Theoretical foundations and norms for the improvement of the urban environment. Modern problems of improvement of the urban environment. Means of outdoor advertising and information

Cities concentrate large material and human resources and act as separate territorial socio-economic units characterized by increased productivity. In this regard, the urban sector provides life cycle and reproduction of the labor force and thus determines the quantity and quality of human resources that the city's economy can count on. So the organization of comfortable living for residents in the city can be considered as one of the criteria for effective...

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Introduction……………………………………………………………………………3

Section 1. Theoretical foundations for studying the problem of urban improvement……………………………………………………………………………….6

Section 2. Legal mechanism for regulating the sphere of landscaping in the Russian Federation and in the Republic of Tajikistan…………………………………………………………....6

Section 3. Analysis of the activities of the Mayor's Office of Kazan on the improvement of the territory…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Section 4. Project of measures to improve the development of landscaping in the territory of Kazan……………………. ……………..27

Conclusion…...……………………………………………………………………35

List of used literature………………………………………….37

Introduction

Relevance of the topic is determined by the fact that it is landscaping that is the component of the urban environment that can form comfort, aesthetic and functional attractiveness, quality and convenience of life for citizens. Considering the important role of landscaping and the active development of landscaping activities in the city, complex landscaping is being formed into a special branch of design and urban economy.

The objects of complex improvement are all elements of the city, ranked by levels, i.e. comprehensive improvement covers the entire city, except for parts of the natural complex and specially protected natural areas subject to environmental rehabilitation. In the conditions of the transition period, at the stage of the market, determining the ways and means of solving the problems of the activities of the executive authorities for the improvement of the territory of the required quality level is a task of paramount importance.

The development of market relations, the privatization of state and municipal property, the destruction of the command-planned economy, the reduction in production volumes, the growth in the number of insolvent enterprises and consumers have changed the mechanism for managing scientific and technological progress. The same reasons influenced the pace and nature of the development of a number of sectors of the housing and communal services, research, development, construction, installation, design and survey work.

The implementation of the above activities is considered as the basis for the economic growth of housing and communal services. A large place among the housing and communal services sectors is occupied by the improvement of cities, districts and their constituent territories.

Development of the research topic. The results of the conducted research and design can be used for reports at various conferences, meetings, as well as for implementation in the practical activities of housing and communal services for the improvement and landscaping of urban areas. This problem is interdisciplinary in nature.

Representatives of the socio-economic direction (E.B. Alaev 1 , O.F. Balatsky, LG Melnik 2 and others) consider the improvement of the city as a social problem, an integral part of the life of society as a whole.

In ecology (I.L. Blekhtsin 3 , A.G. Golichenkov 4 , VV Vladimirov 5 and others), the improvement of the city is considered as an opportunity to solve many environmental problems.

aim the course project is to analyze the problem of managing the improvement of the territory, its importance for the urban economy, identifying existing problems and suggesting possible ways to solve them.

Object of study- the problem of urban improvement.

Subject of study- activities of the Housing and Communal Committee for the improvement of the urban area.

Objectives of the course project:

1) Define the essence of the concept of "improvement of the city";

2) To study the legal mechanism for regulating the area of landscaping in the Republic of Tajikistan;

3) Analyze the projects of complex improvement of the city of Kazan, implemented by the mayor's office of Kazan;

4) Propose your own project for the improvement of the yards of the Moskovsky district of Kazan.

The structure of the course project. The work consists of introduction, 4 sections, conclusion, list of references.

The introduction provides an analysis of the relevance of the topic term paper, its elaboration, the tasks and goals of the work are set, the object and subject of the study are substantiated.

The first section characterizes the theoretical foundations for the development of urban improvement.

The second section outlines the legal framework for the improvement of the city.

The third section provides an analysis of the activities of the mayor's office of the city of Kazan for the improvement of the territory.

The fourth section identifies methods and means of measures to improve the development of improvement in the territory of Kazan.

The work is presented on 41 pages, the list of references consists of 70 sources.

Section 1. Theoretical foundations for studying the problem of urban improvement

The Russian economic and economic space is characterized by great heterogeneity, and therefore the development of a city improvement development program based on the effective use of improvement services is a difficult task.

The social complex of the city provides the conditions for the life of the population: trade and food, passenger transport, landscaping, non-industrial communications, health care, education, culture, art, housing and communal services, personal services, non-industrial management.

With the growth of cities and the increase in the technological level of industry, the problem of the improvement of urban areas and the management of services for the improvement of the urban municipality becomes more and more acute. This problem requires carefully considered management decisions related to the planning of the work of improvement enterprises and the use of territorial resources.

Urban improvement is housing and street improvement: planning, municipal construction, housing stock, municipal land, green spaces, road, street and sidewalk maintenance, street transport, municipal communications, urban lighting, sewerage and heating.

First of all, these are works that are aimed at making residents feel comfortable and comfortable in their city, in their home. Such works include the construction of roads, the development of communication networks, the construction of water supply and energy conservation.

There are various programs for the improvement of the territory and the restoration of houses. In large cities, the problem of landscaping is acute. Authorities often try to encourage residents to create flower beds and lawns on their own.

In modern literature, landscaping is understood as the interconnected use of landscape and landscape gardening architecture, plastic organization and coverage of the earth's surface, equipping the territory and building with devices for safety and ease of use, lighting and color solutions for areas of the territory, buildings and structures, decorative landscaping, decorative plastics and graphics, visual information and advertising, other means.

As world experience shows, there is no single ideal model, the organizational and managerial structure of the improvement of the urban municipality suitable for all countries. On the contrary, this area shows a huge variety of national systems, which often contradict the standard theory of optimal modeling.

In Kazan, the improvement of the city is the main task of the Committee for Housing and Communal Services (HCS), which it performs on behalf of the executive and administrative body of the municipality of the city of Kazan. 6

Housing and communal services is a branch of the national economy, the main purpose of which is to meet the needs of the population and enterprises of the city in services that ensure their normal living and working conditions. The housing and communal services include a complex of services, some of which are represented by operating enterprises and organizations, some by repair and repair and construction organizations, transport and energy organizations, as well as improvement and road infrastructure organizations. 7

As part of the housing and communal services, the following services are traditionally distinguished:

Housing economy with repair and construction organizations;

Road facilities and landscaping;

Urban passenger transport;

Thermal power engineering;

Gas facilities;

Water and sewer services;

Power supply and street lighting;

Household service;

landscaping;

Hotel industry.

The variety of types of services and products of these services, the difference in technologies, techniques, and organization of work determine a large number of organizational forms and methods of management in the housing and communal services system. eight

Features of housing and communal services as an object of management are determined by its specificity as an industry that combines a complex and diverse conglomerate of various industries, closely interconnected by common economic and social problems, goals and objectives.

The main among these features is the high level of complexity of the housing and communal services sector, which is expressed in the diversity of the scientific, technical and technological nature of the activities of industries with the simultaneous linking of their functioning in a single system of urban economy. This, in turn, leads to a peculiarity of the housing and communal services management system, which directly or indirectly includes various ministries and departments.

The most important feature of housing and communal services is its focus on meeting the priority needs of the population. Hence, the dominant factor in its development and functioning is the social factor. The decisive influence of social factors determines another feature of the housing and communal services, namely, the specificity of the criteria for the effectiveness of evaluating its functioning. The economic efficiency criteria characteristic of the production sector, such as profitability, output, and return on assets, often turn out to be unsuitable for housing and communal services. nine

In the first place here are put forward the criteria for the quality of service to the population, comfort, aesthetics, environmental factors, which are often given preference to the detriment of economic indicators. In this regard, many enterprises and sectors of the housing and communal services are planned unprofitable and are subsidized by the state. This feature of housing and communal services enterprises determines the specifics of approaches and methods when transferring housing and communal services enterprises to self-financing.

A feature of the housing and communal services is also a variety of forms of its subordination in the territorial aspect. In large and largest cities with district division, some industries have enterprises and organizations divided by subordination into administrative districts of the city.

These include industries: housing, repair and construction production, part of the landscaping and park management services, bath and laundry facilities. In other zoning, which does not coincide with the administrative districts of the city, there are network facilities, such as water supply and sewerage, gas, and heat power.

In some sectors, there is no zoning of the management system, and they are citywide, for example, urban passenger transport or roads and landscaping.

The next feature of housing and communal services as an object of management is the unpredictable nature of the processes occurring in it. This is due to the impact on the functioning of its enterprises and industries of a significant number of random factors: fluctuations in demand, climatic and weather conditions. Along with this, some industries operate under the significant influence of seasonal fluctuations in the consumption of services (thermal power, outdoor lighting), as well as periodic fluctuations of monthly, weekly and daily periods (transport, water supply, gas facilities). ten

At the same time, it should be noted that, unlike industrial enterprises and utilities, as a rule, they provide services to the consumer directly on the spot and in most cases they can accumulate stocks of services or products to equalize fluctuations and peak loads. Naturally, this creates additional difficulties in the technology and organization of management in the industry.

The enterprises of landscaping services, road facilities, landscaping services, sanitation services do not have technological stages of transportation and marketing of services and products, therefore, the relevant organizations and the costs of transporting and marketing are excluded. At the same time, in connection with this, the accumulation and reservation of stocks of products or services is practically excluded. The latter circumstance determines great importance rational capacities of enterprises and organizations of housing and communal services.

The city administrations perform the function of integrated planning of the socio-economic development of the city and, as territorial authorities, manage the housing cooperative and coordinate its development plans and the development prospects of all subsystems of the city. They are given the right (together with the Gosstroy of Russia) the right to contracts - orders by housing cooperative enterprises that have the status of state orders. Industry should be served by housing and communal services based on the residual principle, after meeting the needs of the population and social facilities. eleven

The main source of financing for housing construction and the improvement of the territory adjacent to it were the funds of private and mixed forms of ownership (including housing cooperatives, etc.) in combination with appropriations from local budgets.

The customer of the landscaping facility (most often DEZ, the housing and communal services department at the district administration, less often the Gosstroy of Russia) submits to the city administration documents reflecting the amount of work required, indicating the source of funding.

