LYAPUNOV PROKOPY PETROVICH - Russian political and military leader of the era of the Time of Troubles; dum-ny dvor-rya-nin (nai-bo-lea ve-ro-yat-no, since October 1607).

Elder brother Z. P. La-pu-no-va. In the Bo-Yar-sky list of 1602-1603, the choice of dvor-rya-nin according to Pe-re-yas-lav-lu-Rya-zan-sko-mu with the 2nd in ve-li- chi-not in-me-st-nym ok-la-house. In 1602-1603 in Tsa-ryo-ve-Bo-ri-so-ve, most likely, in ka-che-st-ve go-lo-you. In the winter of 1605, in conjunction with the service of the Ryazan children of the Bo-Yar-skys in the government forces, dey-st- in-vav-shih against from-rows of False Dmitry I. According to more later, svi-de-tel-st-you so-re-men-ni-kov, in the beginning of May 1605, its leader during events near Kro -ma-mi, when rya-zan-tsy first-you-mi from-ka-za-li-sya-gat Fe-do-ru Bo-ri-so-vi-chu and whole-lo-va -li the cross "Tsar-ryu Dmitry-riy Iva-no-vi-chu" (False Dmitry-riy I).

In September 1606, after the on-cha-la Bo-lot-ni-ko-va resurrection of 1606-1607, with the approach of I. Pash-ko-va to Pe-re-yas-lav-lu-Rya-zan-sko-mu, Lyapunov at the general meeting of service people, including de-tey bo-yar- of the southern counties, elected by one of the pre-vo-di-te-lei of the rebel army. On-top-nya-ka learning-st-in-the-shaft in the development of a plan-on-military camp-pa-ni-stav-shih (on the way to Mo-sk-wo- cut Ko-lom-well), dividing their main political goal - overthrowing “not-for-con-no-go-king” Vasi-liya Iva-no- vi-cha Shui-sko-go, perhaps, la-gaya, like many other rebels, that False Dmitry I was saved during the May so- being in 1606 and an eye-hall in Putiv-le. Teaching-st-in-shaft in a poor way for the rebels of the battlefield near the village of Tro-its-something on 25.10 (04.11).1606. Pre-ob-la-da-nie of the ra-di-kal-no-go wing of the rebels, led by I. I. Bo-lot-no-ko-ym in their la-ge- re near Mo-sk-howl, conflict-you with ka-zaka-mi push-well-whether Lyapunov to re-re-mo-du on a hundred-ro-well tsar Va-si-liya Shui 15 (25) .11.1606. In the battle with the si-la-mi Bo-lot-ni-ko-va near the village of Nizh-nie Kot-ly near Mo-sk-you Lyapunov - how-to-da rya-zan-skih from-rya -dov in the co-staff of the government army.

Since December 1606, re-gu-lyar-but in-lu-chal vo-vod-sky on-signs. Immediately after the battle near the village of Ma-lye Kot-ly on the right-len for-mal-but the 2nd military-in-doy, headed by the Ryazan nobles with ar-til-le-ri-ey for sup-le-le-tion of the insurrectionary movement in the Ryazan region. Za-raysk took his detachment, and Pe-re-yas-lavl-Ryazan-sky "finished off with a crowbar" Va-si-liya Shui-sko-mu blah-go-da-rya dey- st-vi-yam of Lyapunov (in January he was on-gra-zh-den “gold-lo-thym”, and in March, together with his son Vla-di-mir, he got-chill in in the estate of a large courtyard-tso-voe village of Isa-dy). In May 1607, on-right-flax in Ka-shi-ru (for-mal-but 3rd military-in-doy) at the head of the Rya-Zan detachments (about 1 thousand people) , some-rye op-re-de-li-whether decisive success in the battle of 05 (15). 06.1607 with the rebel army of Prince A. A. Te- la-tev-sko-go on the river Vos-ma. For that, Lyapunov was teaching-st-in-the-shaft in a sort of government army led by the king to Tu-le and in its siege, in October 1607, he was successful but the action-st-in-val against the rebels in the district of Epi-fa-ni, Kra-piv-ny and Gre-ball-go. In a laudatory letter (November 1607), the tsar wrote: mu Mo-s-kov-sko-mu go-su-dar-st-vu has no number ... ”, co-pro-vo-div her generous-ry-mi on-gra-da-mi and de-nezh -noy you pay.

By the end of 1607, in Pe-re-yas-lav-le-Ryazan-sky fak-ti-che-ski, the power of Lyapunov was completely established, although in separate months -tsy of 1607-1609 years from Mo-sk-you to-sy-la-whether voe-waters (military and city-ro-do-vyh). Pe-re-yas-lavl-Ryazan-sky from the palace-ts-vizh-nits in a non-small me-re-roof-shaft as required in the grain of the block -ro-van-noy and time-me-on-mi go-lo-give-sche hundred-face-tsy (especially ben-but at the end of winter-we - autumn-new 1609). In February - March 1608, we succeeded but acted against the anti-government forces near Pron-sk, where he was wounded. Then, in the battles against A.I. re-established the power of the tsar in a row from the fallen cities. Later, Lyapunov gave cr-st-yan-skie you-stu-p-le-niya in the Oka villages, threatening to break ties Ryazan-schi- us with Mo-sk-howl (at the end of summer - autumn 1609); rendered military assistance to the government forces in Ko-lom-not against the Tu-shin detachments, mainly with the aim of preserving the thread the river route to the hundred-li-tsu (in July 1608 and in April 1609 - in general, without-re-zul-tat-no, in July 1609 - the whole eff-fek -tiv-but); in the autumn of 1609, full control over the gra-nich-us-mi rya-zan-ski-mi cre-by-stya-mi (Mi-hi-lov, Pronsk , Ryazhsk, etc.). In 1608-1610, through Lyapunov, os-sche-st-in-la-lis-so-you of the Moscow pra-vi-tel-st-va with the Crimean Khan-st-v and no-gaya-mi (already in 1607, according to his own ini-tsia-ti-ve, ugo-va-ri-val of the ka-si-mov-th-king of Uraz-Mu-ham-me-da ibn He-da-na-pe- rei-ti on one hundred-ro-nu Va-si-liya Shui-sko-go).

Despite the lu-che-dum-no-go chi-na, os-tal-sya in Pe-re-yas-lav-le-Ryazan-skom. By the end of 1607, he won over other pre-ten-den-ta-mi for the role of re-gio-nal-no-go li-de-ra: one of them survived from Pe- re-yas-lav-la-Ryazan-sko-go, others, according to later co-general-ni-pits, ra-zo-ril or even destroyed-lived fi- zi-che-ski. Lyapunov paid great attention to ma-te-ri-al-nym and so-qi-al-nym for-about-the Ry-Zan-sky me-shchikov. Strive-mil-sya upo-rya-to-chit func-tsio-ni-ro-va-nie in the me-st-noy system-te-we; lighten-chit on-lo-go-about-lo-the-same and the severity of wine-no-stey (mainly in-en-but-in-the-same-ner-nyh, transport-port- nyh, etc.) for their foreign cross-st-yan, re-lo-living them on a draft city on-se-le-tion, as well as on the cross-st -yan of the church cor-on-ra-tsy. When planning the military service of the Ryazan nobles, you taught them their attitude.

By November 1609, Lyapunov was in opposition to Tsar Vasily Shui-sky, the political future of the country Lyapunov was connected -zy-val with Prince M.V. -no-for-tion of the overthrow of Va-si-liya Shui-sko-go in July 1610. At the end of av-gu-hundred - on-cha-le ok-tab-rya Lyapunov remained faithful pra-vi-tel-st-vu “Se-mi-bo-yar-schi-ny "in Mo-sk-ve, led to pri-sya-ge in the name of ko-ro-le-vi-cha Vla-di-sla-va (bu-du-sche-th Polish co-ro-la Vla -di-sla-va IV) as a Russian tsar Pe-re-yas-lavl-Ryazan-sky, Pronsk and others. -ro-la Si-giz-mun-da III, the action of his stav-len-ni-kov and “Se-mi-bo-yar-schi-ny” in Mo-sk-ve, kill-st - in False Dmitry II in Ka-lu-ga 11 (21). -own-st-in-va-li “calling” gra-mo-you pat-ri-ar-ha Ger-mo-gen-na (Lyapunov became one of the first of their ad-re -sa-tov). At the end of the year, Lyapunov went to the boy-frames in Mo-sk-ve with an urgent request for a date of arrival in Russian state Vla-di-slav-va, under-black-ki-vaya, that he and the noble cor-po-ra-tion Rya-zan-shchi-ny pri-sya-ha-li ko-ro-le -vi-chu, and not his father, but did not get a clear-cut from-ve-ta.

