Leaders of the 1st militia in troubled times. Time of Troubles. People's militias. §2. Battles in the capital

Such a plight in Russia forced Tsar Vasily Shuisky to resort to the help of the Swedes. Charles IX sent an advance detachment to Russia in April 1609, led by Jacobus Delagardie. Russian troops, led by a relative of the tsar, the talented voivode Prince Mikhail Vasilievich Skopin-Shuisky, who was popular in the Shuisky government, together with the Swedes expelled the Poles from Pskov and other cities, and in October 1609 approached Moscow. Having liberated Alexander Sloboda, Skopin-Shuisky forced Hetman Sapega, who helped False Dmitry II, to lift the siege of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery.

Perceiving the alliance of the Russians with the Swedes as a threat to Poland, King Sigismund III proceeded to open actions against the Muscovite state. In mid-September 1609, the advanced corps under the leadership of Lev Sapieha crossed the Russian border, heading for Smolensk. Soon King Sigismund himself approached the city, inviting all Poles and everyone from the camp of False Dmitry II to his service. The inhabitants of Smolensk refused to surrender and found themselves under siege. Many detachments that served the Pretender abandoned him, and False Dmitry II was forced to flee in January 1610 from Tushin to Kaluga, where he was subsequently killed in December 1610.

Organization of the first people's militia

Trip to Moscow

The advance detachment of the Nizhny Novgorod people set out from Nizhny Novgorod on February 8, and the main forces under the command of the governor, Prince Repnin, on February 17. In Vladimir, the advance detachment of Nizhny Novgorod united with the Cossack detachment of Prosovetsky. Repnin, having joined on the road with Masalsky and Izmailov, caught up with the advance detachment, and all of them together reached Moscow in mid-March 1611, where they met with the troops of Lyapunov and other governors. Among the associates of Lyapunov, the Zaraisk governor, Prince Pozharsky, arrived with his detachment.

While waiting for the militia forces to approach, on Tuesday, March 19, during Holy Week, the Poles began to fortify Kitay-Gorod, forcing cabbies to transport cannons, which caused discontent, which was accepted by the German detachment in the Kremlin, who had gone over to the side of the Poles in the Klushinsky battle, for the start of the uprising. Leaving the Kremlin, the 8,000-strong detachment rushed into the crowd and began to beat the Muscovites. Then the Poles joined the battle. Up to 7,000 people died in Kitai-Gorod. Also, the Poles killed Prince Andrei Vasilyevich Golitsyn, who was in custody.

Among the Muscovites were the advance detachments of the militia that had penetrated the city, led by Prince Pozharsky, Buturlin and Koltovsky. The Pozharsky detachment met the enemies on Sretenka, repulsed them and drove them to Kitay-gorod. Buturlin's detachment fought in the Yauza Gates, Koltovsky's detachment fought in Zamoskvorechye. Seeing no other means to defeat the enemy, the Polish troops were forced to set fire to the city. Special companies were appointed, which set fire to the city from all sides. Most of the houses were set on fire. Many churches and monasteries were looted and destroyed.

The next day, on Wednesday, the Poles again attacked Pozharsky, who had set up a stronghold near his farmstead on the Lubyanka. Pozharsky was seriously wounded, he was taken to the Trinity Monastery. The attempt of the Poles to occupy Zamoskvorechye failed, and they fortified themselves in Kitai-Gorod and the Kremlin.

The militias who approached on Friday saw the burning city and hurried to the aid of the Muscovites. Lyapunov sent Prosovetsky with several thousand soldiers to support him. Alexander Gonsevsky sent detachments of Sborovsky and Strus to meet them. In the skirmish, about 200 Prosovetsky Cossacks were killed, after which he went on the defensive (“sat down in walking cities”). The Poles did not dare to attack and returned to Moscow.

By Monday, the detachments of Lyapunov, Zarutsky and others approached. A militia of 100 thousand people strengthened at the Simonov Monastery.

Discord in the militia

Having stopped near Moscow, the people's militia did not begin active hostilities against the Poles who were under siege, but began to restore power structures. On the basis of the army headquarters, the Zemsky Sobor was founded, consisting of "vassal Tatar khans (princes), boyars and rounders, palace officials, clerks, princes and murzas (Tatar princes), nobles and boyar children, Cossack chieftains, delegates from ordinary Cossacks and all service people.

