The history of the creation of traffic rules and road signs. "Life by the rules and without" or the History of the Rules of the Road. The appearance of road signs in Europe and Russia

rules traffic(abbreviated: SDA) - a set of rules governing the duties of drivers of vehicles and pedestrians, as well as the technical requirements for vehicles to ensure road safety.

The first known attempts to streamline urban traffic were made back in Ancient Rome Gaius Julius Caesar. By his decree in the 50s BC. e. on some streets of the city one-way traffic was introduced. From sunrise until the end of the “working day” (about two hours before sunset), the passage of private wagons, chariots and carriages was prohibited. Visitors were required to leave their transport outside the city and move around Rome on foot or by hiring a palanquin. At the same time, a special service was established to supervise the observance of these rules, it recruited mainly former firefighters, from among the freedmen. The main duties of such traffic controllers were to prevent conflicts and fights between vehicle owners. Many intersections remained unregulated. Noble nobles could ensure unhindered passage through the city - they sent forward their carriages of runners who cleared the streets for the owner to pass.

When horse-drawn carts appeared, they sometimes collided when moving along the roads towards each other. In order to streamline the movement of horse teams and pedestrians, the royal Decrees demanded that the rules of driving and walking along the streets and roads be strictly observed. The decrees determined the rules for riding horse-drawn vehicles and the penalties for violators. These were the first rules of the road.

The history of modern traffic rules originates in London. On December 10, 1868, a mechanical railway semaphore with a colored disk was installed in the square in front of the Parliament. Its inventor, J.P. Knight, was an expert on railroad semaphores. The device was manually operated and had two semaphore wings. The wings could take different positions: horizontal - a stop signal and lowered at an angle of 45 degrees - you can move with caution. With the onset of darkness, a rotating gas lamp was turned on, which gave signals in red and green light. A servant in livery was assigned to the semaphore, whose duties included raising and lowering the arrow and turning the lantern. However, the technical implementation of the device was unsuccessful: the rattle of the chain of the lifting mechanism was so strong that the passing horses shied away and reared up. Having not worked for even a month, on January 2, 1869, the semaphore exploded, the policeman who was with him was injured.

The prototypes of modern road signs can be considered plates, which indicated the direction of movement to the settlement and the distance to it. The decision to create common European traffic rules was taken in 1909 at a world conference in Paris, in view of the increase in the number of cars, the growth of speeds and traffic on city streets.

In Russia, the first car of domestic production appeared in 1896. It was designed by engineers E. A. Yakovlev and P. A. Frese. In the same year, the first official rules for the transport of goods and passengers in self-propelled carriages were developed. And in 1900, the "Compulsory Decree on the Procedure for Passenger and Freight Traffic in St. Petersburg in Automobiles" was approved. These rules were subsequently constantly improved and approved anew.

In 1909, the International Convention on Motor Traffic was adopted in Paris, in accordance with which the first road signs, indicating the presence of an intersection, railway crossing, winding road, bumps in the carriageway.

The next important step was the adoption of the "Convention on the introduction of uniformity in signaling on the roads" in 1931 in Geneva, at the Conference on Road Traffic, in which, among other countries, Soviet Union.

The modern Rules of the Road set out the duties of drivers, pedestrians, passengers, describe road signs, traffic lights, etc.

Since children are pedestrians and passengers, they should be aware of their responsibilities.

Rules are needed for safe movement on the streets and roads. Due to violations of the Rules, accidents occur, pedestrians, drivers and passengers are killed and injured.

It is calculated that if road users 100% observed the Rules of the Road, the number of injured in road accidents would be reduced by 27% (±18%), and the number of deaths by 48% (±30%)

Summary from the official website of the traffic police (www.gibdd.ru)

Traffic regulation is a question raised in the distant past. The movement of pedestrians and horse teams also required regulation. In those days, this was carried out by royal decrees.

The history of the Rules of the road originates in ancient Rome. Julius Caesar introduced one-way traffic on several streets in the city in the 50s BC. From sunrise until about two hours before sunset (the end of the working day), the passage of private wagons and chariots was prohibited.

Visitors to the city had to move in Rome on foot or on a palanquin (a stretcher on long poles), and park vehicles outside the city.

Already at that time there was a supervisory service to enforce these rules. It consisted mainly of former firefighters

The duty of this service was to prevent conflict situations among vehicle owners. Crossroads were not regulated. The nobles, in order to ensure free passage for themselves, sent forward runners. They freed the streets and the nobles thus could freely pass to their destination.

Over time, changes and additions were made to the rules, features were specified when driving through intersections, changing the speed limit when approaching an intersection, and prohibiting overtaking in difficult sections. One of the additions was a rule giving priority to pedestrians in traffic. The religious procession or, for example, a funeral ceremony also enjoyed an advantage in movement.