In the city administration, the housing and communal services department and others check the order for legality, for compliance with legal rules, and clarify the legality of the source of financing and the availability of funds from the payer. 12

The resolution of the city administration should clearly define the rights and obligations of the customer, present a calendar plan for the implementation of works on the improvement of the territory, in this case, the courtyard area, with the distribution of allocated funds by time periods for design and improvement.

Responsibility for the implementation of this resolution rests with the customer, control over execution - by the Housing and Utilities Committee. Most often, construction and construction and installation trusts and other organizations carry out landscaping work.

In order to improve the organization of work on the implementation of federal target programs and the construction of facilities carried out with state support at the expense of the federal budget, for which the government of the Russian Federation has designated Gosstroy of Russia as a state customer. thirteen

In the case of a comprehensive reconstruction of the existing development, it is allowed, with appropriate justification, to clarify the regulatory requirements with a design assignment in agreement with the local architecture authorities, state supervision and sanitary inspection. At the same time, it is necessary to ensure the reduction of the fire hazard of buildings and the improvement of sanitary and hygienic living conditions for the population.

When developing the concept of the city's future development, one of the most important provisions of this work aimed at intensifying the use of urban areas should be the identification of significant internal spatial reserves for the development of the city. At present, the issue of the improvement and development of the city of Kazan, the state of the urban planning and architectural appearance of the city is being thoroughly resolved. All efforts today are primarily aimed at scientific substantiation of possible long-term development strategies. fourteen

Various types of spatial organization of the living environment are analyzed, incl. quarters of the 50s, the environment of Zamoskvorechye to the modern period, in order to find out in what type of spatial environment the most favorable conditions for life are created. As a result, data were obtained that the most favorable and necessary element of the residential environment of the city is a closed or semi-closed courtyard with clearly defined boundaries. The problem of "house-yard" is very relevant for today. Its essence is that it would be desirable to see the new residential areas of Kazan as more humane, tk. the feeling of one's micro-homeland, even in the city, is associated with a certain effect of the closure of space. The British can be cited as an example - they have a very old and stable system of education, they have a close connection between architecture and ethical principles. In England, the notion of a college is of great importance, and it is on its basis and life that higher education is built. At the same time, college life is inextricably linked with a closed courtyard, where there is a protective effect and a sense of a closed world, teachers can freely walk and communicate with their students. The yard is the first stage of our social development, its initial and therefore very important link, here the norms of human community, communication skills, mutual assistance, and support are laid. The average size of the yard ranges from 25 to 150 square meters, with appropriate building proportions. fifteen

As a result of a survey of residents of several cities in Russia, the following data were obtained: a question was asked, what kind of yard would they like to have and the number of neighbors in it. The vast majority - 60% - preferred a yard from 30 to 69 square meters with a population of no more than 300 people.

At the same time, 80% of the respondents were in favor of closed and impassable yards. Thus, the key problem is the introduction of small and medium-rise buildings into the development.

But in many yards there are a number of negative parameters:

Houses stand along the perimeter of the square and at a great distance from each other, i.e. exceed all psychologically comfortable dimensions;

They do not close the space and create a lot of excess territory.

There was a process of loss of comfortable houses, yards and also streets, along with this, the difference between the front facades of houses. Also, a huge circulation of identical houses contributed to the fact that they became unrecognizable. First of all, this is typical for new microdistricts and their huge built-up areas at the same time. sixteen

In new areas, it is necessary to revive the traditional urban forms of spaces: streets, boulevards, squares. In addition, under the conditions of typical development, it is necessary to carry out at least a small number of buildings located in the most important, accent places according to individual projects. And, of course, individually decide the color, small forms and landscaping of each of these residential areas.

So, the improvement of any area of \u200b\u200bthe territory includes several stages:

1. A comprehensive survey of territories includes work to prepare the site for further improvement, such as: analysis of the composition of the soil, groundwater level, location of the site, research of vegetation, existing reservoirs or streams of natural or artificial origin;

2. Cleaning and removal of construction debris;

3. Terrain planning by manual and mechanized methods and relief formation. It is impossible to imagine the improvement of the city without creating an artificial relief on the site, elevations, slopes, leveling and raising the site, both along the entire perimeter and partially. Creation of embankments, steps and terraces;

4. Cutting and crowning of trees and shrubs. The rules for the improvement of the city provide for the cutting of hedges from any type of shrubs, decorative and seasonal crowning of trees. Clearing the site of unnecessary vegetation;

5. Arrangement of drainage and storm sewers;

6.Planirovanie and arrangement of tracks and platforms;

7.Construction of small architectural forms, sports and children's towns. Small architectural forms perform not only a practical purpose, but are also one of the main elements of the decorative design of the garden in landscape design. Thus, the improvement of the territory involves the construction of gazebos, arches, decorative bridges, etc.;

8. Arrangement of retaining walls made of concrete and natural stone. The retaining wall is not only a decorative element of the garden, but also a way to keep a rather large mass of soil from sliding to the lower area;

9. Construction of decorative lighting systems and automatic watering.

10. Arrangement of rock gardens, reservoirs, cascades, grottoes, fountains;

11. The device of a lawn (ordinary, sports, Moorish, rolled).

Thus, the Committee for Housing and Communal Services (HCS) is engaged in the improvement of the city, which it performs on behalf of the executive and administrative body of the municipality of the city of Kazan. Urban improvement is housing and street improvement: planning, municipal construction, housing stock, municipal land, green spaces, road, street and sidewalk maintenance, street transport, municipal communications, urban lighting, sewerage and heating. First of all, these are works that are aimed at making residents feel comfortable and comfortable in their city, in their home.

Section 2. Legal mechanism for regulating the sphere of landscaping in the Russian Federation and in the Republic of Tajikistan

These legal documents establish uniform and mandatory norms in the field of improvement, maintenance of cleanliness and order of territories within the boundaries of the city, these documents include:

1) Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation of May 7, 1998 No. 73-FZ (as amended on December 30, 2001, January 10, 2003)

2) Law of the Russian Federation dated January 10, 2002 No. 7-FZ “On Environmental Protection”.

3) GOST 28329-89 “Greening cities. Terms and Definitions".

4) SNIIP III-10-075 Landscaping.

5) Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 1, 2006 No. 54 “On State Construction Supervision of the Russian Federation”

6) Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tajikistan dated November 7, 2008 No. 785 “On the organization of work to reduce emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the air during periods of adverse meteorological conditions”

7) Decree of the Kazan City Duma dated October 16, 2008 No. 8-34 “On tariffs for the maintenance of landscaping and small architectural forms in Kazan”

8) Decision of the Kazan City Duma dated October 18, 2006 No. 4-12 "On the rules for the improvement of the city of Kazan"

The following concepts are used in these Rules: landscaping - a set of works (on engineering preparation of the territory, construction of roads, development of communication networks and facilities for water supply, sewerage, energy supply, etc.) and measures (on clearing, draining and landscaping the territory, improving the microclimate, protecting against pollution of the air basin, open water bodies and soil, sanitary cleaning, noise reduction, etc.), carried out in order to bring a particular territory into a condition suitable for construction and normal use for its intended purpose, to create healthy, comfortable and cultural conditions for the life of the population .

These legal documents regulate the activities of the Housing and Communal Services in the field of organizing the cleaning of urban areas, maintaining areas of residential, mixed and industrial buildings, maintaining places of mass stay of citizens, transport infrastructure, engineering communications.

The body exercising control over the improvement of the city of Kazan is the Committee for Housing and Communal Services, which is called upon to perform the following functions:

Implementation of a unified policy in the field of maintenance and development of improvement facilities in the city of Kazan;

Implementation of the customer function for the implementation of urban improvement programs;

Organization of road facilities operation;

Organization of traffic on urban roads of vehicles with excess loads;

Organization of liquidation of unauthorized dumps in the city;

Organization of hygienic and sanitary-epidemiological measures in the city, as well as ensuring compliance with sanitary rules, norms and hygienic standards;

Organization of the improvement of the city, involvement on a contractual basis in this work of entrepreneurs, enterprises, institutions, organizations, as well as the population;

Organization of landscaping, protection of green spaces and water bodies, issuance of permits for cutting down green spaces in accordance with applicable law;

Preparation of draft orders for the demolition of green spaces in the manner prescribed by the Head of the Executive Committee of the city of Kazan;

Issuance of warrants for earthworks, their extension and termination;

Issuance of technical conditions for the removal of storm and melt water;

Organization of measures for rational use and protection

Urban forests located within the boundaries of the city;

Organization of street lighting, installation of signs with street names;

Preparation of draft orders on temporary restriction of the movement of vehicles in the city;

Preparation of draft orders on the organization of traffic on urban roads of vehicles with excess axle loads and dimensions;

Implementation of security control measures highways local importance;

Preparation of proposals on the use of public roads of local importance on a toll basis and on the termination of such use;

Preparation of proposals on determining the methodology for calculating and the maximum amount of the toll for the passage of vehicles on public toll roads of local importance;

Preparation of proposals for the approval of the list of public roads of local importance, the list of non-public roads of local importance;

Implementation of customer functions for maintenance in relation to local roads;

Preparation of proposals on determining the amount of damage caused by vehicles carrying heavy loads when driving on public roads of local importance;

Preparation of proposals on the standards of financial costs for the maintenance of local roads and the rules for calculating the amount of local budget allocations for these purposes;

Drawing up protocols on administrative offenses provided for in Articles 3.2 - 3.6 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Republic of Tatarstan by authorized officials;

Ensuring the implementation of environmental protection measures in the city of Kazan;

Management in the field of environmental protection;

Participation in informing residents about the environmental situation;

Participation in the implementation of measures to prevent the negative impact of water and eliminate its consequences;

Participation in the implementation of measures for the protection of water bodies owned by the city of Kazan;

Preparation of proposals on establishing the rate of payment for the use of water bodies owned by the city of Kazan, the procedure for calculating and collecting this fee;

Development and submission for approval of the rules for the use of public water facilities located on the territory of the city of Kazan for personal and domestic needs;

Providing citizens with information on water use restrictions at public water bodies located on the territory of the city of Kazan;

Preparation of proposals on setting the rate of payment for a unit of forest resources and the rate of payment for a unit of area of a forest plot owned by the city of Kazan, in order to lease it;

Preparation of proposals on setting the rate of payment per unit volume of wood;

Development and submission for approval of forestry regulations
etc.................