In the militia, antagonism between the Cossacks and the nobles immediately emerged: the first sought to preserve their liberty, the second - to strengthen the feudal order and state discipline. This was complicated by the personal rivalry between the two bright figures at the head of the militia - Ivan Zarutsky and Prokofy Lyapunov. In the end, at the instigation of Zarutsky, Lyapunov was summoned to the Cossack circle and killed there. After that, most of the nobles left the camp; the Cossacks under the command of Zarutsky and Prince Trubetskoy remained until the approach of the Second Militia of Prince Pozharsky.

Notes

Sources

Chronicle of many rebellions. Second edition. - M.: 1788.
Malinovsky A. F. Biographical information about Prince Pozharsky. - M.: 1817.
Glukharev I. N. Prince Pozharsky and Nizhny Novgorod citizen Minin, or the liberation of Moscow in 1612. Historical legend of the 17th century .. - M .: 1848.
Smirnov S. K. Biography of Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky. - M.: 1852.
Solovyov S. M. History of Russia since ancient times. Volume 8. Chapter 8. The end of the interregnum. - 1851-1879.
Russian biographical dictionary: In 25 volumes / under the supervision of A. A. Polovtsov. 1896-1918. Korsakova V. I. Pozharsky, Prince. Dmitry Mikhailovich. - St. Petersburg: 1905. - T. 14. - S. 221-247.
Proceedings of the Nizhny Novgorod provincial scientific archival commission. - N.Novgorod: 1912. - V.9.
Shmatov V. E. PUREH. Historical and local history research. - Kirov: 2004. - S. 30-42.

- (Ryazan militia) 1611, to combat the Polish intervention in Time of Troubles(see TIME OF TROUBLES), formed in Ryazan, consisted of detachments of nobles from the southeastern districts and the Volga region, nobles and Cossacks of the former Tushino camp, and townspeople. Terms… … encyclopedic Dictionary

1611 (Ryazan militia) formed in Ryazan to fight the Poles. It consisted of a detachment of nobles from the southeastern counties and the Volga region, nobles and Cossacks from the b. Tushino camp, townspeople. Besieged Moscow occupied by the Poles in March 1611, broke up in ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

1611 (Ryazan militia), during the Time of Troubles, formed on the initiative of the inhabitants of Ryazan (voivode P.P. Lyapunov) to fight against the Poles. It included noblemen, archers, serving Cossacks, black-haired peasants, townspeople, dependent people, and also ... ... Russian history

Militia in Russia to combat the intervention of Polish feudal lords. Conditions for P.'s creation about. formed in 1610. The Boyar government ("Seven Boyars") in August 1610 concluded an agreement with the Poles, according to which the son of Sigismund III Vladislav ... ... Big soviet encyclopedia

The militia created in Russia at the beginning. 1611 to combat the intervention of the Polish. feudal lords. Conditions for P.'s creation about. formed into con. 1610. Boyar prvo (Seven Boyars) in August 1610 concluded an agreement with the Poles, according to Roma, the son of Sigismund III ... ... Soviet historical encyclopedia

Textbook of Russian history Platonov Sergey Fedorovich

§ 72. The first militia against the Poles and its failure

Appeals of Patriarch Hermogenes. The first militia against the Poles. Lyapunov, Trubetskoy and Zarutsky. Burning of Moscow by the Poles. The siege of the Polish garrison in the Kremlin. Creation of a new Russian government by the militias. The murder of Lyapunov and the collapse of the first militia

At Christmas 1610, Patriarch Hermogenes already sent his letters to the cities, calling on the Russian people to rise up against Sigismund, who did not give his son the kingdom, besieged Smolensk and thought to own Moscow itself. Upon learning of these letters, Gonsevsky and the Moscow boyars who obeyed him took Hermogenes into custody and took away his scribes from him. But the deed was done: the cities received the call of the patriarch and rose up against the king. Military people gathered all over the country and headed for Moscow to free it from the Polish garrison. From the north came city militias - the same ones that shortly before fought against the Tushins together with Prince Skopin. Troops of nobles rose from the central regions. Cossack detachments were approaching from the south and from Kaluga, serving the Tushinsky thief, and now wishing to serve Moscow against the external common enemy. Of the many leaders of the huge militia, three especially stood out: the Ryazan governor Prokopiy Lyapunov, who came from Ryazan nobles; Tushinsky boyar Prince Dmitry Timofeevich Trubetskoy and Cossack ataman(granted to the boyar by the Thief) Ivan Zarutsky. By Easter 1611, the militias were to approach the walls of Moscow from all sides.

