Basic provisions of the cell theory. A cell is a structural and functional unit of the living. Biopolymers. Nucleic acids. ATP b. nitrogenous base

Biopolymers. Nucleic acids. ATP.

T.D. Naidanova, biology teacher,

MOU "Secondary school No. 9"

Tasks:

To form knowledge about the structure and functions of DNA, RNA, ATP molecules, the principle of complementarity.
The development of logical thinking through a comparison of the structure of DNA and RNA.
Education of collectivism, accuracy and speed of answers.

Equipment:

DNA model; Illustrations of DNA, RNA, ATP from D.K. Belyaeva, presentation of the lesson.

During the classes:

SURVEY-
What is the chemical composition of proteins?
Why did F. Engels turn out to be right when he expressed the idea: “Life is a way of existence of protein bodies ...”
What structures of proteins are found in nature and what is their peculiarity?
What is the species specificity of proteins?
Explain the concepts of "denaturation" and "renaturation"

Remember:

Squirrels- biopolymers. Monomers of proteins-amino acids (AK-20). The species specificity of proteins is determined by the set of AAs, the amount and sequence in the polypeptide chain. The functions of proteins are diverse; they determine B.'s place in nature. There are I, II, III, IV structures B, differing in the type of connection. In the human body - 5 million. Belkov.

II. The study of new material.

Nucleic acids/ characteristic /
"Nucleus" - from lat. -core. NK biopolymers.
They were first found in the nucleus. They play an important role in the synthesis of proteins in the cell, in mutations.
Monomers NK-nucleotides.
Discovered in the nuclei of leukocytes in 1869. F. Misher.

Comparative characteristics of NK

Write down:

DNA- double helix
J. Watson, F. Crick-1953 Nobel Prize
A=T, G=C- complementarity
Functions:
1.storage
2.playback
3.transmission
hereditary information

Solve the problem:

One of the chains of a fragment of a DNA molecule has the following structure:

G-G-G-A-T-A-A-C-A-G-A-T.
Specify the structure of the opposite chain.

Specify the sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA molecule built on this segment of the DNA chain.

Solution:

DNA chain I G-G-G-A-T-A-A-C-A-G-A-T

C-C-C-T-A-T-T-G-T-C-T-A

(according to the principle of complementarity)

i-RNA G-G-G-A-U-A-A-C-A-G-C-U-

ATP. Why is ATP called the "battery" of the cell?

ATP-adenosine triphosphoric acid

The structure of the ATP molecule

Remember:

Solve the problem:

No. 1. ATP is a constant source of energy for the cell. Its role can be compared to that of a battery. Explain what this similarity is?

Complete the test (by choosing the correct answer, you will receive a keyword)

1. Which of the nucleotides is not part of DNA?

a) thymine; m) uracil; n) guanine; d) cytosine; e) adenine.

2. If the nucleotide composition of DNA-ATT-GCH-TAT, then what should be the nucleotide composition of i-RNA?

a) TAA-CHC-UTA; j) TAA-GCG-UTU; y) yaa-tsgts-aua;

d) waa-tsgts-ata

Take the test

3. In which case is the composition of the DNA nucleotide correctly indicated?

a) ribose, FA residue, thymine;

i) FA, uracil, deoxyribose;

j) FA residue, deosyribose, adenine;

j) FA residue, ribose, guanine.

Take the test

4. Are DNA and RNA monomers?
b. nitrogenous base
y. deoxyribose and ribose
l. nitrogenous base and phosphoric acid
e. nucleotides
5. In which case are all the differences between i-RNA and DNA correctly named?
sh. single-chain, contains deoxyribose, information storage
Yu. double-stranded, contains ribose, transmits information
O. single-stranded, contains ribose, transmits information
d. double-stranded, contains desokyribose, stores information

