The concept of need and their classification. Mature age. Development of the needs of an adult The basic need of a person is the need

Human needs.

Lack of motivation is the greatest spiritual tragedy that destroys all life foundations. G. Selye.

Need It is a need, a need for something for human life.

The manifestation of needs in animals is associated with a complex of corresponding unconditioned reflexes called instincts (food, sexual, indicative, protective).

by the most a prime example human needs are cognitive. A person seeks to know the world not only in his immediate environment, but also in remote areas of time and space, to understand the causal relationships of phenomena. He seeks to explore phenomena and facts, to penetrate into the micro- and macrocosm. AT age development human cognitive needs go through the following stages:

Orientation,

Curiosity

directed interest,

tendencies,

Conscious self-education,

Creative search.

Need - the state of a living being, expressing its dependence on what constitutes the conditions of its existence.

The state of need for something causes discomfort, a psychological feeling of dissatisfaction. This stress forces a person to be active, to do something to relieve stress.

Only unsatisfied needs have motivating power.

Needs Satisfaction- the process of returning the body to a state of equilibrium.

Can be distinguished three types of needs:

Natural, or physiological, or organic needs, which reflect the needs of our body.

Material, or subject-material,

Spiritual - generated by life in society, associated with the development of the individual, with the desire to express through creative activity everything that a person is capable of.

The first who developed and understood the structure of needs, identified their role and significance, was the American psychologist Abraham Maslow. His teaching is called the "hierarchical theory of needs" A. Maslow arranged the needs in ascending order, from the lowest - biological, to the highest - spiritual.

This scheme is called "Pyramid of Needs" or "Maslow's Pyramid"

Physiological needs - food, breath, sleep, etc.
The need for security is the desire to protect one's life.
Social needs - friendship, love, communication.
prestige needs - respect, recognition by members of society.
Spiritual needs - self-expression, self-realization, self-actualization, self-realization.

There are various classifications of human needs. One of them was developed by the American social psychologist A. Maslow. It is a hierarchy and includes two groups of needs:

primal needs (innate) - in particular, physiological needs, the need for security, dependent needs (purchased) social, prestigious, spiritual. From Maslow's point of view, a need of a higher level can appear only if the needs that lie at lower levels of the hierarchy are satisfied. Only after satisfying his needs of the first level (the most voluminous in terms of content and significance), a person has needs of the second level.

Needs are only one motive for activity. Allocate more:

social settings.
Beliefs.
Interests.

Under interests It is customary to understand such an attitude towards an object that creates a tendency to pay attention to it.
When we say that a person has an interest in cinema, this means that he tries to watch films as often as possible, read special books and magazines, discuss the films he has watched, etc. It should be distinguished from interests inclinations. Interest expresses a focus on a certain subject, and propensity to a certain activity. Interest is not always combined with inclination (much depends on the degree of accessibility of a particular activity). For example, an interest in cinema does not necessarily entail the opportunity to work as a film director, actor, or cameraman.
The interests and inclinations of a person express orientation his personality, which largely determines his life path, the nature of his activity, etc.

Beliefs- stable views on the world, ideals and principles, as well as the desire to bring them to life through their actions and deeds

German scientist Max Weber notes that differences in actions depend on wealth or poverty. personal experience, education and upbringing, the originality of the spiritual make-up of the individual.

The needs of a person necessary for his life activity are water, air, nutrition and protection from environmental hazards. These needs are called basic because they are necessary for the body.

Basic needs differ from others in that their deficiency causes a clear adverse outcome - dysfunction or death. In other words, it is what is needed for a safe and healthy life (e.g. food, water, shelter).

In contact with

In addition to this, people have needs of a social nature: communication in a family or group. Needs can be psychological or subjective, such as the need for self-esteem and respect.

Needs are a need experienced and perceived by a person. When this need is supported by purchasing power, it can become an economic demand.

Types and description of needs

As it is written in the 6th grade social science textbook, needs are divided into biological, necessary for anyone to live, and spiritual, which are necessary for understanding the world around us, gaining knowledge and skills, achieving harmony and beauty.