The basis of the modern Rules of the Road was laid on December 10, 1868 in London. On this day, in front of the Parliament on the square, the first railway semaphore appeared in the form of a colored disc with mechanical control. This semaphore was invented by J.P. Knight, a semaphore specialist of the time.

The device consisted of two semaphore wings, and depending on the position of the wings, the corresponding signal was indicated:

• Horizontal position - no movement
• 45-degree angle position - movement is allowed, but with precautions.

At night, a gas lamp was used, signaling in red and green. The traffic light was controlled by a livery-wearing servant.

The technical implementation of the semaphore was not so successful. The chain of the mechanism for raising and lowering the arrows was so noisy that it greatly frightened the horses, which made it difficult for the coachman to control. Less than a month later, the semaphore exploded, injuring a policeman.

The number of vehicles continued to grow, the first cars began to replace the wagons. The need for traffic management has increased significantly. The first wands for manual control of traffic at intersections appeared in 1908. The first road signs can be considered signs indicating the movement to the settlement.

In 1909, in Paris, at a world conference, it was decided to create a single European Rules of the Road, as the number of cars continued to grow, and the speed limit and traffic intensity on city streets increased.

The next step in the development of traffic management - at the traffic conference in Geneva in 1931 adopted "Convention on the introduction of uniformity in signaling on the roads". The Soviet Union was also a participant in this conference.

The first official publication of the Rules of the Road in the USSR took place in 1920. The document was titled "On auto movement in Moscow and its environs". This document has already described in detail many important issues. There were driver's licenses for the right to drive, the maximum speed of movement was indicated. In 1940, a general traffic code was issued for the entire union, which was edited for each city.

The unified general rules of the road, valid throughout the territory of the USSR, were introduced in 1961. "Rules for driving on the streets of cities, towns and roads of the USSR"

The most important date in the history of the Rules of the road - November 8, 1968. On this day in Vienna adopted the Convention on Road Traffic. The document was signed by representatives of 68 countries of the world and is still valid.

By 1973, the USSR Road Rules were written in accordance with the Vienna Convention. With the passage of time and the corresponding changes on the roads, the constant growth of transport, the technological development of road networks, adjustments and additions are constantly being introduced.

The latest changes on the day this material was written came into force on November 24, 2012, and bills aimed at adapting the rules to the real situation on the roads are always under consideration in the State Duma.

Rules of the road and the history of their creation.

The purpose of the lesson : to acquaint students with the history of the creation of traffic rules, to test knowledge of current traffic rules.

Equipment : new traffic rules.

Attempts to introduce rules for driving along the streets and roads were made even when horse-drawn carriages reigned supreme. In 1863, in Russia, a personal decree was issued "said to different ranks to people" by Tsars John and Peter Alekseevich: , carelessly beat people. The decree categorically forbade the management of horses with the help of reins. Then it was believed that in order for the coachman to see the road better, he must control the horse while sitting on it.

In 1730, a new decree was issued: "For cab drivers and other officials of all kinds, ride with horses bridled, with all fear and caution, quietly."

In 1742, a decree appeared that said: “If someone rides horses briskly, they will be caught by police teams and sent to the empress’s stable.”

In 1812, rules were introduced that established right-hand traffic, speed limits, requirements for the technical condition of crews, and the introduction of license plates. These were attempts to organize the movement of crews. At that time there were no systematic rules for driving on the roads. Pedestrian traffic was erratic and disorganized. When steam and then gasoline cars appeared, new attempts followed, both in Russia and abroad, to ensure traffic safety.

Some of them can only make us smile now. So, for example, in England, a man with a red flag walked ahead of the steam carriage and warned oncoming people about the approach of the steam engine, and at the same time pacified the frightened cab horses. In France, the speed of gasoline cars in built-up areas was not to exceed the speed of a pedestrian. In Germany, the owner of the car was obliged to tell the police the day before which road the "gasoline cart" would take. Driving at night is generally prohibited. If the driver was on the road at night, he had to stop and wait for the morning.

In those days, there were very few cars in Russia, so security issues were still not so acute. But as the years passed, the number of cars, motorcycles, bicycles, trams and other vehicles increased. The task of creating conditions for road safety required its solution.