Introduction to the specialty
(urban construction and economy)

Lecture notes
(at the Department of Urban Construction and Environmental Safety)

The main tasks of the improvement of the city.

Building and carrying out major landscaping activities in mutual harmony is one of the most pressing problems of urban construction. Improvement consists of five basic requirements, on which the convenience of life of citizens depends, the resolution of a set of issues:

green building;
implementation of measures in the field of sanitary cleaning of cities;
protection from urban air pollution;
measures to reduce urban noise;
lighting of streets, squares and embankments in the evening and at night.

Green spaces are one of the main factors in the improvement of the city, the organization of recreation areas for the population, the creation of the architectural and artistic appearance of the elements of the city and the development of land unsuitable for development. By improving the sanitary and hygienic conditions of the city, green spaces have a beneficial effect on its microclimate. The microclimate combines phenomena that can be observed in the surface layer of air at a height of 1.5-2 meters above the ground. The microclimate depends on the relief, the nature of the surface of a particular territory and green spaces. It is characterized by large changes in wind speed, temperature and humidity.
In the cold season, the air inside green areas is warmer than in open spaces, since greenery is a kind of temperature regulator. In green spaces, ultraviolet radiation is especially strong. In addition, properly located green spaces serve as protection from the adverse effects of winds. On the territory with rugged relief, green spaces should be placed on elevated places (in this case, the maximum effect of the wind-shelter role of greenery is achieved).
The rational placement of green spaces around cities creates conditions for the natural movement of fresh air in directions from green areas to built-up areas.
The range of distribution of fresh air through the streets in favorable conditions can reach several kilometers. It depends on the terrain, the magnitude of the temperature difference between the supply air flow and the air environment of the residential area. The movement of air also depends on the choice of street directions, taking into account the use of favorable winds.
Thus, a rational planning of the territory can improve the natural ventilation of built-up areas, and for southern cities - contribute to a decrease in air temperature in the summer. The flow of air into the depths of built-up quarters and microdistricts can occur between buildings during free development. Solid (or perimeter) buildings prevent the penetration of fresh air into the quarters. Therefore, the gap between the buildings should be wide enough to allow fresh air to pass from the green areas.
Natural air exchange on the territory of a microdistrict or quarter also depends on the height of buildings and the degree of intra-quarter landscaping.
Of particular importance green spaces for the urban area when combining urban green areas with suburban green areas in single system lanes on the installation of alleys, boulevards, green lanes on the embankments and along the railways and highways leading to the city.
For rational landscaping of the city it is necessary:

if possible, preserve natural forests and develop forest park zones;
create green protective belts for cities that are exposed to dry winds, strong winds and dust drifts.
to provide for urban construction nurseries for tree and shrub plantings, as well as greenhouses for flowers.

Urban green spaces can be classified as follows:

green areas of common use (parks of culture and recreation - central and regional gardens and squares);
green spaces of limited use: intra-quarter and in microdistricts, plantings at institutions (schools, hospitals, sanitary facilities, etc.) and plantings on the territories of enterprises;
planting on streets, squares and embankments (alleys, boulevards, green stripes, etc.);
extra-urban greenery (forest parks and nurseries).

Parks of culture and recreation (PKiO) are large green areas, located on the territory so that the entire population of the city can be served by them. the maximum service radius of the PKiO is usually 3 km.
City gardens serve as recreational places for citizens of all ages, their service radius is up to 1.5 km. In city gardens, due to the small size of sports grounds and facilities for cultural and educational work, they are limited. Gardens are also designed taking into account specific tasks (zoos, botanical gardens, etc.).
City squares have a decorative value and are used for the architectural and artistic design of the city, and also serve as a place of recreation for the population.
Green spaces on the streets are arranged:

in the interests of the architectural and artistic design of the streets;
to protect residential buildings from gas contamination and street noise;
for shading sidewalks and protection from summer heat (especially in southern cities);
as dividing lines in the organization of traffic and pedestrians;
for mutual communication between urban green areas.

In practice, landscaping of streets is carried out by landscaping ledges, courdoners, front gardens, etc., planting trees separately standing within the sidewalk, constructing boulevards, alleys, separating green stripes between individual elements of streets ( kurdoner - the front courtyard of a palace, estate, mansion, formed by the main building and protruding side wings ). In the transverse profile of the street, green spaces should be placed as follows: between the line of houses and sidewalks there is a green strip, consisting of flower beds, shrubs and lawns. Between the carriageway of the street and the sidewalk, a green strip of lawns, trees and a dense shrub hedge should be arranged.
AT modern conditions the arrangement of boulevards along the axis is irrational: in this case, transport artificially approaches the building, increasing noise, vibration in buildings and gas pollution. It is necessary to place the carriageway closer to the axis of the street with simultaneous intensive landscaping (boulevards, alleys, green stripes) on both sides along the building.
Of certain importance is vertical gardening (especially in southern cities, i.e. the use of climbing and falling ornamental plants to decorate building facades, balconies, retaining walls, etc. For this, only a narrow strip of soil a few tens of centimeters is enough. In this case successfully solves the problem of creating green foliage on a large surface.
Intra-quarter plantings serve for the recreation of people of all ages at the place of residence. Under the green spaces of a microdistrict or quarter, all free territory is used except for driveways and sidewalks.
Green spaces in the territories of enterprises are of particular importance. They are necessary to change the negative impacts of industrial sites, to protect intra-factory driveways, pedestrian walkways and sports grounds, as well as for recreation for employees at the enterprise.
Green spaces at institutions of a cultural, educational, medical and preventive nature are organized taking into account the special tasks of each of them. Landscaping of medical institutions should be in the nature of park plantings with open areas near the medical buildings of solariums, aerariums and other recreational facilities. These sites are isolated from the rest of the territory by a shrub fence.
Forest parks are green areas of natural and artificial origin, located outside the city; Meadow spaces can also be included in the structure of forest parks. On the territory of forest parks, it is recommended to arrange structures for organized recreation: rest houses, boarding houses, excursion bases, motels, campsites, etc.
Forest parks should be organized in such a way that, while maintaining the "natural" state of plantings, they could serve for recreation, walks and excursions. For this purpose, proper forest management should be organized with the drainage of swampy and damp places, etc. Roads and trails should be comfortable for walking and provided with direction indicators; convenient passages and passages to the shores and reservoirs should be provided.
The most important issue in the field of urban greening is the creation of conditions for the good growth of durable plantings. It is difficult to maintain and care for planted green spaces. Therefore, it is required to create a network of irrigation water pipelines specifically for watering plantations. In cities with a hot climate, systems of open ditches (ditches) are used for this purpose. In addition, rain installations with a range of up to 15 meters are used.
The stability and longevity of the growth of individual tree species in urban conditions are different. Therefore, the correct choice of the assortment of plants, taking into account their growth in local climatic conditions, is of great importance.
Sanitary improvement of the city solves the issues of its cleaning from solid and liquid waste - household garbage, street estimates and sewage, cleaning streets in summer and winter, protecting the cleanliness of the air basin, etc.
Home trash accumulates in large quantities; it not only pollutes the soil, but due to the presence of organic substances in it, it is a medium for the development of bacteria, including pathogens.
Cleaning the city from garbage includes the following operations: collection, removal and further disposal or disposal (because we will have an environmental part of the course, I will only talk about collection and disposal).
In modern high-rise buildings, garbage from apartments is dumped through garbage chutes and ends up in special garbage bins, and then it is taken out by specialized transport - garbage trucks - outside the city, to the places of its neutralization and burial. Currently, many cities use garbage collectors - containers with a capacity of 0.5 to 0.8 m3, which are taken out by a garbage truck, while the loaded container is replaced by an empty one.
Liquid sewage (solid runoff) is sent through the sewer network to the city's wastewater treatment facilities and further to the filtration fields. The cleaning of cities from the sewage of non-sewered possessions is taken out by special sewage trucks to specially constructed drain stations, from where they enter through the sewer network to the city's sewage treatment facilities.
Street cleaning is essential to the cleanliness of the city. Sweeping up debris, dusting the streets, and removing snow in winter are important to keep urban traffic running smoothly, especially during and after snowfall. The process of cleaning the streets is currently carried out with the help of specialized machines: sweeping and harvesting, watering and washing, snow removal using snow melters.
For cleaning intra-quarter territories and sidewalks on the main streets of cities, small-sized machines with great maneuverability are used.
In cities, public toilets must be placed on the main streets and squares, in stadiums, parks, markets, train stations, etc. Toilets are divided into ground; semi-aerial (floor 1.5-2 meters below ground level); underground (the building is completely underground); in retaining walls and slopes (the floor is flush with the ground level). Recently, biotoilets have appeared.
One of the elements of the city plan are city cemeteries and crematoria, the improvement of the territory of which should be given attention.
One of the important elements of urban improvement is Outdoor Lighting . Lighting installations on the streets, squares, squares and boulevards of the city in their purpose can be divided into the following groups:

street lighting, the purpose of which is to create uniform illumination in the evening and at night for the safety of traffic and pedestrians;
advertising lighting installations for informing citizens about trade, spectacles, etc.
architectural lighting designed to reveal the architectural and artistic forms of buildings and structures, monuments, as well as green spaces;
signal light installations. These include light indicators for public transport stops, street crossings, traffic lights, luminous road signs, debt license plates, etc.

In addition, illuminating lighting of a temporary nature is used in cities.
Street lighting control can be centralized (switching on and off from one point) and decentralized (from many points, the number of which in large cities is estimated at several dozen). In the event of an emergency shutdown of the lighting of any of the streets, an emergency signal is immediately sent to the control point, upon receipt of which the dispatcher gives an order to send repair personnel to the area from which the signal was received.
On major highways, it is recommended to install a single lighting system for better traffic conditions at night. For lighting reasons, luminaires should be hung above the roadbed. With an irrational placement of the light source, the space between the illuminated surfaces appears especially dark. Also lighting reduces road safety.

Housing is a large branch of the non-productive sphere, designed to preserve and improve the use of the housing stock, uninterrupted provision of the population with utilities necessary for human life and activity, and further increase the overall level of improvement and sanitary condition of cities. Chekalin V.S. Economics of urban economy: Proc. / V.S. Chekalin. - St. Petersburg: GIEU, 2010. - S. 79.