As a result, Lyapunov in the 1st half of January 1611, window-cha-tel-but left the Moscow authorities and you-stepped into the role of -shche-on-tsio-nal-no-go-li-de-ra, becoming the or-ha-ni-for-that-rum of the First militia of 1611. Started re-re-go-in-ry with re-gio-nal-ny-mi and lo-kal-ny-mi center-tra-mi (Lower Novy-go-rod, Vla-di-mir , Mu-rom, a number of Volga and beyond-Oka cities), with pre-vo-di-te-la-mi of the former Tu-shin-sko-go-la-gerya ( prince D. T. Tru-bets-kim in Ka-lu-ge, I. M. Za-ruts-kim in Tu-le), sent messages to the address of free ka -for-kov, promised them a pity-lo-va-nye and a serving status for participating in a trip to Mo-sk-va. Us-ta-no-vil connection with the army of Ya. P. Sa-pe-gi. Mainly b-go-da-rya Lyapunov’s usi-li-yam by the end of Jan-va-rya - on-cha-lu of February 1611, would there be sfor-mu-li-ro-va- we are the targets of the kam-pa-nii (“eyes-shche-nie” of Mo-sk-you, and then of all Russian ter-ri-to-riy from the troops of Re-chi Po-spo-li-toy; restoration of the former in-sti-tu-tov management and co-word structures). In Lyapunov op-re-de-lil and the principle-qi-py of the or-ga-ni-za-cam-pa-nii: os-in-bo-zh-de-nye became-but-vi-elk de- scrap of "the whole earth", under someone swarm, in-no-ma-lis, united forces of "in-in-sky people" of any-bo-go-words- no-th hundred-tu-sa (from the ranks of the Go-suda-re-va dvo-ra to free ka-za-kov) from the largest number of re-gio-nov. Pre-la-ga-moose para-ral-lel-noe movement to Mo-sk-ve from the rows of southern, Oka and Volga counties - from Ser-pu-ho-va and Ko-lom-ny.

Lyapunov set out from Ko-lom-ny with an army, ar-till-le-ri-she and a convoy on 03 (13). 03. 1611; in the circle of no-go for-mi-ro-va-elk Zem-skoe pra-vi-tel-st-vo (“Council of the whole earth”). Already from the beginning of March, Lyapunov, you-yes-val all the ra-di-ditious gra-mo-you on land provided the nobility for your her pe-cha-tyu, on behalf of the Zem-sky pra-vi-tel-st-va and on his own behalf. In his army enters-di-whether nobles-not and in-in-sky people Pe-re-yas-lavl-Rya-zan-sko-go, Ve-nev-sko-go, Pron- sko-go, Shats-ko-go and other counties. 19 (29). 03.1611, a-well-lo, a sti-hy-noe resurrection of mo-sk-vi-whose, someone-ry connections-valid on-de-zh-dy on the os- in-bo-zh-de-no hundred-li-tsy name-but with Lyapunov. However, his small avant-garde approached the Si-mo-no-wo monastery on the 2nd day of the resurrection, when the city was already rel, besides, he was abandoned by the Polish-Lithuanian howls-ska-mi, on-to-shed-shi-mi from Mo-zhai-ska. In April - May 1611, the distribution of the Zem-sky pra-vi-tel-st-va according to the current administration b. hours of the country went on behalf of one Lyapunov, and not later than 22.05 (01.06) - already on behalf of three persons who led the First militia (Lyapunov, Prince D.T. Tru-bets-koy, I.M. Za-ruts-ky).

Lyapunov played a leading role in the organization of military actions of the First militia in April - May 1611 and in the management nii of the country, became the main initiator-tsia-to-rum of the adoption of the “Pri-go-in-ra-of the whole earth” dated 06/10/10/1611 (ve-ro-yat-no, apparently -forces in the wrong right-ku). In it, ut-ver-wait-elk ver-ho-ven-st-in-sti-tu-ta with-words-no-pre-sta-vi-tel-st-va over is-half-ni- tel-noy (military-vod-sky) authority: so, before-in-di-te-whether militia, ob-la-daya shi-ro-ki-mi administrative-su-deb-na -mi pre-ro-ga-ti-va-mi, didn’t they have the right to kaz-thread and exile without resolving the Zem-sko-go-vi-tel-st-va; them from-bi-rali and in the case of not-satisfactory-le-your-ri-tel-noy-ra-bo-could you from-stra-thread from duty, etc. How -der of the Russian servant of the nobility, Lyapunov fought for the cre-ple-tion in "Pri-go-in-re ..." in the same way de-tal-nome re-gu-li-ro-va-nii in-me-st-no-go and you-service-wife-no-go here-chin-no-go earth-le-vla-de- niya (articles on this question for-ny-whether more than 2/3 of the entire text-hundred), as well as the center-tra-li-za-tion account-re- railway-de-niy of state administration and fi-nan-owls (from me-nya-lis-ka-zy and analogous educational institutions-director-de-tion in separate regiments militia, for-pre-scha-elk, mainly ka-za-kam, self-sufficiently provide-ne-chi-vat-y-by pro-duk-ta-mi, fu-ra -zhom; pre-du-smat-ri-va-lis su-ro-vye-ka-za-niya for a fight and a gra-be-mi with a re-stand-nov-le-ni-em at- ka-call with co-from-vet-st-vuyu-shchi-mi functions-tion-mi - Raz-fight-no-go and Zem-sko-go).

The subsequent actions of Lyapunov on pre-se-che-niyu sa-mo-vol-no-go from-yes-for-kov from la-ge-rya, their re- to-vi-zi-tsy and on-si-liy, clash-but-ve-niya me-zh-du dvo-rya-on-mi and ka-for-ka-mi on this basis pri-ve- whether to open-to-mu con-flix-tu. Ka-za-ki three-zh-dy you-zy-wa-li Lyapunov on Howl-sko-howl ka-za-whose circle for parsing your pre-ten-zis. In the last case, they gave guarantees of his personal safety (Tru-bets-koi and Za-ruts-ki did not come to the circle); in the circle would-la for-chi-ta-na-fal-shi-vay gra-mo-ta supposedly with Lyapunov’s under-pi-sue in address-res-ko-man-do-va-nia pol-sko -li-tovskogo gar-ni-zo-na in Mo-sk-ve, would he have been presented with-yav-le-na about-blame-niya in from-me and in-me-re- nii "to-bi-vat ka-za-kov in the city-ro-ladies." Lyapunov repudiated these accusations, but was for-rub-len ka-za-ka-mi. His death brought-la to the mass-so-vo-mu-e-ez-du from the First militia of the nobility and children of the bo-yar-sky, cut-to-mu donkey -ble-niyu of his military ten-tsia-la. Os-tan-ki of Lyapunov would be for-ho-ro-not-ny in 1612/1613 by his son V.P. on-st-re.

Additional literature:

Smir-nov I. I. Restoration of Bo-lot-ni-ko-va 1606-1607. 2nd ed. M., 1951;

Ko-retz-ki V.I. M., 1975;

Che-rep-nin L.V. M., 1978;

Pla-to-nov S. F. Essays on the history of trouble in Mo-s-kov-go-su-dar-st-ve of the XVI-XVII centuries. M., 1995;

Mi-nin-kov N. A. Don-ka-za-che-st-vo in the era of the late middle-no-ve-ko-vya (until 1671). Ros-tov n / D., 1998.

Lyapunov Prokopy Petrovich Lyapunov Prokopy Petrovich

(? - 1611), duma nobleman (1607). Brother of Z. P. Lyapunov. He led a detachment of Ryazan nobles who joined the Bolotnikov uprising of 1606-07. In November 1606, he went over to the side of Tsar Vasily Shuisky. In 1610 he took part in the overthrow of Shuisky. One of the organizers of the First Militia of 1611, head of the zemstvo government. Killed by the Cossacks.