In Russia, already in 1897, the City Councils of Moscow and St. Petersburg were already considering the issue of establishing special rules for "automatic carriages", and three years later the "Compulsory Decree on the Procedure for Passenger and Freight Traffic in the City of St. Petersburg in Automobiles" was approved. This document consisted of 46 paragraphs and established requirements for drivers and cars, traffic rules and parking rules. So, a citizen no younger than 21 years old, literate and able to explain himself in Russian, could receive a driving permit, provided that he successfully passed the driving test. Cars had to be registered and have two license plates (front and rear). An annual mandatory technical inspection was provided for in the period from March 1 to April 1. The maximum permitted speed in Moscow was 20 miles per hour, and for cars weighing more than 350 pounds - 12 miles per hour. Paragraph 41 of this decree read: "If the approach of an automatic carriage causes concern to the horses, the driver must slow down and, if necessary, stop."

We find the first mention of the Traffic Rules in the “Instructions on the use of cars and motorcycles and on the order of movement in Moscow and its environs in 1918. Two years later, the Traffic Rules were approved by the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars. This historical document laid the foundation for the development of Soviet legislation in the field of road safety. The decree included basic requirements for the behavior of drivers, as well as rules for the registration and technical control of motor vehicles. The speed of movement of cars was regulated: for cars - 25 miles per hour, for trucks - 15 miles per hour. At the same time, at night, the speed for all vehicles, except for firefighters, was limited to 10 miles per hour.

Road signs, traffic lights and road markings began to be used to facilitate traffic. The first 4 signs indicating the presence of danger, with symbols of an intersection, a railway crossing, a winding road, bumps in the carriageway, were approved in 1909 by the Paris Convention on Motor Traffic. The international system of road signs was supplemented in 1926 with two more - "unguarded railway crossing" and "Stop is required." In 1931, at the next traffic conference in Geneva, the number of signs classified into three groups was increased to 26: warning, prescriptive and indicative. Remember how many groups of signs are in these rules (7) and how many signs (231).

Before the Second World War, there were two main systems of road signs in various countries of the world, one of which is based on the use of symbols, the other on the use of inscriptions. At the end of the Second World War, an attempt was made to create a single road signaling system for all countries of the world.

In 1949, in Geneva, at the next conference on road traffic, the Convention on Road Traffic and the Protocol on Road Signs were adopted.

Until 1940, there were no unified rules in our country, and their development and approval were within the competence of local authorities. In 1940, the first model Rules of the Road were approved, on the basis of which more or less uniform rules began to be created locally.

The first, uniform for the whole country, the Rules for driving on the streets of cities, towns and roads of the USSR, were introduced in 1961 (they were based on the 1949 convention), then they were finalized and existed until 1973, when they were replaced by the Rules of the road, based on at the 1968 and 1971 conventions.

Since the introduction of the Rules in 1973 in our country, there have been significant changes in the practice of organizing traffic, so they have undergone several changes and additions. The latest traffic rules were put into effect on July 1, 1994. What was new about them?

There was an order on the mandatory use of seat belts and equipment of cars with first-aid kits and fire extinguishers; the duties of pedestrians and drivers are separated into independent sections. Traffic lights and traffic controllers are combined into one section. There was a new section "Priority of route vehicles"; clarified benefits for disabled drivers; the procedure for the movement of vehicles equipped with special light and sound signals is regulated in more detail; new terms have been introduced (“Road user”, “Forced stop”, “Insufficient visibility”, “Pavement”, “Pedestrian path”, “Pedestrian crossing”, etc.). The concept of "overtaking" is interpreted in a fundamentally new way. Now, overtaking is considered to be ahead of the vehicle associated with the departure from the occupied lane, and not just with the departure into the oncoming lane.

Certain changes have been made to the "speed" section. In built-up areas, all vehicles have a single speed limit of 60 km/h. Motorcyclists are allowed a speed limit of 90 km/h on roads outside built-up areas, including a speed limit of 110 km/h on motorways for cars, as well as for trucks with a maximum permitted weight of 3.5 tons.

Safety requirements for transporting people in trucks have become more stringent. The annex to the Rules includes a list of conditions relating to the technical condition and equipment, under which the operation of vehicles is prohibited.

In the time remaining in the lesson, repeat the traffic rules on the issues of previous lessons, solve road problems or analyze an accident.

teacher additional education

Akhmetzyanova Gulchachak Khamisovna

SDA 6 class MOU secondary school No. 1 V.M. Kuleshova

6th grade. Lesson 4.

HISTORY OF ROAD TRAFFIC.

Goals:

To form in students an idea of ​​​​the emergence of traffic rules, traffic lights, road signs and their role in society.

To bring students to the conclusion that it is necessary to comply with traffic rules by all road users: both pedestrians and drivers.

In an entertaining way, test students' knowledge of the basic traffic rules for pedestrians and cyclists.

Design, preparation:

Presentation "How traffic rules appeared."

Competition of comic road signs “Attention! Pedestrians walk here who do not know the traffic rules!

