People who contributed to the development of computers. The contribution of Soviet scientists to the development of computers. Essay on the discipline conceptual foundations of informatics

Scientists who have made a significant contribution to the development and formation of computer science. The work was carried out by a student of grade 11 a MOU secondary school p.V. Fiagdon Dzhioev Vlad Supervisor: Dzoblaeva M.Kh.

The purpose of the work: To generalize knowledge on the topic Tasks: acquaintance with scientists who have made a huge contribution to the development of computer science

Al-Khwarizmi Aristotle John Napier Blaise Pascal Gottfried Leibniz George Boole Charles Babbage Norbert Wiener Konrad Zuse Herman Hollerith Ada Lovelace S. A. Lebedev John Von Neumann Claude Shannon Edsger Wibe Dijkstra Tim Bernes-Lee John Mauchly and John Eckert Alan Turing Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar Steven Paul Jobs Literature output Conclusion

Muhammad ibn Musa Khorezmi (circa 783-circa 850) Khorezmian, Central Asian mathematician, astronomer and geographer, founder of classical algebra. Al-Khwarizmi wrote the book “On the Indian Account”, which contributed to the popularization of the decimal positional system of writing numbers throughout the Caliphate, up to Spain. In the twelfth century this book was translated into Latin language and played a very important role in the development of European arithmetic and the introduction of Indo-Arabic numerals. The name of the author, in a Latinized form (Algorismus, Algorithmus), began to denote in medieval Europe the whole system of decimal arithmetic; hence the modern term algorithm, first used by Leibniz.

Aristotle (384 - 322 BC). Scientist and philosopher. He tried to answer the question: "How do we reason", studied the rules of thinking. exposed human thinking comprehensive analysis. Identified the main forms of thinking: concept, judgment, conclusion. His treatises on logic are combined in the Organon. In the books "Organon": "Topeka", "Analysts", in "Hermeneutics" and others, the thinker develops the most important categories and laws of thinking, creates a theory of proof, and formulates a system of deductive reasoning. Deduction (from lat. deductio - inference) allows you to derive true knowledge about single phenomena, based on general patterns. Aristotle's logic is called formal logic.

John Napier (1550 - 1617) In 1614, the Scottish mathematician John Napier invented tables of logarithms. Their principle was that each number corresponds to its own special number - the logarithm. Logarithms make division and multiplication very easy. For example, to multiply two numbers, add their logarithms. the result is found in the table of logarithms. Later he invented the slide rule, which was used until the 70s of our century.

Blaise Pascal (1623 - 1662) In 1642, the French mathematician Blaise Pascal constructed a calculating device to facilitate the work of his father, a tax inspector who had to do a lot of complex calculations. Pascal's device "skillfully" only adds and subtracts. Father and son invested a lot of money in the creation of their device, but clerks opposed Pascal's counting device - they were afraid of losing their jobs because of him, as well as employers who believed that it was better to hire cheap bookkeepers than to buy an expensive car. counting device

Gottfried Leibniz (1646 - 1716) In 1673, the eminent German scientist Gottfried Leibniz built the first calculating machine capable of mechanically performing all four operations of arithmetic. A number of its most important mechanisms were used until the middle of the 20th century in some types of machines. All machines, in particular, the first computers, which performed multiplication as multiple addition, and division as multiple subtraction, can be attributed to the Leibniz machine type. The main advantage of the milestones of these machines was higher than that of a person, the speed and accuracy of calculations. Their creation demonstrated the fundamental possibility of mechanization of human intellectual activity. calculating machine

George Boole (1815 - 1864). Developed the ideas of G. Leibniz. Considered the founder of mathematical logic (Boolean algebra). Their mathematical research Boole started with the development of operator methods of analysis and theory differential equations, then took up mathematical logic. In Boole's main writings " mathematical analysis logic, which is the experience of the calculus of deductive reasoning" and "the study of the laws of thought, which are based mathematical theories logic and probability" laid the foundations of mathematical logic.

Charles Babbage (1791-1871) At the beginning of the 19th century, Charles Babbage formulated the main provisions that should underlie the design of a fundamentally new type of computer. These initial principles, set out more than 150 years ago, are fully implemented in modern computers, but for the 19th century they turned out to be premature. Babbage made an attempt to create a machine of this type based on a mechanical adding machine, but its construction turned out to be very expensive, and work on the manufacture of a working machine could not be completed. From 1834 until the end of his life, Babbage worked on the design of the Analytical Engine without attempting to build one. Only in 1906 did his son make demonstration models of some parts of the machine. If the Analytical Engine were complete, Babbage estimates that addition and subtraction would take 2 seconds, and multiplication and division 1 minute. Analytical Engine

Norbert Wiener (1894 - 1964) Norbert Wiener completed his first fundamental work (the aforementioned "Cybernetics") at the age of 54. And before that, the life of a great scientist was still full of achievements, doubts and anxieties. By the age of eighteen, Norbert Wiener was already holding a Ph.D. in mathematical logic at Cornell and Harvard Universities. At the age of nineteen, Dr. Wiener was invited to the Department of Mathematics at the Massachusetts Technological Institute, "where he served until last days of his inconspicuous life." One way or something like this one could end a biographical article about the father of modern cybernetics. And everything said would be true, in view of the extraordinary modesty of Wiener the man, but Wiener the scientist, if he managed to hide from humanity, then he hid in shadows of their own glory.