LYAPUNOV Prokopy Petrovich

LYAPUNOV Prokopy Petrovich (d. July 22 (August 1), 1611), Russian politician of the Time of Troubles (cm. TIME OF TROUBLES), brother of Zakhary Lyapunov. Descendant of the old Ryazan noble family, Procopius enjoyed influence among the Ryazan nobles and boyar children. After the death of Boris Godunov, he went over to the side of False Dmitry I, at the beginning of 1606, at the head of a detachment of Ryazan nobles, he took part in the uprising of I.I. Bolotnikov. In November 1606, near Moscow, Lyapunov brought a confession to Tsar Vasily Shuisky, and became a duma nobleman (1607). In 1608-1610, Prokopy Lyapunov led detachments of servicemen who fought against the accomplices of False Dmitry II in the Ryazan region. In July 1610, he became one of the organizers of the overthrow of Shuisky. After the occupation of Moscow by Polish troops, Lyapunov became the head of the first militia in 1611. In March 1611, Lyapunov's militia approached Moscow and blocked the invaders. In the summer of 1611, Prokopy Lyapunov became the de facto head of the Zemstvo government. The "sentence of June 30", adopted on his initiative, restored the serfdom, violated the promises of "freedom and salaries" given to the Cossacks. Lyapunov was killed by indignant Cossacks.

encyclopedic Dictionary. 2009 .

See what "Lyapunov Prokopy Petrovich" is in other dictionaries:

- (? 1611) duma nobleman (1607). Brother of Z. P. Lyapunov. He led a detachment of Ryazan nobles who joined the Bolotnikov uprising. In November 1606 he passed to Vasily Shuisky. In 1610, a participant in the overthrow of Shuisky and the organization of the first Zemstvo militia ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

See in the article Lyapunovs (figures of the Time of Troubles) ... Biographical Dictionary

- [died 22.7 (1.8). 1611], Russian politician of the early 17th century. From an old Ryazan noble family. He enjoyed influence among the Ryazan boyar children. After the death of Boris Godunov, he went over to the side of False Dmitry I, at the beginning of 1606 at the head ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Prokopy Petrovich Lyapunov (? August 4, 1611) Russian political and military figure of the Time of Troubles, from the Ryazan noble family of the Ilyins. The historian Solovyov calls Lyapunov an "artsy" type. The surname Lyapunov comes from the nickname ... ... Wikipedia

Famous figure of the Time of Troubles. During the reign of Feodor Ioannovich and Boris Godunov, neither he nor other members of his family occupied a prominent position in Moscow. Participation in 1584 of the Lyapunovs, together with the Kikins, in the indignation of the mob in Moscow against ... ...

Prokopy Petrovich Lyapunov (killed in 1611) Russian political and military leader of the Time of Troubles, from an old Ryazan boyar family. In 1584, together with the Kikins, he participated in the indignation of the mob in Moscow against Bogdan Belsky. Brother ... ... Wikipedia

Lyapunov, Zakhary Petrovich (? after 1610) Russian politician of the early 17th century, brother of P.P. Lyapunov. From an old noble family. In 1595, he did not want to be in the village heads with Kikin and fled ... ... Wikipedia

Brother of the famous figure of the Time of Troubles Prokopy Petrovich Lyapunov. Before talking about Zakhary Petrovich himself, let's say a few words about the origin of the Lyapunov family and their significance in the Ryazan region. The Lyapunovs are descended from the Prince of Galicia ... ... Big biographical encyclopedia

- (killed in 1611) Russian political and military figure of the Time of Troubles, from an old Ryazan boyar family. In 1584, together with the Kikins, he participated in the indignation of the mob in Moscow against Bogdan Belsky. Brother Procopius, Alexander, helped ... Wikipedia

On the eve of National Unity Day, a relatively new holiday celebrated on November 4, several scientific conferences were held in different cities.

L.E. Morozova |

On the eve of National Unity Day, a relatively new holiday celebrated on November 4, several scientific conferences were held in different cities. At them, historians discussed various controversial issues in the study of the Time of Troubles at the beginning of the 11th century. One of them is who should be considered a true hero and savior of the Fatherland, and who is not.

The personalities of the leaders of the Second Militia of Prince D.M. Pozharsky and Zemstvo Elder KuzmaMinin has never raised any doubts in anyone and still does not.

They are the heroes and saviors of the Fatherland, known to everyone since their school years.

But with a more in-depth study of the Time of Troubles, it turns out that there were many more patriots at that time. For example, the First Militia also participated in the fight against the Poles and the liberation of Moscow from them. Moreover, it took shape and began a liberation struggle ina year earlier than the Second Militia - from the end of 1610. In many history textbooks, this facteither hushed up or transmitted in a distorted form. According to a number of historians, the First Militia broke up in the summer of 1611 and ceased to exist. In fact, the soldiers who were part of it stood near Moscow until the arrival of the regiments of the Second Home Guard and then, together with them, liberated the Kremlin from the Poles.

It turns out that Minin and Pozharsky were by no means "pioneers" and pioneerspatriotic movement. They only acted according to the “scheme”, “in the image and likeness”, already developed by the leaders First militia.

Why are the names of these first commanders, who set an example for the whole country, how to deal withinterventionists, were forgotten and deleted from our history? Let's try to figure it outin this matter, referring to the biography of one of the main creators The first militia - Procopius Petrovich Lyapunov.

Lyapunovs belonged to an old boyar family, whose representatives are severalcenturies served the Grand Dukes of Ryazan. These princes were not rivalsMoscow princes in the struggle for supremacy in North-Eastern Russia, but before the start X VI in. retained their independence, having in their subordination at different timesseveral small principalities: Murom, Pronskoe, Kozelskoe, etc.

So Lyapunovs did not have time to take any place at the Moscow court until the 16th century. and remained in the province in Pereyaslavl-Ryazan. Occupying one of the most prominent places in the city, they had the right to lead the city squad. This allowed them to feel some independence in relation to the Moscow authorities. Rather large land holdings brought them income - 600-650 quarters of black soil. On their land, they received good harvests of grain and vegetables, and therefore were one of the main suppliers of food to Moscow.

The exact date of birth of P. Lyapunov is unknown. But according to indirect data, it can be assumed that he was born in the 60s. XVI century (His son Vladimir at the end of the 16th century had already begun to serve and received a local salary). This means that during the Troubles of the beginning of the 11th century. the Ryazan governor entered an adult and mature person, He, undoubtedly, already had his own views and ideas about how the world, including sovereignty in the country, and what is his own role in it.

The very first information about Procopius in the sources suggests that the main feature of his character was a heightened sense of personal responsibility for the fate of the Fatherland. The New Chronicler wrote that when, after the death of Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich on March 18, 1584,

unrest and there was a rumor that the court circles, headed by Bogdan Belsky, want to deprive Tsarevich Fedor Ivanovich of the throne, Procopius with his brothers called Muscovites to revolt. Together with them, they rolled a cannon to the closed gates of the Kremlin and demanded that the boyars come out to them and explain the situation. Only, having learned that nothing threatens the new king, Lyapunovs calmed down. After that, they apparently returned to Ryazan, since there is no other information about their activities during the reign of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich. (PSRL. T.14. M.1965. P.35).

In 1598 P.P. Lyapunov, obviously, headed the Ryazan delegation to the Electoral Zemsky Sobor and, together with the rest of its participants, voted for the candidacy of Boris FedorovichGodunov to the royal throne. After all, he was the only applicant, and, moreover, approved by Patriarch Job.

At the end of 1604-beginning of 1605Procopius together with his son Vladimir were sent to Kromy as part of a regimentF.I. Sheremeteva. They should have liberated the town from the Cossacks - supportersFalse Dmitry 1. But the siege dragged on for the whole winter. During it, Vladimir was wounded.

(People's Movement in Russia during the Time of Troubles at the beginning of the 11th century. 1601-1608. M.2003. P.302).

After the death of Tsar Boris on April 13, 1605,in the detachment of F.I. Sheremetev, which included Lyapunovs, the commotion began. Many soldiers, led by the governor, decided to go over to the side of False Dmitry 1, because they believed that he was a true royal son. To the majorityjoined and Procopius. But he did not go to the headquarters of the impostor in Putivl,because, apparently, he was taking care of his wounded son. As a result, after the accession of the impostor, hedid not receive significant awards, unlike Sheremetev, who became a boyar.