The Polish garrison in Moscow knew about the movement of Zemstvo rati to Moscow and prepared for defense. The Poles occupied two inner fortresses of Moscow, the Kremlin and Kitay-Gorod. These fortresses were surrounded by the "White City" with a white stone wall (Moscow boulevards in its place), and the White City was surrounded by the "Earth City" with an earthen rampart (in its place is now Sadovaya Street). The Poles did not have the strength to defend the vast expanse of the city of Bely and Zemlyanoy, and therefore they decided to burn out these parts of Moscow so that the Zemstvo militias could not find support and cover for themselves in them. This was always done at that time: they burned all the buildings of the "posads" surrounding the fortress walls. The reason for this case was a street quarrel (during Holy Week, March 19, 1611) between Poles and Muscovites. The Poles attacked the Muscovites in Kitai-Gorod, killed many, but drove the rest out to the White City. Then, following the crowd, they themselves went to the White City and managed to set fire to it in many places. Moscow burned out all just before the arrival of the zemstvo rati. The forward detachments of the Zemstvo troops under the command of the governor of the city of Zaraysk, Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky, managed to come to Moscow during the street battle with the Poles and, together with the Muscovites, drove the enemy into the Kremlin and China. (At the same time, Pozharsky himself was seriously wounded.) Nevertheless, the army gathered on the ruins of Moscow during Holy Week and immediately began the siege.

The ruin and siege of Moscow destroyed all significance for the land of the Moscow government. No one obeyed the boyars and officials who were under siege along with the Poles. They became obvious traitors and enemies of their people, because they served the king and fought with the Russian army that besieged Moscow. Instead of a treacherous Moscow government, it was necessary to create another. In the Zemstvo militia near Moscow, they tried about it. Elected people from different parts of the militia converged on a common council and "with all the land" established a government for their rati and for the entire state. To manage the army and land, they elected "triple commanders": Prokopy Lyapunov, Prince Dmitry Trubetskoy and Ivan Zarutsky. To conduct business, new institutions, or “orders” were arranged instead of Moscow: the Discharge and the Local Order - to manage the service and land tenure of military people, the Grand Palace and the Grand Parish for economic and financial affairs, etc. By a special verdict (July 30 1611) “the whole earth” determined the procedure for conducting various affairs, land and service, both in the rati and in the cities. In a word, a new state power was formed in the camp near Moscow, which was supposed to replace the boyar government in Moscow and was supposed to maintain order throughout Russia.

However, this power did not last long. It was said that not only nobles and townspeople, but also Tushino Cossacks, “thieves”, who previously served the second impostor, willingly went to the Zemstvo militia. When they met near Moscow with the noble landowners, the old enmity and civil strife flared up between them, as was the case in Bolotnikov's camp (§ 70). The Cossacks were replenished mainly by fugitive peasants and serfs who hated the serf order, which then dominated the state. The nobles, however, tried with all their might to maintain this order, to best attach the peasants and serfs, without whom the landowners could not conduct their economy. At the meetings of the “whole earth”, or military council, near Moscow, the nobles insisted on returning the fugitive people to their owners, preventing them from leaving for the Cossacks. On the other hand, the nobles tried to subdue the Cossack freemen, who were in the militia and prone to robbery and violence. Prokopy Lyapunov, an imperious and ardent man, was the spokesman for the aspirations of the nobility; other chiefs, Prince. Trubetskoy and Zarutsky represented the other side of the rati, Tushino and Cossacks. Discord began between the governors. The Cossacks hated Lyapunov, considering him their main enemy. Several times they attempted to kill Lyapunov; finally, they called him into their “circle” (gathering) and hacked to death with sabers. After that, they began to rape the nobles and townspeople so much that they fled from Moscow to their homes. The militia disintegrated, and by the autumn of 1611, after the thieves had “dispersed” (that is, dispersed) the nobles, only Cossack “camps” remained near Moscow, in which there were up to ten thousand Cossacks. They continued the siege of Moscow, but did not have the strength to take the city. They wanted to govern the whole land, and Trubetskoy and Zarutsky called themselves the rulers of the state. But since the Cossacks only robbed and raped the cities and roads, no one wanted to obey them, and all the cities were looking for ways to get rid of them.