Konrad Zuse (1910-1995) He began his work in 1933, and three years later he built a model of a mechanical computer, which used a binary number system, a three-address programming system and punched cards. After the war, Zuse made the Z4 and Z5 models. Zuse in 1945 created the language PLANKALKUL ("calculus of plans"), which refers to the early forms of algorithmic languages. In 1938, Zuse made a model of the Z1 machine for 16 machine words, the following year - the Z2 model, and 2 years later he built the world's first working computer with program control (model Z3), which was demonstrated at the German Aviation Research Center .

Herman Hollerith (1860-1929) Being engaged in the 80s of the last century in the processing of statistical data, he created a system that automates the processing process. Hollerith first (1889) built a manual puncher that was used to print digital data on punched cards, and introduced mechanical sorting to lay out these punched cards depending on the location of the punches. Hollerith's data carrier, an 80-column punched card, has not undergone significant changes to date. He built an adding machine, called a tabulator, which probed the holes on punched cards, perceived them as the corresponding numbers and counted them.

Ada Lovelace (1815-1852) Babbage's scientific ideas fascinated the daughter of the famous English poet Lord Byron, Countess Ada Augusta Lovelace. At that time, such concepts as computers and programming had not yet arisen, and yet Ada Lovelace is rightfully considered the world's first programmer. The fact is that Babbage did not make more than one complete description of the machine he invented. This was done by one of his students in an article on French. Ada Lovelace translated it into English, and not only translated it, but added her own programs, according to which the machine could carry out complex mathematical calculations. As a result, the original length of the article tripled, and Babbage got the opportunity to demonstrate the power of his machine. Many of the concepts introduced by Ada Lovelace in the descriptions of those first-ever programs are widely used by modern programmers.

S. A. Lebedev (1902-1974) In the early 50s in Kyiv, in the laboratory of modeling and computer technology of the Institute of Electrical Engineering of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, under the leadership of Academician S. A. Lebedev, the MESM was created - the first Soviet computer. Functional-structural the MESM organization was proposed by Lebedev in 1947. The first trial run of the machine model took place in November 1950, and the machine was put into operation in 1951. MESM worked in a binary system, with a three-address instruction system, and the calculation program was stored in an operational-type storage device. The Lebedev machine with parallel processing of words was a fundamentally new solution. It was one of the first computers in the world and the first on the European continent with a stored program.

John von Neumann (1903 - 1957) In 1946 John von Neumann, a brilliant American mathematician of Hungarian origin, formulated the basic concept of storing computer instructions in his own internal memory, which served as a huge impetus for the development of electronic computing technology.

Claude Shannon (1916 - 2001) American engineer and mathematician. The man who is called the father of modern information and communication theories. While still a young engineer, he wrote the information age Magna Carta, The Mathematical Theory of Communication, in 1948. His work has been called "the greatest work in the annals of technical thought." a rocket-powered flying disk, he juggled around the corridors of Bell Labs on a unicycle, and during the war he developed cryptographic systems, which later helped him discover methods of error-correcting coding. free time he began to develop ideas that later resulted in information theory. Shannon's original goal was to improve the transmission of information over the telegraph or telephone channel.

Edsger Weib Dijkstra (1930 -2002) - an outstanding Dutch scientist, whose ideas had a huge impact on the development of the computer industry. Dijkstra is known for his work on the application of mathematical logic in the development of computer programs. He was actively involved in the development of the Algol programming language and wrote the first Algol-60 compiler. He also owns the idea of using "semaphores" known as Dijkstra's Algorithm.

Tim Burnes-Lee Tim Burnes-Lee was born on June 8, 1955. Tim Bernes-Lee - the man who turned the idea of the World Wide Web - the creator of the World Wide Web and the hypertext system. In 1989, a graduate of the University of Oxford, an employee of the European Center for Nuclear Research in Geneva (CERN) Bernes-Lee developed the HTML Web page hypertext markup language, giving users the ability to view documents on remote computers. In 1990, Tim invented the first primitive browser, and his computer is naturally considered the first Web server.

In 1942, the American physicist John Mauchly (1907-1980), after a detailed acquaintance with the Atanasov project, presented his own project of a computer. 200 people participated in the work on the ENIAC computer project (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer - electronic numerical integrator and calculator) under the leadership of John Mauchli and John Eckert (John Presper Eckert). In the spring of 1945, the computer was built, and in February 1946 it was declassified. ENIAC, containing 178468 vacuum tubes of six different types, 7200 crystal diodes, 4100 magnetic elements, covering an area of 300 square meters. meter, 1000 times faster than relay computers. The computer will live for nine years and will be turned on for the last time in 1955.

