khrushchev replaced him as chairman of the government of the USSR.