Quiz "Everyone should know the rules of the road"

Lesson progress:

Teacher's lecture with accompanying presentation.

The history of the emergence of traffic rules

There was a time when only riders on horseback, chariots and horse-drawn carts rode the streets and roads. They can be considered the first vehicles. They traveled without observing any rules, and therefore often collided with each other. After all, the streets of cities in those days were usually narrow, and the roads were winding and bumpy. It became clear that it was necessary to streamline the movement along the streets and roads, that is, to invent rules that would make movement on them convenient and safe.

The first rules of the road appeared more 2000 years ago, under Julius Caesar.

They helped regulate traffic on city streets. Some of these rules have survived to this day. These rules introduced one-way streets, forbade the movement of private chariots through the streets of Rome in work time, and non-residents had to leave their vehicle outside the city limits and move further on foot themselves.

During the reign of Ivan 3 in Russia (15th century), the general rules for using postal routes were known, which made it possible to travel long distances fairly quickly on relay horses. Peter 1 issued a decree in 1683: “It was known to the Great Sovereign that many were taught to ride in a sleigh on reins with large scourges and, riding carelessly through the streets, they beat people, then henceforth, from now on, do not ride in a sleigh on reins". With the creation in 1718 of police agencies, control over compliance with the established rules in St. Petersburg was entrusted to them. It should be noted that the state established not only the rules, but also punishment for their violation. So, in the decree of Empress Anna Ioannovna of 1730, it was said: “For cab drivers and other people of all ranks, ride with horses in harness, with all fear and caution, quietly. And those who will not abide by these rules will be beaten with a whip and exiled to hard labor. And in the decree of Empress Catherine 11 it is said: "On the streets, the coachmen must not scream, whistle, ring or strum at any time."

At the end of the 18th century, the first "self-propelled carts" appeared - cars. They drove very slowly and caused many criticism and ridicule. The appearance of steam cars caused outrage among retrogrades. With slander and ridicule, they wanted to stop progress. Managers of wealthy offices, who had horse-drawn stagecoaches that transported passengers and cargo, were especially successful. They set the government against their opponents, which began to issue very strict rules for steam stagecoaches.

So, the government of England adopted a number of rules for the movement of steam cars:

Rule one. A person with a red flag must walk ahead of each steam stagecoach at a distance of 55 meters. When meeting with carriages or riders, the an must warn that a steam engine is following him.

Rule two. Drivers are strictly forbidden to frighten horses with whistles. Letting off steam from cars is allowed only if there are no horses on the road.

Rule three. The speed of the steam engine should not exceed 6 km / h in the countryside, and 3 km in the city.

The speed of the car was limited in various countries from 6 to 30 km / h. True, in some cities, on the contrary, it was allowed to drive very fast so as not to poison the population with exhaust gases. For the same reason, cars were forbidden to stop near crowded institutions and gardens.

These were the rules: don't whistle, don't breathe, and crawl like a turtle.

What rules were not established for motorists:

do not drive after 9 pm on the streets (Rome);

do not give signals at crowded intersections, so as not to distract the attention of other drivers (Scotland);

give way to any other carriage, as there are more other carriages and they are more important for the country's economy (Sweden);

under pain of a year's imprisonment, do not approach the barracks, fortifications and armories at night, where, however, any other movement was allowed (France);

when meeting with horses, stop not only the car, but also the engine, so as not to frighten the unfortunate animals (Germany).

And in the state of Texas (USA), a law was passed that ordered car drivers, when approaching herds of horses, to stop on the side of the road and cover the car with a tarpaulin to match the color of the area.

But, in spite of everything, there were more and more cars. And in 1893, the first rules for motorists appeared in France. First in different countries there were different rules. But it was very inconvenient.

Therefore, in 1909, at the International Conference in Paris, the Convention on Automobile Traffic was adopted, which established uniform rules for all countries. This Convention introduced the first road signs, established the duties of drivers and pedestrians.

Modern traffic rules are almost 100 years.

Traffic light history

Do you know when the traffic light familiar to us appeared? It turns out that they began to regulate traffic using a mechanical device already 140 years ago, in London.

The first traffic light stood in the center of the city on a pillar 6 meters high. It was run by a specially assigned person. With the help of a belt system, he raised and lowered the arrow of the device. Then the arrow was replaced by a lantern that worked on lighting gas. There were green and red glasses in the lantern, and yellow ones had not yet been invented.

The first electric traffic light appeared in the USA, in the city of Cleveland, in 1914. He also had only two signals - red and green, and was controlled manually. The yellow signal replaced the police warning whistle. But after 4 years, three-color electric traffic lights with automatic control appeared in New York.

