Department of Materials Science and Commodity Expertise (MITE). Department of Materials Science and Commodity Expertise (MITE) Directions in which scientific work is carried out
To Iryukhin Mikhail Alekseevich - commander of a machine-gun platoon of the 835th rifle regiment 237th Piryatinsky Rifle Division of the 40th Army of the Voronezh Front, lieutenant.
Born in 1925 in the village of Blagie, Novoderevensky District, Ryazan Region, into a peasant family. Russian. Member of the Komsomol. Studied at school.
In the Red Army since 1942. In the army since May 1942. Private Kiryukhin was baptized by fire in the battle of the waters of the village of Gorshechnoye. In the summer of 1942, he took part in the battles south of the city of Voronezh.
In August 1942, Kiryukhin was sent to the school of junior lieutenants, from which he graduated only in 1943. He ended up in the 237th Infantry Division of the 40th Army, where he was appointed commander of a machine gun platoon.
After the fighting on the Kursk Bulge, Soviet troops went on the offensive. The 40th Army liberated the territory of the Left-Bank Ukraine. In August-September 1943, Kiryukhin's platoon participated in the liberation of the city of Trostyanets, Sumy region, and the city of Piryatin, Poltava.
On September 22, 1943, Kiryukhin and an orderly were already examining Hitler's firing points on west bank Dnieper opposite the legendary Baturina Mountain, which is on the Bukrinsky bridgehead.
On the night of September 24, 1943, Lieutenant Kiryukhin and his platoon were the first to cross the Dnieper near the village of Grebeni, Kagarlyksky District. Kyiv region. They seized the high ground and dug in. At dawn, the Nazis attacked the platoon with a company of infantry and 4 tanks. The attack was repulsed by well-aimed machine-gun fire. Cannons and multi-barreled mortars immediately slammed. Heinkels appeared in the sky, diving at the defenders of the bridgehead.
As soon as the enemy planes flew to the west, the Nazi attack was repeated. Several armored personnel carriers and motor vehicles with infantry went directly to the machine gunners of Kiryukhin. Another battle has begun. Kiryukhin fell to the machine gun and killed up to 10 fascists in a long burst. The Nazis rolled back. All day long enemy attacks followed one after another. During the day, Kiryukhin's platoon destroyed a vehicle with infantry, 2 heavy and 12 light machine guns, and up to 90 Nazis.
The intensity of the fighting on the Bukrinsky bridgehead increased every day. The Nazis threw here a tank, motorized and several infantry divisions. By September 30, 1943, the struggle took on an extremely fierce character.
The platoon of Lieutenant Kiryukhin fought to the death. On September 30, 14 tanks were moving towards his position. Submachine gunners followed. The defenders of the bridgehead heroically repulsed the furious onslaught of the Nazis. One tank was knocked out by Kiryukhin, another was destroyed by his subordinates. 2 "tigers" were knocked out by the armor-piercer Lakhtikov. And yet, several "tigers" broke into the heights, ironing trenches and trenches with caterpillars. Grenades were fired in response. In this battle, Lieutenant Kiryukhin died the death of the brave ...
Then, in the award presentation, the commander of the 835th Infantry Regiment, Major Lebedev, wrote: “On September 30, 1943, while repelling twenty-three attacks by the Nazis, Lieutenant Kiryukhin’s platoon destroyed: 2 tanks, 9 light machine guns, 5 vehicles with infantry, and up to 120 Nazis ... "
At order of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of October 23, 1943 for the successful crossing of the Dnieper, the strong consolidation of the bridgehead on its western bank and the courage and heroism shown to the lieutenant Mikhail Alekseevich Kiryukhin was posthumously awarded the title of Hero Soviet Union.
The Hero was buried in a mass grave in the village of Grebeny, Kagarlyksky district, Kyiv region.
A street in the village of Aleksandro-Nevsky, Novoderevenkovsky District, Ryazan Region, was named after the Hero.
Awarded the Order of Lenin.
Given general information on the properties of fibers, threads, fabrics, knitted and non-woven materials. The features of their structure, methods of obtaining, methods for determining quality indicators are considered. The control and management of the quality of textile materials are highlighted. For students of higher educational institutions in the specialties "Technology of textile products" and "Standardization and certification".