So sadly ended the first Zemstvo militia against the Poles.

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People's Movement against the Poles In Moscow, a letter was received from the embassy nobles near Smolensk, which said, among other things: “Do not hope that the prince will reign in Moscow. Lithuanian and Polish people will not allow this. They have in Lithuania at the Seimas it is necessary that

FIRST MILITIES 1611

militia, created in Russia at the beginning. 1611 to combat the intervention of the Polish. feudal lords. Conditions for P.'s creation about. formed into con. 1610. Boyar pr-in ("Seven Boyars") in August 1610 concluded an agreement with the Poles, according to which the son of Sigismund III Vladislav was recognized as Russian. king, Sept. Polish entered Moscow. interventionists and in power became their direct henchmen, headed by the Polish. hetman A. Gonsevsky. Against the Polish interventionists and traitors-boyars began to act various layers of Rus. people. Letters were sent from Moscow and other cities around the country, including those of Patriarch Hermogenes, with an appeal to launch a fight against the enemy. P.'s organization about. started in Ryazan. The Ryazan governor P.P. Lyapunov became its leader. Yaroslavl, Nizh. Novgorod, Suzdal, Vladimir, Murom, Kostroma and other cities with districts. By. included nobles and children of boyars, archers and serving Cossacks of the mountains. garrisons, chernososhnye peasants, townspeople, detachments of dependent people from serfs; it also included "Tushino" boyars and governors, military people from the Kaluga camp of False Dmitry II, headed by Prince. D. T. Trubetskoy, Cossack detachments from Tula, led by I. M. Zarutsky, and from Suzdal, led by A. Prosovetsky. In the beginning. March 1611 P. o. left Kolomna for Moscow. The bunk was already brewing in the capital. uprising against the Polish. interventionists. The Poles planned reprisals against the population of the capital, which began on March 19 during the bunk. uprisings in the city. During the fighting, the rebellious townspeople, archers, gunners and peasants expelled the Poles from the White City. An active role in the battles at the Lubyanka was played by Prince. D. M. Pozharsky. The forward detachments of the P. o. approached the capital when the uprising was actually crushed (March 21). On March 24, Ch. P.'s forces about. Skirmishes began with the interventionists. During the siege of Moscow in P. o. the contradictions between the nobility and the Cossacks aggravated, among which there were many fugitive peasants and serfs, attracted by the promises of "freedom and salaries." Strong dissatisfaction with people from the Tushino camp and especially the Cossacks caused the adoption of the Sentence on June 30, 1611. The verdict announced supreme authority"Council of the whole earth", which included the leaders of the detachments of the P. about., and about the restoration of the old command administration. The verdict did not recognize the "Tushino" salaries as local salaries; providing for local salaries and den. salaries of the Cossacks, he forbade the latter to occupy the positions of bailiffs in cities, palace and black volosts, to which it was supposed to appoint only noblemen. In violation of Lyapunov's promises, the verdict demanded the return of runaway peasants and serfs to the landowners. Trubetskoy, Zarutsky and Lyapunov were placed at the head of the temporary production. In fact, it was headed by Lyapunov. An explosion of dissatisfaction with the policy of the nobility of the Cossacks led July 22, 1611 to the murder of Lyapunov. After that, the rows of P. o. left the main masses of service people; OK. Moscow remained Ch. arr. detachments of Cossacks (about 10 thousand people). However, the liberation of Moscow and the creation of conditions for the expulsion of the Polish-Swede. invaders from the country were resolved by the second militia (see People's militia under the leadership of Minin and Pozharsky).

