Cherepnin Russian literature and history. L. V. Cherepnin Formation of the Russian centralized state in the XIV-XV centuries. Essays on the socio-economic and political history of Russia. A Brief Chronicle of Historical Events in Russia

(1981, posthumously).

Lev Vladimirovich Cherepnin

Date of Birth	March 30 (April 12)
Place of Birth
Date of death	12 June(1977-06-12 ) (72 years old)
A place of death
The country
Scientific sphere	history of Russia, historiography
Place of work	Moscow State University, MGIAI, MGIMO, AON under the Central Committee of the CPSU
Alma mater	Moscow State University
Academic degree	doctor of historical sciences (1947)
Academic title	Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1972)
scientific adviser	S. V. Bakhrushin, M. M. Bogoslovsky, A. I. Yakovlev
Notable students	Ya. E. Vodarsky, A. D. Gorsky, B. M. Kloss, V. I. Koretsky, A. M. Sakharov, A. N. Sakharov, N. V. Sinitsyna
Known as	archaeologist, medievalist
Awards and prizes

Family

Grandfather - Alexei Ivanovich Cherepnin, an agronomist and historian, actively participated in the work of the Ryazan Archival Commission.
Father - Vladimir Alekseevich Cherepnin, historian and lawyer.
Mother came from a family of a priest, died in childbirth.

Education and degrees

In 1948, the activities of Cherepnin, who had become a professor by that time, were sharply criticized; at the Academic Council, in the report of the director of the institute, his works were declared unprincipled, scientifically fruitless and giving preference to formal points, rather than dialectical logic. In the second time he was subjected to "study" - this time at a general meeting of the institute's staff - and was forced to leave it.

Research

Professionally studied the genesis of feudalism among the Eastern Slavs, the formation and nature of the Old Russian state, the period of specific fragmentation, the socio-economic and political conditions for the formation and development of the Russian centralized state, the formation of a class-representative monarchy and its development into an absolute one, peasant wars of the XVII-XVIII centuries, culture and social thought of Russia. Author of works in the field of historiography and auxiliary historical disciplines. One of the first Soviet scientists who began the development of theoretical and methodological issues of source studies. Created a scientific school in the field of medieval studies.

Analyzing the process of centralization of the Russian state, he found its economic and social foundations in the agrarian sector. He believed that the general rise in agricultural production as a result of significant internal colonization contributed to the change, compaction of the settlement network and types of settlements in rural areas. In turn, this led to the evolution of property relations in the secular and ecclesiastical sectors and to the strengthening on this basis of the social base of political unification.

He made a significant contribution to the study of Zemsky Sobors as class-representative institutions, in his monograph, published in 1978, introduced new sources into circulation, analyzed the activities of cathedrals in relation to the social and political context, gave the most complete summary of the history of Zemsky Sobors and those close to them representative assemblies. As a specialist in the history of Zemsky Sobors, Cherepnin was elected vice-president of the International Commission on the History of Representative and Parliamentary Institutions.

On his initiative or with his participation, previously unpublished works of Russian historians were published, as well as reprinted works that had already been published, but became a bibliographic rarity. Among them: “Selected Works” by B. D. Grekov in 5 volumes (only 4 were published), “ Selected works" M. N. Pokrovsky in 4 books, "Scientific Works" by S. V. Bakhrushin in 4 volumes, monographs by K. V. Bazilevich, I. U. Budovnitsa and others. He was the editor of the reprint of "History of Russia" by S. M. Solovyov in 15 books (1959-1966).

Proceedings

Main scientific works:

Russian feudal archives of the XIV-XV centuries. Ch. 1-2. M., 1948-1951.
Cherepnin L.V. Russian paleography. - M.: Publishing house of political literature, 1956. - 616 p. - 8000 copies.(in trans.)
Cherepnin L.V. Russian education centralized state in the XIV-XV centuries: Essays on the socio-economic and political history of Russia /; Design by artist V. Kuzyakov. - M.: Publishing house of socio-economic literature (Sotsekgiz), 1960. - 900 p. - 10,000 copies.(in lane, superregional)
Old Russian state and its international significance / Authors:

Cherepnin L.V. Formation of the Russian centralized state in the XIV-XV centuries: Essays on the socio-economic and political history of Russia. Author: Lev Vladimirovich Cherepnin. Design by artist V. Kuzyakov.
(Moscow: Publishing House of Social and Economic Literature, 1960. - Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Institute of History)
Scan: Skaramusch, OCR, processing, Djv format: balik2, 2018

SUMMARY:
Introduction (5).
Chapter I. Historiography of the question of the formation of the Russian centralized state (15).
Chapter II. Prerequisites for the formation of a Russian centralized state in the field of agrarian relations (149).
Chapter III. Prerequisites for the formation of a Russian centralized state in the development of cities, commodity production and circulation (297).
Chapter IV. The initial period of the unification of Russian lands around Moscow until the 80s of the XIV century. Beginning of state centralization (455).
Chapter V. The unification of Russian lands around Moscow and the process of political centralization since the 80s of the XIV century Until the middle of the XV century. (627).
Chapter VI. Formation of the Russian centralized state in the second half of the 15th century. (813).

Publisher's note: Monograph L.V. Cherepnin is a study devoted to one of the most important, but insufficiently studied issues in the history of Russia in the feudal period - the problem of eliminating feudal fragmentation and forming a single Russian state. Its main task is to show from the standpoint of Marxist-Leninist theory on the example of Russia general patterns formation of centralized states and find out the specific features of this process in Russia.
In the first chapters of the work, after a detailed historiographic review, an analysis is given of the socio-economic phenomena that prepared the unification of Russia and the creation of a centralized state. Here the development of productive forces in agriculture, the growth of feudal land tenure, the evolution of forms of feudal ownership of land and types of feudal rent are considered. Much attention is paid to the position of various categories of the Russian peasantry, the forms of its exploitation by landowners and the state, and the struggle of the peasants against feudal serf oppression. The role of Russian cities in the process of creating a centralized state and the participation of citizens in popular movements and the political struggle of the time.
In subsequent chapters, the author examines the process of political unification of the Russian lands around Moscow as the center of the emerging unified state and the formation of a centralized apparatus of power. Particular attention is paid to the class struggle of peasants and townspeople in various principalities in the XIV-XV centuries, as well as the liberation struggle of the Russian people against Tatar-Mongol yoke, against the offensive of the Lithuanian feudal lords and other foreign invaders.

L. V. Cherepnin was born on March 30, 1905 in Ryazan. The formation of the personality of the future historian fell on the years of revolutionary storms and upheavals. Having started his studies in Ryazan, he completed it in Yalta, where the Cherepnin family was stuck until graduation. civil war. Returning to Ryazan, L. V. Cherepnin enters the socio-historical faculty of the Institute public education. The choice of L. V. Cherepnin in favor of the profession of a historian can be explained by family traditions: his father graduated from the Faculty of History and Philology of Moscow University in 1903, his grandfather was a famous local historian, archaeologist and numismatist.

In the autumn of 1923, Lev Vladimirovich graduated from Moscow State University and began work on his Ph.D. thesis. However, tragic changes soon took place in Cherepnin's fate: in November 1930, he was arrested on a trumped-up case and imprisoned in Butyrka prison, then exiled for three years to the Dvina stone mining. After returning from the camp, L. V. Cherepnin temporarily worked at the Institute of History, regional high school and only in 1942 was he enrolled as a teacher at the Moscow State Institute of History and Archives.

In 1942, L. V. Cherepnin defended his Ph.D. thesis, and five years later, his doctoral dissertation entitled "Russian Feudal Archives of the XIV-XV centuries." This work was published in two books, totaling about 85 printed sheets. The originality of the idea of this study consisted in a systematic description of the Russian feudal society and state in the XIV-XV centuries. in their dynamics through a detailed analysis of documentary sources. This approach revealed many heterogeneous facts, which significantly enriched scientific ideas about the political, legal and state realities of Russia of that era.