No information about what he did. P. Lyapunov during the period brief reign False Dmitry 1, no. Perhaps he was in the province in Ryazan. Without him, in May 1606 in Moscow there wascoup: False Dmitry was killed by conspirators, and suddenly ascended the throne

Boyar Prince V.I. Shuisky. Since all this happened without the participation of residents of other cities, without the "will of the earth", not everyone agreed to serve the new sovereign. Among the people, he was immediately nicknamed "the boyar tsar" and "fur coat". After all, he had no legal rights to the royal throne. With the earlier ruling dynasty of Moscow princes, he was not even distantly related, since he belonged to another branch of the Rurikids - Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod. Even B.F. Godunov had more rights in this regard, since he was the brother-in-law of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich.

When in the summer of 1606. there were rumors about a new "miraculous salvation" of Tsar Dmitry Ivanovich, and letters appeared in the cities on his behalf, sealed with the royal seal, P.P. Lyapunov decided to help the exile regain his father's throne.

It should be noted that before that there were no impostors in Russia, so no one couldto believe that a former monk or an ordinary vagabond could call himself a royal name and impersonate a long-dead royal son. Therefore, many sincerely believed the deceivers.

Having received in early September from Putivl on behalf of Tsar Dmitry a letter demanding to take Kolomna and open its gates in front of the army of I.I. Bolotnikov, Procopius carried out the order.

After that, with the Ryazan detachment, he joined the army, acting on behalf of the deposed tsar. Together with him was another Ryazan governor G. Sunbulov. Both became members of the military council headed by Bolotnikov. At its meeting, it was decided on October 5, 1606 to begin the assault on Moscow. (PSRL. T.14. P.72).

Since that time, quite successful attacks on the city fortifications began. The capital soon found itself in a siege ring. In order to inspire the rebels, it was necessary thatthe decisive assault was led by "Tsar Dmitry Ivanovich" himself. But he wasn't.

The reason for his absence was that the first False Dmitry was killed back in May in Moscow. Fled to Poland with the state seal, his supporter Mikhalka Molchanov couldimpersonate a surviving king only abroad in front of ignorant people.

On the territory of the Russian state, he would have been immediately exposed. All this, no doubt, was well known to the Moscow authorities.

Therefore, Tsar Vasily Shuisky began to send his scouts to the Bolotnikov camp, whothey convinced the Russian nobles that there was no “Tsar Dmitry” in reality, but there was a group of “blood-eaters and robbers” who wanted to capture Moscow and plunder. Their agitation immediately influenced the Ryazan governors, and on November 15 they left the rebel camp near Moscow. After that Lyapunov and Sunbulov contacted the Moscow commanders and, together with 40 Ryazan soldiers, entered their disposal.

Tsar Vasily was very happy to learn about the weakening of the rebels and the strengthening of his own positions. Already on November 25, he issued a decree that he forgives G. Sunbulov and P. Lyapunova and againaccepts them into the royal service. (People's movement ... S.116, 120).

The Ryazan governors were probably instructed to participate on December 2 in the attack of the tsarist troops on the location of I. Bolotnikov in Kolomenskoye. It turned out to be successful - in a hurry, the rebels retreated from the capital and headed for Kaluga. Sunbulov and Lyapunov received a new order - to return to Ryazan and organize its defense against Bolotnikov. Squeakers and ammunition were sent to help them. (People's movements ... p.124).

According to the royal decree Procopius with relatives successfully defended the Ryazan lands from the rebels who settled in Kaluga. Soon they learned that to help Bolotnikov from Putivlanother impostor set off - Tsarevich Petrusha, who assured everyone that he wasson of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich and Irina Godunova. In fact, he was a residentsettlement of the city of Mur by Ilya Korovin, who wandered along the Volga in search of work.

For the successful defense of Ryazan in January 1607 g. its garrison, led by Procopius received 200 gold reward coins. Then in March 1607 P.P. Lyapunov and his son Vladimir were rewarded by Tsar Vasily with the village of Isada, the size of which was 550 quarters. As a result, his own land holdings became more than 1000 quarters, which was comparable to the possessions of some Moscow boyars. (People's movement ... S.156).

In May 1607. Procopius it was ordered to gather the Ryazan nobles for a campaign, first on Kashira, and then on Kaluga against Bolotnikov. His detachment was to consist of 500 nobles and 500 local Tatars. (People's movement ... S.161-163).

In early June, as part of the regiment of the boyar Prince B.M. Lykov together with the governor F.Yu. Bulgakov Lyapunov went on a hike. They should have united with the regiment of the boyar Prince A.V. Golitsynand at Kashira to create a barrier against the troops of I. Bolotnikov and Prince A. Telyatevsky, who planned to break through to the capital again.

The clash of opponents took place on June 5-7, 1607 on the Vosma River. During a fierce battle, the tsarist governors managed to completely defeat the rebels. Only 1700 people were taken prisoner. Nobody counted the dead. For this victory, V.I. Shuisky awarded distinguished soldiers with gold coins, among them was Lyapunov. (People's movement ... P.50).

The winners did not have to rest. By royal decree, Lykov, Bulgakov and Lyapunov cotheir detachments should have joined the Advanced Regiment of the boyar Prince M.V. Skopin-Shuisky, heading for Tula. Petrusha and Bolotnikov settled in the defense there. (People's movement ... S. 47-48).

It was at this time that a close acquaintance took place. Procopius Petrovich with the young and talented commander Skopin. The prince, obviously, aroused great sympathy among the Ryazan.

The siege of Tula continued for several months. Only on October 10 did Bolotnikov and Petrusha surrender. The first was sent to the Kargopol prison, the second was executed. Joyfully Tsar VasilyIvanovich rewarded all the participants in the Tula siege. P.P. Lyapunov, as a particularly distinguished voivode, he received the rank of a Duma nobleman, a piece of gold brocade, forty sable skins, a gilded goblet, 4 silver cups, a silver ladle, 50 rubles, a thoroughbred horse in a harness and permission to appear before the royal eyes. In addition, his son Vladimir was appointed to serve at court. (People's movement ... S.180).

For Lyapunov the most valuable award was the new rank, since it gave him the right to sit inBoyar Duma and participate in the discussion of important state affairs.

From the petition of the son of Procopius Vladimir, dated October 1626, it becomes known thatwhat Lyapunovs repeatedly received awards from the kings for faithful service. Thus, under Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, Vladimir was laid out 300 quarters of the earth. Under False Dmitry 1, the size of his estate became 550 odd. For service near Kromy under Tsar Boris, he and his father received 100 odds. For service near Kolomenskoye and the liberation of Zaraysk under Vasily Shuisky, father and son again received 100 odds. For the battle near the Eighth and Tula and the siege sitting in Moscow under False Dmitry 11 - 150 even. (People's movement. S.302-303).

These facts indicate that Procopius with his son were brave governors and performed their military duty regularly under various sovereigns.

After the defeat of Bolotnikov and Petrusha, peacetime turned out to be very short. In the summer of 1607, a certain vagabond of Lithuanian origin appeared in Starodub, whom the local governors considered suitable for the role of the new False Dmitry. He was dressed in royal clothes and surroundedsuitable retinue. After that, under the banner of the impostor, they began to gather an army for a campaign against Moscow. Everyone was invited to it. There were especially many of those among the Poles who participated in the uprising against King Sigismund 111 and defeated. In the autumn of 1607, the Starodub Thief, as the common people called this impostor, went on a campaign. He had to spend the winter at Orel. But in the spring he became more active and headed for Moscow. The royal troops sent against him were defeated.

P. Lyapunov also tried to fight the impostor. Together with Prince I.A. Khovansky near Pronsk, he entered into battle with the "thieves", but was wounded in the leg and forced to retreat. (PSRL. T.14. P.79).

In the summer of 1608, False Dmitry II approached the capital, but stormed the well-fortifiedthe city could not. He had to settle in Tushino and start preparing the siegeMoscow. To do this, he sent his detachments along all roads in order to interrupt the supply of food to Muscovites. But he could not take the Kolomna road under his control. Warriors guarded her P.P. Lyapunova. It was along it that convoys with bread, vegetables and meat were constantly going from the Ryazan granary to Moscow. (Tushinsky thief. Personality, environment, time. M.2001.P.177). For this help to the besieged capital Procopius received from Tsar Vasily in November 1608 the village of Rudnevo and became the owner of 1170 quarters of the land. (People's Movement... pp.187-188).