The housing economy of a modern city includes, on the one hand, the housing stock of the municipality, and, on the other hand, enterprises created for its maintenance, maintenance, operation and repair, as well as organizations necessary to manage this activity.

The basis of the city's housing economy is the housing stock - the totality of all residential premises, regardless of the form of ownership: residential buildings, specialized houses (dormitories, maneuverable fund, boarding houses for the disabled, veterans, etc.), service residential premises, other residential premises in other buildings suitable for habitation.

The formation of a management system for the operation of the housing stock largely depends on the form of ownership, which is divided into: Sirazhdinov R.Zh. Management in urban economy. Educational settlement / R.Zh. Sirazhdinov.-M.: KNORUS, 2012.-S.69.

a) private housing stock, including:

A fund owned by citizens (individual residential buildings, privatized, built and acquired apartments and houses, apartments in houses of housing and housing construction cooperatives with a fully paid share contribution, in houses of homeowners associations, apartments and houses acquired into ownership by citizens on other grounds provided for by law);

A fund owned by legal entities (private owners), built or acquired at their expense, including at the expense of housing, housing construction cooperatives, with an unpaid share contribution;

b) state housing stock, consisting of:

A departmental fund owned by the state and under the economic management of state enterprises or operational management public institutions relating to federal state property;

A fund owned by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, as well as a non-departmental fund under the economic jurisdiction of state enterprises or the operational management of state institutions belonging to the corresponding type of property;

c) municipal housing stock, i.е. a fund owned by a district, a city, their administrative-territorial entities, including in the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg, as well as a departmental fund under the economic jurisdiction of municipal enterprises or the operational management of municipal institutions.

The main participants in the process of operating the housing stock are housing maintenance organizations (ZHEO) and repair organizations (REO), the city administration represented by relevant services and departments, as well as residents of the city housing stock. ZhEO and REO provide the whole range of works on the technical and sanitary maintenance of housing, its repair and modernization. Large, volumetric works are carried out by specialized construction and repair and construction enterprises.

In many municipalities, work on the maintenance and repair of the housing stock is carried out by municipal unitary enterprises subordinate to the local administration. It acts as a direct participant in economic activity and as a local monopolist.

However, in the context of the diversity of forms of ownership of the housing stock and non-residential premises, all owners, including local governments, legal entities and individuals, have the right to independently determine organizations for the purposes of managing and maintaining their housing stock.

Creating a competitive environment in this area is a key task for municipal authorities. This requires the division of functions and the formation of contractual relations between the owner of housing (or an organization authorized by him), management companies and contract operating organizations. The main requirement in the formation or selection of a management company is focus on meeting the needs of homeowners.

The separation of the functions of the customer and the contractor in modern conditions is carried out on the basis of the creation of municipal services of the customer, management companies and homeowners associations. - No. 1. - Art. 14. The municipal service of the customer as a managing organization may be established by the local government in the form of a municipal institution.

Among the objects of the city - the housing stock, first of all, stands out for its social significance. In a residential area, a person spends most of his life. And related to this are more stringent requirements for the state of the housing stock, the supply of public services, to ensure the safety and comfort of living. The social significance of the housing stock is reflected in the legislation of the Russian Federation, which establishes standards (norms) for the living conditions of citizens in the housing stock, as well as the supply of communal and housing services to the population with a given quality and frequency.

Residential premises provided to citizens for living must be well-maintained, meet the established sanitary and technical requirements. The standard of living conditions is established taking into account the peculiarities and capabilities of the city, and meet the conditions of the level of living of citizens existing in the city, providing the most comfortable and safe living conditions, reliable and uninterrupted supply of public services. In Russia, this is just over 20 square meters, while 30% of the population has an average per capita provision that is less than the sanitary standard (9 square meters), and 8% of families live in communal apartments and dormitories. However, the housing stock of Russia is still insufficiently provided with elementary communal amenities. Sirazhdinov R.Zh. Management in urban economy. Educational settlement / R.Zh. Sirazhdinov.-M.: KNORUS, 2012.-S.84-85.

The most important feature of the housing stock is that it is an object of consumption by the population of the city and wears out over time, that is, it loses its original properties and qualities. Therefore, the development of the city's housing stock and ensuring its safety is a priority task for the municipal authorities.

By ensuring the safety of the housing stock is meant the maintenance and replenishment of the gradually lost properties of residential buildings, carried out through the organization of their operation, maintenance, systems of maintenance and overhaul.

The organization of the maintenance, operation and maintenance of the city's housing stock includes work on the improvement and sanitary cleaning of residential buildings and the adjacent territory, as well as the creation of optimal operating conditions for structures and engineering systems of residential buildings that ensure their standard service life, using material and financial resources to the extent necessary. resources.

The complex of organizational measures associated with these processes is called the technical operation and maintenance of a residential building. It includes organizational measures aimed at ensuring the smooth operation and reliability of the elements and systems of the facility throughout its entire service life.

The operation of the housing stock consists of a large number of processes that are heterogeneous in purpose and technology: systematic inspections of residential buildings, carrying out current repairs, monitoring the technical condition of engineering equipment, landscaping and gardening of the territory, sanitary cleaning, cleaning, preparation for major repairs (selection of buildings, development documentation), etc.

At present, the technical specifications and maintenance of the housing stock include:

1. The system of inspections and control of the technical condition of engineering systems and structural elements. The system of inspections is regulated by the Rules and Regulations for the technical operation of the housing stock. The purpose of inspections is to identify various defects in structural elements and engineering systems of residential buildings, control over the technical condition, use and condition of the premises.

3. A system of repairs to the housing stock, including current and major repairs of residential buildings. With the help of current repairs, minor physical deterioration of residential buildings is eliminated, and significant (more than 60%), as well as obsolescence - only with the help of one of the types of major repairs - reconstruction.

A list of the main types of work on the maintenance, maintenance, operation and development of the housing stock is presented in the Appendix. Kondratieva M.N. Organization and management of housing and communal services: educational / M.N. Kondratiev. - Ulyanovsk: UlGTU, 2009. - S. 106.

Thus, the technical maintenance and operation of the housing stock is a complex system in which the following areas are closely interconnected:

Maintenance and repair of housing stock;

Improvement and maintenance of the housing stock;

Financial and economic conditions of operation;

Housing management.

All this requires an individual approach to the organization of the maintenance and operation of each residential building. Therefore, in recent years, in connection with the reform of housing and communal services, such a sphere of activity in the housing sector of the city as the management of the housing stock by specialized organizations (management companies) has been developing.

The most important component of the urban economy is landscaping, which forms comfort, aesthetic and functional attractiveness, quality and convenience of life for citizens.

The external improvement of the city is roads and sidewalks, bridges and overpasses, underground and surface transport, pedestrian crossings and flyovers, storm sewer facilities and networks, embankments, various hydraulic structures designed to prevent landslides and flooding of territories, their drainage, bank protection, green spaces , street lighting, etc. Nikolaevskaya I.A. Landscaping: Textbook / I.A. Nikolaevskaya. - M.: Academy, 2007. - 272 p.

Thus, the concept of urban area improvement includes work on the construction, reconstruction, repair and maintenance of the urban street and road network, bridges, tunnels, overpasses, maintenance and development of lighting networks, maintenance of recreational areas, work on landscaping urban areas, maintenance of public toilets. , the maintenance and development of storm sewer facilities, the organization of dog walking areas, the integrated development of courtyard areas, etc. All these types of work are carried out to bring the territory into a condition suitable for creating conditions conducive to the normal life of the city's population. In other words, speaking about improving the improvement of urban areas, we are talking about such an organization of the territory that will contribute to the environmental safety of human health, improve the quality of life of citizens. There.

The improvement system includes a set of programs and plans, the components of which are closely interconnected. In this aspect, integrated improvement means the development and implementation of the set of activities that are aimed at creating and developing aesthetics and a socio-ecological organized urban environment. Borisov V.I. Improvement of cities - on a scientific basis / V.I. Borisov // Industrial and civil construction. - 2008. - No. 7. - S. 31-33.

External improvement enterprises can be:

The municipal city cleaning company, which is responsible for the removal of garbage from the yards, which is disposed of in special landfills, and the removal of municipal liquid waste.

The city improvement company is engaged in garbage and snow removal, monitors bridges, monuments.

The municipal forestry enterprise is engaged in the cultivation of flowers, shrubs, the maintenance and cleaning of parks.

The municipal specialized road construction department is engaged in asphalting the streets.

An important place among the complex of tasks performed by enterprises of external improvement is occupied by the sanitary cleaning of the city. The impact of the results of sanitary cleaning on the state of the environment depends on how well it is carried out and fully covers the entire necessary set of works. The tasks of sanitary cleaning are solved at different levels, in connection with which the planning of measures for their implementation is carried out at the level of the region, city, residential area, as well as the courtyard area.

On a citywide scale, first of all, issues are being resolved about the type, capacity and location of enterprises for the disposal of solid waste, the construction of waste transfer stations, the acquisition of fleets of special vehicles, depending on the type of residential development, the size and length of the city, the characteristics of the road network, the distance of removal and other local conditions.

Thus, the improvement of cities is the most important area of activity of the municipal economy. It solves the problem of creating a favorable living environment with the provision of comfortable conditions for all types of activities of the population. It is in this area that conditions are created for the population that provide a high standard of living. Thus, conditions are created for a healthy, comfortable, convenient life both for an individual at the place of residence and for all residents of the city.

And the effective organization of the system of management of urban housing and landscaping leads to a significant improvement in housing services for the population.

housing urban improvement

The formation of a favorable living environment is the main goal of urban planning policy, carried out within residential areas by state authorities of the Russian Federation, individual subjects of the Russian Federation and local governments.

Along with urban planning, architectural, technical aspects, the improvement of territories is important for the formation of high architectural, artistic, functional planning, social, sanitary, hygienic and environmental qualities of urban areas in general, and residential areas in particular. Housing cannot be considered comfortable if the surroundings of the building are not landscaped.