Alan Matheson Turing (1912 -1954) English mathematician, logician, cryptographer, who had a significant impact on the development of computer science. Commander of the Order of the British Empire (1945). The abstract computational “Turing Machine” proposed by him in 1936 made it possible to formalize the concept of an algorithm and is still used in many theoretical and practical studies. Alan Turing's life ended tragically. He has been recognized as "one of the UK's most notorious victims of homophobia".

Two centuries later, in 1820, the Frenchman Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar (178-1870) created the Arithmometer, the first mass-produced calculator. It allowed multiplication using the Leibniz principle, and was a help to the user when dividing numbers. It was the most reliable car in those days; she knowingly occupied a place on the tables of bookkeepers Western Europe. The adding machine also set a world record for the duration of sales: the last model was sold at the beginning of the 20th century. Adding machine

Stephen Paul Jobs (1955-2011) American entrepreneur and inventor. He was the co-founder, chairman of the board of directors and CEO (general manager) of Apple Corporation. In the late 1970s, Jobs, along with Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak, Mike Markkula, and others, designed, developed, and marketed one of the first commercially successful series of personal computers, the Apple II. In the early 1980s, Jobs was one of the first to see the commercial potential of a mouse-driven GUI, which led to the creation of the Macintosh. After losing a power struggle with the board of directors in 1985, Jobs was fired from Apple and founded NeXT, a company that developed a computer platform for universities and businesses. In 1996, Apple acquired NeXT, and Jobs returned to the company he co-founded and served as its CEO from 1997 to 2011.

Conclusion: This section only talks about some of the great scientists and their achievements. But even a brief story clearly shows how rich our world is with bold ideas, design ideas, talented people who nurture and implement them.

Encyclopedia for children Avanta+, volume 22 Informatics, Moscow, Avanta+, 2003 http://ru.wikipedia.org/ Wikipedia is a free encyclopedia of Informatics. Basic course 7-9 cells. I.Semakin, L.Zalogova S.Rusakov, L.Shestakova. Great Series of Knowledge "Physics" 10-11 Algebra and the beginning of mathematical analysis. A. N. Kolmogorov Literature

Prominent Canadian physiologist and neuropsychologist. In the field of neuroinformatics, he is known for his work, which led to an understanding of the influence of neurons on the learning process. He is rightfully considered one of the founders of the theory of artificial neural networks. Hebb proposed one of the first working algorithms for their learning.

In the field of artificial intelligence, Hamming's artificial neural networks, which are used to classify images, are named after him. In them, as well as in many other areas, for example, in evolutionary modeling, the concept of Hamming distance is used.

Richard Hamming is the winner of many awards and the winner of many awards. A special medal was established in his honor, which is awarded to scientists who have made a significant contribution to information theory.

He has made major contributions to a number of fields including mathematics (foundations of mathematics, functional analysis, geometry, topology of calculus), physics (quantum mechanics, fluid dynamics and quantum statistical mechanics), economics (game theory), computing (von Neumann architecture, linear programming, self-reproducing machines, stochastic calculations), and statistics.

Von Neumann was one of the founders of computer technology. Donald Knuth credits von Neumann as the inventor who, in 1945, developed a merge sort algorithm in which the first and second halves of an array are sorted recurrently and then merged. Von Neumann wrote a sorting program for EDVAK, in ink on 23 pages. On the first page, traces of the phrase "Top Secret" can be seen, which was written in pencil and later erased. He also worked on the philosophy of artificial intelligence with Alan Turing during a visit to Princeton in the 1930s.

Norbert Wiener invented cybernetics, inspiring a generation of scientists to use computer technology as a means to empower human beings.

Wiener's vision of cybernetics had a powerful influence on later generations of scientists, and inspired their research to expand human capabilities with the interfaces of sophisticated electronics.

In 1964, Norbert Wiener received the US National Medal of Science. In the same year, he published one of his last books, God and the Golem.

English scientist, mathematician, logician, cryptographer and theoretical biologist. He was very influential in the development of theoretical computer science, providing a formalization of the concept of algorithm and computation on a Turing machine, which can be considered a model of a general purpose computer. Turing is considered the father of theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence.

He made contributions to the theory of automata. He and his followers successfully applied this theory to increase the production of computers. His book on the subject, The Synthesis of Digital Automata, became widely known. For this work he was awarded the Lenin Prize in 1964 and elected a member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

It significantly influenced many other areas of theoretical computer science (including the theory of programming and artificial intelligence), as well as its application in the USSR. He published about 800 printed works.

Soviet specialist in the field of new methods of managing complex systems, creating computers of a new architecture and problems of artificial intelligence. Professor, Doctor of Technical Sciences.

Soviet scientist, known as a pioneer in programming systems and programming language research.

Donald Knuth credits him as the inventor of the idea of hashing. He also created one of the first algorithms for compiling arithmetic expressions.

He was responsible for Alpha and Rapier languages, stork-0 first Soviet system time sharing (RTS), electronic publishing systems "Rubin", and marble, on a multiprocessor workstation. He also initiated the creation of the Russian Language Computer Bank (Russian Language Machine Fund), a Soviet project to create a major representative of the Russian corps, a project in the 1980s comparable to the English bank and the British national corps. The National Corpus of the Russian Language, created by the Russian Academy of Sciences in the 2000s, is the assignee of the Ershov project.