The Polish cornet Budilo, who was in the Tushino camp, wrote in his diary that Prokopy Lyapunov owned all of Ryazan and supplied Moscow with food through Kolomna. AtAt the same time, he constantly arranged many skirmishes with the Tushites. (Tushinsky thief ... p. 177).

Frequent awards indicate that the Ryazan governor tried to serve faithfullyVI Shuisky in the first three years of his reign. But the endless fights with opponents of the unpopular king, apparently, tired him too. He was especially indignant at the fact that the tsar was sitting behind strong fortress walls, forcing him to fight the troops of his rival False Dmitry II governor and ordinary warriors. In Ryazan, no doubt, they knew that in the Volga region, without any help from the center, the boyar F.I. Sheremetev was fighting with the Tushins. He had to winter in 1606-1607. on an island near Astrakhan, which surrendered to the impostor, and then fought up the Volga in 1607-1608. At the same time, he himself had to form Ponizovaya army from local residents. In 1609, his troops were already at war with the Tushins in the centralareas. However, his feat was not noted either by contemporaries or descendants.

Near Nizhny Novgorod in 1609, the brave governor A. Alyabyev fought independently against the Tushino people. He smashed them on all roads and expelled them from small towns. But his feat was left without the attention of contemporaries and descendants.

The boyar and prince M.V. Skopin-Shuisky were more fortunate. His contemporaries proclaimedcommander-liberator, and his descendants glorified his activities in numerous works, including those of a scientific nature.

Skopin was sent by the tsar at the end of 1608 to Novgorod to conclude an agreement with the Swedes on military assistance and collect rati to liberate Moscow from the siege of False Dmitry II . Having successfully completed this mission, the commander moved to the capital in the spring of 1609. Behind his campaign

Procopius followed, apparently, especially closely. Every victory young commander welcomed.

At the beginning of October 1609, Skopin arrived with his army in Alexandrov Sloboda. There, the Ponizovaya army F.I. approached him. Sheremetev. Together they began to prepare for the battles for the liberation of the capital. P.P. Lyapunov, perhaps, he wanted to join the generals and sent a letter to Skopin with two messengers. In it, he glorified the military feat of Michael in every possible way.Vasilyevich and called him worthy of the royal throne. At the same time, he reproachedVI Shuisky for inaction and cowardice. The New Chronicle says that the letter

from Ryazan caused indignation in Skopin, and he even wanted messengers Lyapunov sent to Moscow for punishment. But then he took pity and let them go home. However, the tsar was still told about the contents of Lyapunov's letter, and he and his brothers harbored evil, but not on Procopius, but on the liberator commander himself. (PSRL. T.14. S.92-93).

In "The History of Tsar Dmitry"(this essay consists of the memoirs of several Polish nobles) it was even written that P.P. Lyapunov told Tsar Vasily in the eyes that he"he seized the throne, thanks to riots, murders and intrigues, that he should give up the crown and yield the throne to another, happier ruler." For this, the king burned with anger towards him, grabbed a knife to pierce him, but Lyapunov, raising his hand, he exclaimed: "Stop, Shuisky, do not swing, for you will die from these hands." According to the author, if the king had not thrown the knife, then Lyapunov would kill him with the consent of the mob. As a result, as stated in the "History", Lyapunov onexiled to a monastery by royal decree. (Tushinsky thief ... p. 161).

Although the information reported in the "History" is interesting, it is hardly reliable. The fact is that Lyapunov never exiled to a monastery. Therefore, it is unlikely that he openly denounced the kingVasily. True, in the New Chronicler there is information that during the siege of Moscow by the Tushins, some unrest against the tsar repeatedly took place in the city. (PSRL. T.14. P.92).

Perhaps the Poles were aware of these performances, so they connected them with the actions of the well-known to them Lyapunov. For example, in the "History" a Ryazan is described as follows: "Procopius was distinguished by his majestic posture, a serious expression on his face, youth, intelligence, knowledge of military affairs, caution, foresight and courage." (Tushinsky thief ... p.161).

In fact, he was about 50 years old.

Diploma P.P. Lyapunov unwittingly played the most negative role in the fatecommander-liberator M.V. Skopin-Shuisky. After the liberation of Moscow fromTushino in the spring of 1610, he suddenly died at one of the feasts. Many sources claimed that he was poisoned by the wife of the tsar's brother D.I. Shuisky, who considered himself the heir to the throne and therefore tried to get rid of a possible rival. (PSRL. T.14. S.96-97).

However, by killing the people's favorite, the Shuiskys signed their own death warrant. The fact is that although at the beginning of 1610 the Tushino camp ceased to exist, and the impostor fled to Kaluga, Tsar Vasily in September 1609 had a new enemy. They became polish king Sigismund III. Having learned that at the beginning of 1609 the tsar signed an agreement on military assistance with his worst enemy the Swedish king and that a Swedish regiment was moving towards Moscow to fight False Dmitry II, the king entered the territory of the Russian state in the Smolensk region. So he started a war with a neighboring power, although he was obliged to comply with the peace treaty concluded in 1601 under Tsar Boris. (PSRL. T.14. P.55).

Tsar Vasily had little strength to fight the Polish army. There was also no experienced commander.Appointment to the post of military leader of the mediocre warriors of the royal brother D.I. Shuisky turned out to be a fatal mistake. He not only lost in June 1610 the battle of Klushino with the Polish hetman S. Zolkiewski, but also quarreled with the Swedish mercenaries. Those headedto Novgorod, laid siege to it and in the summer of 1611 captured it along with the surrounding territories.The city was liberated only in 1617.

Meanwhile, hetman Zolkiewski, without encountering any obstacles, headed for Moscow. FromKaluga, False Dmitry II also spoke there. There was no one to defend the capital.

The popularity of Tsar Basil in the country at that time fell to a minimum. But the author of the New Chronicler,who created his work many years after the Time of Troubles on the basis of various sources, for some reason decided to blame the overthrow of Tsar Vasily precisely P.P. Lyapunov. In his opinion, he decided to take revenge on Shuisky for the death of Skopin. To do this, he allegedly began to incite the inhabitants of various cities against the tsar and, together with the boyar, Prince V.V. Golitsyn, began preparing a coup. (PSRL. T.14. P.97). However, there are no sources confirming the veracity of these data. Moreover, in the same New Chronicler, the overthrow of Tsar Basil is described without the participation of Procopius Petrovich.

Therefore, it is quite obvious that directly in the overthrow of Tsar Basil P.P. Lyapunov did not take part and was not in Moscow at that time. The author of the New Chronicler presented some unknown persons as the main initiators of Shuisky's removal from the throne.

According to his version, in July 1610, "a great opinion came to Tsar Vasily." Some people began to gather with thieves' regiments (supporters of False Dmitry II) and conspire that they would "leave the tsar" if they "leave Tushinsky behind." After that, they agreed together to elect a new sovereign. However, the Tushinos deceived the Muscovites and did not overthrow their king. (PSRL. T.14. P.99).

Further, according to the author of the New Chronicler, Procopius sent to the boyar princeV.V. Golitsyn and his brother Zakhary Oleshka Peshkov and ordered them to "deport" Tsar Vasily from the state. Judging by the further narration, only his brother obeyed him. Together with Fyodor Khomutov, he went to the Execution Ground and began to call on the Muscovites to "put aside Tsar Vasily." Many townspeople supported them, but for some reason they went not to the royal chambers, but to Patriarch Hermogenes, who was forcibly taken out of the Serpukhov Gate. The boyars who had gathered at the Execution Ground did not stand up for the tsar and soon dispersed. Only the royal brother-in-law boyar Prince I.M. Vorotynsky remained. He went with Zakhary and Khomutov to Tsar Vasily and helped them bring him and his wife from the throne. (PSRL. T.14. P.100).

From this description it is difficult to conclude what exactly P.P. Lyapunov was the organizer of the overthrow of Shuisky. He was not in the capital, he did not negotiate with the Tushins, Muscovitesdid not instigate an uprising. His brother Zachary with other nobles could act at their own discretion. In addition, the king himself did not offer any resistance, since, apparently, he was ready for such an outcome and resigned himself to his fate. The next day he was tonsured a monk and after a while he and his brothers were taken prisoner to the Polish king. There, in 1612, Vasily and Dmitry and his wife died. After many years he returned to his homeland only younger brother I.I. Shuisky.