Take the test

6. A strong covalent bond in the DNA molecule occurs between:
V. nucleotides
And. deoxyriboses of adjacent nucleotides
m. phosphoric acid and sugar residues of neighboring nucleotides
8. Which of the RNA molecules is the longest?
A. tRNA
k. r-RNA
And. i-RNA
9. Reacts with amino acids:
e. tRNA
b. rRNA
Full name of the educational institution:Department of Secondary vocational education Tomsk region OGBPOU "Kolpashevsky Social and Industrial College"
Course: Biology
Section: General biology
Age group: Grade 10
Subject: Biopolymers. Nucleic acids, ATP and other organic compounds.
Purpose of the lesson: to continue the study of biopolymers, to promote the formation of methods of logical activity, cognitive abilities.
Lesson objectives:
Educational:to acquaint students with the concepts of nucleic acids, to promote comprehension and assimilation of the material.
Developing: develop the cognitive qualities of students (the ability to see the problem, the ability to ask questions).
Educational: to form a positive motivation to study biology, the desire to get the final result, the ability to make decisions and draw conclusions.
Implementation time: 90 min.
Equipment:
- PC and video projector;
- author's presentation created in the Power Point environment;
- dispensing didactic material(amino acid coding list);
Plan:
1. Types of nucleic acids.
2. The structure of DNA.
3. Main types of RNA.
4. Transcription.
5. ATP and other organic compounds of the cell.
Lesson progress:
I. Organizational moment.
Checking readiness for the lesson.
II. Repetition.
Oral survey:
1. Describe the functions of fats in the cell.
2. What is the difference between protein biopolymers and carbohydrate biopolymers? What are their similarities?
Testing (3 options)
III. Learning new material.
1. Types of nucleic acids.The name nucleic acids comes from the Latin word "nucleos", i.e. nucleus: they were first found in cell nuclei. There are two types of nucleic acids in cells: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). These biopolymers are made up of monomers called nucleotides. Monomers-nucleotides of DNA and RNA are similar in basic structural features and play a central role in the storage and transmission of hereditary information. Each nucleotide consists of three components connected by strong chemical bonds. Each of the nucleotides that make up RNA contains a three-carbon sugar - ribose; one of the four organic compounds that are called nitrogenous bases - adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil (A, G, C, U); phosphoric acid residue.
2. Structure of DNA . Nucleotides that make up DNA contain a five-carbon sugar - deoxyribose; one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine (A, G, C, T); phosphoric acid residue.
As part of the nucleotides, a nitrogenous base is attached to a ribose (or deoxyribose) molecule on one side, and a phosphoric acid residue on the other. Nucleotides are interconnected in long chains. The backbone of such a chain is formed by regularly alternating sugar and phosphoric acid residues, and the side groups of this chain are four type of irregularly alternating nitrogenous bases.
The DNA molecule is a structure consisting of two strands, which are connected to each other along the entire length by hydrogen bonds. Such a structure, characteristic only of DNA molecules, is called a double helix. A feature of the structure of DNA is that against the nitrogenous base A in one strand lies the nitrogenous base T in the other strand, and against the nitrogenous base D there is always the nitrogenous base C.
Schematically, this can be expressed as follows:
A (adenine) - T (thymine)
T (thymine) - A (adenine)
G (guanine) - C (cytosine)
C (cytosine) - G (guanine)
These pairs of bases are called complementary bases (complementing each other). Strands of DNA in which the bases are complementary to each other are called complementary strands.
The model of the structure of the DNA molecule was proposed by J. Watson and F. Crick in 1953. It was fully confirmed experimentally and played an extremely important role in the development of molecular biology and genetics.
The order of arrangement of nucleotides in DNA molecules determines the order of arrangement of amino acids in linear protein molecules, i.e., their primary structure. A set of proteins (enzymes, hormones, etc.) determines the properties of a cell and an organism. DNA molecules store information about these properties and pass them on to generations of descendants, that is, they are carriers of hereditary information. DNA molecules are mainly found in the nuclei of cells and in a small amount in mitochondria and chloroplasts.
3. Main types of RNA.Hereditary information stored in DNA molecules is realized through protein molecules. Information about the structure of the protein is transmitted to the cytoplasm by special RNA molecules, which are called informational (i-RNA). Messenger RNA is transferred to the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis takes place with the help of special organelles - ribosomes. It is informational RNA, which is built complementary to one of the DNA strands, that determines the order in which amino acids are arranged in protein molecules.