Both the military and post-war years amaze with the intensity and variety of the works of L. V. Cherepnin. Every year he publishes up to a dozen or more scientific works- books, articles, reviews.

The work of L. V. Cherepnin at any stage of his life is characterized by amazing harmony. L. V. Cherepnin publishes four fundamental publications. This is a body of spiritual and contractual letters of the great appanage princes of the XIV-XVI centuries. (1950), the first part of the archive of the metropolitan department (1951), the text of the Code of Laws of 1498 (1952; in the collective volume of the Code of Laws of the 15th-16th centuries) and the corpus of acts of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery until early XVI in. Those were classic publications that laid not the foundations, but the qualitative parameters of Soviet documentary archeography, thanks to which this branch of historical science gained worldwide recognition.

In 1956, in the conditions of Khrushchev's "thaw", L.V. Cherepnin was completely rehabilitated. By this time he had become one of the leading Soviet medievalists in the field. national history, head of the emerging scientific school.

Over the course of 25 years, more than half of which are spent in camps and semi-wandering existence, he published about 120 scientific papers, including a two-volume monograph, more than a dozen fundamental publications, several volumes of collective generalizing works, where he owns large sections, five textbooks, a great number of articles, reports, reviews.

The list of works of L. V. Cherepnin for the last twenty years of his life is approaching three hundred. The impression is that this is the fruit of the work of not one researcher, but scientific center with an extremely wide range of topics and chronology.

Lev Vladimirovich's major contribution to Russian historiography was his work on the problem of the formation and development of the Russian centralized state. It was for this cycle of works that he was awarded the State Prize of the USSR.

In 1984, the Nauka Publishing House published L. V. Cherepnin's work "National Historians of the 18th-20th Centuries. Collection of Articles, Speeches, Memoirs". In this work, the author gives brilliant characteristics to outstanding Russian historians, such as: S. M. Solovyov, A. L. Shletser, V. O. Klyuchevsky, M. M. Bogoslovsky, I. U. Budovkin, B. B. Kafengauz, N. N. Voronin, V. T. Pashuto, M. V. Nechkina, Academician D. S. Likhachev and others. Perhaps, for the first time in Russian historiography, the scientist, Academician L. V. Cherepnin managed to characterize the portraits of Russian historians so vividly.

Works by L. V. Cherepnin

Russian feudal archives of the XIV-XV centuries. Part 1. M.; L., 1948; Part 2. M., 1951.

Russian historiography before the 19th century: a course of lectures. M., 1957.

Formation of the Russian centralized state in the XIV-XV centuries. Essays on the socio-economic and political history of Russia. M., 1960.

The Old Russian state and its international significance (co-authored with A.P. Novoseltsev, V.T. Pashuto and Ya.N. Shchapov). M., 1965.

Ways of development of feudalism (Transcaucasia, middle Asia, Russia, Baltic) (co-authored with A.P. Novoseltsev and V.T. Pashuto). M., 1972.

Zemsky Sobors of the Russian State in the 16th–17th Centuries. M., 1978.

Domestic historians of the 18th–20th centuries: Sat. articles, speeches, memoirs. M., 1984.

Cherepnin Lev Vladimirovich

(1905-1977)

L. V. Cherepnin was born on March 30, 1905 ᴦ. in Ryazan. The formation of the personality of the future historian fell on the years of revolutionary storms and upheavals. Starting his studies in Ryazan, he completed it in Yalta, where the Cherepnin family was stuck until the end of the Civil War. Returning to Ryazan, L. V. Cherepnin enters the socio-historical faculty of the Institute of Public Education. The choice of L. V. Cherepnin in favor of the profession of a historian can be explained by family traditions: he graduated from the Faculty of History and Philology of Moscow University in 1903 ᴦ. his father, a famous local historian, archaeologist and numismatist was his grandfather.

In the autumn of 1923 ᴦ. Lev Vladimirovich graduated from Moscow State University and began work on his Ph.D. thesis. At the same time, tragic changes take place in the fate of Cherepnin: in November 1930 ᴦ. he was arrested on a trumped-up case and imprisoned in the Butyrka prison, then exiled for three years to the Dvina stone mining. After returning from the camp, L. V. Cherepnin temporarily worked at the Institute of History, the district secondary school, and only in 1942 ᴦ. was enrolled as a teacher at the Moscow State Institute of History and Archives.

In 1942 ᴦ. L. V. Cherepnin defended his Ph.D. thesis, and five years later, his doctoral dissertation entitled "Russian Feudal Archives of the XIV-XV centuries." This work was published in two books, totaling about 85 printed sheets. The originality of the idea of this study consisted in a systematic description of Russian feudal society and the state in the XIV-XV centuries. in their dynamics through a detailed analysis of documentary sources. This approach revealed many heterogeneous facts, which significantly enriched the scientific understanding of the political, legal and state realities of Russia of that era.

Both the war and the post-war years amaze with the intensity and variety of the works of L. V. Cherepnin. Every year he publishes up to a dozen or more scientific papers - books, articles, reviews.

The work of L. V. Cherepnin at any stage of his life is characterized by amazing harmony. L. V. Cherepnin publishes four fundamental publications. This is a body of spiritual and contractual letters of the great appanage princes of the XIV-XVI centuries. (1950 ᴦ.), the first part of the owner's archive of the metropolitan department (1951 ᴦ.), the text of the Code of Laws of 1498 (1952 ᴦ .; in the collective volume of the Code of Laws of the 15th-16th centuries) and the corpus of acts of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery until the beginning of the 16th century. Those were classic publications that laid not the foundations, but the qualitative parameters of Soviet documentary archeography, thanks to which this branch of historical science gained worldwide recognition.

In 1956 ᴦ. in the conditions of Khrushchev's "thaw" L. V. Cherepnin was completely rehabilitated. By this time, he had become one of the leading Soviet medievalists in the field of national history, the head of an emerging scientific school.

Over the course of 25 years, more than half of which were spent in camps and semi-wandering existence, he published about 120 scientific papers, incl. a two-volume monograph, more than a dozen fundamental publications, several volumes of collective summarizing works, where he owns voluminous sections, five textbooks, a great many articles, reports, reviews.

The list of works of L. V. Cherepnin for the last twenty years of his life is approaching three hundred. The impression is that this is the fruit of the work of not one researcher, but a scientific center with an extremely wide range of interests in terms of topics and chronology.

In 1984 ᴦ. In the publishing house "Nauka" was published the work of L. V. Cherepnin "Domestic historians of the XVIII-XX centuries. Collection of articles, speeches, memoirs." In this work, the author gives brilliant characteristics to outstanding Russian historians, such as: S. M. Solovyov, A. L. Shletser, V. O. Klyuchevsky, M. M. Bogoslovsky, I. U. Budovkin, B. B. Kafengauz, N. N. Voronin, V. T. Pashuto, M. V. Nechkina, academician D. S. Likhachev and others.
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Perhaps, for the first time in Russian historiography, the scientist, academician L. V. Cherepnin managed to characterize the portraits of Russian historians so vividly.

Works by L. V. Cherepnin

Russian feudal archives of the XIV-XV centuries. Part 1. M.; L., 1948; Part 2. M., 1951.

Russian historiography before the 19th century: a course of lectures. M., 1957.

Formation of the Russian centralized state in the XIV-XV centuries. Essays on the socio-economic and political history of Russia. M., 1960.

The Old Russian state and its international significance (co-authored with A.P. Novos-zeltsev, V.T. Pashuto and Ya.N. Shchapov). M., 1965.

Ways of development of feudalism (Transcaucasia, Central Asia, Russia, the Baltic States) (co-authored with A.P. Novoseltsev and V.T. Pashuto). M., 1972.

Zemsky Sobors of the Russian state in the XVI-XVII centuries. M., 1978.

Domestic historians of the XVIII-XX centuries: Sat. articles, speeches, memoirs. M., 1984.

Rybakov Boris Alexandrovich

(born in 1908 ᴦ.)