Soviet mathematician and pioneer of computer science. One of the founders of cybernetics. Lyapunov was a member Soviet Academy Sciences and a specialist in the field of real function theory, mathematical issues of cybernetics, set theory, programming theory, mathematical linguistics and mathematical biology.

American mathematician, electrical engineer, and cryptographer, known as the "Father of Information Theory".

Shannon is best known for writing the fundamentals of information theory, Mathematical Communication Theory, which he published in 1948. At the age of 21, as a master at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), he wrote a dissertation proving that any logical, numerical relationship can be built by using Boolean algebra electrically. Shannon made many contributions to the field of cryptanalysis for national defense during World War II, including his major work on codebreaking and telecommunications reliability.

Description of the presentation on individual slides:

1 slide

Description of the slide:

2 slide

Description of the slide:

The purpose of the work: To generalize knowledge on the topic Tasks: acquaintance with scientists who have made a huge contribution to the development of computer science

3 slide

Description of the slide:

4 slide

Description of the slide:

George Boole (1815 - 1864). Developed the ideas of G. Leibniz. Considered the founder of mathematical logic (Boolean algebra). Boole began his mathematical research with the development of operator methods of analysis and the theory of differential equations, then he took up mathematical logic. In Boole's main works, "the mathematical analysis of logic, which is an experiment in the calculus of deductive reasoning" and "the study of the laws of thought, in which the mathematical theories of logic and probability are based," the foundations of mathematical logic were laid.

5 slide

Description of the slide:

Muhammad ibn Musa Khorezmi (circa 783-circa 850) Khorezmian, Central Asian mathematician, astronomer and geographer, founder of classical algebra. Al-Khwarizmi wrote the book “On the Indian Account”, which contributed to the popularization of the decimal positional system of writing numbers throughout the Caliphate, up to Spain. In the XII century, this book was translated into Latin and played a very important role in the development of European arithmetic and the introduction of Indo-Arabic numerals. The name of the author, in a Latinized form (Algorismus, Algorithmus), began to designate in medieval Europe the entire system of decimal arithmetic; hence the modern term algorithm, first used by Leibniz.

6 slide

Description of the slide:

Aristotle (384 - 322 BC). Scientist and philosopher. He tried to answer the question: "How do we reason", studied the rules of thinking. Subjected human thinking to a comprehensive analysis. Identified the main forms of thinking: concept, judgment, conclusion. His treatises on logic are combined in the Organon. In the books "Organon": "Topeka", "Analysts", in "Hermeneutics" and others, the thinker develops the most important categories and laws of thinking, creates a theory of proof, and formulates a system of deductive reasoning. Deduction (from lat. deductio - inference) allows you to derive true knowledge about individual phenomena, based on general patterns. Aristotle's logic is called formal logic.

7 slide

Description of the slide:

8 slide

Description of the slide:

9 slide

Description of the slide:

10 slide

Description of the slide:

11 slide

Description of the slide:

Norbert Wiener (1894 - 1964) Norbert Wiener completed his first fundamental work (the aforementioned "Cybernetics") at the age of 54. And before that, the life of a great scientist was still full of achievements, doubts and anxieties. By the age of eighteen, Norbert Wiener was already holding a Ph.D. in mathematical logic at Cornell and Harvard Universities. At the age of nineteen, Dr. Wiener was invited to the Department of Mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, "where he served until the last days of his obscure life." One way or something like this one could finish a biographical article about the father of modern cybernetics. And everything said would be true, in view of the extraordinary modesty of Wiener the man, but Wiener the scientist, if he managed to hide from humanity, then he hid in the shadow of his own glory.

12 slide

Description of the slide:

13 slide

Description of the slide:

14 slide

Description of the slide:

Ada Lovelace (1815-1852) Babbage's scientific ideas fascinated the daughter of the famous English poet Lord Byron, Countess Ada Augusta Lovelace. At that time, such concepts as computers and programming had not yet arisen, and yet Ada Lovelace is rightfully considered the world's first programmer. The fact is that Babbage did not make more than one complete description of the machine he invented. This was done by one of his students in an article in French. Ada Lovelace translated it into English, and not only translated it, but added her own programs, according to which the machine could perform complex mathematical calculations. As a result, the original length of the article tripled, and Babbage got the opportunity to demonstrate the power of his machine. Many of the concepts introduced by Ada Lovelace in the descriptions of those first-ever programs are widely used by modern programmers.