Issues of integrated improvement are solved at all stages of urban planning and architectural and construction design and are implemented in full accordance with the developed projects. The main ideas of integrated improvement are determined by the projects of detailed planning of residential areas, and specific solutions, volumes, costs - in the development projects of individual residential complexes. However, during the period of operation of buildings, structures and complexes, and especially during the reconstruction and modernization of individual buildings and structures, there are violations of existing regulations and standards affecting improvement issues, which undoubtedly entails a deterioration in the quality of the living environment of the population. In addition, a significant part of the housing stock of cities and the improvement of adjacent territories are obsolete and do not meet today's social and living needs of the population and modern sanitary, hygienic and environmental requirements. Therefore, operating organizations, which currently perform not only the functions of a contractor, but also a customer, face additional problems related to the improvement, and sometimes even the creation of a system for landscaping residential areas.

Residential areas are part of the residential area of the city and are designed to organize a residential environment - an environment for non-productive activities of the population, where household processes, recreation, maintenance, and economic functions are carried out.

general principle the formation of residential areas is to ensure maximum convenience for the population in meeting its socio-cultural and domestic needs with the rational use of resources and urban land. This principle is implemented through the formation of residential complexes of different territorial levels. AT modern city the following main structural and planning formations of residential areas can be distinguished:

Plots of residential and mixed residential development;

Groups (quarters), residential and mixed residential development;

Neighborhoods;

residential areas.

Plots of residential and mixed residential development are most typical for the central areas of cities with predominantly historical buildings, and are also found in the territories of public centers and highway territories. The size of such territories within the boundaries of households usually does not exceed 1 ha. In functional terms, these territories are divided into a built-up part and an adjoining part, which includes a territory of green spaces with playgrounds and recreation areas; sports grounds; parking lots for temporary storage of cars and parking garages; building entrances.

Groups (blocks) of residential and mixed development are formed similarly to residential and mixed residential development areas, but can also be represented as primary structural planning elements within microdistricts in small (up to 500 ha) inter-main areas. This type of residential areas, located in the central districts of cities, in public centers and on highway territories, is mainly built up with residential buildings of the pre-war period or modernized, reconstructed buildings. Buildings are mainly located along the red lines of the adjacent streets along the entire perimeter of the quarters of the central districts of the city. As part of modern residential microdistricts, the development of residential groups is usually represented by typical residential buildings characteristic of mass construction.

The size of residential groups usually do not exceed 8 - 10 hectares. In functional terms, there are areas of residential and mixed residential development, areas of preschool institutions, green spaces of residential groups, areas of objects of approximate (primary) cultural and community services, parking lots for temporary storage of cars and parking garages, driveways to residential and public buildings.

Residential microdistricts and districts are a modern form of functional planning organization of residential areas in the residential zone of the city. They are formed on inter-main territories of various sizes (from 500 to 1000 ha). Residential development is represented mainly by typical residential buildings of various series of mass construction.

Residential microdistrict - an area of no more than 30 hectares. The territory of the microdistrict includes: groups of residential and mixed buildings, areas of schools, cultural and community services, everyday services, communal facilities, as well as areas occupied by green spaces of microdistrict significance (gardens, squares), parking garages, streets and driveways.

The territory of a residential area averages 60 - 75 hectares, but in large and major cities it can reach 250 hectares. The functional organization of a residential area provides for the allocation of functional elements within its territory: microdistricts and public areas with sites for periodic use, sports and communal facilities, green spaces of regional significance (parks, squares, boulevards), sections of parking garages, square streets, automobile parking.

The specificity of the functional and planning organization of various types of residential areas predetermines a different approach to the organization of the external improvement system, the maintenance and operation of its individual elements. At the same time, there are a number of general provisions that form the basis for the formation, maintenance and operation of the system of improvement of residential complexes of the city.

In modern conditions of intensive socio-economic development of cities, the transformation of their planning structure, mass reconstruction of buildings, the formation of a housing market, the problems of external improvement should be solved at a high artistic, scientific and technical level.

Achieving the main goal - a comfortable living environment - should be carried out primarily on the basis of taking into account the social processes occurring within residential areas. It should also be noted a number of aspects that determine the practical urban planning requirements for the system of external improvement:

§ the activation of social forms of life within residential areas determines the need for new forms of organization of leisure for the population, the formation of a system of open spaces in residential areas, microdistricts, neighborhoods, residential groups, and even in individual areas of residential development;

§ the creation of comfortable conditions for recreation and the implementation of social and domestic functions near housing, the so-called approximate or primary and daily maintenance, requires zoning and improvement of the territory of residential development, taking into account the demographic composition of the population, the degree of its mobility, the structure of free time, the types of activities carried out, the quality housing stock;

§ the landscape of the area, natural and climatic conditions, the urban situation and the position of residential areas in relation to other functional elements of the urban plan affect the choice of the range of improvement elements and the nature of their relationships;

§ The landscaping system contributes to the improvement of the sanitary, hygienic and ecological state of the residential area not only at the time of construction and reconstruction, but also during its operation.

§ Improvement of residential areas is a complex, multifaceted task. The concept of "improvement" includes a set of activities:

§ on engineering improvement (engineering training and engineering equipment, artificial lighting), social improvement (improving the system of social and consumer services for the population);

§ external landscaping (landscaping, organization of traffic and pedestrians, equipping the territory with small architectural forms and landscaping elements).

§ The set of landscaping measures also includes works related to the improvement of the environment, improvement of sanitary and hygienic conditions of residential areas, ensuring environmental improvement of the territory

§ The process of improvement of the object includes, first of all, the design of the improvement system, the implementation of the improvement project, maintenance and technical operation, repair and reconstruction of the improvement system of the facility and its elements.

Landscaping design is carried out by any design organization that has a license for this type of activity and has received an order to perform this work. The improvement project is an integral part of both urban planning and architectural and construction documentation. The higher the quality of the design solution, the more fully it takes into account the operational qualities, the longer it is possible to operate such an object without radical reconstruction measures in the field of improvement. However, this is true only with a sufficiently high quality of the construction of the object and the implementation in kind of the project for its improvement.

§ all types of work are carried out by one contractor that has the technical capabilities and trained personnel to carry out the required list of works and services;

§ the main activity for the maintenance and operation of the improvement system is carried out by one contractor, and part of the work (for example, certain types of work to care for green spaces or repair of road surfaces of driveways, etc.) is carried out under a contract or subcontract - one or more specialized organizations.

Usually, according to the first scheme, complex organizations, enterprises, firms operate, which include not only services involved in the repair and maintenance activities of the housing stock, but also services that provide landscaping, gardening, sanitary cleaning and cleaning of territories, road repair work. The second work organization scheme is used by repair and maintenance organizations and enterprises that are not able to complete the entire cycle of work related to the maintenance and operation of residential areas due to the lack of licenses for various types of activities, lack of labor and production resources, etc.

The composition, content and scope of work in certain areas of improvement of residential areas depend on many factors. First of all, from the period of construction of residential buildings, the quality of maintenance of the existing housing stock, the state of engineering infrastructures, the saturation and level of provision of territories with social service institutions, the urban planning, engineering, transport and environmental situation in residential areas and adjacent areas, etc.

The criterion for the comfort of the decisions made on improvement should be considered their compliance with regulatory indicators that provide:

§ the completeness of the provision of services in the field of social and domestic improvement;

§ nomenclature of small architectural forms and planning elements, sizes and availability of planning elements of improvement;

§ required sanitary-hygienic and environmental conditions.

2. Engineering improvement of residential areas.

In exploited residential areas, the main issues related to engineering preparation, i.e., the protection of territories from adverse natural influences and the issues of adapting “inconvenient” areas for urban planning purposes, as a rule, have been resolved. Therefore, operating organizations have to solve, first of all, the problems of improving the organization of surface runoff, disturbed as a result of a change (increase) in the planning marks of the trays of the carriageways of adjacent streets and intra-block passages after repeated repairs of pavement coatings, as well as due to violations in the functioning of drainage systems (contamination or insufficient capacity of storm gratings, their incorrect location on adjacent streets and intra-quarter territories after the reconstruction of the road network, etc.). In the process of reconstruction, very often there are also changes in the tracing and design of the intra-block network of alleys and yard spaces, through which rainwater was previously discharged.

The set of measures for water disposal must meet two main provisions: the first is to ensure, first of all, the maximum natural runoff of rainwater through the vertical planning of the surface; the second is the creation of the possibility of water disposal using special engineering systems in areas where natural flow is not possible for any reason.

Natural drainage is provided when the slope of the surface of the territory, trays of carriageways, platforms, areas of green spaces is at least 4 - 5%. During the operation of residential areas, drainless places may appear, especially in areas of historical development due to the uneven accumulation of the cultural layer, which can even be higher than the horizontal waterproofing of the outer walls of residential buildings, which contributes to the flooding of basements, corrosion of utilities and destruction of foundations. This circumstance necessitates the construction of intra-quarter rainwater sewerage systems of open and closed type. The main elements of rainwater drainage systems used in the exploited areas.

Artificial lighting is one of the most important elements of landscaping. It serves to solve utilitarian, informational, signaling and architectural and artistic tasks at night, providing normal visibility for pedestrians and vehicles, orientation in the residential area, and the formation of an artistic perception of the building. Lighting in residential buildings should provide for two modes of operation - evening and night.

Requirements for illumination of residential areas are lower than for main streets with heavy traffic. For pedestrian and transport communications within residential areas, the average horizontal illumination is normalized: for pedestrian alleys, roads and sidewalks - at least 4 lux; internal and service and economic driveways, parking lots, utility sites and sites for garbage collectors - at least 2 lux; for walking paths and recreation areas - at least 1 lux.

The choice of lighting fixtures and installations by operating organizations should be made taking into account the provision of normalized illumination indicators and the creation of comfortable visual conditions for pedestrians and drivers on the streets and driveways, open car parks, children's playgrounds and sports grounds and recreation areas for the adult population, on footpaths and business sites. Illumination of territories of courtyards and microdistricts should not interfere with residents. It should have certain decorative and artistic qualities when illuminating green spaces, small forms, when organizing the illumination of building facades, sculptures and other landscaping elements.

Lighting installations must be human-scaled and fit into the architectural environment of residential development by design.

3.Social and domestic improvement of residential areas.

Social improvement of the territory consists in providing residential areas with socially significant objects of approximate (primary) and everyday cultural and community services (CBO) of the population.