A major Russian historian and archaeologist. Academician (since 1958), Academician of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences (since 1960), Honorary Doctor of the Jagiellonian University (since 1963), Member of the Executive Committee of the International Union of Prehistorians and Prehistorians, Member of the Executive Committee of the International Union of Slavists, Director of the Institutes of the USSR Academy of Sciences - Archeology (since 1956) and history of the USSR (since 1968), professor at Moscow University (since 1943). Twice winner of the State Prize of the USSR (1949, 1952). Specialist in Slavic-Russian archeology and history. Author of about 400 scientific papers. For many years he conducted field archaeological work, excavating ancient Russian cities: Tmutarakan, Chernigov, Lyubech, etc.
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B. A. Rybakov owns research on the socio-economic and political history of the Eastern Slavs and Ancient Russia, on the history of ancient Russian crafts and culture, paganism, metrology, epigraphy, chronology, chronicle writing, folk epic, etc.
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Rybakov has repeatedly represented Russian science at international congresses.

Works by B. A. Rybakov

Craft ancient Russia. M., 1948. Antiquities of Chernigov. M., 1949.

Ancient Russia. Legends. Epics. Chronicles. M., 1963. Russian dated inscriptions of the XI-XIV centuries. M., 1964. The first centuries of Russian history. M., 1964. One of the authors of the books: History of culture of Ancient Russia. T. 1-2. M.; L., 1948-1951.

History of Russian art. T. 1. M., 1953. Essays on the history of the USSR. Part 1. M., 1958. History of the USSR. T. 1. M., 1964.

4. Brief chronicle of historical events in Russia

Middle of the II millennium BC. e.- Separation of the Slavic language group, called "Proto-Slavs", from the general Indo-European array

Second half of the 2nd millennium BC. e.- The beginning of the collapse of the "proto-Slavic" world

End of the II Millennium- Active development of the economy of the Slavs - the beginning of the Middle Dnieper (the future core of the 1st millennium BC. Kievan Rus)

4th century- The invasion of the Huns in Europe, as a result of which a serious blow was dealt to the development of the Slavic tribes

6th century- The beginning of the mass migration of a number of Slavic tribes to the Balkan Peninsula

VI-VII centuries. Active and widespread distribution of the ethnonym "Slavs"

8th century-Intensive process of decomposition of tribal relations and tribal system among the Slavs

VIII-IX centuries- The Viking Age in Europe, who played a significant role in the history of the development of Ancient Russia

IX-X centuries-The foundations of the ethnic territory of the Old Russian people and Old Russian literary language. An ancient Russian nationality arose, uniting all the East Slavic tribes and becoming the single cradle of the three Slavic peoples of later times: Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians

882-912 gᴦ. Oleg's reign in Kyiv

907 ᴦ. Campaign of Russian troops to Constantinople

965 ᴦ. The fall of the Khazar Khaganate and the advancement of Russia in the Black Sea region

980-1015 gᴦ. Reign of Vladimir Svyatoslavich

988 ᴦ. Baptism of Russia

1113-1125gᴦ. The reign of Vladimir Monomakh (the practice of electing an invited prince by the Kiev Veche begins with him)

1125-1132gᴦ. Reign of Mstislav the Great, son of Vladimir Monomakh. The years of the reign of father and son were the time of restoration of the unity of the ancient Russian state

1223 ᴦ., May 31 In the battle on the Kalka River, the combined Russian and Polovtsian troops were defeated by the troops of Genghis Khan

1236 ᴦ. Batu's troops began a campaign against Russian lands. The Horde invasion under the leadership of Batu continued until 1240 ᴦ.

1236-1238 gᴦ. Batu's troops captured, plundered and burned Ryazan, Vladimir, Suzdal. As a result, the entire Vladimir-Suzdal land was defeated

1239 ᴦ. Batu's troops captured, plundered

and burned Murom and Gorokhovets

1240 ᴦ., June 15 The battle on the banks of the Neva, in which the Russian troops under the leadership of Prince Alexander Yaroslavich defeated the Swedes. For the victory over the Swedes, the prince received the honorary nickname Nevsky

1240 ᴦ. Batu's troops took Kyiv, captured Vladimir-Volynsky, Galich

1241-1242 gᴦ. Batu's troops invaded Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Moravia; reached Croatia and Dalmatia. Seriously weakened by the powerful resistance of Russia, Batu was unable to assert his dominance in Europe.

led by Alexander Nevsky, defeated the crusader knights. The battle entered the history of Russia as the Battle of the Ice

1243ᴦ. Grand Duke Yaroslav was the first of the Russian rulers to arrive at the headquarters of the Mongol Khan for a "label" for reigning

1243-1395 gᴦ. Years of the political history of the Golden Horde. Russia was a country dependent on the Golden Horde. 1395 ᴦ. - practically the last year of the dependence of Russia, although the agony of the collapse of the Golden Horde continued until the middle of the 15th century. In place of the Golden Horde, new state-political formations appeared: the Great Horde, the Astrakhan Khanate, the Kazan Khanate, Crimean Khanate, Siberian Khanate, Nogai Horde

1257 ᴦ. Novgorodians refused to pay tribute to the Golden Horde, but Alexander Nevsky restrained the performance of the masses

1262 ᴦ. In all major cities of Russia (Rostov, Suzdal, Yaroslavl, Ustyug the Great, Vladimir), popular uprisings took place against the collection of tribute, which forced Golden Horde limit farm work on Russian lands in favor of the Golden Horde

1327 ᴦ. Moscow became the capital city of all Russian lands

1361 ᴦ. As a result of the internal struggle between the khans for dominance, Khan Mamai becomes the central figure in the Golden Horde.

1369-1389gᴦ. The reign of the Grand Duke of Moscow Dmitry Ivanovich

1378 ᴦ. Mamai sends his troops to fight the Grand Duke of Moscow Dmitry Ivanovich. These troops were defeated by Russian regiments commanded by Dmitry Ivanovich on the Vozha River (a tributary of the Oka)

1380 ᴦ., September 8 Kulikovo battle. The united regiments of northeastern Russia, led by Dmitry Ivanovich, defeated the Tatar-Mongolian troops commanded by Mamai. Russian regiments numbered approximately 60 thousand people; Tatar-Mongolian - 80-90 thousand people. For this victory Grand Duke Moscow Dmitry Ivanovich received the nickname Donskoy

1382 ᴦ. The Golden Horde Khan Tokhtamysh, at the head of a huge army, unexpectedly attacked Russia, which had not yet fully recovered from the consequences of the Battle of Kulikovo. The Golden Horde captured Moscow and completely ruined and devastated it

1462-1505 gᴦ. The reign of Ivan III, under which the final stage of the unification of Russian lands into a centralized state began. The first collector of Russian lands around Moscow was the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan Kalita

1480 ᴦ., October Confrontation between Russian and Horde troops on the Ugra River (a tributary of the Oka). The end of the Horde yoke, which lasted 240 years

1485 ᴦ. Ivan III declared himself sovereign of all Russia

1497 ᴦ. The appearance of the first all-Russian Sudebnik, which marked the beginning of the formation of personal serfdom of the population

End of the 15th century The term "Russia" began to be used

1505-1533 gᴦ. Governing body Basil III, in which the final stage of the unification of Russian lands into a centralized state was completed. In 1521 ᴦ. the Ryazan principality ceased to exist - the last on the way to the final unification of Russian lands into a centralized state

1533-1584 gᴦ. The reign of Ivan IV (the Terrible)

For the first time, the Moscow prince was endowed with the title of tsar, which, according to the then concepts, sharply elevated him above all the titled Russian nobility and equalized his position with the Western European emperors

1549 ᴦ., February 27 The first Zemsky Sobor was held as a class-representative institution The convocation of the Zemsky Sobor marked the beginning of the transformation of Russia into a class-representative monarchy

1550 ᴦ. The new Sudebnik confirmed the norms of the peasant transition introduced by the Sudebnik in 1497 ᴦ.