THE SUBJECT OF TEXTILE MATERIALS SCIENCE.
Textile materials science is the science of the structure, properties and quality assessment of textile materials. Such a definition was given in 1985. Taking into account the changes that have occurred since that time, as well as the peculiarities of the development of the training of material scientists, the following definition can be more complete and profound: textile materials science is the science of the structure, properties, evaluation, quality control of textile materials and their management. The fundamental principles of this science is the study of textile materials used by man in various types of his activities.
Both materials consisting of textile fibers and the textile fibers themselves are called textile. Study of various materials and their constituent substances has always been the subject of the natural sciences and has been associated with technical means for obtaining and processing these materials and substances. Therefore, textile materials science belongs to the group of technical sciences of an applied nature. Most textile fibers consist of macromolecular substances, and therefore textile materials science is closely related to the use theoretical foundations and practical methods of such fundamental disciplines as physics and chemistry, as well as the physicochemistry of polymers. Since textile materials science is a technical science, its study also requires general engineering knowledge obtained in the study of such disciplines as mechanics, strength of materials, electrical engineering, electronics, automation, etc. A special place is occupied by the physicochemical mechanics (rheology) of fiber-forming polymers.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword
Chapter 1. General Provisions (S. M. Kiryukhin)
1.1. Subject of textile materials science
1.2.Properties and quality indicators of textile materials
1.3 Testing of textile materials
1.3.1 Sampling and sampling. Preparing for the test
1.3.2 Testing
1.3.3 Recording and processing of test results
Chapter 2. Textile fibers (S. M. Kiryukhin)
2.1.Classification and main types of textile fibers
2.1.1 Natural fibers of plant origin
2.1.2 Natural fibers of animal origin
2.1.3 Chemical fibers
2.2 Substances of textile fibers
2.3. Obtaining, structural features and properties of natural fibers
2.4. Production, structural features and properties of chemical fibers and threads
2.5. Indicators of fiber quality and methods for their determination
2.5.1 Geometric properties of fibers
2.5.2 Mechanical properties of fibers
2.5.3 Physical properties of fibers
2.5.4 Purity of fibers
Chapter 3. Textile threads (Yu. S. Shustov)
3.1.Classification of textile threads
3.2. Indicators of the quality of textile threads and methods for their determination
3.2.1 Geometric properties of threads
3.2.2 Mechanical properties of threads
3.2.3 Hygroscopic properties of threads
3.2.4 Thread cleanliness
Chapter 4. Textile products (Yu. S. Shustov)
4.1 General information
4.2. Quality indicators of textile fabrics and products
4.3. Fabrics
4.4. Knitwear
4.5.Non-woven fabrics
4.6 Mechanical properties of textiles
4.7 Bending of textiles
4.8 Friction and tenacity of textiles
4 9. Flaking and spreading of textiles
4.10 Pilling ability of textiles
4.11. Changing the linear dimensions of textile fabrics
4.12 Physical properties of textiles
4.12.1 Hygroscopicity
4.12.2 Permeability
4.12.3 Thermal properties
4.12.4.Electrizability
4.12.5 Optical properties
4.13 Wear resistance of textiles
Chapter 5. The quality of textile materials (S. M. Kiryukhin)
5.1 Qualimetry of textile materials
5.2.Evaluation of the quality of textile materials
5.2.1. Choice of nomenclature of defining quality indicators
5.2.2 Definition numerical values product quality indicators
5.2.3. Selection and establishment of baseline quality indicators
5.2.4. Comparison of actual quality indicators with baseline
5.3 Quality control of textile materials
5.3.1 Input TC
5.3.2. Acceptance TC
5.3.3. Production TC
5.4 Quality management of textile materials
5.4.1. Product quality management. Basic provisions
5.4.2 Quality management systems
5.4.3 International standards ISO 9000
Bibliography.