The formation and placement of objects of cultural and community services for the population occurs during the implementation of planning and development projects for residential areas. However, during the period of operation, the formed OBE system undergoes significant changes, this process is especially intensive in the present period. As a result of the expanded opportunities for renting premises on the territory of residential development, organizations that are not characteristic of these territories appear, for example, for the production of any product. At the same time, there is a tendency to “wash out” vital KBO facilities from residential areas - shopping facilities, consumer services, leisure facilities, especially for socially unprotected groups of the population (pensioners, the disabled, children) and a change in the profile of these facilities, which causes a violation standards for the accessibility of KBO facilities and a decrease in the level of service, in particular for preschool and school institutions. The number of required places usually complies with the standards, however, the location of these institutions does not always take into account the radius of accessibility and the conditions of approach without crossing highways, streets, driveways.

Operating organizations should ensure, within residential areas, at least the minimum required level of provision with socially significant KBO facilities and, together with city governments, city property management institutions, regulate the processes of preserving and modernizing cultural and community services for the population of residential complexes. The mandatory list and calculated indicators of such objects are given in the table:

Approximate service enterprises and institutions	unit of measurement	Minimum Security
A. Approximate service
Nurseries	places per 1 thousand inhabitants	Demographic calculation
Grocery store for basic necessities, including culinary, bakery		20,0
Department store of essential goods	Same	10,0
Reception point for laundry, dry cleaning	object for a residential group	1,0
Consumer service workshop	jobs per 1 thousand inhabitants	0,5
Pharmacy	m 2 of total area per I thousand inhabitants	10,0
Service Club for Pensioners and the Disabled		0,03
youth club	Too	0,03
Law Enforcement Point	m 2 of total area per residential group	20,0
Gym	m 2 of total area per 1 inhabitant	0,05
B. Daily maintenance
Preschool	places per 1 thousand inhabitants	Demographic calculation
Comprehensive schools	Same	Same
Food stores	m 2 of retail space per 1 thousand inhabitants	80,0
Non-food stores	Same	40,0
Catering establishments	seats per 1 thousand inhabitants	11,0
Consumer service enterprises	jobs per I thousand inhabitants	1,5
Universal Hall	places per 1 thousand inhabitants	10,0
Libraries	thousand volumes per 1 thousand inhabitants	3,1
Club premises		90,0
Pharmacies	Same	50,0
Distribution points of dairy cuisine	Same	10,0
Indoor sports facilities	m 2 of total area per 1 inhabitant	0,13
Outpost of law enforcement	m 2 of total area per microdistrict	120,0
Branch of Sberbank	m 2 of total area per 1 thousand inhabitants	20,0
Post Office	an object	1 per 15 thousand inhabitants
gas distribution point	an object	by calculation
Transformer substations	Too	for 3 - 4 thousand inhabitants
public restrooms	device per 1 thousand inhabitants	0,3

Enterprises and institutions of operation need to monitor the functioning of commercial and domestic facilities. According to the principle established during the development period, they are located not only in separate buildings and structures, but also in built-in and attached premises, as well as on the first floors of residential buildings. Noise from loading and unloading operations, untimely garbage collection, disorderly storage of containers - these are all negative factors that violate the comfort of living, reducing the level of landscaping.

4. External landscaping and gardening.

External landscaping is one of the main problems that the operating organization has to solve in residential areas. The set of measures that ensure the external improvement of the territory includes: the maintenance and repair of the landscaping system, transport and pedestrian communications, small architectural forms, planning and volumetric elements of improvement, gaming and sports equipment, landscape gardening furniture.

The importance of green spaces within residential areas is great. First of all, green spaces are an integral part of the natural complex of the city and participate in the improvement of the urban environment by regulating the thermal regime, reducing wind speed, purifying and moistening the air, and reducing the level of noise in the territories. Green spaces are the best environment for the formation of recreational elements of residential development: recreation areas for adults and children, sports grounds. In addition, they are an excellent means of enriching the landscape of residential areas. Therefore, the preservation of green spaces, proper and timely care is an essential requirement for their maintenance.

Green spaces, depending on the nature of their use within residential areas, are divided into gardens, squares, boulevards, plantings along streets and landscaped courtyards, as well as landscaping within school and preschool institutions and public and shopping centers for everyday use.

The minimum rate of green spaces per 1 inhabitant within residential areas is 5-7 m 2 . In modern residential areas and microdistricts, this standard is almost universally ensured by creating landscaped original microgardens at each residential building or by combining free plots in a group of residential buildings into one relatively large green area - the garden of the microdistrict.

The gardens of the microdistrict are arranged in microdistricts of municipal construction at the rate of 3.0 m 2 people, using for this purpose the territories of wastelands, ravines, undeveloped areas that are inconvenient for development for residential development. The garden includes sports flat structures at the rate of 1.0 m 2 / person, a children's playground - 1.0 m 2 / person, green areas (lawns, flower beds, planting trees and shrubs) - 0.5 m 2 / person and playgrounds for adults and garden paths at the rate of 0.5 m 2 / person. When the garden of the microdistrict is located near the school plots, conditions are created for the formation of sports and recreation complexes, which allow the joint use of flat structures, indoor sports halls, swimming pools both by residents of the microdistrict and by the school, and to intensify physical education and sports for residents of the microdistrict, to increase the efficiency of the use of sports facilities.

However, it is not always possible to achieve even such a level of landscaping in the central areas of cities with densely built quarters, so operating organizations should use a more rational organization of green spaces, looking for other ways to solve the problem, for example, using vertical and container gardening, improving existing landscaping techniques, creating winter gardens and greening roofs, etc.

The main types of green spaces used within residential areas are lawns, flower beds, trees and shrubs.

Lawns according to their purpose, methods of creation and maintenance are divided into parterre, ordinary, meadow, sports, Mauritanian or "blooming" and special. Flower beds within residential areas can be formed in the form of parterres, flower beds, rabatok, arrays, groups, single plantings and planted in flower vases. When placing trees and shrubs on the territory of residential development, various methods are used: single plantings, group plantings, in the form of curtains, ordinary plantings, arrays.

The formation of the landscaping system at the construction stage takes place in strict accordance with the territory improvement project. However, practice shows that during the operation of residential areas, the system of green spaces undergoes significant changes compared to design solutions. The maintenance and operation of landscaping facilities should be carried out taking into account the "Rules for the creation, protection and maintenance of green spaces in the cities of the Russian Federation."

Significant deviations in the system of landscaping and landscaping during operation are observed primarily in the adjacent territories, where inconsistent planting, replanting, and cutting down of green spaces occur; trampling lawns, shrubs, flower beds, the location of which does not take into account the existing network of pedestrian communications. In conditions of a high level of motorization (350 - 400 cars per 1 thousand inhabitants), a significant part of free spaces, mainly lawns and playgrounds, adjacent territories are cluttered with parked cars due to the lack of places to store them. The front gardens of residential buildings are additionally planted with greenery by the residents of the first floors without taking into account the underground communications laid within their boundaries, which causes not only the destruction of the engineering communications themselves, but also the foundations and blind areas of buildings, and a decrease in insolation of residential premises of the first three or four floors of residential buildings. Therefore, when operating adjacent territories, one should be guided by the standards for the placement of green spaces, given in the table:

Structures, buildings, communications	Minimum distance to plant axis
tree	shrub
From the outer walls of buildings and structures	5,0	1,5
From the outer walls of the school building or kindergarten building	10,0	1,5
From the axes of the tram tracks	5,0	3,0
From the edge of sidewalks and garden paths	0,7	0,5
From the edge of the carriageway, streets, edges of reinforced lanes, roadsides and edges of ditches	2,0	1,0
From the masts and supports of the lighting network of the tram, columns of galleries and flyovers	4,0	-
From the bottom of slopes and terraces, etc.	1,0	0,5
From the sole and the inner edge of the supporting walls	3,0	1,0
From underground networks: Gas pipelines, sewers,	1,5	-
Heat pipelines, pipelines, heating pipelines	2,0	1,0
Plumbing, drainage	2,0	-
Power cables and communication cables	2,0	0,7

§ regular watering of green plantings with the provision of norms and multiplicity corresponding to each type of green plantings. Watering provides optimal moisture in the root layer of the soil, increasing the supply of mineral nutrients;

§ sprinkling and washing the crowns of trees and shrubs using detergents to remove dust and dirt; application of organic and mineral fertilizers to ensure the normal development of plants, increase their resistance to adverse environmental conditions;

§ soil loosening, weed removal, mulching and warming;

§ sanitary, rejuvenating, shaping and topiary pruning of crowns, shearing of "hedges";

§ planting and transplanting trees and shrubs;

§ felling dry, emergency and diseased trees and shrubs that have lost their appearance;

§ regular mowing of lawns;

§ planting flowers;

§ treatment of green spaces with pesticides, pesticides and herbicides to control pests and diseases.

All measures for the maintenance of green spaces must be carried out in strict accordance with the work flow charts.

To regulate the maintenance of green spaces in residential areas, their overhaul and reconstruction, the operating organization conducts an inventory of green spaces with the development of an object passport, transferred after approval by the architecture and urban planning authorities, the land committee to the technical inventory bureau. The passport of the green area object indicates information about the state of green spaces, the timing of the overhaul or reconstruction of the object. Organizations operating residential areas are required to timely notify the technical inventory bureau of all changes at the landscaping facility. Every 5 years, the inventory data is regularly updated, which makes it possible to monitor the state of green spaces and the improvement of residential areas.

The composition and placement of planning and volumetric elements of improvement in residential development is determined depending on the size and nature of the open spaces of residential areas. Each type and compositional method of building is characterized by its own variants of architectural and planning solutions and landscaping.

The planning elements of improvement include sites for various purposes: for active and quiet recreation for adults and children, play, sports, household and extended planning elements - pedestrian alleys, boulevards, health and walking trails, bike paths. In modern residential development, a significant role is occupied by volumetric elements of improvement, which can be divided into three groups:

1) cultural and community purposes (arbors for recreation, telephone boxes, kiosks, pavilions);

2) commercial purposes (pavilions and kiosks for the sale of printed materials, essential products, summer small cafes);

3) transport purpose - pavilions and sheds at stops.