For most psychologists, a need is a psychological function that prompts action, giving purpose and direction to behavior. It is an experienced and perceived need or need.

Basic needs and human development (driven by the human condition) are few, finite, and classified as distinct from the conventional notion of ordinary economic "desires" that are endless and insatiable.

They are also constant in all human cultures, and over historical periods of time can be understood as a system, that is, they are interconnected and interactive. There is no hierarchy of needs in this system (beyond the basic need for existence or survival), since simultaneity, complementarity, and trade-offs are features of the satisfaction process.

Needs and wants are the subject of interest and form a common substratum for sections:

philosophy;
biology;
psychology;
social sciences;
economy;
marketing and politics.

The well-known academic model of needs was proposed by the psychologist Abraham Maslow in 1943. His theory suggests that humans have a hierarchy of psychological desires that range from basic physiological or lower needs such as food, water and security to higher ones such as self-fulfillment. People tend to spend most of their resources (time, energy and finances) trying to satisfy basic needs before higher desires.

Maslow's approach is a generalized model for understanding motivation in a wide variety of contexts, but can be adapted to specific contexts. One difficulty with his theory is that concepts of "needs" can change radically among different cultures or between different parts of the same society.

The second notion of necessity is presented in the work of the professor of political economy Yana Gou, which published information on human needs in the context of social assistance provided by the welfare state. Together with professor medical ethics Len Doyle, he also published The Theory of Human Need.

Their view goes beyond the emphasis on psychology, it can be said that the needs of the individual represent a "cost" in society. One who cannot meet his needs will function poorly in society.

According to Gou and Doyle, everyone has an objective interest in preventing serious harm that prevents him from striving to achieve his vision of what is good. This drive requires the ability to participate in a social setting.

In particular, each individual must have physical health and personal autonomy. The latter includes the ability to make informed choices about what to do and how to implement it. This requires mental health, cognitive skills and the ability to participate in society and make collective decisions.

Needs Satisfaction Issues

Researchers identify twelve broad categories of "intermediate needs" that define how needs for physical health and personal autonomy are met:

adequate food and water;
adequate housing;
safe working environment;
clothes;
safe physical environment;
appropriate medical care;
childhood safety;
meaningful primary relationships with others;
physical security;
economic security;
safe birth control and childbearing;
appropriate basic and intercultural education.

How satisfaction details are determined

Psychologists point to the rational identification of need, using modern scientific knowledge, consideration of the actual experience of people in their Everyday life and democratic decision making. Satisfaction of human needs cannot be imposed "from above".

Individuals with greater intrinsic assets (such as education, mental health, physical strength, etc.) are better able to meet their wants and needs.

Other types

In their works Karl Marx defined people as "needy beings" who experienced suffering in the process of learning and working to meet their needs, which were both physical and moral, emotional and intellectual necessities.

According to Marx, the development of people is characterized by the process of satisfying their needs, they develop new desires, implying that in some way they create and remake their own nature. If people satisfy the need for food through crop and animal husbandry, then more spiritual thirst is required to satisfy. high level public self-knowledge.

People differ from other animals because their life activity, work is dictated by the satisfaction of needs. They are universal natural beings capable of turning all nature into the object of their needs and their activities.

The conditions for people, as social beings, are given by labor, but not only by work, since it is impossible to live without relationships with others. Work is social activities because people work with each other. Humans are also free beings, capable of reaching objective possibilities generated by social evolution during their lifetime based on their conscious decisions.

Freedom should be understood both in a negative sense (freedom to decide and establish relationships) and in a positive sense (dominion over natural forces and the development of human creativity of basic human forces).

Summing up, it should be noted that the main interrelated features of people are as follows:

people are conscious beings;
people are social beings.

Humans tend to be universal, which manifests itself in the three previous traits and makes them natural-historical, universal conscious entities.