The boyars, left without a sovereign, formed a provisional government, which among the people wasnicknamed "Seven Boyars" . Not having the strength to protect the capital from the Poles and False Dmitry 11, it conspired with the hetman S. Zholekovsky and agreed to the election of the Polish prince Vladislav, son of Sigismund, to the royal throne III . P.P. Lyapunov had nothing to do with all this. He obviously continued to be in Ryazan. His brother Zachary was in Moscow, who was soon included in the representative Smolensk embassy. In September 1610, it went to Smolensk to the king for Vladislav, appointed to the royal throne. (PSRL. T.14. S.100-102).

However, by the end of 1610. it became clear that the king did not want to give his young son to the Russian ambassadors. Seeing the weakness of the provisional Moscow government, he set out to put on the royal crown himself. At the same time, he was not going to fulfill the conditions of the Russian side, i.e. be baptized inOrthodox faith and preserve the national independence of the country. This meant that the Russian state was to become part of the Polish kingdom, and its population was obliged to accept the Catholic faith. It was about this that Sigismund wrote to the Pope and his friend the Spanish king.

Many participants in the Smolensk embassy soon began to guess about the insidious plans of the king. Some, such as Avraamiy Palitsyn, chose to return home. Others, Metropolitan Philaret of Rostov and the boyar Prince V.V. Golitsyn, began to resent, and soon werearrested and sent to Polish captivity.

Zakhary, obviously, managed to inform his brother in Ryazan about the plans of the king. Procopius immediately sent letters to neighboring cities. In them he directly called Sigismund III the main enemy of the Faith andFatherland and called on the governor to unite to fight the Poles. (PSRL. T.14. P.105).

The boyar government in Moscow was ready to cooperate with the king himself, and notVladislav, therefore, even began to correspond with him on various state issues. Therefore, it regarded the actions of the Ryazan governor as sedition and sent a punitive detachment against him. Procopius was besieged in Pronsk, but the governor of Zaraysk, Prince D.M., came to his aid. Pozharsky and helped to free himself. (PSRL.T.14. S.104).

By this time, with the permission of the boyar government, a Polish garrison had been brought into Moscow. He began to restore order in the city. Outraged by this patriarch Hermogenes was placed under arrest. His plight soon became known in other cities.

The situation in the capital is so outraged Procopius Petrovich, that he began to act even more actively. In the New Chronicle on this occasion it was written: “On Rezan, Prokopey Lyapunov, hearing about such an oppression of the Muscovite state, and began to refer to all the cities of the Muscovite state in order to stand up for one, how to help the Muscovite state. God, however, put a thought into all people, and began to send it to Prokofy and pick it up in all cities. Prince Dmitry Timofeevich Trubetskoy and Ivan Zarutskoy (former supporters of the already murdered False Dmitry 11) gathered in Koluga, Prokofey Lyapunov on Rezani, Prince Vasily Mosalskaya, Ortemey Izmailov in Volodimer, Ondrey Prosovetskaya in Suzdal, Prince Fyodor Volkonskaya in Kostroma, in Yaroslavl - Ivan Volynskaya, on Romanov - Prince Fyodor Kozlovskaya with his brother. And all unite in one thought that you will all die for the Orthodox Christian faith. . (PSRL. T.14. P.105).

So, at the call of P.P. Lyapunov, the First Militia began to form. The initiative of its creation belonged entirely to him. It was he who became the initiator of all militia activity. Before that, there had never been mass popular patriotic movements in Russia.

Patriarch Hermogenes, having learned about the appearance of patriots led by Lyapunov, in his letter to them, he blessed them to fight the Polish invaders and asked them to free Moscow from foreign captivity as soon as possible. In reply Procopius sent an angry letter to the Moscow boyars, in which he demanded to stop the persecution of the Orthodox pastor and return him to a high honorary position.

Creation people's militias frightened the Moscow boyars. They began to demand that Hermogenes forbade in his charter Procopius gather for Moscow. In response, the shepherd said: “I will write to Procopius like this: “There will be a prince on Moscow State and is baptized into the Orthodox faith, I bless him to serve. And if the prince is not baptized into the Orthodox faith and Lithuania will not be led out of the Moscow state, and I bless them and allow them, who kissed the cross to the prince, and go to the Moscow state and die for the Orthodox Christian faith " . (PSRL. T.14. P.106).

Having received the patriarchal blessing, the patriots began to act even more energetically. Kolomna and Serpukhov were determined as the place of collection. In February 1611 regiments arrived there from Suzdal, Yaroslavl, Tula, Kaluga, Vladimir, Romanov. Their composition was very diverse. It included city squads, and former Tushinians, and free Cossacks. P.P. Lyapunov invited everyone to the ranks of the militia. But this turned out to be his fatal mistake, since both the former Tushins and the free Cossacks were by no means patriots. The first hoped, with the help of the militias, to put their protege, little Ivan, the son of Marina Mnishek and False Dmitry II, on the Moscow throne, in order to rule the state behind his back. The second wanted to rob the civilian population under the pretext of fighting the Poles.

March 3 alreadyforward detachments of the militia moved towards Moscow. Local patriots prepared fortheir meeting. The situation in the city was so tense that on March 19 an uprising broke out spontaneously. The Poles were ready for it. In six places they set fire to the White City and from the cannons they began to shoot people fleeing from the fire. According to the Poles, 150,000 Muscovites died at their hands. Part of Moscow, called the White City, turned into ruins. In the basements of burnt houses, the invaders found countless treasures: jewelry made of gold and silver, adorned with diamonds, emeralds, rubies and pearls, gold and silver dishes, precious icon settings, unicorn horns, valuable furs and much more.(Tushinsky thief. S.158-160).

After the suppression of the uprising, the patriarch Hermogenes was thrown into the earthen prison of the Chudov Monastery, where he died in February 1612. Boyar Prince A.V. Golitsyn, as one of the leaders of the uprising, was executed. Prince D.M. Pozharsky, who participated in the battles on the streets of Moscow, managed to leave the city.

P.P. Lyapunov with the militias approached Moscow only at the beginning of April. They immediately began an assault on the gates and towers of the White City from different sides. Myself Procopius fought with the RyazansYauza Gate and soon captured them. Trubetskoy and Zarutsky attacked from the side of the Vorontsov field, princes Volkonsky and Kozlovsky with Volynsky and Mansurov fought at the Pokrovsky Gates, at the Tversky Gates - Prince Mosalsky, at Sretensky - Izmailov. Together they achieved success and by April 6 they took the White City into their own hands. They soon turned its territory into one large military camp and began to prepare for the assault on Kitay-gorod and the Kremlin, where the Poles settled. (PSRL. T.14. P.109. The same data are contained in the Other Legend and the Manuscript of Filaret) .

According to the author of the New Chronicler, the leaders of the militias from different cities did not immediatelycame to a consensus. At first there was a "great discord" between them. But then, at a meeting of the whole rati, they decided to choose the chief commanders, to whom everyone would obey. The most authoritative people were recognized as the Tushinsky boyar Prince D.T. Trubetskoy, the Tushinsky boyar and the former Cossack ataman I.M. Zarutsky and the Duma nobleman P.P. Lyapunov. In the triumvirate Procopius took the last place, because he had a lower rank than the rest of the members.But the most important issues turned out to be in his charge - supplying the troops with food and ammunition and communication with cities. The new government was called "Council of the Whole Earth" .(PSRL.T.14. P.109).

The government of the Second Militia under the leadership of Minin and Pozharsky would later receive the same name. In this respect, they followed in the footsteps Lyapunova and the governor of the First Militia. However, as noted, all the glory of the saviors of the Fatherland went only to them.

P. Lyapunov strove to ensure that there was no anarchy in the motley army of militias, and that there was order, discipline and legality in everything. For this, on his initiative, aThe verdict of the whole rati, in which the rights and obligations of the militias were clearly indicated. To streamline the method of material support for the troops, several orders were created: Local - in charge of allocating soldiers with land, which was a payment for service, Discharge - responsible for official appointments, Posolsky - engaged in international relations, in particular, with Novgorod captured by the Swedes. The purpose of the Grand Parish and some other territorial orders was to collect taxes from the territories subject to the militias.