Another type of RNA also takes part in protein synthesis - transport RNA (t-RNA), which brings amino acids to the place where protein molecules are formed - ribosomes, a kind of factories for the production of proteins.
Ribosomes contain a third type of RNA, the so-called ribosomal RNA (rRNA), which determines the structure and function of ribosomes.
Each RNA molecule, unlike the DNA molecule, is represented by a single strand; it contains ribose instead of deoxyribose and uracil instead of thymine.
So, Nucleic acids perform the most important biological functions in the cell. DNA stores hereditary information about all the properties of the cell and the organism as a whole. Various types of RNA are involved in the implementation of hereditary information through protein synthesis.
4. Transcription.
The process of formation of i-RNA is called transcription (from the Latin "transcription" - rewriting). Transcription takes place in the cell nucleus. DNA → i-RNA with the participation of the polymerase enzyme.tRNA acts as a translator from the "language" of nucleotides to the "language" of amino acids,tRNA receives a command from mRNA - the anticodon recognizes the codon and carries the amino acid.
5. ATP and other organic compounds of the cell
In any cell, in addition to proteins, fats, polysaccharides and nucleic acids, there are several thousand other organic compounds. They can be conditionally divided into final and intermediate products of biosynthesis and decay.
end products of biosynthesiscalled organic compounds that play an independent role in the body or serve as monomers for the synthesis of biopolymers. Among the end products of biosynthesis are amino acids, from which proteins are synthesized in cells; nucleotides - monomers from which nucleic acids (RNA and DNA) are synthesized; glucose, which serves as a monomer for the synthesis of glycogen, starch, cellulose.
The path to the synthesis of each of the final products lies through a number of intermediate compounds. Many substances undergo enzymatic cleavage and breakdown in cells.
The end products of biosynthesis are substances that play an important role in the regulation of physiological processes and the development of the organism. These include many animal hormones. Hormones of anxiety or stress (for example, adrenaline) in conditions of stress increase the release of glucose into the blood, which ultimately leads to an increase in ATP synthesis and the active use of energy stored by the body.
adenosine phosphoric acids.The adenyl nucleotide, to which two more phosphoric acid residues are attached, plays a particularly important role in the bioenergetics of the cell. This substance is called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP molecule is a nucleotide formed by the nitrogenous base adenine, the five-carbon sugar ribose, and three phosphoric acid residues. Phosphate groups in the ATP molecule are interconnected by high-energy (macroergic) bonds.
ATP - universal biological energy accumulator. The light energy of the Sun and the energy contained in the food consumed are stored in ATP molecules.
The average lifespan of 1 ATP molecule in the human body is less than a minute, so it is broken down and restored 2400 times a day.
IN chemical bonds between the phosphoric acid residues of the ATP molecule, energy (E) is stored, which is released when phosphate is eliminated:
ATP \u003d ADP + F + E
This reaction produces adenosine diphosphoric acid (ADP) and phosphoric acid (phosphate, F).
ATP + H2O → ADP + H3PO4 + energy (40 kJ/mol)
ATP + H2O → AMP + H4P2O7 + energy (40 kJ/mol)
ADP + H3PO4 + energy (60 kJ/mol) → ATP + H2O
All cells use the energy of ATP for the processes of biosynthesis, movement, heat production, transmission of nerve impulses, luminescence (for example, in luminescent bacteria), that is, for all life processes.
IV. Summary of the lesson.
1. Generalization of the studied material.
Questions for students:
1. What are the components of nucleotides?
2. Why is the constancy of the content of DNA in different cells of the body considered proof that DNA is the genetic material?
3. Give a comparative description of DNA and RNA.
4. Solve problems:
G-G-G-A-T-A-A-C-A-G-A-T complete the second chain.
Answer: DNA G-Y-Y- A-T-A-A-C-A-G-A-T
C-C-C-T-A-T-T-G-T-C-T-A
(according to the principle of complementarity)
2) Specify the sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA molecule built on this segment of the DNA chain.
Answer: i-RNA G-G-G-A-U-A-A-C-A-G-C-U
3) A fragment of one strand of DNA has the following composition:
- -A-A-A-T-T-C-C-G-G-. complete the second chain.
- -Ts-T-A-T-A-G-Ts-T-G-.
5. Solve the test:
4) Which nucleotide is not part of DNA?
a) thymine;
b) uracil;
c) guanine;
d) cytosine;
e) adenine.
Answer: b
5) If the nucleotide composition of DNA
ATT-GCH-TAT - what should be the nucleotide composition of i-RNA?
A) TAA-CHTs-UTA;
B) TAA-GCG-UTU;
C) UAA-CHC-AUA;
D) UAA-CHTs-ATA.
Answer: in