Interestingly, in the first traffic lights, the green signal was at the top, but then it was decided that it was better to place the red signal on top. And now, in all countries of the world, traffic lights are arranged according to a single rule: at the top - red, in the middle - yellow, at the bottom - green. In our country, the first traffic light appeared in 1929 in Moscow. It looked like a round clock with three sectors - red, yellow and green. And the traffic controller manually turned the arrow, setting it to the desired color.

Then in Moscow and Leningrad (as St. Petersburg was then called) there were electric traffic lights with three sections of the modern type. And in 1937 in Leningrad on Zhelyabov Street (now Bolshaya Konyushennaya Street), near the DLT department store, the first pedestrian traffic light appeared.

When and where were road signs introduced?

In ancient times there was no private cars, no public transport. There were not even horse-drawn carriages yet, and people walked from one settlement to another. But they needed to know where this or that road leads. And it was also important for them to know how much distance was left to go to the right place. To convey this information, our ancestors placed stones on the roads, broke branches in a special way, and made notches on tree trunks.

And in ancient Rome, back in the time of Emperor Augustus, there were signs that either demanded - "Give way" or warned - "This is a dangerous place." In addition, the Romans began to put stone pillars along the most important roads. They carved the distance from this pillar to the main square in Rome - the Roman Forum.

We can say that these were the first road signs. Remember the famous painting by V. M. Vasnetsov “The Knight at the Crossroads”. A fabulous hero sits on his horse at a crossroads and thinks - where should he go? And the information is carved on the stone. So this stone can be considered a road sign.

The Roman system of marking distances later spread to other countries. In Russia in the 16th century, under Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, on the road that led from Moscow to the royal estate of Kolomenskoye, milestones 4 meters high were placed. This is where the expression "Kolomenskaya Verst" came from.

Under Peter I, a system of milestones appeared on all roads Russian Empire. The pillars were painted in black and white stripes. So they could be seen better at any time of the day. They indicated the distance from one settlement to another and the name of the area.

But a serious need for road signs arose with the advent of cars. High speed, long stopping distance, poor road conditions required the creation of a system of signs that would give drivers and pedestrians the necessary information. And more than a hundred years ago, at the congress of the International Tourist Union, it was decided that road signs should be the same throughout the world in purpose and appearance. And in 1900, they agreed that all road signs should not have inscriptions, but symbols - understandable to both foreign tourists and illiterate people.

In 1903, the first road signs appeared on the streets of Paris. And 6 years later, at the International Conference in Paris, they agreed to install road signs on the right side, in the direction of travel, 250 meters before the start of the dangerous section. At the same time, the first four road signs were installed. They have survived to this day, although they appearance has changed. These signs have the following names: "Rough road", "Dangerous turn", "Intersection of equivalent roads" and "Railway crossing with a barrier".

In 1909, the first road signs officially appeared in Russia. Subsequently, the number of signs, their shape and colors were determined.

Drawing competition.

Quiz

1. Is it allowed to tow a bicycle?(No).
2. What is the most common name for a driver?(chauffeur).
3. At what age is it allowed to ride a bike on public roads?(from the age of 14).
4. Is a moped driver allowed to drive on footpaths?(not allowed).
5. Who do we call "road users"?(pedestrians, drivers, passengers).
6. Does the cyclist have a braking path?(eat).
7. Can a cyclist ride on the road if there is a bike path nearby?(No).
8. What road sign is installed near schools?(children).
9. Which turn is more dangerous: left or right?(left, because traffic is on the right).
10. What is the name of the "zebra" on the road?(crosswalk).
11. Are people doing work on the road pedestrians?(No).
12. What signals does the traffic light give?(red, yellow, green).
13. Which traffic signal is turned on simultaneously for all sides of the intersection?(yellow).
14. Which intersection is called regulated?(the one where there is a traffic light or a traffic controller).
15. Which side should you keep when walking on the sidewalk?(right side).
16. At what age are children allowed to ride in the front seat of a car? (from the age of 12).
17. Do passengers always need to wear seat belts?(yes, always).
18. How many signals does a pedestrian traffic light have?(two: red and green).
19. Do cyclists need to wear a helmet when driving on a country road?(No).
20. How should a cyclist inform other road users of his intention to stop?(raise hand up).
21. Why should pedestrians move towards traffic on suburban roads? (Pedestrians always see approaching traffic when moving along the side of the road towards traffic.