In high-rise residential buildings, the formation of which is based on the micro-district principle of organizing territories, the presence of vast open spaces makes it possible to differentiate the creation of zones of social activity of the population, providing social, recreational, sports and recreational and other needs of the population, with the allocation of complex public spaces. In these territories, it is possible to use not only planning, volumetric elements of improvement, but also space modeling by means of landscape architecture - the creation of artificial relief, reservoirs, large areas of greenery, cascades of ponds, etc.

When developing territories with buildings of medium and low-rise buildings, characterized by smaller distances between buildings, fragmentation of open spaces, as well as in the conditions of old dense urban development, it is advisable to follow the path of forming single complexes of functionally compatible landscaping elements that provide at least the minimum needs of the population.

Each residential group should include the following planning elements of improvement with special equipment:

§ recreation areas (short-term rest, quiet rest, board games);

§ children's playgrounds (for children of different ages: up to 3 years old, 4 - 6 years old, 7 - 12 years old);

§ complex public spaces of many functional purposes (for all age groups of the population) are formed in the presence of the territory and depending on the specific conditions of the site;

§ areas for household purposes (for drying clothes, cleaning
clothes and carpets, garbage collectors);

§ dog walking areas;

§ parking for cars;

§ parking for bicycles.

The placement of sites in relation to residential development and other planning elements is carried out taking into account ensuring their accessibility and safety of operation. The noise characteristics created by these sites are also taken into account. The sizes of the sites are determined by aggregated indicators per 1 inhabitant. The calculated indicators of sites for various purposes are given in the table:

Site assignment	Norm of area per 1 inhabitant, m 2	Service radius, m 2	Site dimensions, m 2	Minimum distance from the windows of buildings, m 2
Playgrounds for children:	Up to 0.1	-	-
Up to 3 years	0,1	30-40	20-50	-
4 to 6 years old	0,2	80-100	150-200	-
7 to 12	0,4	200-300
Places for a quiet rest (including in the local area)	0,1-0,4	40-50	10-100	0-20
Sports grounds	2,0	200 - 300	400-1400
Business sites for:
Drying clothes	0,15		15-100
Cleaning clothes and carpets	0,10		10 -20	20 - 40
Garbage bins	0,03		4-25	20-100
dog walking	25 dogs per 1,000 residents, 50 dogs per playground		400 - 600	40 - 50
car parks	0,8		By calculation	10 - 35

Children's playgrounds are located in the immediate vicinity of residential buildings. From the side of playgrounds for other purposes or driveways and parking lots, playgrounds must have a green strip with a width of at least 5 m. It is recommended to arrange splash pools near the playgrounds for younger students, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich is not included in the area of playgrounds.

Access to the sites should be organized from footpaths, and not from driveways or streets with traffic. Playgrounds should not be passable, it is forbidden to make entrances to playgrounds through guest parking lots near houses.

The relief of the sites must comply with the requirements for the discharge of rainwater, the coatings of the sites must be dust-free, and dry quickly after rain or watering.

Among the green spaces within the sites, it is recommended to arrange bicycle paths with a width of 1.2 - 1.5 m, which should not approach the driveways closer than 5 m.

Green spaces around playgrounds should be placed taking into account their insolation during 5 hours of daylight hours, for which trees are planted on the eastern side no closer than 5 m from the edge of the playground. From the northern and western sides, they can come close to the edge of the site.

Children's playgrounds should be illuminated in the evening and be functional and decorative, lighting installations can be built into small forms.

The coloristic solution of children's playgrounds can stand out against the general background of landscaping and be bright color accents in the environment.

Rest areas for the adult population should not be located closer than 15 m from residential buildings and adjacent to driveways. They are separated from the driveways by a green strip of at least 5 m. The sites should not be walkable. They are recommended to be placed in places where it is possible to organize observation points on artificial and natural reservoirs, architectural monuments or other attractive elements of the landscape. When designing sites, it is necessary to provide insolation for 1/2 of the site territories during daylight hours.

Lighting of recreation areas should operate in the same mode during the evening. It is designed, as a rule, built into the elements of the site equipment.

Sports grounds. In the improvement of residential areas, various types of sports grounds can be used: basketball, volleyball, tennis, etc.

It is advisable to place sports grounds near groups of residential buildings, at the ends of buildings or at a distance of at least 25 m from the windows of residential buildings.

Business sites. They include: areas for drying clothes, airing clothes, container areas.

Areas for drying clothes and airing outerwear should be fully lit by the sun and ventilated during the day.

They should be clearly visible from the windows of the house whose residents are served, and should not be adjacent to sites for other purposes and driveways. Entrance is from footpaths and footpaths. The equipment of household sites for drying clothes and airing outerwear is represented by poles dug into the ground, with hooks for pulling ropes between them. The distance between them should allow a standard rope (20 m) to be pulled between them. The coverage of the sites is made of tiles or can be non-rigid and even ground (compacted soil).

Coverings of utility sites for the installation of garbage bins (Fig. 12.3, c) must be asphalt, allowing periodically washing off the remaining debris from the site. The design of asphalt pavements is similar to the design of driveway pavements so that, if necessary, garbage trucks have the opportunity to enter the site. Around the sites on three sides, it is necessary to build a wall 1.0 - 1.2 m high made of bricks, standard reinforced concrete elements, in the form of a hedge in order to prevent debris from entering the adjacent territory. They are not allowed to adjoin other sites. These areas should be shaded throughout the day.

Garbage bins are equipped with tanks and containers. The area for 1 tank is 0.75 - 1.5 m 2, for 1 container - 2 - 3 m 2. Between the rows of containers and tanks along the edges of the site, a passage of at least 0.75 m is left.

Within residential areas, if possible, it is necessary to arrange special areas for walking dogs. The configuration of the site is arbitrary, depending on the specific conditions prevailing in the microdistrict or quarter. It is preferable to arrange platforms in the form of lanes 10 - 12 m wide with a path for dog owners. The length of the strip is arbitrary, based on the possibilities of the territory. The distance from the windows of residential and public buildings to the playground should be at least 40 m and at least 50 m from the areas of children's institutions. The sites must be equipped with fences, signs, inscriptions about their purpose and rules of use, garbage containers. Lighting for dog walking areas should provide standard performance and function during the evening.

The organization of traffic and pedestrians within residential areas is complex and diverse.

The network of footpaths should be rationally organized to provide convenient shortest approaches from any entrance to public transport stops, schools, gardens, shops and other buildings of cultural and community services, i.e. in the direction of the main pedestrian routes. They should also provide access to sports, playgrounds, recreation areas, utility sites. Walking paths, in addition, should provide the opportunity for recreation, leading pedestrians to the most advantageous elements of the territory in terms of landscape. In the case when the pedestrian network is formed within the residential development irrationally, the residents of microdistricts, quarters spontaneously determine more rational routes of pedestrian communications. In this case, it is more expedient for operating organizations to consolidate the current situation by constructing footpaths, sidewalks with a hard or special surface along these directions.

All footpaths on the territory of residential development are divided into main ones, connecting the main functional areas of residential areas, and secondary ones, providing connections within one functional area.

The width of the main pedestrian routes is calculated based on the intensity of pedestrian traffic, and is 2.25 - 3.0 m. The width of one lane is 0.75 m. Secondary paths are usually arranged with a width of 0.75 - 1.5 m. and the paths, as a rule, should be the same width throughout. It is allowed to widen them, mainly for the installation of benches for rest on them.

Operating organizations must take into account that pedestrian paths within residential areas must be adapted for the movement of disabled people and people with diseases of the musculoskeletal system. For the convenience of residents using wheelchairs for their movements, pedestrian paths should be laid with slopes from 4 to 50%, equipped not only with stairs, but also with ramps that soften a significant slope with horizontal sections. Sidewalks along residential buildings should be at least 1.5 m.

Coverings of paths and sites for various purposes in residential areas of microdistricts and quarters can be of two categories:

§ hard surfaces (poured asphalt, sandy asphalt, tiles of different sizes) used for main pedestrian communications and paths with heavy pedestrian traffic (more than 100 - 150 people/hour);

§ non-solid surfaces (crushed gravel, compacted soil, lawn) used to organize secondary pedestrian links.

Paths leading to public transport stops, schools, kindergartens, shops and other institutions of the KBO and public services must have hard surfaces that ensure their use at any time of the year and in any weather.

When choosing coatings, one should be guided by the purpose of a footpath or platform, the intensity of its use, light - the textured characteristics of coatings, and the possibilities of mechanized cleaning using sidewalk cleaning equipment.

Network of intra-block passages should provide convenient transport links between residential and public buildings and the adjacent network of city streets and roads. The routing of intra-block passages must comply with the conditions for organizing traffic and fire safety requirements.

Drives within residential areas are divided into main and secondary. The main driveways provide access to groups of residential buildings and public buildings and structures. They must have a width of at least 5.5 m, providing the possibility of two-way traffic. Secondary driveways provide access to each residential building; Auxiliary fire-fighting driveways also belong to this category. Secondary driveways are arranged with a width of 3.5 to 5.5 m, depending on the number of storeys of buildings.

The driveways must adjoin the carriageways of residential streets and highways of district significance of regulated traffic or to local driveways of citywide highways of continuous traffic. To ensure traffic safety within these adjunctions, the requirements of visibility triangles must be met, which is not always fulfilled in practice.

In the areas under reconstruction, in order to ensure normal conditions for traffic and the separation of transport and pedestrian traffic, it is necessary to streamline the scheme for organizing transport passages and reduce the number of exits to adjacent streets. Such a solution is necessary to reduce or eliminate conflict points that complicate the movement of vehicles on the adjacent highways of the city. In addition, through passages through neighborhoods, especially those that are unsafe for younger residents, should be excluded.

For driveways with a width of 3.5 m, which is especially often observed in microdistricts of the first generation and in old urban development, it is necessary to provide turnaround areas 6 x 15 m in size every 100 m. Dead-end passages must end with turn-around areas measuring 12 x 12 m, or a ring with a radius of at least 10 m along the axis of the passage, or a T-shaped turn. The use of turnaround areas for stopping and storing cars is not allowed, which, however, is not always suppressed by operating organizations. As a result, especially in the evening and at night, the intra-quarter driveways and adjacent territories are filled with standing cars, which causes great difficulties when driving, if necessary, ambulances, firefighters and utility vehicles, mechanical cleaning of driveways, etc.