slide 1
Biopolymers. Nucleic acids. ATP. T.D. Naidanova, biology teacher, mou " high school No. 9"
slide 2
Tasks: To form knowledge about the structure and functions of DNA, RNA, ATP molecules, the principle of complementarity. Development logical thinking by comparing the structure of DNA and RNA. Education of collectivism, accuracy and speed of answers.
slide 3
Equipment: DNA model; Illustrations of DNA, RNA, ATP from D.K. Belyaeva, presentation of the lesson.
slide 4
Lesson progress: O P R O S- What is the peculiarity of the chemical composition of proteins? Why did F. Engels turn out to be right when he expressed the idea: “Life is a way of existence of protein bodies ...” What structures of proteins are found in nature and what is their peculiarity? What is the species specificity of proteins? Explain the concepts of "denaturation" and "renaturation"
slide 5
Remember: Proteins are biopolymers. Monomers of proteins-amino acids (AK-20). The species specificity of proteins is determined by the set of AAs, the amount and sequence in the polypeptide chain. The functions of proteins are diverse; they determine B.'s place in nature. There are I, II, III, IV structures B, differing in the type of connection. In the human body - 5 million. Belkov.
slide 6
II. The study of new material. Nucleic acids / characteristic / "nucleus" - from lat. -core. NK biopolymers. They were first found in the nucleus. They play an important role in the synthesis of proteins in the cell, in mutations. Monomers NK-nucleotides. Discovered in the nuclei of leukocytes in 1869. F. Misher.
Slide 7
Comparative characteristics NC Signs of RNA DNA 1. Location in the cell Nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, chloroplasts. Nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts. 2. Location in the nucleus Nucleolus of the Chromosome 3. Composition of the nucleotide Single polynucleotide chain, except for viruses Double, folded right-handed helix (J. Watson and F. Crick in 1953)
Slide 8
Comparative characteristics of NK Signs of RNA DNA 4. Composition of the nucleotide 1. Nitrogenous base (A-adenine, U-uracil, G-guanine, C-cytosine). 2. Ribose carbohydrate 3. Phosphoric acid residue 1. Nitrogenous base (A-adenine, T-thymine, G-guanine, C-cytosine). 2. Deoxyribose carbohydrate 3. Phosphoric acid residue
Slide 9
Comparative characteristics of NC Signs of RNA DNA 5. Properties Not capable of self-duplication. Labile Capable of self-doubling according to the principle of complementarity: A-T; T-A; G-C; C-G. Stable. 6. Functions of i-RNA (or m-RNA) determines the order of the AA in the protein; T-RNA brings AA to the site of protein synthesis (to ribosomes); p-RNA determines the structure of ribosomes. The chemical basis of a gene. Storage and transmission of hereditary information about the structure of proteins.
slide 10
Write down: DNA - double helix J. Watson, F. Crick - 1953. Nobel Prize A \u003d T, G \u003d C - complementarity Functions: 1. storage 2. reproduction 3. transmission of Hereditary information RNA - single chain A, U, C, G-nucleotides Types of RNA: I-RNA T-RNA R-RNA Functions: protein biosynthesis
slide 11
Solve the problem: One of the chains of a fragment of a DNA molecule has the following structure: G-G-G-A-T-A-A-C-A-G-A-T. Specify the structure of the opposite chain. Specify the sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA molecule built on this segment of the DNA chain.
slide 12
Solution: DNA chain I G-G-G-A-T-A-A-C-A-G-A-T C-C-C-T-A-T-T-G-T-C-T- A (according to the principle of complementarity) i-RNA G-G-G-A-U-A-A-C-A-G-C-U-
slide 13
ATP. Why is ATP called the "battery" of the cell? ATP-adenosine triphosphoric acid
slide 14
The structure of the ATP molecule adenine F F F Ribose Macroergic bonds ATP + H 2O ADP + F + E (40kJ / mol) 2. ADP + H 2O AMP + F + E (40kJ / mol) Energy efficiency of 2 macroergic bonds -80kJ / mole
slide 15
Remember: ATP is formed in the mitochondria of animal cells and plant chloroplasts. The energy of ATP is used for movement, biosynthesis, division, etc. The average lifespan of 1 ATP molecule is less than! min, tk. it splits and regenerates 2400 times a day.
slide 16
Solve the problem: №1. ATP is a constant source of energy for the cell. Its role can be compared to that of a battery. Explain what this similarity is?
slide 17
Complete the test (by choosing the correct answer, you will receive a keyword) 1. Which of the nucleotides is not part of DNA? a) thymine; m) uracil; n) guanine; d) cytosine; e) adenine. 2. If the nucleotide composition of DNA-ATT-GCH-TAT, then what should be the nucleotide composition of i-RNA? a) TAA-CHC-UTA; j) TAA-GCG-UTU; y) yaa-tsgts-aua; d) waa-tsgts-ata
RNA molecules are polymers, the monomers of which are ribonucleotides formed by the residues of three substances: a five-carbon sugar - ribose; one of the nitrogenous bases - from purines - adenine or guanine, from pyrimidine - uracil or cytosine; phosphoric acid residue.