Lit .: Platonov S. F., Essays on the history of unrest in Moscow. state-ve XVI-XVII centuries., M., 1937; Shepelev I.S., Organization of the first zemstvo militia in 1611, "Uch. Zap. Pyatigorsk State Pedagogical Institute", Stavropol, 1949-51, vol. 5-6; his own, The struggle of the first zemstvo militia for the liberation of Moscow from foreign invaders in 1611, "Izv. Voronezh. state. ped. in-ta", 1958, v. 26; Dolinin N.P., Moscow regiments (Cossack "camps") in the national liberation. movement 1611-1612, X., 1958.

V. I. Buganov. Moscow.

Soviet historical encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Ed. E. M. Zhukova. 1973-1982 .

See what "FIRST MILITIA 1611" is in other dictionaries:

- (Ryazan militia), formed in Ryazan to fight the Poles. It consisted of a detachment of nobles from the southeastern counties and the Volga region, nobles and Cossacks from the former Tushino camp, townspeople. Besieged Moscow occupied by the Poles in March 1611, broke up in ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

- (Ryazan militia) of 1611, to fight the Polish intervention in the Time of Troubles (see TIME OF TROUBLES), formed in Ryazan, consisted of detachments of nobles from the southeastern counties and the Volga region, nobles and Cossacks of the former Tushino camp, townspeople. Terms… … encyclopedic Dictionary

Russian Polish war 1605 1618 Bela - Dobrynichi - Vorsma Trinity Sergius Monastery - Smolensk - Tsarevo Zaimishche - Klushino - Mozhaisk - Moscow (1611) - Moscow (1612) The first people's (zemstvo) militia militia under the leadership of Procopius Lyapunov, ... ... Wikipedia

Militia, 1) military formations created from free peasants, nobles, townspeople, etc. during the period of enemy invasions; were called zemstvo or state O. (see FIRST MILITARY 1611, SECOND MILITARY 1611 12, PEOPLE MILITARY 1812) ... Russian history

The situation in Russia during this period of time was extremely difficult. False Dmitry II appeared, who was supported by many cities of Russia, excluding Smolensk, Nizhny Novgorod, Kolomna, cities of Siberia. Vasily Shuisky, frightened by this, invites the Swedes to fight the impostor. Together they managed to free a number settlements, including Pskov, after which they were sent to protect the city of Novgorod. Due to non-payment of salaries, the Swedes captured it and part of the territories.

After the death of False Dmitry II, the Polish king decided to take advantage of the situation in Russia Sigismund III. Together with Lithuania in 1609 he entered the territory of Russia. If the impostor was recognized by many Russian cities and settlements, then the Poles were accepted as interventionists, although the hetmans of the Commonwealth explained their invasion as assistance to the Russian kingdom. The robbery and atrocities committed by the invaders became the motive for the creation of the first militia. It was headed by the Ryazan nobleman P.P. Lyapunov.

Shuisky's deposition

In 1610, Polish-Lithuanian troops, led by two hetmans, Zholkiewski and Sapieha, surrounded Moscow. They suggested that the boyars remove Shuisky and place Prince Vladislav in the kingdom, assuring them that he wanted to convert to Orthodoxy. Having removed Shuisky, he was cut into a monk against his will and sent to a monastery. The boyars opened the gates of the Kremlin and let the Poles into the city.

Some of the boyars who sat in the Duma nominated Vladislav for the kingdom. His candidacy was supported by part of the townspeople. opposed Orthodox Church in the person of Patriarch Hermogenes, who began to send messages to all parts of the country with calls to resist the invaders. It was at his call that the militia began to form.

Formation of the first militia

The atrocities of the Poles in the occupied territories provoked more and more people to revolt. The creation of the militia was initiated by service people - the nobles, who benefited from centralized power. The loss of service and the destruction of estates forced them to take up arms. The peasants, robbed by the Poles, collected their belongings, livestock and went to the forests, where they organized detachments. It was difficult for the Poles to get provisions, fodder for horses, and find guides.

In many cities, detachments were formed that joined the first militia. It was headed at the very beginning by P. P. Lyapunov, but later the former associates of False Dmitry II, the Cossack detachments of the atamans of Prosovetsky and Zarutsky, as well as a number of princes and boyars, who subsequently played a negative role in the existence of the militia, joined him.

In Moscow, resistance was also created, in which the townspeople and service people, the children of the boyars, took part. Having learned about the organization of the militias, the Poles turned to the Ukrainian Cossacks, led by Hetman Sahaidachny, who came to their aid.