Even the Poles noted that the most authoritative chief in the First Home Guard wasP.P. Lyapunov. Contemporaries wrote about him like this: "The ruler of the entire Moscow army jumps on the shelves everywhere, like a roaring lion" . Protestant pastor Martin Ber, who was in Russia during the Time of Troubles, believed that Lyapunov personally took possession of several cities and after that took the title of the White Tsar. He considered False Dmitry, Sigismund III, and Tsar Vasily to be his opponents. (Tushinsky thief. S.219). At some period, this, apparently, was the case, although the Ryazan governor did not wear any royal title.

According to some Poles, P.P. Lyapunov was going in case of victory and capture of Moscowput on the royal throne the son of False Dmitry II and Marina Mnishek Ivan, nicknamed by the people Vorenkom. (Tushinsky thief, p.158).

Actually Prokopy Petrovich was categorically against this candidacy and because of thisclashed with Zarutsky, the patron of Marina Mnishek. More suitable, he considered the Swedish prince Karl-Philip, who was nominated to the throne by the Swedes along with some Novgorodians. To discuss the question of his accession, the First Militia sent a special embassy to Novgorod headed by Prince I.F. Troekurov. But it returned to the regiments when, after the death of Lyapunov, Zarutsky and the Cossacks dominated there, and the question of Karl-Philip was no longer raised. (PSRL. T.14. P.112).

Engaged in the material support of the militia troops, Prokopy Petrovich understood that it was necessary to maintain good relations with the civilian population. The peasants mustwere willing to share food and fodder with the militias. Therefore, he especially zealously fought against Cossack robberies and robberies. After all, they undermined the authority of patriotic soldiers. At a meeting of the entire rati, he even began to demand the adoption of a law on the most severe punishment for thieves and robbers from among the militias. City governors supported Lyapunov and agreed to severely punish those caught in the act.

Soon the detachment of the governor M.I. Pleshcheev stumbled upon the Cossacks who were robbing Nikolo-Ugreshskymonastery. The criminals were immediately seized and put into the water (this was one of the methods of execution). Comrades of the Cossacks fished them out of the river and all together turned to Zarutsky with a complaint. He immediately gathered a Cossack circle, at which it was decided to blame the incident Lyapunov. In addition, freedom-loving Cossacks began to scold the governor for arrogance and exorbitant lust for power. (PSRL. T.14. P.112).

When Prokopy Petrovich found out about this, he decided to leave the regiments near Moscow forever and

Lyapunov Prokopy Petrovich (killed in 1611) - Russian political and military figure of the Time of Troubles, from an old Ryazan boyar family.

In 1584, together with the Kikins, he participated in the indignation of the mob in Moscow against Bogdan Belsky. Procopius' brother, Alexander, helped Sherefedinov seize foreign lands in Ryazan under Tsar Ivan the Terrible. He was in opposition to the rule of Boris Godunov.

The king does not hold the cross kiss; so know, I have already referred to the Seversk and Ukrainian cities; we kiss the cross on standing with all the land for the Muscovite state and fighting to the death with the Poles and Lithuanians.

Lyapunov Prokopy Petrovich

After the death of Boris, he was among the first to agree with Pyotr Basmanov and Vasily Golitsyn to go over to the side of False Dmitry I. Prokopiy Lyapunov had great influence among the Ryazan boyar children, with him not only Pereyaslavl-Ryazansky, but also other Ryazan cities (for example , Ryazhsk). Later, servicemen from other southern cities joined the army. Being in the army near Kromy (1605), Prokopy Lyapunov largely contributed to strengthening the influence of False Dmitry I.

After the assassination of False Dmitry I, Lyapunov participated in the Bolotnikov movement. The Ryazan squads under the leadership of Prokopy Lyapunov and Grigory Sumbulov captured Kolomna, and then, having met with the main army of Bolotnikov, approached Moscow.

At the end of 1606, Prokopy Lyapunov “thought himself” and swore allegiance to Vasily Shuisky. Following him, the governors Sumbulov and Pashkov, Ryazanians and many others went over to the side of Shuisky. The tsar granted Procopius the title of duma nobleman. In June 1607, on the Vosma River near Kashira, together with the governors, princes B. M. Lykov and A. V. Golitsyn, he took part in the battle with the army of the impostor. The royal army was victorious. In the spring of 1608, a detachment of Ryazanians led by Prince I. A. Khovansky and Lyapunov laid siege to Pronsk, which was occupied by adherents of the impostor. The siege was unsuccessful and they had to retreat. Lyapunov was wounded in the leg and handed over command of the army to his brother Zakhary.

With the appearance of the Polish detachments of Lisovsky, Tsar Vasily instructed Lyapunov to concentrate on the defense of Pereyaslavl-Ryazansky. Lisovsky occupied and fortified in Zaraysk. The army of False Dmitry II approached Moscow and settled in Tushino. During the Moscow siege, the tsar often asked for the support of the Ryazan governors, demanding food supplies and reinforcements from them. At this time, Lyapunov was repeatedly thanked by the tsar for his loyalty and diligence. In May 1609, Lyapunov was ordered to go from Ryazan to Kolomna, which was besieged by the Poles.

At the end of 1609, Lyapunov sent a letter to Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda for Prince M.V. Skopin-Shuisky, who was there with his army. In the letter, Lyapunov called Skopin not a prince, but a tsar, congratulating him on the kingdom. Four months later, Prince Skopin suddenly fell ill and died. Lyapunov began to distribute letters to various cities, in which he accused Tsar Vasily Shuisky of poisoning. Together with V.V. Golitsyn, Procopius began to prepare for an uprising against the tsar. A messenger to Prokopy's brother Zakhary and Prince Golitsyn, who were in Moscow, prompted them on July 17 (27), 1610 to depose the tsar. State power completely passed to the boyar Duma.

Lyapunov reacted positively to the decision of the thought of electing the Polish prince Vladislav to reign, sent his son Vladimir with a greeting to Zholkievsky, and was actively involved in supplying the Polish army in Moscow with supplies.

Let us stand strong, take up the arms of God and the shield of faith, move with all the earth to the reigning city of Moscow, and with all the Orthodox Christians of the Muscovite state let us give advice: who should be sovereign in the Moscow state. If the king keeps his word and gives his son to the Muscovite state, having baptized him according to Greek law, leads the Lithuanian people out of the land and retreats from Smolensk himself, then we to his sovereign, Vladislav Zhigimontovich, kiss the cross and be his serfs, and if he doesn’t want to, then we all for the Orthodox faith and for all the countries of the Russian land to stand and fight. We have one thought: either purify our Orthodox faith, or die to one and all.