"2. Card at the blackboard"

Write the question numbers on the board

against them - short answers.

……………………….
Write down the answers and sit down.

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“3. Cards»

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"4. Codegram. RNA, ATP

Topic: RNA, ATP.

1. Characteristics of RNA, ATP.

Structure : polymer, one polynucleotide chain.

An RNA nucleotide is made up of three residues:

Instead of thymine - uracil. uridine nucleotide.

Hydrogen bonds are formed between complementary nucleotides, specific conformations of RNA molecules are formed.

Functions : involved in protein synthesis.

Kinds : mRNA (mRNA), tRNA, rRNA.

Messenger RNA(around 5%). Transfer information about the protein from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Length up to 30,000 nucleotides.

Ribosomal RNA(about 85%) are synthesized in the nucleus in the region of the nucleolus, are part of the ribosomes. 3,000 - 5,000 nucleotides.

Transfer RNAs(about 10%). Transport amino acids to ribosomes. More than 30 species, 76 - 85 nucleotides.

end products of biosynthesis?

A
TF?

Hormones?

Vitamins?

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"Biopolymers. RNA, ATP

Biopolymers. RNA, ATP

1. Characterization of RNA.

RNA molecules are polymers, the monomers of which are ribonucleotides formed by the residues of three substances: five-carbon sugar - ribose; one of the nitrogenous bases - from purines - adenine or guanine, from pyrimidine - uracil or cytosine; phosphoric acid residue.

The RNA molecule is an unbranched polynucleotide having a tertiary structure. The connection of nucleotides in one chain is carried out as a result of a condensation reaction between the phosphoric acid residue of one nucleotide and the 3 "-carbon of the ribose of the second nucleotide.

Unlike DNA, RNA is made up of not two, but one polynucleotide chain. However, its nucleotides (adenyl, uridyl, thymidyl, and cytidyl) are also capable of forming hydrogen bonds with each other, but these are intra-, rather than interstrand compounds of complementary nucleotides. Two hydrogen bonds are formed between the A and U nucleotides, and three hydrogen bonds between the G and C nucleotides. RNA chains are much shorter than DNA chains.

Information about the structure of the RNA molecule is embedded in the DNA molecules. The sequence of nucleotides in RNA is complementary to the codogenous strand of DNA, but the adenyl nucleotide of DNA is complementary to the uridyl nucleotide of RNA. If the content of DNA in a cell is relatively constant, then the content of RNA fluctuates greatly. The greatest amount of RNA in cells is observed during protein synthesis.

There are three main classes of nucleic acids: messenger RNA - mRNA (mRNA), transfer RNA - tRNA, ribosomal RNA - rRNA.

Information RNA. The most diverse class in terms of size and stability. All of them are carriers genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Messenger RNAs serve as a template for the synthesis of a protein molecule, tk. determine the amino acid sequence of the primary structure of the protein molecule. The share of mRNA accounts for up to 5% of the total RNA content in the cell.

transport RNA. Transfer RNA molecules usually contain 75-86 nucleotides. Molecular mass tRNA molecules  25,000. tRNA molecules play the role of intermediaries in protein biosynthesis - they deliver amino acids to the site of protein synthesis, into ribosomes. The cell contains more than 30 types of tRNA. Each type of tRNA has its own unique nucleotide sequence. However, all molecules have several intramolecular complementary regions, due to the presence of which all tRNAs have a tertiary structure resembling a clover leaf in shape.

Ribosomal RNA. The share of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) accounts for 80-85% of the total RNA content in the cell. Ribosomal RNA consists of 3-5 thousand nucleotides. In complex with ribosomal proteins, rRNA forms ribosomes - organelles on which protein synthesis occurs. The main significance of rRNA is that it provides the initial binding of mRNA and ribosome and forms the active center of the ribosome, in which the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids during the synthesis of a polypeptide chain.

2. Characteristics of ATP.

In addition to proteins, fats and carbohydrates, a large number of other organic compounds are synthesized in the cell, which can be conditionally divided into intermediate And final. Most often, obtaining a certain substance is associated with the operation of a catalytic conveyor ( a large number enzymes), and is associated with the formation of intermediate reaction products, which are affected by the next enzyme. Final organic compounds perform independent functions in the cell or serve as monomers in the synthesis of polymers. The final substances are amino acids, glucose, nucleotides, ATP, hormones, vitamins.