First baptism

The formed first people's militia was headed by the small estate nobleman Lyapunov, since his main backbone consisted of service people. The Cossacks of Sahaydachny captured several cities, including Pronsk, which the first militia recaptured. The Cossacks besieged the city, but the Zaraysk governor, Prince Pozharsky, hastened to help Lyapunov.

After the Cossacks besieged Zaraysk in revenge, but Pozharsky managed to force them to flee. A decision is made to attack Moscow. Lyapunov appeals to the people of Nizhny Novgorod to come to their aid in the fight against the Commonwealth. Patriarch Hermogenes sends his appeals there.

Trip to Moscow

At the beginning of March 1611, detachments of the first militia marched on Moscow, led by Lyapunov and Pozharsky. The Nizhny Novgorod militia had already approached there, uniting in Vladimir with the Cossack detachment of Prosovetsky, Masalsky and Izmailov. They laid siege to Moscow, where an uprising broke out. The Poles set fire to the houses of the townspeople. Moscow was on fire. Pozharsky with his detachment managed to penetrate the city. Poles and German mercenaries settled in Kitay-Gorod and the Kremlin.

The militias besieging Moscow began to form the Zemsky Sobor. Here a great contradiction was revealed between the nobles and the Cossacks. The Poles took advantage of this situation and began to act in a proven way - they planted a letter to Zarutsky, allegedly written by Lyapunov, which said that he was plotting to kill the chieftains. Calling the governor at night to the Cossack circle, they hacked him to death. Most of the nobles left the camp. The Cossacks, led by Zarutsky and Trubetskoy, fled to Kolomna, and then to Astrakhan. The first militia broke up.

The first people's militia is the collective name freedom movement to Moscow in 1611 (during the Time of Troubles) against foreign interventionists led by Zarutsky, Lyapunov and Trubetskoy.

The militia was preceded by the extremely difficult situation in Russia at the beginning of the 17th century. The two-year Norwegian occupation of Novgorod, the Polish government in Moscow, internal devastation, robber gangs of thieves inside the country - all this could not go unpunished for such a long time. At the same time, power in the face Boyar Duma lost its credibility. The country was practically in a state of anarchy. In different regions of the country recognized the power and Polish king, and False Dmitry II, and son, and local leaders of robber groups. In such anarchic conditions, swift and radical steps were needed.

The people's militia was not assembled in the capital. The elected authorities in the provinces were the first to fail to withstand the oppression. They wanted to break with the power of the "traitors" who settled in the Kremlin. To do this, the rulers exchanged letters with each other, in which they discussed steps to organize and create a general army in order to liberate Moscow, and then, at the Zemsky Sobor, elect a tsar in accordance with all laws.

Success in organizing the militia is associated with the name, which from the very beginning of the events of 1611 began to be sent to Russian cities a letter in which he called for an end to the plundering of the fatherland, desecration of churches and shrines, and the shedding of innocent Russian blood.

Ryazan was the first to respond to the letter, who very warmly responded to the letter of the patriarch and himself began to send the letter to the nearest cities with a request to join the fight against. Prince Dmitry Trubetskoy did the same. Having learned about the Ryazan uprising, the Pole called on the Little Russian Cossacks to ravage the cities around Ryazan. During the defense of Pronsk, voivode Lyapunov fell under siege, although he recaptured the city. The troops of Prince Pozharsky came to his aid, who managed to defeat the Cossacks who were besieging Pronsk. Pozharsky himself went to Zaraysk, where the surviving Cossacks captured the Kremlin prison in Zaraysk at night, where the governor Pozharsky was. But the prince managed to break them. The rest of the Cossack army fled.

Meanwhile, residents of Galich, Kostroma, Vologda, a number of Siberian and Volga provinces responded to letters. As a result, the First Militia was convened. The militia under the leadership of Lyapunov was significantly strengthened by the former adherents, who, over time, ruined his enterprise. Among the militias were Prosovetsky Cossacks and with their "Cossack freemen". The first Zemstvo militia was headed by Prince Lyapunov.