1552 ᴦ., October Capture of Kazan by Russian troops. The last Kazan Khan Yadigar-Magomed was captured and became the owner of Zvenigorod, actively participated in wars on the side of Russia

1556 ᴦ. Accession of Astrakhan to Russia

1557 ᴦ. Accession of Bashkiria to Russia

1558 ᴦ. The beginning of the Livonian War, which lasted a quarter of a century. Ended in the defeat of Russia

1581-1585 gᴦ. Yermak's campaigns that marked the beginning

annexation of Siberia to Russia

1584 ᴦ. Death of Ivan IV (the Terrible). After his death, two sons remained: the eldest - Fedor, who became king and died in 1598 ᴦ .; the youngest is Tsarevich Dmitry, who died in Uglich in 1591 ᴦ.

1598 ᴦ. After the death of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, the Zemsky Sobor elevated Boris Godunov, the brother of the wife of the deceased Tsar, to the royal throne. With the death of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, the royal family of Rurikovich, who ruled Russia for 700 years, ceased

1603ᴦ. The beginning of a major peasant uprising, which developed into a peasant war under the leadership of Ivan Bolotnikov

1605 ᴦ., May 20 False Dmitry I (the fugitive monk of the Chudov Monastery Grigory Otrepiev) solemnly entered Moscow and took the royal throne

1608 ᴦ., January False Dmitry II began a campaign against Moscow and settled in a camp under village near Moscow Tushino ("Tushino camp")

1611 ᴦ., autumn One of the leaders of the Nizhny Novgorod Posad, Kuzma Minin, called for the creation civil uprising for the liberation of Moscow from the Poles and the expulsion of the interventionists from Russia. Dmitry Pozharsky was elected leader of the militia

1612 ᴦ., August The militia of Minin and Pozharsky liberated Moscow from the Poles. End of "Time of Troubles" or "Great Devastation"

1613 ᴦ., January The most representative Zemsky Sobor in the history of Russia elected 16-year-old Mikhail Romanov, a relative of Ivan the Terrible's first wife, as Tsar. This circumstance, as it were, created the appearance of the advancement of the former dynasty of Russian tsars. In fact, the reign of the Romanov dynasty in Russia begins, ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ lasted a little more than three hundred years, until February 1917 ᴦ.

1649 ᴦ. The Council Code consolidated the position of various categories of the population and determined the scope of their duties

1653 ᴦ., October 1 Zemsky Sobor in Moscow decided to reunite Ukraine with Russia. In turn, the Rada in Pereyaslavl on November 8, 1654 ᴦ. called for the entry of Ukraine into Russia

1666 ᴦ. The Church Council decided on the deposition and exile to the monastery as a simple monk of Patriarch Nikon

1667-1671 gᴦ. Peasant war led by Stepan Razin

1689-1725ᴦ. The reign of Peter I

1703 ᴦ. laying the foundation stone for the Peter and Paul Fortress, which laid the foundation for St. Petersburg

1709ᴦ. Battle of Poltava. The Russian army led by Peter I defeated the army of the Swedish king Charles XV. On the side of the Swedes, a Ukrainian detachment fought against the Russians under the leadership of Hetman Mazepa

1713 ᴦ. Petersburg became the capital of Russia

1714 ᴦ. The victory of the Russian fleet over the Swedish at Cape Gangut

1719 ᴦ. The victory of the Russian fleet over the Swedish near the island of Ezel

1720 ᴦ. The victory of the Russian fleet over the Swedish near the island of Grengam

1721 ᴦ., May Nystadt world.
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victory over Sweden. Russia got wide access to the Baltic Sea

1721 ᴦ. Peter I introduces the title of emperor in Russia

1722-1723 gᴦ. Caspian campaign of Peter I

1725-1727 gᴦ. The reign of Catherine I

1727-1730 gᴦ. The reign of Peter II - the grandson of Peter I

1730-1740 gᴦ. The reign of Anna Ioannovna - daughter of brother Peter I

1731 ᴦ. Acceptance of the northern part of Kazakhstan into Russian citizenship

1740-1743. Accession to Russia of the middle part of Kazakhstan

1741-1761 gᴦ. The reign of Elizabeth I - daughter of Peter I

1756-1763 gᴦ. The Seven Years' War in Europe, in which Russia took an active part. Participation in the war did not give Russia any territorial acquisitions

1761-1762 gᴦ. Governing body Peter III- nephew of Elizabeth Petrovna

1762-1796. The reign of Catherine II - the wife of Peter III

1770ᴦ. The victory of the Russian fleet near Chesma (Mediterranean Sea) over Turkish fleet

1773-1775 gᴦ. Peasant war under the leadership of Emelyan Pugachev

1774ᴦ. Kuchuk-Kainarji peace, as a result of which Russia received a wide outlet to the Black Sea

1783 ᴦ. By decree of Catherine II, Crimea was included in Russia

19th century Russia actively participated in the military-political events in Europe. Her brilliant victories are largely associated with outstanding Russian military figures: commander A.V. Suvorov and naval commander F.F. Ushakov

1801-1825ᴦ. Reign of Alexander I

1801-1803 gᴦ. The activities of the "private committee" under Alexander I on the preparation of reforms government controlled Russia

1801-1804 gᴦ. The process of entry of various parts of Georgia into Russia, which began in 1798 ᴦ. George XII who ascended the Georgian throne

1802 ᴦ. Instead of the Petrine collegiums, new governing bodies were introduced - ministries, which became the central executive authorities

1804-1806. The main part of Azerbaijan was annexed to Russia

1805 ᴦ. The signing of the Anglo-Russian military convention to fight Napoleon. Austria, Sweden and the Kingdom of Naples joined the convention. After Napoleon's victory at Austerlitz, the anti-Napoleonic coalition broke up, and the Russian troops were taken to Russia

1806-1812. Moldova was annexed to Russia

1809 ᴦ., September Finland gained autonomy within the framework of Russian Empire as the Grand Duchy of Finland

1810 ᴦ. The establishment of the State Council of Russia, which was appointed by the emperor from representatives of the highest noble aristocracy. The Council lasted until the February (1917 ᴦ.) Revolution

1812 ᴦ., March Napoleon completed preparations for the invasion of Russia. His army included about 680 thousand soldiers, of which the French made up a little over 350 thousand people

1812 ᴦ. on the night of June 12 (24) Napoleon's army crossed the Neman and invaded Russia. The main central group of troops, consisting of 220 thousand people, led by Napoleon, was advancing on Rovno and Vilna. started Patriotic War Russia against the Napoleonic invasion

1812 ᴦ., August 24 The battle of Borodino, as a result of which the Russians lost 44 thousand, and the French - about 60 thousand people. Without waiting for the reserves, Kutuzov decides to retreat to Moscow

1812 ᴦ., September 1 The military council in Fili (3 km from Moscow) decides to leave Moscow in order to save the army

1812 ᴦ., October 7 Before leaving Moscow, Napoleon gives the order to blow up the Kremlin and. Kremlin cathedrals, destroy city buildings. But the demoralized army of over 100 thousand people, with a huge convoy of looted valuables, could not fulfill Napoleon's order

1812 ᴦ., After crossing the Berezi River on November 14-16, a disorderly flight of Napoleonic troops from Russia began.

1813 ᴦ., October 7"Battle of the Nations" near Leipzig - the victory over Napoleon of the allied forces of Russia, Prussia and Austria

May 18, 1814 Conclusion of a peace treaty between Russia, Austria, Prussia and England with France

1814 ᴦ., September Congress of Vienna countries - the winners of Napoleon. At the final stage of the Congress, the Duchy of Warsaw was transferred to Russia

1815 ᴦ., June 6 Battle of Waterloo. Defeat of Napoleon. Russians and allied forces after the battle entered Paris

1815 ᴦ. The appearance in Russia of the first steamship "Elizaveta"

1816 ᴦ. Creation in St. Petersburg of the first mystery

organization of future Decembrists "Union of Salvation"

1818 ᴦ. Creation in Moscow of a secret organization of future Decembrists "Union of Welfare"

1820 ᴦ. Completion of work on the preparation of the draft of the first constitution of Russia, called the "Charter of the Russian Empire". The project was prepared at the direction of Alexander I in the strictest secrecy under the guidance of a prominent statesman of Russia, the future chairman of the State Council N. N. Novosiltsev. The project was never made public.