Adenosine triphosphoric acid (ATP) is a universal source and main energy accumulator in living cells. ATP is found in all plant and animal cells. The amount of ATP fluctuates and averages 0.04% (per raw cell weight). The largest amount of ATP (0.2-0.5%) is found in skeletal muscles.

ATP is a nucleotide consisting of a nitrogenous base (adenine), a monosaccharide (ribose), and three phosphoric acid residues. Since ATP contains not one, but three residues of phosphoric acid, it belongs to ribonucleoside triphosphates.

For most types of work occurring in cells, the energy of ATP hydrolysis is used. At the same time, when the terminal residue of phosphoric acid is cleaved off, ATP passes into ADP ( adenosine diphosphate acid), with the elimination of the second residue of phosphoric acid - in AMP ( adenosine monophosphoric acid). The yield of free energy during the elimination of both the terminal and the second residues of phosphoric acid is 30.6 kJ each. Cleavage of the third phosphate group is accompanied by the release of only 13.8 kJ. The bonds between the terminal and the second, second and first residues of phosphoric acid are called macroergic (high-energy).

ATP reserves are constantly replenished. In the cells of all organisms, ATP synthesis occurs in the process of phosphorylation, i.e. addition of phosphoric acid to ADP. Phosphorylation occurs with different intensity in mitochondria, during glycolysis in the cytoplasm, during photosynthesis in chloroplasts.

The final organic molecules are also vitamins And hormones. play an important role in the life of multicellular organisms vitamins. Vitamins are those organic compounds that a given organism cannot synthesize (or synthesizes in insufficient quantities) and must receive them with food. Vitamins combine with proteins to form complex enzymes. With a lack of any vitamin in food, an enzyme cannot be formed and this or that vitamin deficiency develops. For example, a lack of vitamin C leads to scurvy, a lack of vitamin B 12 leads to anemia, a violation of the normal formation of red blood cells.

Hormones are regulators affecting the work of individual organs and the whole organism. They may be of a protein nature (hormones of the pituitary gland, pancreas), may be related to lipids (sex hormones), may be derivatives of amino acids (thyroxine). Hormones are produced by both animals and plants.

Questions to set off:

There will be 10 questions to answer during the test. one complete sentence .

Or computer testing test out of 15 questions.

Cytology
1. Basic provisions of the cell theory. A cell is a structural and functional unit of the living.
Cytology - cell science. Cytology studies the structure and chemical composition of the cell, the functions of intracellular structures, the functions of cells in the body of animals, plants, reproduction and development of cells. Of the 5 kingdoms of the organic world, only the kingdom of Viruses, represented by living forms, does not have a cellular structure. The remaining 4 kingdoms have a cellular structure: the kingdom of Bacteria is united by prokaryotes - pre-nuclear forms. Nuclear forms - eukaryotes, they include the kingdoms of Fungi, Plants, Animals. Basic provisions of cell theory: Cell - functional and structural unit of the living. Cell - elementary system - the basis of the structure and life of the body. The discovery of the cell is associated with the discovery of the microscope: 1665 - Hooke invented the microscope and on a section of cork he saw cells, which he called cells. 1674 - A. Levinguk first discovered unicellular organisms in water. Early 19th century - J. Purkinje called protoplasm the substance that fills the cell. 1831 - Brown discovered the nucleus. 1838-1839 - Schwann formulated the main provisions of the cell theory. The main provisions of the cell theory:

1. Cell - the main structural unit of all organisms.

2. The process of cell formation is determined by the growth, development and differentiation of plant and animal cells.

1858 - Virchow's work "Cellular Pathology" was published, in which he connected pathological changes in the body with changes in the structure of cells, laying the foundation for pathology - the beginning of theoretical and practical medicine. End of 19th century - Baer discovered the ovum, showing that all living organisms originate from a single cell (zygote). The complex structure of the cell was discovered, organelles were described, and mitosis was studied. Early 20th century - the significance of cellular structures and the transmission of hereditary properties became clear. Modern cell theory includes the following provisions:
Cell - is an open system for all living organisms, which is characterized by flows of matter, energy and information associated with metabolism (assimilation and dissimilation). self-renewal carried out as a result of metabolism. Self-regulation carried out at the level of metabolic processes on the principle of feedback. self-reproduction cell is provided during its reproduction on the basis of the flow of matter, energy and information. cage and cellular structure provides:
Cells have structural similarity, i.e. similarity at different levels: atomic, molecular, supramolecular, etc. Cells have functional similarity, the unity of the chemical processes of metabolism.