15 slide

Description of the slide:

S. A. Lebedev (1902-1974) In the early 50s in Kyiv, in the laboratory of modeling and computer technology of the Institute of Electrical Engineering of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, under the leadership of Academician S. A. Lebedev, the MESM was created - the first Soviet computer. The functional-structural organization of MESM was proposed by Lebedev in 1947. The first trial run of the machine model took place in November 1950, and the machine was put into operation in 1951. MESM worked in a binary system, with a three-address instruction system, and the calculation program was stored in an operational-type storage device. The Lebedev machine with parallel processing of words was a fundamentally new solution. It was one of the first computers in the world and the first on the European continent with a stored program.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Hosted at http://www.allbest.ru/

Introduction

1. Scientific feat S.A. Lebedev

2. Contribution to the development of computers I.S. Brook

3. Contribution to the creation of computers V.M. Glushkov

4. Contribution to the development of computers A.P. Ershov

Introduction

Computers and digital technology have become so firmly established in our lives that they are now taken for granted. And few people ask themselves the questions by whom and with what work the path to modern information technologies was paved. Unfortunately, over the years of artificially created informational closeness of the state, a stereotype of national computer nihilism has developed in the minds of many people. Meanwhile, knowing the facts of the development of science and technology firsthand, we can safely talk about the presence of deep roots and traditions of domestic computer engineering, we had world-class achievements in this area. The story about the contribution of Academician Sergei Alekseevich Lebedev to the development of electronics and computer technology, both in our country and in the world, is intended to help us understand the true extent of the participation of our compatriots in world computer history.

According to the President Russian Academy Sciences Academician Yu.S. Osipov, unique developments by S.A. Lebedev "determined the high road of world computer engineering for several decades to come." It was Academician Lebedev who created the difficult post-war years the first domestic computer and subsequent more and more productive computers. The appearance of electronic computers became a scientific and technological revolution that radically changed the development of society.

1. Scientific feat S.A. Lebedev (1902 - 1974)

Sergei Alekseevich began to deal with the design of computer technology at the age of 45, being already a well-known electrical scientist. By this time they had received significant scientific results areas of stability of electrical systems. In 1939, he was awarded a doctorate of science (bypassing the degree of candidate of science) for developing the theory of "artificial stability" of electrical systems. During the war years, S. A. Lebedev worked in the field of automation of control of complex systems. Under his leadership, a system for stabilizing a tank gun when aiming, a system for automatically homing an aircraft torpedo to a target were developed.

To develop a stabilization system for a tank gun and an automatic homing device for an aircraft torpedo, it was necessary to carry out large calculations. Developing this direction, S. A. Lebedev created in 1945 an analog computer for solving a system of ordinary differential equations. After the end of the war, S. A. Lebedev returned to work to improve the stability of energy systems. For the work of this cycle, he received the State Prize of the USSR in 1950. Computer Lebedev Brook Glushkov Ershov

As is known, von Neumann developed the principles of computer engineering and electronic accounting abroad, and the classical architecture of a computer is called “von Neumann”. Lebedev's scientific feat lies in the fact that in the conditions of the information isolation of those years, Sergei Alekseevich came to the same conclusions as von Neumann, but six months earlier. The developed theoretical calculations allowed Sergei Alekseevich to proceed to practical work. The first significant result was the Small Electronic Computing Machine (MESM). In his first machine, Lebedev implemented the fundamental principles of building computers, such as:

availability of arithmetic devices, memory, input/output and control devices;

coding and storage of the program in memory, like numbers;

· binary number system for coding numbers and commands;

· automatic execution calculations based on a stored program;

the presence of both arithmetic and logical operations;

hierarchical principle of building memory;

· usage numerical methods to implement calculations.

In 1951, it was accepted by the commission into operation, and in 1952, important scientific and technical problems from the field of thermonuclear processes, space flights, rocket technology, long-range transmission lines and more. In Kyiv, in the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, where the MESM was created, the design documentation and folders with materials on the first domestic computer were preserved, most of which were compiled by S. A. Lebedev.

In parallel with the final stage of work on the MESM in 1950, the development of the first Large (later renamed High-Speed) Electronic Computing Machine was started. The development of BESM was already carried out in Moscow, in the ITMiVT laboratory, which was headed by S.A. Lebedev. In those years, there was no own element base, the necessary structures for computing units, and cooling systems. We had to manufacture chassis and stands ourselves, drill and rivet, mount and debug various versions of triggers, adder counters, and check them for reliability in operation.

In the shortest possible time, such a machine was created. In April 1953, the BESM-1 high-speed electronic computer was adopted State Commission into operation. It had 5 thousand vacuum tubes, performing 8 - 10 thousand operations per second, was one of the fastest machines in the world. The car was accepted, but did not go into the series. This was the result of opposition from the Ministry of Mechanical Engineering and Instrumentation, which was trying with all its might to "push through" its weaker and less reliable machine.

In October 1955 in Darmstadt (Germany) at the International Conference on Electronic Computing Machines, the report on our achievements made a sensation - BESM was recognized as the fastest machine in Europe. Its speed turned out to be a record - 8,000 op / s. After the triumphant victory of BESM, under the leadership of Lebedev, work began immediately on the next version of the computer, with improved characteristics: increased speed, more memory, and increased stable operation time. This is how the following versions of the BESM family appeared - BESM-2, BESM-3M, BESM-4. These machines were already mass-produced at the ZSAMM Calculating and Analytical Machines Plant, at first several dozen copies - then hundreds. MESM, "Strela" and the first machines of the BESM series are first-generation computers. The element base of the first computers - electronic tubes - determined their large dimensions, significant power consumption, low reliability and, as a result, small production volumes and a narrow circle of users, mainly from the world of science. In such machines, there were practically no means of combining the operations of the program being executed and parallelizing the operation of various devices; commands were executed one after another, the ALU was idle in the process of exchanging data with external devices, the set of which was very limited.