On the side of residential buildings, the driveways should have a sidewalk, on the outside there should be a technical lane for storing snow when removing it from the driveways.

The routing of intra-quarter and intra-micro-district driveways should provide the possibility of mechanized cleaning of driveways in summer and winter time. To do this, within their limits there should be no "dead zones" that are inaccessible to garbage trucks. The minimum turning radius along the inner edge of the main driveways must be at least 10 m, secondary - at least 8 m.

The pavement structures of passages are of an improved capital type, for fire passages - an improved lightweight one, provided that the design load from fire engines is 20 tons per axle.

One of the most difficult problems facing organizations operating residential areas is the problem of storing residents' vehicles. The current level of motorization is growing so intensively that even newly developed residential areas built according to new projects do not meet the ever-increasing needs of car owners. The normative level of motorization is 280 - 300 cars per 1 thousand inhabitants. The real - especially in areas with commercial housing - is 1.5 times more.

Parking lots for temporary storage of cars should be provided for each residential group - these are the so-called "guest" parking lots, which are calculated approximately for 10% of the estimated number of cars in this residential group. In modern microdistricts, it is also possible to organize parking lots for temporary storage of cars inside residential groups, which should be located at a distance of at least 10–15 m from the facades of residential and public buildings, conveniently connecting them to the network of main driveways.

Within the limits of the existing block development, the problem of even temporary car parking is much more difficult to solve. Linear and perimeter buildings with distances between the longitudinal sides of buildings 1.0 - 1.5 of their height make it extremely difficult to place parking lots, since in this case the sanitary standards of distance from the windows of residential buildings are not maintained. In cases where the yards are somewhat large, the placement of parking lots, as a rule, reduces the possibility of using the intra-yard space for other functional purposes. This problem in each individual town-planning situation requires operating organizations to make their own decisions, taking into account the territorial development reserves.

Structures for the permanent storage of vehicles of residents must provide at least 70% of the estimated number of vehicles. Their placement is carried out taking into account the walking distance of 800 m.

Places for permanent storage of cars can be organized in the form of open parking lots and garages of various types - aboveground, ground, semi-underground and underground. The distance to garages and open parking lots for permanent storage of cars to residential and public buildings should not be less than 25 m.

For the disabled, it is allowed to install box-type garages within residential areas with a service radius of 50 m, placing them at the ends of the transformer substation, central heating station and other engineering services of the microdistrict. The estimated number of boxes is determined based on the standard of 5 box garages per 1 thousand residents.

The required land area for garages and parking lots depends on the number of storeys of these structures. The norm of the area of the land plot for one car with different number of storeys of garages and parking lots can be approximately determined from the table:

It can be seen from the table that the use of multi-storey garages makes it possible to save residential areas as much as possible, which is especially important in the central areas of cities with a shortage of free territories. For the construction of multi-storey garages, it is possible to use wastelands, plots in the power transmission line zone and the sanitary protection zone of railway entrances to cities with appropriate justification and land allocation. It is advisable to use ravine areas, areas with a sharp difference in relief, as well as the space under transport facilities and underground space under public, utility buildings, sports facilities, driveways and parking lots. On the territory of residential development, the construction of multi-storey garages with a capacity of more than 300 parking spaces requires additional justification.

Modern residential areas without small architectural forms are like a house without furniture. According to their purpose, they can be divided into 5 main groups:

§ small forms of utilitarian purpose of mass use - bins, benches, fences, signs, license plates of houses, stairs, retaining walls, etc.;

§ small forms of decorative purposes - decorative walls, trellises, fountains, arbors, flower vases, sculptures;

§ small forms of play and physical education, play elements of playgrounds - swings, carousels, booms, sandboxes, climbing walls, roller coasters, etc.;

§ small forms for recreation areas for adults - pergolas, drinking fountains, tables, etc.;

§ sports ground equipment - nets with poles, basketball backboards, hockey goals, table tennis tables, etc.

Many landscaping elements are of a massive nature and can be typical, for example, signs, benches, trash cans, fences, equipment, retaining walls.

However, such small forms as an entrance sign to the territory of a residential area or a decorative sculpture, a fountain, a rotunda or an arbor, should be carried out only according to individual projects.

The use of small architectural forms for utilitarian purposes can be repeated, however, small forms of gaming and sports purposes, although they can be repeated within sight, it is better for operating organizations to have different types small forms of the same purpose, which will allow them to vary in the improvement of adjacent territories, creating a peculiar look of the sites for each residential group. The installation of decorative small architectural forms should take into account their specifics, they should not be repeated within sight, as a rule, within the same residential group of buildings, which avoids monotony and diversifies the architectural and artistic appearance of residential areas.

When carrying out an order for the development of a project for the improvement of residential areas, customer services can specify in the terms of reference the possibility of using only standard, industrially produced, small architectural forms and equipment in the design, or determine the possibility of using individual design solutions.

The content of small architectural forms should provide for their normal operation. Garden and park furniture, small architectural forms and equipment must have a good appearance A: painted, kept clean and in good condition. Their color scheme should bring a cheerful color and variety to urban development. When operating playgrounds, it is necessary to pay special attention to the quality, cleanliness and environmental friendliness of sand. It is recommended to use sand that does not contain harmful impurities, salts of heavy metals, clay impurities. Sand in children's sandboxes should be changed 2-3 times a year. Structural elements of equipment for children's, sports, household and recreation areas must meet the requirements of strength, reliability and safety during operation.

5. Ecological improvement.

The protection of natural components, the restoration and creation of favorable sanitary, hygienic and environmental conditions, and, ultimately, ensuring the environmental safety of life is the main task of the ecological improvement of residential areas. It is part of environmental programs to improve the urban environment and is certainly an important step in the greening of the city's housing and communal services.

Operating organizations should contribute to the implementation of the city environmental policy on the ground by implementing comprehensive measures to stabilize the environmental situation and reduce environmental pollution to the established standards. Within residential areas, the main tasks that determine the essence of environmental improvement include:

Ensuring optimal microclimatic conditions;

Protection of atmospheric air from pollution;

Protection of residential areas from urban noise;

Sanitary cleaning of the territory.

Ensuring optimal microclimatic conditions within residential development is largely determined by the landscape and climatic characteristics of the area, architectural and planning solutions for residential development and landscaping.

Along with the insolation of residential premises, the territory of residential development must also be insolated. The norms and rules for ensuring insolation in a residential area primarily relate to places directly used by the population: children's playgrounds, footpaths and alleys, recreation areas, utility sites, etc. They are taken into account at the stage of development of development projects, but in the process of operation due to additional planting or cutting down trees, moving sites, adjusting the routes of pedestrian paths are violated.

Aeration of residential areas is provided not only by climatic factors, but also by certain methods of their planning and development, landscaping and landscaping. All measures to regulate the wind regime should be aimed at creating favorable wind speeds within residential areas from 0.5 to 5.0 m/s, and primarily in areas of preschool and school institutions, recreation areas, in the direction of pedestrian communications. One of the most effective methods for the formation of optimal wind regimes by means of improvement is a set of measures, including the creation of windbreaks, or vice versa, aeration green corridors to enhance ventilation, the creation of conditions for horizontal and vertical ventilation, by selecting an assortment of green spaces, the creation of artificial open reservoirs that provide the formation of microcirculation of air masses, a decrease in the proportion of hard coatings, etc.

The main sources of air pollution in residential areas are industrial enterprises, heating boilers and motor vehicles. The state of the air basin of the territories where residential development is located is largely predetermined by the functional and planning organization of the city territory, developed at the stage of the general plan. To reduce the impact of enterprises that pollute the atmosphere with harmful emissions, sanitary protection zones are created between residential areas and industrial enterprises, the width of which is determined by sanitary norms and rules. Decisions taken on relative position residential and industrial areas are specified at the stage of detailed planning projects and development projects. At the request of operating organizations, with appropriate justification and support from the sanitary and epidemiological supervision authorities, the standard width of the sanitary protection zone can be increased if industrial enterprises are located on the windward side in relation to the operated residential areas.

In order to reduce air pollution, heating boilers operating on solid and liquid fuels must be converted to gas and provided for their removal from residential areas to communal areas during the reconstruction of residential microdistricts and quarters.

A significant share (up to 87%) of atmospheric air pollution within residential areas is made by motor vehicles. To protect the population from the effects of exhaust gases of motor vehicles moving on highways adjacent to residential areas, it is possible to recommend administrative and organizational measures (prohibition or restriction of movement, and, in particular, freight), engineering and transport (organization of continuous traffic) and urban planning (device dust - and gas-protective green stripes along busy transport arteries). Impenetrable strips of trees and shrubs, resistant to the effects of vehicle exhaust gases and dust, significantly (up to 10%) reduce the level of gas contamination of the main areas.

It should be taken into account that mass parking and storage of cars in the adjacent territories especially worsens the condition of the surface layer (up to 2 m) of the atmosphere, which adversely affects the health of children and the elderly, who spend a significant part of their time near the house. In this case, the main environmentally oriented measures may be administrative measures prohibiting parking and proposals for the construction of underground, multi-storey garages, which will solve this problem.

The noise level of inter-main areas, within which residential areas are located, is largely influenced by the methods of their planning and development. Zoning of buildings in relation to the source of noise with the organization along the highway in the first echelon of institutions of cultural, commercial and municipal purposes, administrative and economic enterprises can reduce the noise level by 10 - 25 dBA and place it within the acoustic comfort zone with a noise level of up to 55 dBA a significant part of residential buildings, preschool and school institutions. However, it is impossible to use only territorial gaps and zoning to create an optimal noise regime in the development area, since the discomfort zone at the main territories extends for hundreds of meters. In this case, you should additionally use the placement of special noise protection bands, which allow for an additional reduction in the noise level by 2 - 5 dBA.

Particularly difficult problems for improving the ecological state arise in areas with existing buildings, where it is practically impossible to solve them without a comprehensive reconstruction of neighborhoods, by converting old overconsolidated buildings into modern residential formations that provide comfortable living conditions.