Campaign for the liberation of Moscow

Throughout the winter of 1611, detachments of the First Militia were formed in different cities (Nizhny Novgorod, Vladimir, etc.). Already by March 1611, these regiments approached the capital and besieged the capital.

The besieged seven thousandth Polish garrison was headed by Hetman Gonsevsky. The formed army consisted of 2 thousand German mercenaries. Seeing the regiments of their compatriots arriving in time, Muscovites raised an uprising against the invaders. In addition, the advanced detachments of Kotlovsky, Pozharsky and Buturlin from the outer perimeter of the siege penetrated into the city. The detachment of Kotlovsky fought with the Poles in Zamoskvorechye, the detachment of Pozharsky - on Sretenka, the detachment of Buturlin - on the Yauza Gates. Unfortunately, the Poles and their henchmen from among the Russian boyars managed to thwart the internal uprising.

Finding no other way out, the aliens started a fire. To do this, they appointed special companies, which were instructed to set fire to houses in different parts of the city. Seeing numerous fires in various parts of Moscow, the townspeople began to save their relatives and their property. The fire turned out to be uncontrollable and embraced almost all of Moscow. In a general panic, many temples were looted. Less than half of the Moscow suburb was saved. But the goal was fulfilled: the rebellious citizens forgot about their rebellion. During this uprising, according to modern historical data, about seven thousand residents of the capital died.

The first militia managed to reach Moscow and enter the capital only a few days after the fire. A combined army from different cities entered the burning city.

The counterattack of the First Militia, which was located on the Lubyanka, was undertaken on March 20. In this attack, the Poles seriously wounded Prince Pozharsky. He was taken to the Trinity Monastery. But the invaders failed to capture Zamoskvorechye. They had to retreat to the Kremlin and Kitay-Gorod.

On March 24, an attempt was made to storm Moscow by the Cossack detachment of Prosovetsky who came to the rescue. However, he was counterattacked and was forced to retreat, having suffered heavy losses (about 200 people). The Poles did not continue the attack of the Cossacks who went on the defensive and remained in place and retreated to the capital.

The main 100,000-strong militia forces approached the capital only on March 27 and stopped at the Simonov Monastery. All militia forces were fully assembled on April 1. On April 6, the militias attacked the defense towers of the White City, and on May 22 they stormed Kitai-Gorod. The militia recaptured the White City and laid siege to the Kremlin and Kitay-Gorod (which were not touched by the fire). The besieged Poles were able to repulse all attempts to storm these powerful fortifications.

The failure of the people's militia

Having risen near Moscow, the militia was engaged not in active assault actions, but in the restoration of central power. The militia included representatives of different classes. On the basis of the headquarters of the militia, a numerous Zemsky Sobor was convened, which included boyars, clerks, Tatar khans, princes, nobles, service people, officials, Cossacks and other estates.

The reasons for the defeat and collapse remain debatable. The militia did not have training and discipline. Therefore, contention and enmity soon began in the camp between the Cossacks, who only sought to consolidate and increase their liberties, and the nobles, who sought to strengthen discipline and serfdom. Firewood was also thrown into the fire of discord by the Poles and adherents of the Seven Boyars, who sent fake letters to the Cossacks, which mentioned the intention of the governor Lyapunov to destroy the Cossacks as an estate. This played a role and led to the death of Lyapunov, who was accused of treason by the Cossacks and executed. The nobles, without their commander, returned to their native estates and homes. The militia became decentralized and completely disintegrated. Only part of the Cossack army continued to camp near the capital and periodically storm the besieged foreigners.

Results of the First Militia

The date of the final collapse of the 1st militia can be considered July 28, 1612, when the active participant in the hostilities, Ataman Zarutsky, with his 3,000th Cossack detachment, withdrew from Moscow, losing the primacy to the avant-garde. In September 1612, the remaining detachments of Dmitry Timofeevich Trubetskoy became part of. This is considered to be the end of the 1st militia.

The militia never managed to liberate Moscow from the Poles. The state of affairs was catastrophic. The first militia did not lead to anything decisively. But still, it was the first attempt by Russian people from different classes and social groups to unite and organize themselves. The nobles fought side by side with people of military rank and the Cossacks. The militia army was voluntary, and the military ranks were elected. As a result of the activities of the First Militia, traditions of self-organization of the people were laid down to solve national political problems.