The BESM-2 operative memory, for example, was 2048 39-bit words; magnetic drums and magnetic tape drives were used as external memory. The best in the BESM series was by right the famous BESM-6 - the world's first serial "millionaire" (1 million ops / s). The chief designer implemented in it many solutions that were revolutionary for that time, thanks to which the machine survived three generations of computer technology and was produced for 17 years. Reliability and ease of operation, efficiency, low energy consumption, advanced software, good performance, that's what characterized it. That's what kept her popular and competitive, even when the bulky monsters of the EU emerged. During this time, about 450 machines were produced, which is an absolute record for a "supercomputer" class computer. To date, the last copy of BESM-6 has been preserved, working near St. Petersburg in the Training Center Navy. On the basis of BESM-6, a multi-machine computer system AS-6 was created, which was used in flight control centers for 15 years spacecraft to process information in real time. So in 1975, during a joint flight spaceships"Soyuz" and "Apollo" our AC-6, processing the information, calculated the data on the flight trajectory for 1 minute, while for the American side such a calculation took half an hour. None of the types of machines S.A. Lebedev was not a copy of any foreign computer, everything was created on our own scientific base, using original approaches to solving theoretical and applied problems. And this is the manifestation of the high intellectual abilities of a truly outstanding Russian scientist and his scientific feat.

For our country, the creation of our own computing technologies was a big breakthrough. Sergei Alekseevich, back in the distant 60s, understood that electronic computing technology would be one of the most powerful means of scientific and technological progress, would have a huge impact on the development of science, the economy and defense of the country. Subsequently, in one of his articles, he writes: "The introduction of such machines, the reorganization of human mental labor based on their results can only be compared with such a stage in the history of mankind as the introduction of machine labor instead of manual labor." The first BESM became the basis for a series of 6 generations of machines that made a huge contribution to the development of domestic science and technology: in space exploration, in the nuclear industry, in the creation of anti-missile defense. Without a doubt, without Lebedev's computer technology in these industries it would be difficult to achieve such results. This contribution was so significant that it was highly appreciated by the designers themselves, in whose interests the computers were created. S. A. Lebedev made a fundamental contribution to the formation and development of computational sciences in former USSR. He developed the main principles for the construction and structure of universal electronic digital computers, organized the work of teams of developers of high-performance computers, the industrial production of these computers and their implementation, and training.

SA Lebedev is called the "father of computer technology" in the USSR.

2. Contribution to the development of computers I.S. Brooke (1902-1974)

In our country in 1948, the problems of the development of computer technology became a national task. This year, the development of the first in the USSR project of a digital electronic computer began. In August 1948, together with his employee, young engineer B.I. Rameev (later a well-known designer of computer technology, the creator of the Ural series), he presented a project for an automatic computer. In October of the same year, they presented detailed proposals for organizing a laboratory at the Academy of Sciences for the development and construction of a digital computer.

A little later, the State Committee of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for the introduction of advanced technology in the national economy issued I.S. Brook and B.I. Rameev Author's Certificate No. 10475 for the invention of a digital computer with priority dated December 4, 1948. This is the first officially registered document concerning the development of computer technology in our country. We can rightfully declare this day the birthday of Russian informatics. Soon, however, Rameev was drafted into the army and the pace of computer creation slowed down. There were no specialists in the field of electronic computer technology in the country, and Brook invited graduates and graduate students N. Matyukhin, T. Aleksandridi, M. Kartsev to work. All of them subsequently became prominent scientists, designers of computer technology. Thus, work on the creation of a new scientific direction was combined with the training of specialists for a new field.

In April 1950, I.S. Brook draws up a resolution of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences on the development of a digital electronic computer M-1. Machine under the direction of I.S. Brook was designed and assembled by graduates and students of universities. All of them later became major specialists in the field of computer technology. Inspired by success in April 1952, Brook begins a new project - the development of the M-2 computer, which laid the foundation for the creation of economical middle-class machines. The M-2 machine used 1879 lamps, less than the Strela, and the average performance was 2000 operations per second. The M-2 had a three-address instruction system, a 34-bit format, floating-point and fixed-point representation, cathode ray tube (CRT) memory with a capacity of 512 numbers, and additional memory on a magnetic drum with a capacity of 512 numbers. 3 types of memory were involved: electrostatic on 34 Williams tubes, on a magnetic drum and on a magnetic tape using a MAG-8I tape recorder, which was common for that time, six months later the new machine was mounted and put into debugging, and by the summer of next year it was fully operational. . On this machine, calculations were carried out on nuclear research for the Institute of Atomic Energy, calculations were made on the strength of dams that were then being built at the Kuibyshev and Volga hydroelectric power stations, calculations were made of thermodynamic and gas-dynamic parameters of air for tasks related to rocket launch. The high performance of the machine is evidenced by the fact that it has been in operation for 15 years. Probably, for the first time in M-2, M.A. Kartsev implemented the idea of shortened addresses in commands and shortened operation codes. This idea was the forerunner of the methods for generating executive addresses in computers of the second and third generations. However, this machine was not put into production.