1817-1864 gᴦ. The Caucasian war of Russia with the peoples of Dagestan, Chechnya, Adygea. In 1864 ᴦ. the last center of resistance of the highlanders was liquidated

1821-1822 gᴦ. The emergence of the South and northern societies Decembrists

1825 ᴦ., December 20 The uprising of the Chernihiv Infantry Regiment, raised by members of the Southern Society of Decembrists

1825-1855 gᴦ. Reign of Nicholas I

1832 ᴦ. The ideological justification of the policy of autocracy is the theory of official nationality, the formula of which was: "Orthodoxy, autocracy and nationality"

1837 ᴦ. The opening in Russia of the first railway linking Tsarskoye Selo with St. Petersburg

19th century, 40s. The emergence of two major ideological currents in Russia: Westernism and Slavophilism

The beginning of the formation of a revolutionary-democratic ideology in Russian socio-political life, the founders of which were V. G. Belinsky and A. I. Herzen. The theoretical provisions of the revolutionary democratic ideology were developed by N. G. Chernyshevsky

1853 ᴦ., November The victory of the Russian squadron Black Sea Fleet under the command of Admiral P. S. Nakhimov over the Turkish fleet in Sinop

1853-1856. The Crimean War of Russia against the combined forces of England, France and Turkey

1854 ᴦ., October Start Sevastopol defense lasting 11 months. The defense was headed by Admiral V. A. Kornilov, and after his death - by Admiral P. S. Nakhimov

1855 ᴦ. The first Russian-Japanese treaty that marked the beginning of official interstate relations between Russia and Japan

1856 ᴦ. The Paris Peace Treaty and several conventions were signed between Russia, Ottoman Empire, England, France, Austria, Prussia and Sardinia, which put an end to the Crimean War

1858 ᴦ. An agreement between Russia and China on the delimitation of adjacent territories along the Amur River was concluded

1861 ᴦ. A secret revolutionary society of raznochintsy "Land and Freedom" was created (existed until 1864 ᴦ.)

1865 ᴦ. The first merchant congress of Russia took place

1867 ᴦ., March 18 An agreement was concluded on the sale of Alaska by Russia to the North American United States. The territory of Alaska with an area of 1.5 square meters. km was sold for a small amount of 11 million rubles.

1867 ᴦ. The Turkestan Governor-General was created, the basis of which was the territory of modern Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan

1870 ᴦ. The first All-Russian Congress of Manufacturers and Breeders took place

1872 ᴦ. In St. Petersburg, the first volume of "Capital" by K. Marx was published in Russian, translated by G. A. Lopatin. This was the first translation in Russia of the fundamental work of K. Marx

1875 ᴦ. In St. Petersburg, a Russian-Japanese treaty was signed, according to which the Kuril Islands, which belonged to Russia, were transferred to Japan in exchange for Japan's renunciation of claims to the southern part of Sakhalin Island

1875 ᴦ. In Odessa, the "South Russian Union of Workers" was created, headed by E. O. Zaslavsky

1876 ᴦ., February Inclusion of the Kokand Khanate into the Turkestan Governor-General of Russia

1876 ᴦ., December In St. Petersburg, on the square near the Kazan Cathedral, the first in Russia social-revolutionary demonstration of the intelligentsia and workers took place, at which G. V. Plekhanov delivered a speech

1876 ᴦ., end of the year In Russia, an underground revolutionary organization of populists arose, which in 1878 received ᴦ. title "Land and freedom"

1877 ᴦ., April 12 - 1878 ᴦ., February 19 Russo-Turkish War, as a result of which Serbia, Romania and Montenegro received full independence; the creation of Bulgaria as an autonomous principality was proclaimed; Southern Bessarabia returned to Russia; departed Ardagan, Kare, Batum

1878 ᴦ., December The "Northern Union of Russian Workers" was created in St. Petersburg, headed by S. N. Khalturin and V. P. Obnorsky

1879 ᴦ., August"Land and Freedom" split into two independent organizations- "Narodnaya Volya" and "Black Repartition"

1881 ᴦ., April 3 Executed A. I. Zhelyabov, S. L. Perovskaya, N. L. Kibalchich, T. M. Mikhailov - organizers and participants in the assassination attempt on Alexander II

1881 ᴦ., April 29 Manifesto "On the inviolability of autocracy" published (in connection with the assassination of Alexander II)

1883 ᴦ. In St. Petersburg, a group of D. Blagoev was formed, named in 1884 ᴦ. "Party of Russian Social Democrats"

1884 ᴦ. Turkmenistan became part of the Russian Empire. The process of accession of Central Asia to Russia was completed

1885 ᴦ., end of the year In St. Petersburg, the Social Democratic group of P. V. Tochissky was organized, from the end of 1886 ᴦ. called "Association of St. Petersburg Craftsmen"

1887 ᴦ., May A. I. Ulyanov, P. I. Andreyushkin, V. D. Generalov, V. S. Osipanov and P. Ya. Shevyrev were executed for the assassination attempt on Alexander III

1887 ᴦ., at night The first arrest of V. I. Lenin for participating on December 5 in student unrest at Kazan University

1888 ᴦ., no later than The first Marxist autumn circle (central) was created in Kazan, headed by N. E. Fedoseev

1889 ᴦ., winter In St. Petersburg, headed by M. I. Brusnev, a social democratic organization was formed (Brusnev's group)

May 5, 1891 The first May Day meeting of St. Petersburg workers, organized by the group of M. I. Brusnev, took place

1891 ᴦ., August 27 In an atmosphere of secrecy, a Russian-French alliance was concluded. The final formalization of the union did not take place immediately. Only in January 1894 ᴦ. the treaty was ratified by Alexander III and became binding

1894 ᴦ. In Geneva, on the initiative of the Emancipation of Labor group, the Union of Russian Social Democrats Abroad was created.

1895 ᴦ. In St. Petersburg, on the initiative of V. I. Lenin, a social democratic organization was created, called the "Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class"

1897 ᴦ., June 2 The Government of Russia has issued a law establishing an 11.5-hour working day in factories and plants on ordinary days and 10 hours on Saturdays and holidays. Start of labor legislation

1897 ᴦ. The first census of the population of Russia

The congress decided to unite all local social democratic organizations into a single Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP) and to issue the Manifesto of the RSDLP

1898 ᴦ. The First Congress of the Union of Russian Social Democrats Abroad took place in Geneva. The congress revealed serious disagreements in assessing the tasks of the social democratic movement in Russia

1899 ᴦ., July 29 The government approved the "Temporary rules on serving conscription pupils of higher educational institutions for wreaking havoc"

1901 ᴦ., January 25 There was a meeting of students of St. Petersburg higher educational institutions who protested against the application of the "Provisional Rules" of 1899 ᴦ to Kiev students. 28 participants of the gathering were sent to the soldiers

1901 ᴦ., February-March Demonstrations of students and workers took place in Moscow, Kharkov, Kyiv, Yaroslavl, Kazan, Tomsk and other cities against the government's reactionary policy towards students

Late 1901 ᴦ. - early 1902 ᴦ. The process of creating the party of socialists-

revolutionaries (Socialist-Revolutionaries) by uniting the People's Will groups of Russia. The first congress of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party took place at the end of December 1905 ᴦ. -- early 1906 ᴦ.