22. How should you cross the road if you got off the bus? (you can’t go around the transport either in front or behind, you need to wait for it to leave, and the road will be visible in both directions, but it’s better to move to a safe distance, and if there is a pedestrian crossing, then you should cross the road along it).
23. Can a nine-year-old passenger be transported on a bicycle?(no, only up to 7 years on a specially equipped seat with footrests).
24. Where and what reflectors are installed on a bicycle?(front - white, back - red. Reflectors on wheels are possible).
25. How old do you have to be to learn to drive a car?(from 16 years old).
26. Is it possible for a pedestrian to use a transport traffic light if there is no pedestrian? (Yes).
27. Is it possible to cross the road obliquely?(no, because, firstly, the path becomes longer, and secondly, it is more difficult to see the transport that moves from the back).
28. At what age can you get the right to drive a car?(from 18 years old).
29. What are the causes of traffic accidents with pedestrians(crossing in an unspecified place, to a prohibiting traffic signal, unexpected exit to the roadway due to an obstacle or standing traffic, playing on the roadway, driving along the roadway, not along the sidewalk).
30. What is the maximum speed of transport in the settlement?(no more than 60 km/h).

Questions for a historical quiz. (given in advance)
1. When and where did the first traffic light appear? (London, 1868).
2. Who is called the father of the automotive industry? (German engineer Karl Benz).
3. Why was the street called a street? (runs along the front of the houses, i.e. at the "face" of the houses).
4. Birthday of the traffic police? (July 3, 1936).
5. What was the name of the first Russian car? (Russo-Balt).
6. Where and when did the first traffic light appear in Russia? (in Moscow and Leningrad in 1929).
7. What were the first traffic lights? (the first traffic lights were luminous circles resembling a large clock with a luminous dial, sectors painted in red, yellow and green were marked on the dial. The arrow moved along the dial and ran either to the yellow sector, then to green, then again to yellow, then to the red sector).
8. What does the word "sidewalk" mean? (translated from French - the road for pedestrians).
9. Why was the traffic light named that way? (Combination of the Russian word "light" and the Greek "foros" - to carry. Traffic light - carrying light).
10. When were the first rules of the road introduced in Russia? (In 1683, a decree was issued regarding the movement of cabbies).
11. Who is called the grandfather of the Russian car? (Ivan Petrovich Kulibin).
12. In what year were the first road signs approved, how many and which ones? (In 1909, the Paris Convention on Road Traffic approved 4 signs that indicated the presence of danger with the symbols of a crossroads, a railway crossing, a winding road and bumps in the carriageway).
13. When and where was the wheel invented? (Mesopotamia - modern Iraq, 3500 BC).
14. When and what were the first road signs in Russia? (in 1629, milestones from Moscow to the village of Kolomenskoye began to be erected under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich).
15. Whose name is associated with the invention of passenger cars for two, controlled by a long lever? (According to the project of Boris Grigoryevich Lutsky, a passenger car for two was built - bicycle-type wheels, controlled by a long lever).
16. Who was the first inventor of the bicycle? (Leonardo da Vinci).
17. Why did the bike get such a name? (in Latin, "velox" means "fast", and "pedis" means legs. That's how the name "bicycle" came about, that is, "fast-footed").
18. Who got the first driver's license in Russia? (1874, the first official document for the right to drive a vehicle was received by a cabman).
19. What were the first distance indicators called? (verst).
20. What did Christians call road junctions and forks? (Friday, in the name of the holy martyr Paraskeva Pyatnitsa, they put a chapel or a cross with an image at the crossroads, fork in the road).

Summing up, awarding the winners.

In Belarus, the first car appeared in 1895. It was acquired by the Kovno District of Communications. This pleasure was not cheap, no matter what, the number of cars grew rapidly. The Rechitsa district zemstvo government owned two 25-horsepower cars of the Case company. The Minsk governor drove a dark blue Benz. Princes Radzivils in Nesvizh owned two cars. Princess Paskevich also had two cars at her disposal. A 50-horsepower Mercedes and a 20-horsepower Benz were purchased by the landowner Grebnitsky. Even some wealthy peasants owned cars. In Minsk, the car was purchased by the peasant Rakov, and in Vitebsk, the peasant Terekhov had a Benz.

The first car accident in Minsk occurred on August 20, 1906. Citizen Fedorov, who took permission to transport passengers, crashed into a telegraph pole on Podgornaya Street (now Karl Marx Street). Passengers were thrown onto the pavement, one of them was seriously injured. After such an incident, they were able to take up taxi transportation again only in the autumn of 1912. Minsk residents were transported by taxis of Opel, Ford, Darak, Overland, Oldsmobile and Mercedes brands.

The organization of public transport has also begun. In 1909, the Bobruisk merchant F. Nekrich, together with the honorary citizen of Slutsk I. Ettinger, opened the "Urgent Automobile Communication Enterprise". From Slutsk to Old Roads and back, 3 buses “N. A.G." From Slutsk to Lyakhovichi, 2 buses of the Durkon company began to go.