LYAPUNOV Prokopy Petrovich. He has always been exceptionally active. Reaching middle age and being the richest Ryazan nobleman, he considered himself entitled to interfere in all Moscow affairs and took an active part in them. It was not in vain that he believed that the fate of the Motherland to a large extent depended on him.
In Pereyaslavl-Ryazansky, the old boyar family of the Lyapunovs was the most respected and wealthy. Only Prokopy Petrovich and his brothers had the right to lead the entire Ryazan squad and lead it into battle. This allowed the Ryazan governor to feel the strength of his compatriots behind him and to be independent in deeds and judgments.
In the autumn of 1604, at the head of the Ryazan detachment, Procopius was sent to the Seversk land (the historical name of the basin of the Seim and Desna rivers) to fight with the army of False Dmitry I. But, like many others, he was very embarrassed by the "charming letters of Tsarevich Dmitry." They argued that Tsar Boris was a usurper, who had seized the throne with the help of crimes and cunning, and the prince was a persecuted born sovereign. The death of Tsar Boris resolved all doubts. Together with other governors, P. Lyapunov kissed the cross to "Tsar Dmitry".
However, less than a year later, the news came that "Tsar Dmitry" had been killed, and the boyar Vasily Shuisky had arbitrarily taken his throne. Being a supporter of law and order, Procopius decided to start a fight against the new usurper, who became king "without the will of the whole earth." Together with the Ryazan squad, he joined the army of I. Bolotnikov, who called himself the emissary of the newly saved Dmitry, and with him moved to Moscow. But the three-month siege of the capital showed the Ryazan governor that there was no "Tsar Dmitry", but only a gang of troublemakers who, for their own benefit, wished to start civil strife in the country again. Throwing Bolotnikov's headquarters, he went over to the side of Tsar Vasily, who at that time personified the unity of the state, law and order.
V. Shuisky appreciated Lyapunov's deed and granted him the title of nobleman of the Duma. Now, as part of the royal army, Procopius went against his former associates. In the autumn of 1607, Bolotnikov's movement was finally crushed. But this did not bring peace to the country. The army of the second impostor was already gathering in Starodub. In the spring of 1608, Procopius had to fight with the advance detachments of the "Starodub thief". Near Pronsk he was defeated and wounded in the leg. Hastily returning to his hometown, the governor began to prepare for defense. This turned out to be very helpful, because by the fall, together with Moscow, Pereyaslavl-Ryazansky was in the blockade ring. However, the active Ryazan did not indulge in despondency. Maintaining close ties with villages and villages, he collected food not only for himself, but also for Muscovites, under the protection of the city squad delivered it to the capital.
The inaction and cowardice of Tsar Vasily resented Lyapunov. With hope he waited for the arrival of the troops of M. Skopin-Shuisky, advancing from Novgorod to Moscow. When at the end of 1609 the governor-liberator settled in Alexandrov, Procopius sent him a letter of congratulations, in which he called him king and sovereign, vilifying V. Shuisky with abusive words. Undoubtedly, the young and talented commander admired Lyapunov, he considered him worthy of the royal throne.
But the diploma of Procopius played a fatal role in the life of M. Skopin. Tsar Vasily found out about everything and held a grudge against his lucky nephew. It is unlikely that Lyapunov thought that his admiration for Skopin would lead to his death.
Upon learning of the death of the governor-liberator, Procopius did not doubt for a moment that he had been poisoned on the orders of the evil and suspicious Tsar Basil. Poisoner - Shuisky becomes his main enemy. Having written off with the boyars, Lyapunov immediately found allies.
On July 17, 1610, with the direct participation of Zakhary Lyapunov, the brother of Procopius, Tsar Vasily was removed from the throne and two days later was tonsured along with his wife. At the head of the state were seven boyars ("Seven Boyars"), who put forward a project to elect the Polish prince Vladislav to the Russian throne. An embassy was sent near Smolensk to his father King Sigismund. A Polish garrison was brought into Moscow to protect against False Dmitry II.
At first, Procopius supported this project and even sent food to the Poles. But from Zacharias, who was a member of the Smolensk embassy, ​​he learned that the Polish king intended to annex the Muscovite state to his crown by force, depriving him of its independence. From allies, the Poles turned into invaders.
Already in the autumn of 1610, P. Lyapunov began an open struggle with the Poles. He refused to kiss the cross to Vladislav, stopped supplying food and fodder to Moscow, began sending letters to the cities calling for unity against the interventionists. The actions of the Ryazan governor found a warm response from Patriarch Hermogenes and caused indignation among the boyar government. A detachment of Cossacks was sent to the Ryazan land, who were supposed to punish the disobedient. In October they occupied Pronsk and laid siege to Pereyaslavl-Ryazansky. D. Pozharsky, the governor of the neighboring Zaraysk, came to the aid of Lyapunov. The Cossacks were driven away.
The initiative of Procopius found a warm response in the hearts of many patriots. Kolomna and Serpukhov became their gathering places. In February 1611, former associates of False Dmitry II, who had been killed by that time, D.T. Trubetskoy and I.M. Zarutsky (for both see below) gathered there with detachments of Cossacks, governors - Vladimir, Suzdal, Kostroma, Yaroslavl, Romanov and etc.
The main slogan of the militias was "council for one" in the struggle for the Orthodox faith and the cleansing of the Muscovite state. On March 3, the forward detachments moved towards the capital.
On April 1, the assault on the White City began. Lyapunov's detachment fought courageously at the Yauza gates and soon took them. This made it possible to recapture most of the walls and towers by April 6, although the fighting with the Polish garrison continued later.
The personal bravery and courage of the Ryazan governor immediately distinguished him from other military leaders. Many began to consider him the leader of the entire army. One contemporary wrote about it this way: "The ruler of the entire Moscow army, Lyapunov, gallops around the shelves everywhere, like a roaring lion." Undoubtedly, the organizational skills of Procopius were very important for uniting the disparate detachments of the militias.
Having occupied the White City, the troops of the patriots turned it into a large military camp and began to prepare for the final assault on Kitay-gorod and the Kremlin, where the Poles settled with the boyar government. On the initiative of Lyapunov, who has always been a supporter of a strong central government, law and order, on June 30, 1611, the Council of the whole rati was convened. It was developed and adopted as the basic law for all the "Sentence of the Moscow State of different lands of princes, boyars, roundabouts, nobles, children of boyars, atamans and Cossacks", which proclaimed a "provisional government of the whole earth", consisting of three chiefs: the Tushino boyar Prince D.T. Trubetskoy, Cossack ataman and boyar I.M. Zarutsky and Duma nobleman P.P. Lyapunov. In terms of his rank, Procopius was in third place, but in essence he played one of the leading roles, since he concentrated in his hands communications with cities, collecting treasury, food and distributing palace lands. Without all this, the militia army could not exist.
On the initiative of Lyapunov, some orders were restored: Zemsky, Pushkarsky, Streletsky, Local, Robbery, etc., which began to carry out the functions public institutions and by establishing links with all the cities, restore order. I. Zarutsky and the Cossacks, who were used to taking what they needed by force, did not like all this very much. But most of all they were outraged by the desire of Procopius to put the rightful sovereign on the throne of Moscow. To do this, negotiations began with the Novgorod Metropolitan Isidore on the candidacy of the Swedish Prince Carl-Philip. Zarutsky believed that his beloved Marina Mnishek with her son Ivan would reign. Wanting to get rid of the Ryazan governor by any means, the ataman began to turn ordinary Cossacks against him. He told everyone that Prokopiy Lyapunov did not ascend to his measure and showed pride. He dishonors and dishonors many boyar children and even boyars. He makes him come to worship and stand for a long time at his hut, waiting for permission to enter. He is especially cruel with the Cossacks, "their many-curious words are vilified."
These words kindled in the Cossacks, who did not want to obey any laws, a fierce hatred for Procopius.
In response, Lyapunov tried to tighten measures to curb Cossack self-will. He issued a decree according to which it was necessary to punish without trial and investigation all those who were caught as a thief and a robber. Soon the governor M. Pleshcheev caught 28 Cossacks who were robbing the Nikolo-Ugreshsky monastery and put them in the water. The comrades released them and brought them to Moscow for trial. A Cossack circle gathered, at which it was found out that Pleshcheev was carrying out the decree of Procopius. Seeing the Cossack indignation, Lyapunov decided to leave for Pereyaslavl-Ryazansky. But he was stopped and persuaded to stay. The Council of the entire army met again and asked the voivode to "be in the old way", at the head of the militias.
The strife among the patriots became known in the besieged Kremlin. The Poles decided to "add fuel to the fire." They wrote a false letter, allegedly on behalf of P. Lyapunov, in which they ordered the destruction of all Cossacks. This letter was thrown into the Cossack camp to Ataman S. Zavarzin. He, naturally, was deeply indignant and demanded to assemble a great circle and summon Procopius to him for explanations.
Procopius immediately realized that a new provocation was prepared against him, and did not want to go. Then two chieftains S. Tolstoy and Yu. Potemkin swore that there was no danger for him, and persuaded him to leave. The decisive day was July 25, 1611. Contemporaries remembered this date well, since it was on this day that the work of the First Militia was destroyed.
P. Lyapunov boldly entered the Cossack circle. He didn't feel any guilt. When the Cossacks showed him the ill-fated letter, he immediately declared that although the signature looked like his, it did not belong to him. Moreover, Procopius stated that the Cossacks themselves wrote this false letter in order to bring confusion to the leadership of the militia and again engage in robbery. The accusation outraged the ardent Cossacks. In anger, with shouts and sabers drawn, they began to attack the brave governor. The nobleman I. Rzhevsky tried to protect the Ryazan, but in vain. Both fell under the blows of sabers.
The death of P. Lyapunov finally split the ranks of the militias. The city governors did not want to be in the same camp with the murderous Cossacks and obey Trubetskoy and Zarutsky. Soon they went home. The rest found themselves without contact with the provinces, without food, fodder and money, i.e. in almost the same isolation as the Poles locked up in Kitai-Gorod and the Kremlin.
As a result, the liberation of the capital was delayed for a whole year. The new governors Minin and Pozharsky led the Second Militia. But do not forget that it became especially necessary after the tragic death of P. Lyapunov, who was the first to start the fight against the invaders.