February 1902 The All-Russian Student Congress took place in Riga. The Congress adopted a "Manifesto" calling for political struggle

1902ᴦ., July-August The II Congress of the RSDLP was held. The congress adopted the program and charter, laid the foundation for Bolshevism. The meetings of the congress were held in Brussels and London. Menshevism also took shape at the congress, uniting all the opponents of Lenin's plan to create a new type of party; anti-bolshevik political movement

1903 ᴦ. The emergence of the first anarchist organizations in Russia

1904 ᴦ., January 27 Japan attacked the Russian squadron in Port Arthur without declaring war. The Russo-Japanese War began

1904 ᴦ., December Tsarist general Stessel treacherously surrendered Port Arthur, despite the heroism and steadfastness of soldiers, sailors, officers and part of the generals

1904 ᴦ., end of December A congress of zemstvo figures of Russia was held in connection with the defeats Russian army and the aggravation of the internal political situation in Russia

1905 ᴦ., January 9 The execution by the tsarist troops of a peaceful demonstration of workers in St. Petersburg. Barricades in the capital. Beginning of the first Russian revolution

1905 ᴦ., February Russia lost the largest battle of the Russo-Japanese war - Mukden

1905 ᴦ., May Battle in the Tsushima Strait. The Russian squadron, despite the heroism of the sailors, officers and admirals, was defeated by the Japanese fleet. The Japanese fleet, in terms of its tactical and technical data, surpassed the Russian squadron. Tsushima is the only one in history Russian fleet major defeat

1905 ᴦ., May In Ivanovo-Voznesensk, the Assembly of Authorized Deputies was created - the first in the history of Russia City Council workers' deputies

1905 ᴦ., October 7 A railroad strike broke out in Moscow, marking the beginning of the All-Russian political strike

1905 ᴦ., October 17 The Tsar's Manifesto was published, in which Nicholas II announced the "granting" to the people of civil freedom, inviolability of the person, freedom of conscience, assembly and unions. The main thing in the Manifesto was the statement that from now on "no law could take effect without the approval of the State Duma." It was the first victory of the first Russian revolution

1905 ᴦ., October The 1st Congress of the Constitutional Democratic Party (Kadets) was held. In January 1906 ᴦ. "People's Freedom Party" was added to the main name of the party

1905 ᴦ., November 8 The official date of the creation of the "Union of the Russian People" - a mass political organization that covers the reaction of the landowners and the nobility with external "democratism". The union had the support of the king and court salons. The main goal of the Union is the fight against the revolution

1905 ᴦ., November 22 The first meeting of the Moscow Soviet of Workers' Deputies in the history of Moscow

1905 ᴦ., November Organizational design of one of the basic bourgeois parties in Russia - the "Union of October 17" ("Octobrists")

1905 ᴦ., December 7 A general political strike began in Moscow, which escalated into an armed uprising two days later.

1905 ᴦ., December 16 In Moscow, in the Presnya region, the workers fought fierce barricade battles with the tsarist troops. The Moscow Committee of the RSDLP and the Moscow Soviet of Workers' Deputies recognized it as necessary on December 18 to stop the armed resistance in an organized manner, and on December 19 to stop the political strike.

1905 ᴦ. Creation in Russia of the first representative legislative institution - the State Duma

1905 ᴦ. Formation of the first trade unions

organizations in Russia

1906 ᴦ. Elections to the II State Duma, in which legal entities formed in Russia took part political parties

1906-1910. Land reform developed by the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Russia P. A. Stolypin. The main content of the reform is the destruction of the peasant community while maintaining the inviolability of landowner ownership of land

1907 ᴦ., June 3 The June 3 coup d'état that marked the beginning of a period of reaction in Russia. According to the new electoral law, the representation in the Duma of the workers, peasants and national outlying districts was significantly reduced. III and IV State Dumas were elected according to the new electoral law, which Nicholas II called "shameless"

1912 ᴦ., February 5-7 The VI All-Russian (Prague) Conference took place in Prague, which decided on the organizational division of the RSDLP into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks

April 4, 1912 The execution of workers at the Lena gold mines. In April, protest strikes and demonstrations of workers against the Lena massacre took place throughout Russia

1914 ᴦ. The first celebration of the Workers' Press Day in Russia

1914 ᴦ., July 19 Germany declared war on Russia 1914 ᴦ., July 24 Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia

1914 ᴦ., November 5 Members of the Bolshevik faction of the IV State Duma arrested in Petrograd

1916 ᴦ., July The beginning of the uprising against the autocracy and local feudal lords in Central Asia and Kazakhstan

1917 ᴦ., 17 February Beginning of workers' strike Putil

Cherepnin Lev Vladimirovich - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Cherepnin Lev Vladimirovich" 2017, 2018.

An outstanding Soviet historian, talented teacher> and organizer of science Lev Vladimirovich Cherepnin was born on April 12, 1905 in<Рязани>one . His interest in history was formed in his school years, which was facilitated by his environment and family traditions. The grandfather of Lev Vladimirovich, A.P. Cherepnin, was a well-known archaeologist and numismatist in his time; father, Vladimir Alekseevich, who received a historical education at Moscow University, a student of M. M. Bogoslovsky, worked in the field of library and archival affairs. The need and ability to work, brought up from early youth, developed and strengthened during the years of study of L. V. Cherepnin in<Рязанском> <педагогическом> <институте>, at Moscow University, postgraduate student of the Russian Association for Research<институтов>social sciences.

His immediate mentors were such great connoisseurs of Russian antiquity as A.I. Yakovlev, S.V. Bakhrushin, S.B. practical work over historical sources, to archival searches, to participation in the preparation of publications of 1928-1929. ("Russian Truth", act and office material from the archive of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery). This work was an excellent school for the beginning researcher.

Taste for the complex and painstaking work of publishing sources L. V. Cherepnin retained throughout his creative activity, having carried out - actually independently, alone - such major publications, as "Spiritual and contractual letters of the great and specific princes of the XIV - XVI centuries" (M. 1950), "Acts of feudal land tenure and economy" (parts 1 and 3. M. 1951, 1961). With his participation, and then under his leadership, were published in 1952 - 1964. three volumes of "Acts of social economic history North-Eastern Russia of the end of the XIV - beginning of the XVI century. "And in 1975 -" Acts of the Russian state 1506 - 1526. ".

All scientific and<педагогическую>L. V. Cherepnin’s activity is permeated by interest in theoretical problems, the desire for creative application of the ideas of K. Marx, F. Engels and V. I. Lenin in the field of historical science. Staging and problem works, historiographic reviews of L. V. Cherepnin reflected his ideas about the tasks of studying the history of the USSR during the period of feudalism and its periodization, about the application of the Marxist-Leninist principle of party membership in historical research. He strove more and more deeply to reveal the significance of the legacy of the classics of Marxism-Leninism for the study historical issues, and in particular the history of the feudal socio-economic formation. He wrote on this topic in 1963-1969. several special articles L. V. Cherepnin had the intention to write a special work devoted to the teachings of the founders of Marxism-Leninism about the feudal socio-economic formation and its application

1 For the most complete bibliography of works on the life path and work of L. V. Cherepnin, see: Lev Vladimirovich Cherepnin (1905 - 1977). In: Materials for the bibliography of scientists of the USSR. History series. Issue. 14. M. 1983. Introduction. article by V. D. Nazarov. The bibliography was compiled by I. G. Bebikh and R. I. Goryacheva.

2 The main works of a theoretical, problematic nature were republished in Sat. Art.: Cherepnin L. V. Questions of methodology of historical research. Theoretical problems of the history of feudalism. M. 1981.

in historical research, including the history of feudal Russia. And it is no coincidence that the materials of the reports discussed in the theoretical seminar, which for a number of years was led by L.V. Cherepnin, formed the basis of the collection of articles " Actual problems history of Russia in the era of feudalism", published under his editorship in 1970, on the centenary of the birth of V. I. Lenin.

Constant attention to the theoretical problems of historical science, combined with tireless work on the study of concrete historical material, decades (starting from 1924) of research in archives, domestic and foreign, determined the nature and significance of the contribution made by L. V. Cherepnin in the development of Soviet and world historical science.

When trying to highlight and evaluate the creative heritage of L. V. Tcherepnin, the very volume of work he has done impresses first of all3. He and with his participation published more than 350 printed works4.