Trucks began to appear a little later. The first truck appeared at the Kantorovich wallpaper factory only in 1911.

The communication system in the Belarusian provinces was well developed. In the first half of the 19th century, such important land communications as the Brest-Warsaw, Moscow-Brest, Vitebsk-Smolensk, Kyiv-Brest highways passed through Belarus.

In Belarus, the repair and construction of roads was mainly carried out by the Kovno District of Communications, renamed in 1901 into Vilna in connection with the transfer of its administration to Vilna. The Vilna district was in charge of 2554 versts of the highway. In the 1910s, there was an active construction of roads. In 1914, a project was approved to build about three thousand kilometers of highway in the western provinces in six years. This was interrupted by the outbreak of the First World War. For the next six years, the roads only deteriorated. Only in 1928 was it possible to reach their pre-war level. Dozens of Belarusian cities have become connected by bus routes. Some cities even had domestic bus services. In Minsk at that time there were two lines: "Vokzal-Komarovka" and "Storozhevka-Serebryanka", which intersected at Svoboda Square.

The history of the development of traffic rules in Belarus

On September 11, 1896, a decree was issued by the Minister of Railways, Prince M.I. Khilkov "On the procedure and conditions for the transportation of heavy loads and passengers along the highway of the Department of Railways in self-propelled carriages." The decree included 12 mandatory rules. Here are some of them:

1. When operating self-propelled carriages, the speed of their movement, when meeting with horse-drawn carriages, in order not to frighten the horses, should be reduced to the quietest speed, for the same purpose, a self-propelled carriage should move as far as possible to the very edge of the highway.
2. On sharp turns, self-propelled carriages must move quietly, and in closed areas, in addition, they must trumpet.
3. According to requirements general security the speed of passage of self-propelled vehicles should be reduced: on descents, when meeting with other vehicles, at the intersection of the highway with other roads and in villages.
4. When driving on highways where there are checkpoints for collecting tolls, self-propelled carriages pay a toll in the amount that will be established for the right of such carriages to travel on the highway.
5. Every self-propelled vehicle must have a proper certificate that the vehicle is in good condition in all parts and that all parts of the mechanical engine are in good and safe condition.
   Note: For the issuance of such certificates to owners of self-propelled vehicles intended for movement on the roads of the Department of Railways, it is supposed to inspect these crews in the same manner and within the same timeframes that are established for the examination of steam boilers on ships sailing on inland waters.
6. The iron tires on the rims of self-propelled carriages must be flat over the entire surface, by no means convex or concave, and fastened to the rims in such a way that nails, pins, screws or rivets do not protrude.
7. The width of the wheel rims and iron tires must in no case be less than 3 ¼ inches for the total weight of the vehicle with a load of 120 to 180 pounds and not less than 4 inches for the weight of the vehicle with a load of 180 to 300 pounds.
8. Passage on the highway of self-propelled carriages weighing more than 300 pounds is not allowed without special permission requested in advance.

In the 1920s and 1930s, there were no uniform rules for the entire Soviet Union; they were developed locally. June 10, 1920 Council people's commissars adopted the Decree "On road traffic in Moscow and its environs". The rules consisted of 9 sections containing 39 items. In many cities of the Soviet republics, the content of the Decree was taken as the basis for traffic rules. The rules contained requirements for drivers: that they have driver's documents and a waybill; registration plate requirements; requirements for cars and their registration; described the rights to use certain types of cars.

On September 10, 1931, a circular “On the procedure for organizing supervision over the implementation of traffic rules” was signed at the Main Directorate of the Workers 'and Peasants' Militia (GURKM). With the entry into force of the circular, traffic control departments (ORUDs) were created as part of the police departments.

On May 15, 1933, Zudortrans approved the "Rules for the movement of motor vehicles on the roads of the USSR."

There was a need to create a more flexible state body that could control the discipline of drivers on the roads, and on November 5, 1934, in accordance with the government decree “On measures to improve the road economy”, the Main State Automobile Inspectorate was created at Zudortrans.

Belarusian traffic rules for the city of Minsk were adopted on March 27, 1936 and included 13 sections. These Rules introduced 22 road signs: 3 indicative, 6 warning, 13 prohibiting.

In 1938, the first traffic light appeared at the intersection of Kirov and Bobruiskaya streets in Minsk.

In the USSR, in 1940, standard “Rules for driving on the streets and roads of the USSR” were adopted, on the basis of which the Rules on the ground began to be created.