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Counter Integrations: Complementarity or Rivalry in the Common Neighborhood Arena
Kiryukhin A.M. , corresponding member ATS of Ukraine, coordinator for Central and Eastern Europe Task Force on External Borders of the Association of European Border Regions (AEBR)
To understand the processes currently taking place in the common space of the Belarusian-Russian-Ukrainian border area, one should consider three interrelated components that are, of course, of independent importance for understanding the continental integration processes in general and what is happening in the east of Ukraine, and thus, try to find an explanation with considering the different scales of this crisis.
- first of all, one should briefly review the 20-year history of cross-border cooperation, how it looked in reality and what it gave for the development of adjacent territories of Russia and Ukraine;
— then assess the integration strategies of the Russian-Ukrainian border area that are being formed in 2004-2013, their changes under the influence of external factors, and the problems of their implementation;
- and finally, to outline the prospects for a peaceful scenario for resolving the military conflict and the complementarity of the further development of reciprocal integrations - European and Eurasian in the current program period until 2020.
The key starting event in the emergence of cross-border cooperation between Russia and Ukraine was the creation of the Council of Heads of Border Regions Russian Federation and Ukraine on the basis of a collegial decision and minutes of the meeting of the leaders of ten border regions of the Russian Federation and Ukraine on June 28, 1993 in Kharkov. The first meeting of the Council of Heads of the Border Regions was held in Belgorod on January 28, 1994, at which the charter and work plan of the Council were approved, and the Appeal of the participants to the presidents of Russia and Ukraine was adopted. This appeal became the basis for the signing of an interstate agreement on cross-border cooperation in 1995. Subsequently, the Council expanded to 19 participants, also including three border regions of the Republic of Belarus, and it began to work, thus, in a tripartite format.
So far, 15 meetings of the Council of Heads of the Border Regions of the Republic of Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine have been held with the participation of representatives of the central executive authorities of the three countries. Based on the decision of the Council Meeting in 2000, which took place in Rostov-on-Don, over the next 10 years, work was carried out to create Euroregions in the Belarusian-Russian-Ukrainian border area as the highest form of border cooperation. The Euroregions "Dnepr" (April 2003), "Slobozhanschina" (November 2003), "Yaroslavna" (April 2007) and "Donbass" (October 2010) were successively created.
In parallel with the creation of Euroregions, the Council of Leaders and its executive committee initiated the creation of the Border Belarusian-Russian-Ukrainian University Consortium (April 2003) and the Business Council of the Chambers of Commerce and Industry of the Belarusian-Russian-Ukrainian Borderland (April 2008).
For several years, the Interregional Environmental Program for the Protection and Use of the Waters of the Seversky Donets River Basin for five adjacent regions has been developed and prepared for signing at the interstate level. Representative authorities were also involved in the process of cross-border cooperation - in the euroregions "Slobozhanshchina" and "Yaroslavna" inter-deputy working groups were created between regional councils and regional dumas. At the district level, the executive committee of the Council of Heads of Border Regions initiated independent instruments of cooperation - interdepartmental working groups on cross-border cooperation issues were created, which prepared regional programs with adjacent sister regions in their euroregions. This entire process was already carried out with the advisory support of the Association of European Border Regions (AEBR), into which the Euroregions Slobozhanshchyna, Yaroslavna and Donbass successively joined as full members. "Dnepr" did not receive full status, limiting itself to the status of an observer and concentrated its work with another authoritative pan-European structure - the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of the Council of Europe. Moreover, the Ukrainian side greatly strengthened the legal side of cross-border interactions by adopting in June 2004 the law “On Cross-Border Cooperation”. In the law, "Euroregions" received the official status of the basic instruments of cross-border cooperation.
Thus, by 2013, the Russian-Ukrainian border area had formed a full-fledged institutional profile, similar to the pan-European one.