Characteristic of L. V. Tcherepnin's scientific creativity is the widest range of historical problems, the study of which he was engaged in, major problems. Among them are the genesis of feudalism among the Eastern Slavs, education to: the nature of the Old Russian state, the essence, significance of the period of feudal fragmentation, the socio-economic and political conditions for the formation of the Russian centralized state, the specific course and significance of this process, the problems of the formation and development of a class-representative monarchy, the process growing into an absolute monarchy common features all these processes and their features in the conditions of feudal Russia. The concepts and specific historical observations of L. V. Cherepnin on many of these problems, set forth in his fundamental works "The Formation of the Russian Centralized State in the XIV-XV centuries. Essays on the socio-economic and political history of Russia" (M. 1960) and "Zemsky cathedrals of the Russian state in the 16th-17th centuries. (M. 1978) were highly appreciated in Soviet and foreign historical literature and publicly recognized5.

In the study of these historical problems, work on each of which could form the content of the entire scientific activity of many researchers, L. V. Cherepnin creatively developed "cross-cutting" fundamentally important topics, such as the periodization of the history of Russia in the era of feudalism, the essence, emergence and evolution of feudal land ownership, the history of the peasantry, the Russian city, trade, class struggle, peasant wars, the ideology of the peasants

3 Pointers (in chronological order) printed works of L. V. Cherepnin and literature about him and his works, mutually complementing each other, are placed in the publications: Feudal Russia in the world-historical process. Collection of articles dedicated to Lev Vladimirovich Tcherepnin. M. 1972 (compiled by N. Ya. Krainev and P. V. Pronin); Society and the state of feudal Russia. Collection of articles dedicated to the 70th anniversary of Acad. Lev Vladimirovich Tcherepnin. M. 1975 (compiled by P. V. Pronin); Lev Vladimirovich Cherepnin (1905 - 1977), p. 39 - 85. In the following presentation, when referring to certain works of L. V. Tcherepnin in the text of this article, the dates of their publication are indicated, under which the full bibliographic data of these works are placed in the mentioned indexes.

4 The mentioned bibliographic indexes now need to be supplemented. See, for example: Cherepnin L.V. Domestic historians of the 18th - 20th centuries. Sat. articles, speeches, memoirs. M. 1984. L. V. Cherepnin was also a member of the editorial boards of collections of articles: Source study of national history. 1975. M. 1976; Same. 1976. M. 1977; Same. 1979. M. 1980; International relations and foreign policy THE USSR. History and modernity. M. 1977; History and historians. Historiographic yearbook. 1975. M. 1978; Chronicles and chronicle. 1980. V. N. Tatishchev and the study of Russian chronicles. M. 1981. Published and reviews on Sat. Art. L. V. Cherepnina "Questions of the methodology of historical research. Theoretical problems of the history of feudalism" by A. M. Samsonov and V. I. Koretsky (History of the USSR, 1983, N 2) and Ya. N. Shchapov (Questions of history, 1984, N 1) , as well as two reviews of the book by L. V. Tcherepnin "Zemsky Sobors of the Russian State of the XVI-XVII centuries": Czerska D. Nowe dzielo o soborach ziemskich w Rosji XVI-XVII ww. — Czasopismo Prawno-Historyczne, 1980, t. XXXII, No. 2; Campbell J. L. - Slavic Review, 1981, vol. 40, No. 1, p. 104 - 105.

5 In 1981 for the series of works "Education and Development of the Russian Centralized State", published in 1948 - 1978, including, in addition to these two monographs, the two-volume work "Russian feudal archives of the XIV - XV centuries" (M.-L. 1948 ; M. 1951), L. V. Cherepnin was awarded the State Prize of the USSR, the monetary part of which his widow transferred to the Soviet Peace Fund.

and ordinary citizens public thought and culture in feudal Russia, the problems of the national liberation struggle, the formation of the Russian (Great Russian) nationality6.

An internationalist scientist, L.V. Cherepnin constantly paid attention to the study and popularization of the history of a number of peoples of our country, in particular the peoples of the Volga region, the Urals, the Baltic states, Ukraine, Belarus, the Caucasus and Central Asia. Special merit belongs to L. V. Tcherepnin in the formation of Soviet Moldavian historical science; she received recognition from her Moldovan colleagues and was awarded the State Prize of the MSSR for her participation in the creation of the two-volume work "History of the Moldavian SSR" 7 .

L. V. Cherepnin's contribution to the study of the history of historical science is significant. Of independent importance for the study of individual major problems are his historiographic excursions and sections in monographs: "Russian feudal archives of the XIV - XV centuries", "Formation of the Russian centralized state" (the historiographic section here is about nine printed sheets), "Zemsky Sobors of the Russian State in XVI - XVII centuries. (historiographic section in three printed sheets).

Among the special historiographic works of L. V. Tcherepnin is the course "Russian historiography before the 19th century", awarded the Lomonosov Prize of Moscow University in 1957; a number of sections in the "Essays on the History of Historical Science in the USSR" - both on pre-revolutionary and Soviet historiography (vols. II - IV), historiographic sections in the academic "Essays on the History of the USSR" (the period of feudalism of the 9th - 15th centuries), a concentrated historiographic review pre-revolutionary and Soviet historiography in the high school textbook "History of the USSR" (vol. 1, M. 1964). He paid great attention, especially to last years life, the study of the creative activity of outstanding representatives of the national historical science. The series of essays he created on historians includes historical and biographical works on S. M. Solovyov (1959), V. O. Klyuchevsky (1960), A. L. Shletser (1966, 1981), G. F Miller (1966), A. S. Lappo-Danilevsky (1949), A. E. Presnyakov (1950), M. N. Pokrovsky (1966), M. M. Bogoslovsky (1974 G.), S. K. Bogoyavlensky (1974), A. M. Pankratova (circa 1971), B. D. Grekov (1972), Yu. V. Gotye (1973), S V. Bakhrushin (1947, 1960), K. V. Bazilevich (1950, 1952, 1960), S. V. Yushkov (1948), M. V. Nechkina (1961, 1971) , I. I. Polosine (1963), I. U. Budovnitsa (1966), B. B. Kafengause (1971), N. V. Ustyugov (1973), I. A. Golubtsov (1971), A. A. Novoselsky (1975), N. N. Voronin (1975), S. B. Veselovsky (1977), S. N. Valka (1977), V. T. Pashuto (1977), D. S. Likhachev (1977), V. K. Lukomsky (1977), I. F. Kolesnikov (1978) 8 . Some of these essays, obviously, should have been included in the monograph "The School of V. O. Klyuchevsky in Russian Historiography" conceived by L. V. Cherepnin.

A peculiar aspect of the historiographic studies of L. V. Tcherepnin is his series of articles on the historical views of a number of Russian writers, summarized in a monograph " Historical views classics of Russian literature" (M. 1968).

6 Along with monographic works, sections written by him are important. collective monographs "Historical conditions formation of the Russian nationality until the end of the 15th century. international significance. Under the editorship of V. T. Pashuto and L. V. Cherepnin. M. 1965) and "Rus. Controversial issues in the history of feudal land ownership in the 9th - 15th centuries. . 1972), which are essentially compact monographs.

7 See for more details: Grosul Ya. S. Mokhov N. A. The role of L. V. Cherepnin in the development of historical science in Soviet Moldavia. V. kn.: Society and the state of feudal Russia.

8 Texts of speeches and memoirs of L. V. Cherepnin about S. V. Bakhrushin, S. V. Yushkov, A. M. Pankratova, N. V. Ustyugov, Yu. the death of S. V. Bakhrushin and K. V. Bazilevich and an article on the 60th anniversary of V. T. Pashuto were first published in the book: Cherepnin L. V. Domestic historians of the 18th - 20th centuries. Sat. articles, speeches, memoirs.

Although the very idea of this work and its execution in the form of a series of essays on the hysterical views of A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov, N. V. Gogol, I. S. Turgenev, F. M. Dostoevsky, F. I. Tyutchev, N. S. Leskov, N. A. Nekrasov, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, L. N. Tolstoy, A. A. Blok caused not only a lively response, but also critical remarks of reviewers, this work of L. V Cherepnin clearly testifies to the breadth of his interests, his extensive historical and cultural erudition, his desire to go beyond the traditional plots of historical research proper, to explain the public resonance and significance that historical plots, events and processes and their interpretation in various fields have at all times public consciousness. And here, L. V. Cherepnin acted to a large extent as an innovator, since such studies (of a different plan and quality) were undertaken before him only in relation to the work of Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol, Tyutchev, Shchedrin, Tolstoy, and mainly by literary critics.