Standards for road and registration signs were developed only in 1945. GOST 2965-45 “Road signal signs. Classification and specifications” divided road signs into three types: a) warning of dangerous places (yellow field, black border and black image) - 4 signs; b) prohibiting - 14 signs; c) indicative - 8 characters. GOST 3207-46 "Number plates for cars, tractors, transport tractors, trailers and motorcycles" introduced registration plates that are uniform for all: 2 black letters and 4 numbers on a yellow background.

On May 8, 1946, the executive committee of the Minsk Regional Council of Workers' Deputies issued the first post-war Rules of the street in the city of Minsk and the Minsk region. The rules consisted of 29 sections, including 129 items.

In 1957, the USSR issued new model rules for driving on streets and roads, which formed the basis of the “Rules of the road for streets and roads of the Byelorussian SSR”, approved by the Council of Ministers of Belarus by Resolution No. 335 of May 12, 1959. The rules contained 100 clauses and 2 annexes.

On January 1, 1959, GOST 3207-58 "Number plates for road transport vehicles" began to operate. According to GOST, black numbers on a yellow background were replaced by four numbers and three white letters on a black background.

At the World Conference on Road Traffic in Geneva in 1949, the United Nations (UN) adopted the agreements: "Convention on Road Traffic" and "Protocol on Road Signs and Signals". These documents contained international requirements for the organization and order of traffic in order to develop it and improve safety. The Soviet Union, which then included Belarus, acceded to these UN agreements in August 1959. On the basis of international documents, the first unified rules for driving on the streets and roads of the USSR were developed, approved by order of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs in January 1960. On December 2, 1960, the Council of Ministers of the BSSR adopted Resolution No. 639 “On the Enactment of the Rules for Driving on the Streets and Roads of the USSR in the Byelorussian SSR”.

In August 1964, the Council of Ministers of the BSSR approved the Rules for registration and accounting of motor vehicles and motorcycles, the Rules for technical inspections of cars and motorcycles, the Rules for recording road accidents and the Regulations on the procedure for awarding the qualification of a driver of motor vehicles and urban electric transport.

In 1972, a unified driver's license was introduced in the USSR, according to which drivers began to be divided into groups according to the categories (A, B, C, D and E) of the vehicles they were allowed to drive.

On January 1, 1974, 26 regional and inter-district registration and examination divisions of the traffic police began to work in the BSSR. They dealt with issuing and replacing driver's licenses, registering vehicles and taking exams.

At the same time, work was actively carried out to ensure road safety. In all settlements new technical means of traffic control were installed: three-dimensional and retroreflective road signs, traffic lights of a new design.

On July 16, 1986, the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs approved the new Rules of the Road. On January 1, 1987, they entered into force.

On March 21, 1996, the Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus No. 203 approved the first national traffic rules of the Republic of Belarus.

An important event in the field of road traffic and ensuring the safety of its participants was the adoption of the Law of the Republic of Belarus "On Road Traffic", which came into force on August 10, 2002. The law spelled out the legal and organizational foundations of road traffic. As part of the implementation of this law, the Rules of the Road were created, which came into force on July 1, 2003.

On November 28, 2005, President of the Republic of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko signed Decree No. 551 “On Measures to Improve Road Safety”. This Decree approved the new Rules of the Road, which came into force on January 1, 2006. From this moment on, all changes to the Rules of the Road are approved exclusively by Decrees of the President of the Republic of Belarus. Differences between the Rules of 2003 and 2006 are given in the comparative table.

Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus No. 526 dated October 18, 2007 made further changes to the Rules of the Road. Basically, the changes were "cosmetic" in nature. Among them, the most important can be considered the permission not to wear a seat belt for drivers with certain medical contraindications, the mandatory designation of pedestrians with a retroreflective element when driving along the edge of the carriageway at night, as well as the introduction of the use of winter tires as a recommendation.

Minor changes to the Rules of the Road were also introduced by Decrees of the President of the Republic of Belarus No. 663 of December 4, 2008 and No. 52 of January 23, 2009.

On December 17, 2009, the President of Belarus signed Decree No. 634, which provides for the next adjustment of the Rules of the Road. The document was prepared on behalf of the head of state on the basis of a collective appeal of the citizens of the Republic of Belarus with a request to remove restrictions on the tinting of vehicle windows. From December 17, 2009, the Decree allows the participation in road traffic of all vehicles with tinting that meets the requirements established by the Decree.

The rules of the road define the norms of behavior for drivers - the main participants in the road traffic, due to the mistakes of which the majority of road accidents occur, as well as pedestrians and passengers, through whose fault people are often injured and killed. The rules establish requirements for road users, they reflect certain organizational and technical possibilities for preventing accidents. This explains the fact that with the development of traffic, the expansion of means and opportunities for its organization, the Rules of the Road are also being improved.

Anna Techuesheva
OOO "New turn"