There was opposition from the Ministry of Mechanical Engineering and Instrumentation, which, as a monopolist in the production of electronic equipment, did not supply the components necessary to assemble the machine and tried with all its might to "push through" its weaker and less reliable machine. Almost simultaneously with the design of the M-2, Brook began the development of the M-3 machine, which worked with 30-bit binary fixed-point numbers, had a two-address instruction format, a memory capacity of 2048 numbers on a magnetic drum and a throughput of 30 ops / sec. When working with a ferrite memory of the same capacity, the performance of the M-3 increased to 1.5 thousand op/sec. She had only 770 vacuum tubes and 3 thousand. cuprox diodes and occupied an area of 3 sq.m. The main ideas for the construction of the M-3 were formulated by I.S. Bruk, N.Ya. Matyukhin and V.V. Belynsky. But the introduction of this machine also met with strong obstacles. It was blamed on the developers that this machine appeared "illegally". It was developed as a personal initiative. However, this car was more fortunate. It became the basis for the development of machines based on it in Armenia, Belarus, Hungary and China.

In the tradition of the school of small computers, I.S. Bruk, the development of the Setun machine, which was mass-produced by the Kazan Computer Plant, was carried out. The author of the machine "Setun" N.P. Brusentsov collaborated with I.S. Brook during the creation of the M-2 and developed engineering approaches to the design of small computers that were characteristic of the school of I.S. Brook. Machine "Setun" is interesting because it was based on the ternary number system. Also interesting is the experience of programming tasks on the Setun machine, which gave an idea of the approaches to structured programming and the interactive mode of operation. In 1956, I.S. Brook made a presentation at a session of the Academy of Sciences, where he outlined the main directions of the industrial application of computers. In 1958, under his leadership, a problem note "Development of the theory, principles of construction and application of specialized computers and control machines" was prepared. These documents were the impetus for the organization in the USSR of a number of research organizations and design bureaus for control machines and systems.

In particular, the Institute of Electronic Control Machines (INEUM) of the Academy of Sciences was created, the first director of which was I.S. Brook. At the same time, he was approved by the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences as the scientific director of the problem "Development of the theory, principles of construction and application of control machines." In 1957, at INEUM, a team led by M.A. Kartsev began the development of an electronic control machine M-4, one of the first transistor machines designed to control in real time a complex of radar stations (RLS), which was created by the Radio Engineering Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Academician A.L. Mints).

In 1958, a draft and technical design of the M-4 was developed, and in 1959, 2 sets of M-4 were already manufactured at the plant. Tests of the factory model M-4 on the experimental radar complex were carried out in 1962. It was the first machine made according to the specifications of a specific customer, which made it possible to make technical decisions corresponding to the proposed information processing algorithms. M-4 worked with 23-bit fixed-point numbers (negative numbers were represented in additional code), had a RAM with a capacity of 1024 24-bit numbers and a permanent program memory with a capacity of 1280 30-bit numbers (separation of program and data memory was used). In addition, it contained nodes for receiving and issuing information with its own buffer memory and had parallel input / output of information over 14 channels at a speed of more than 6 thousand numbers / sec. The real speed of the M-4 was 30 thousand op / sec. (on addition operations).

The decision to launch the M-4 into serial production took place in 1962. But the developers insisted on its modernization, bearing in mind that, thanks to the progress in electronic technology in 1957-62, it was possible to drastically improve its characteristics and produce a car that was an order of magnitude more powerful than those produced then in the USSR. The upgraded M4 (M4M) also included new nodes for primary information processing (transcoding device, coordinate determination device), buffer memory. In December 1964, the plant produced 5 M-4M machines, which had a speed of 220 thousand op / sec on programs stored in permanent memory, and 110 thousand op / sec on programs stored in the main RAM. The capacity of RAM ranged from 4096 to 16384 29-bit words, and permanent memory - from 4096 to 8192 in instructions and constants (also 29-bit).

In this form, the M-4M was mass-produced for 15 years. For it, in 1968, a system of external devices was developed for input, storage, documentation, partial processing and issuance of information to external subscribers with simultaneous asynchronous operation of all subscriber systems and devices. Another development of INEUM, carried out under the direction of I.S. Brook, was the control machine M-7. This machine had characteristics that put it in a different class compared to the M-4. M-7 was intended for control systems of powerful thermal power units of power plants ("boiler-turbine-generator"). It performed the functions of maintaining normal operating modes of the power unit by optimizing them for a minimum of fuel consumption, issuing appropriate settings for regulators, as well as complex logical programs for starting and stopping the power unit, analyzing combinations of power unit operation parameters in order to detect pre-emergency situations and display the necessary information for the power unit operator . The orientation of the machine architecture to the expected algorithms for solving problems made it possible to choose technical solutions that best meet the requirements for reliability. M-7 was a classical sequential digital control machine with a magnetic drum memory and advanced communication devices with the object, providing input of analog signals with their conversion into digital form, as well as discrete information from relay sensors. She operated on 12-bit fixed-point numbers.