L. V. Cherepnin often spoke with reviews of the works of his colleagues. As a rule, these speeches are of significant historiographical significance, since they contain a critical analysis that helps the authors to move further in the study of the problems under consideration. The importance attached by L. V. Cherepnin to the criticism of anti-scientific constructions and ideas of modern bourgeois authors is evidenced by special sections, paragraphs devoted to this criticism in his monographs "The Formation of the Russian Centralized State" and "Zemsky Sobors of the Russian State in the 16th - 17th centuries. ", published with his participation (as an author and a member of the editorial board) the collection "Criticism of Bourgeois Concepts of the History of Russia in the Period of Feudalism" (M. 1962), his articles and reviews on this topic.

L. V. Cherepnin's research is characterized by a creative approach to the topic covered, theoretical depth, critical consideration of the experience of predecessors, and the use of the entire arsenal of methods of source analysis. The scale and significance of L. V. Cherepnin's activity in the development of historical-materialist source studies and special disciplines can hardly be overestimated. And here he showed himself not only as a specialist, who is characterized by broad erudition in these areas of historical science and the ability to apply already known methods in his concrete historical works, but also as an innovator. A series of his articles is devoted to the analysis and characteristics of certain types of historical sources: chronicles (1941, 1945, 1948, 1959, 1972, 1973), monuments of the legislative type - the Pskov and Novgorod Judgment Letters (1945, 1947), Sudebnik 1497. (1952), spiritual and contractual letters of the great and specific princes, acts of the Russian feudal republics (1946, 1947, 1964), monuments of journalism (1960, 1966, 1969, 1971). Articles in three volumes of "Acts socio-economic history of North-Eastern Russia" about these documents, as well as introductory articles in publications: "Acts of feudal land tenure and economy", "Monuments of Russian law" (issues 3 - 5, 7).

The main source work of L. V. Cherepnin is the monograph "Russian feudal archives of the XIV - XV centuries". This work, which reveals the entire main complex of documentary sources on the problem of the formation of the Russian centralized state, is a major milestone in the development of Soviet source study of act material and monuments of a normative and legislative nature. The principles and methods of source analysis of various types of acts, such monuments as the Dvina Statutory, Novgorod and Pskov Judicial Letters, Metropolitan Justice, Sudebnik 1497, outlined in this study, gave it the character of a reliable guide to documentary source studies, diplomacy, and codicology. Among these principles and methods are the requirement for exhaustive (rather than selective) involvement and consideration of sources related to the topic, the requirement, when analyzing the content of a source, to find out the reasons and goals for its creation, writing and its original action, as well as the purpose of its use in later times. In the monograph, for the first time, the requirement for the need to analyze each source in connection with the history was clearly formulated and successfully implemented.

the “fate” of that feudal archive and that particular fund (or collection of documents, codex), in which the text of the source under study has come down to us. L. V. Cherepnin also revealed new, previously unknown documents and versions of the texts of already published documents - their drafts, drafts, "baking sheets", copies, which in some cases make it possible to trace the process of creating the final text of the document, the social and political struggle during which this source was born as a product of a certain era, a class environment.

L. V. Cherepnin was one of the first who appreciated the significance of the discovery by the Novgorod archaeological expedition led by A. V. Artsikhovsky of such a peculiar type of historical source as birch bark letters, and devoted a number of articles (1961 - 1971) and a monograph to their study "Novgorod birch bark letters as historical source(M. 1969), which became, as it were, the third part of the Russian Feudal Archives.

Approximately one third of his published works are devoted to problems of source studies and issues related to the development of special historical disciplines; archeography, archives, textology, codicology, diplomacy, chronicle studies, historical bibliography. L. V. Cherepnin prepared generalizing manuals on Russian chronology, metrology, and paleography that required the most extensive erudition.

For more than thirty years, L. V. Cherepnin taught at universities: the Moscow Historical and Archival<институте>(1942 - 1949), Moscow<институте>international relations (1946 - 1952), at the Faculty of History of Moscow University (1944 - 1960) 9 , at the Department of History of the USSR AON under the Central Committee of the CPSU. In this sphere of labor activity, L. V. Cherepnin revealed and developed his talent and skill.<педагога>, lecturer. L. V. Cherepnin’s special courses have always been devoted to important problems in the history of our country during the period of feudalism and are closely, inextricably linked with its research work over these issues.

except general course history of the USSR L. V. Cherepnin taught courses in historiography and source studies of Russian history. Seminars on the history of the USSR in the first year, special seminars and even seemingly monotonous practical classes in paleography, led by L. V. Cherepnin, who was always attentive to the participants of the seminar, extremely accurate, considered even first-year students as their future colleagues, were invariably creative. who treated them with respect, but at the same time with exactingness. This always created a business atmosphere in the classroom, evoked and strengthened the desire of students to study with full dedication. We can briefly formulate the basic principle and method of L. V. Cherepnin in his<педагогической>activity is a personal example. A personal example of attitude to work, dedication to one's profession, the ability to rejoice at every success in one's favorite science, not only, or rather, not so much, one's own, as students and colleagues. Speaking about the teaching work of L. V. Cherepnin, one cannot fail to note his versatile participation in the creation of textbooks and teaching aids. In addition to the manuals on auxiliary disciplines mentioned above, it is necessary to point to textbooks on the history of the USSR, published in 1940-1960.

LV Cherepnin showed great concern not only for the training of specialist historians in universities, but also for improving the teaching of history in secondary schools. He outlined his views on this issue in an article (History of the USSR, 1959, M "2), which evoked lively responses (see ibid., 1959, No. 3). He published articles in the journal Teaching History at School and in the collection History at school" (M. 1965) on the problems of the history of feudalism in Russia. A patriotic scientist, a communist, L. V. Cherepnin tirelessly promoted the achievements of Marxist-Leninist historical science, participating in the preparation of popular science works and in speeches to a variety of audiences.

L. V. Cherepnin more than once adequately represented Soviet historical science abroad, at international congresses of historical sciences, at scientific sessions of various international commissions, at conferences, symposiums and seminars

9 This data is only about the official stay of L. V. Cherepnin in the states of universities: his actual work in them continued beyond the indicated dates.

in Poland, Hungary, Romania, Belgium, Sweden, England, France, Austria, Italy, was a member and then vice-president of the International Commission on the History of Representative and Parliamentary Institutions, a member of the bureau of the National Committee of Historians of the Soviet Union.

And another area of activity of L. V. Cherepnin is his scientific and organizational work, which is far from always outwardly noticeable, but extensive and versatile. For more than a quarter of a century he was in charge of the sector of the history of the USSR during the period of feudalism in<Институте>History of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, was in charge of the same<институте>(since 1969) the department of the history of pre-capitalist formations on the territory of the USSR, was a member of many councils (scientists, problematic and others) and commissions, in international scientific organizations, participation in which was not only a formal matter for him. With his participation as a member of the editorial board, editor or executive editor (and often on his initiative), more than a hundred monographs, collective works, textbooks and teaching aids, as well as publications of various historical sources, were published.

Historian of world renown, attentive<педагог, у которого учились трудолюбию, целеустремленности и последовательности, преданности науке и преподавательскому мастерству, Л. В. Черепнин всегда оставался скромным, отзывчивым и доброжелательным человеком и вместе с тем человеком долга, чрезвычайно ответственно относящимся к любому делу, которым ему приходилось заниматься.

The memory of Academician Lev Vladimirovich Cherepnin, an outstanding figure in Soviet historical science, is kept by his colleagues, students, and friends. His works have served and will continue to serve Marxist-Leninist historical science, the cause of communist education.
Gorsky A.D. Questions of History No. 005 (05/31/1985)