By that time, cross-border cooperation had been completed as a multi-level integrated system through the joint work of the executive committee of the Council of Heads of Border Regions at the macro-regional level and the initiatives of Euroregions at the inter-regional and local levels. It is with this or a similar set of institutions and instruments that the integration borders in Europe position themselves today. It should be emphasized the exemplary financial discipline of the Russian-Ukrainian Euroregions, which, after receiving full membership, regularly transferred membership fees, participating in all the main events of the AEBR and the work of its task forces. This instilled serious optimism in the prospects for further integration of the border area into pan-European processes, which was reflected in the adoption of a long-term strategy for the Euroregion "Donbass" and the beginning of the preparation of similar strategic documents by the Euroregions "Slobozhanshchina" and "Yaroslavna" based on the recommendations prepared by the AEBR within the framework of the ULYSSES project. There were two permanent sites: the annual " round tables» "Border - Innovation Environment" (since 2005) and the School of Cross-Border Cooperation and International Integration (since 2008) on the main cross-border axis Kharkiv-Belgorod. Euroregion "Slobozhanshchina" simultaneously adopted two mirror programs for the period of 2012-2016 for Kharkiv and Belgorod regions, which transferred the activities of the Euroregion to the project-program principle.
The holding of the General Assembly and the Annual Meeting of the AEBR in 2011 in Kursk confirmed a high degree confidence on the part of European partners in those European integration intentions of Ukrainian and Russian participants in cross-border cooperation, which were confirmed, first of all, by the daily painstaking work of experts and local authorities. We noted back in 2008 that the Russian-Ukrainian border is beginning to acquire key importance in the system of European borders, as reflects two different strategies on the part of Ukraine and Russia regarding European integration: an assimilation model for Ukraine and a strategic partnership model for Russia. It was this border that became by the end of 2013 the meeting point of two integrations: European and Eurasian. This is where the interests of global players collided.
The situation in cross-border cooperation has changed dramatically due to the political crisis in Ukraine, which has moved from the capital to the east, engulfed the border areas and entered the phase of military conflict. During several months of 2014, the volume of cross-border cooperation was extremely compressed (almost to zero), and the border acquired not only a barrier, but also a confrontational appearance of military confrontation.
The first step after the Minsk agreements-2 were closed 23 local checkpoints (border crossing points), including those between the Kharkiv and Belgorod regions. Then the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine unilaterally canceled the agreement on small border traffic with Russia. 10 years of joint work were spent on its legal registration and arrangement of checkpoints. Today, most passenger trains between Ukraine and Russia have also been canceled, and since March 1, a new regime for crossing the state Ukrainian-Russian border has been introduced for Russians, entry into Ukraine is carried out only with a passport.
Three military-civilian administrations are currently being created in the Donetsk region. Civil-military administrations are temporary state bodies that are designed to ensure the implementation of the laws of Ukraine and prevent a humanitarian catastrophe in a certain territory. The President of Ukraine signed the law "On military-civilian administrations", adopted by the Verkhovna Rada on February 3, 2015. According to this document, military-civilian administrations are temporary state bodies operating as part of the Anti-Terrorist Center and created to ensure the operation of the Constitution and laws of Ukraine, ensure security and normalize life and law and order.
Thus, today there is no joint mechanism that, until the beginning of 2014, ensured the coordinated actions of representatives of local and regional authorities on both sides of the border.
In the Declaration of the President of the Russian Federation. of the President of Ukraine, the President of the French Republic and the Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany in support of the Package of Measures for the Implementation of the Minsk Agreements, adopted on February 12, 2015, there is a very important point: “The leaders share the conviction that strengthening cooperation between the European Union, Ukraine and Russia will contribute to the settlement this crisis." In this regard, it is worth considering the possibility of creating a negotiating platform at the interregional level with the involvement of representatives of the OSCE and AEBR in this process. It is clear that the central authorities of Ukraine and Russia have made a conscious choice and commitment towards two continental integrations - European and Eurasian. The peaceful settlement of the conflict should, in our opinion, be continued with the involvement of the potential of the regional and all-European links at the same time. This new configuration between the participants in cross-border interactions can be built for the future within the framework of a special meeting of the Council of Heads of Border Regions. A roadmap for such a meeting could be formed by the Expert Council for Cross-Border Cooperation, established at the end of 2014, consisting of experts from Ukraine, Russia, Belarus and the AEBR Task Force on External Borders with the involvement of OSCE specialists. And the Institute for Cross-Border Cooperation and Integration (Belgorod, Russia) and the Eastern European Institute for Cross-Border Studies (Kharkov, Ukraine) could jointly take over the organizational issues for holding a series of such meetings.