Similar construction principles were implemented in Librascope machines (USA). The development of M-7 and its implementation in 1966-69 at the 200 MW power units of Konakovskaya GRES and 800 MW of Slavyanskaya GRES were carried out by N.N. Lenova and N.V. Pautina. In 1958, I.S.Bruk began the development of the M-5 machine. At the initial stage of work, M.A. Kartsev participated in the choice of the M-5 architecture, and the development was carried out by a team headed by V.V. Belinsky. M-5 was a multi-program and multi-terminal computer that implements both batch processing and time sharing modes. Its structure was based on a common highway connecting the central processor, RAM blocks, input-output control devices and external memory (which played the role of channels characteristic of third-generation machines). Address arithmetic was allocated, which provided operations on index registers and conversion. M-5 operated with 37-bit fixed and floating point numbers. The 37-bit unicast instruction format contained address, key, index, and opcode fields. The possibility of page organization of memory was provided. The M-5 machine, implemented on transistor elements and ferrite memory (that is, on the technical basis of second-generation computers), was in many respects the predecessor of third-generation computers in its architecture. It was manufactured by the Minsk plant named after. S. Ordzhonikidze in one copy in 1961 and, unfortunately, did not receive further development for reasons not of a technical, but of an organizational nature.

3. Contribution to the creation of computers V.M. Glushkova (1923-1982)

Works by V.M. Glushkov formed the theoretical foundation on the basis of which new principles for building computers were developed in Kyiv. These new principles of building computers with advanced architecture and increased level"intellectualities" were embodied in the well-known machines Kyiv, DNEPR-2 and the MIR series of machines. Machines of the MIR series anticipated many features of personal computers that appeared much later. About the majority of developments made according to the ideas of V. M. Glushkov. we can say that they were performed for the first time. Among them - remote computer control of the converter shop of a metallurgical plant and chemical production, optimal cutting of steel sheets at shipyards, automated control of entire industrial enterprises. Viktor Mikhailovich has priority in putting forward the idea of a single data entry into information processing systems and Information Systems. This idea is the basis of the "paperless technology" method, when the need for a numerous flow of manually prepared documents is eliminated, which leads to all kinds of errors, additions, and distortions. Information circulating in data transmission networks, stored in databases and knowledge bases, turns out to be much more protected from distortion and concealment than that which circulates in the usual workflow. Glushkov believed that the era of "paperless technology" would come very quickly. And his prediction is gradually becoming a reality.

In 1958, under the leadership of V. M. Glushkov, the computer "Kyiv" was created at the Institute of Cybernetics of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, which had a performance of 6 - 10 thousand operations per second. Computer "Kyiv" was used for the first time in our country for remote control of technological processes. In 1960, the first in the USSR semiconductor control machine for general purpose Dnepr was created, the project leaders were V.M. Glushkov and B.N. Malinovsky. The computer included analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters. Produced for 10 years. In 1961, V.M. Glushkov developed the theory of digital automata and expressed the idea of brain-like structures of computers. Application for the first time in the USSR of microprogram control in the Tetiva computer, which uses only direct codes of operands, the project manager is N.Ya.Matyukhin. The Bowstring computer was used for air defense systems. The Alpha programming language has been developed, which is an extension of Algol-60 and contains a number of important innovations: initiating variables, introducing multidimensional values and operations on them, which was later repeated in Algol-68, PL/1, Ada. Development manager - A.P. Ershov.

4. Contribution to the development of computers by A. P. Ershov (1931-1988)

Andrey Petrovich Ershov - one of the founders of theoretical and system programming, the founder of the Siberian School of Informatics. His significant contribution to the formation of informatics as a new branch of science and a new phenomenon in public life is widely recognized in our country and abroad. Basic Research A.P. Ershov in the field of program schemes and compilation theory had a noticeable impact on his many students and followers. A.P. Ershov's book "Programming program for an electronic computer BESM" was one of the world's first monographs on programming automation.

For a significant contribution to the theory of mixed computing, A.P. Ershov was awarded the Academician A.N. Krylov Prize. The ALPHA programming language and the optimizing Alpha-translator, the first Soviet time-sharing system AIST-0, the Shkolnitsa educational informatics system, the Rubin publications preparation system, the MRAMOR multiprocessor workstation - all these projects were initiated by A.P. Ershov and carried out under his leadership. Thanks to the unique abilities of scientific foresight, A.P. Ershov was one of the first in our country to realize the key role of computer technology in the progress of science and society. His brilliant ideas laid the foundation for the development in Russia of such scientific directions like parallel programming and artificial intelligence. More than 20 years ago, he began experimenting with teaching programming in high school, which led to the introduction of the course of computer science and computer technology in the country's secondary schools and enriched us with the thesis "programming is the second literacy".

Hosted on Allbest.ru

People who contributed to the development of computers. The contribution of Soviet scientists to the development of computers. Essay on the discipline conceptual foundations of informatics

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

2. Contribution to the development of computers I.S. Brooke (1902-1974)

3. Contribution to the creation of computers V.M. Glushkova (1923-1982)

4. Contribution to the development of computers by A. P. Ershov (1931-1988)

Similar Documents