Rosenberg's Necessity Model

Model Marshall Rosenberg"Compassionate Communication", known as "Hate Communication", distinguishes between universal needs (what sustains and motivates human life) and the specific strategies used to meet one's needs. Feelings are perceived neither as good nor bad, neither right nor wrong, but as indicators of whether human needs are being met or not. Essential needs are highlighted.

People also talk about the needs of the community or organization. These may include demand for a particular type of business, for a particular government program or organization, or for people with special skills. This example presents the logical problem of reification.

Need It is a lack of something necessary experienced by a person.

Needs can be divided into:

Physical - food, clothing, safety
Social – the need for companionship and affection
Individual - the need for knowledge and self-expression

Need

Need- this is a need that has taken a specific form in accordance with the cultural level and individuality of a person.

So, for example, feeling hungry, an American thinks about a hamburger, a Russian about dumplings, and a Muscovite about sushi.

The needs of people are practically unlimited. Each buyer prefers to choose those that have the highest customer value and are able to provide maximum satisfaction for the amount that the buyer is able to pay. Needs, supported by purchasing power, move into the category of requests.

For example, based on their purchasing power, each buyer chooses a car that best meets his needs for safety, prestige and comfort.

Requests

Requests- human needs, supported by its purchasing power.

Companies that take it seriously spend a lot of effort identifying the needs, wants, and demands of their customers. They spend to find out the preferences of the customers. Analyze complaints. Train salespeople to identify customer requirements and meet them in a timely manner.

If you look closely, you can see that large companies know almost everything about us. They invest heavily in what seemed ridiculous at times. You drink coffee while sitting in front of the monitor, and they know how many spoons of sugar you put in the glass.

The most complete understanding of the needs, requirements and requests is necessary for the development of a marketing strategy.

Human needs and economic benefits

Needs- the objective need of a person or a group of people for something necessary to maintain life and develop the body and personality.

Good- this is a thing, a means, everything that satisfies human needs and meets the goals and aspirations of people.

The most common is the division of goods into tangible and intangible. Material goods include: natural gifts of nature (earth, air, climate), products of production (buildings, machines, products), relations for the appropriation of material goods (patents, copyrights). Intangible goods - these are goods that affect the development of human abilities, are created in the non-productive sphere: health care, education, art, cinema, theater, museum.

Benefits are divided into limitless and limited (economic).

Non-economic benefits (limitless) are provided by nature without human effort. Economic goods include those goods that are the object or result of economic activity, that is, which can be obtained in a limited amount compared to the needs that they can satisfy.

Economic benefits are divided into:

Consumer goods - directly satisfying the needs of people (food, housing)
Means of production - goods of a production nature (machines, equipment, minerals)

There are benefits: interchangeable(having the ability to satisfy needs at the expense of each other. e.g. margarine and butter) and complementary(satisfying needs only in combination with each other, for example: a car and gasoline).

Most economic wealth is created in the process.

According to this theory, human needs develop from the lowest to the highest, and the individual must first satisfy the needs of the lower order in order for the needs of the higher level to arise.

With all the variety of needs, the common thing for all of them is their infinity and the impossibility of full satisfaction due to limitedness.

§ 2 The needs of society and ways to meet them

What is a need

A powerful engine of the economy are the needs of society.

Needs- a lack or need for something necessary for the life of people.

Human needs are important distinctive features, which distinguish it from the rest of the animal kingdom. What are they?

First feature. People's Needs change historically quantitatively and qualitatively. These changes are noticeable during the transition from one era of development of the economy and culture of society to another. Take, for example, people who lived at the beginning of the last century.

They did not even imagine in their fantasies that there could be such extraordinary things that have become familiar to our contemporaries - televisions, computers, space stations and much more.

The second feature. Human requests are very change throughout his life. It is one thing for an infant who experiences predominantly physiological needs, and it is completely another for an adult who has mastered a certain specialty.

Third feature. People even of the same age very often have needs, requests, preferences do not match. It is no coincidence that in Russia there are popular sayings and expressions: “There are no comrades for taste and color”, “Tastes do not argue”.

Fourth feature. Modern civilization (the level of material and spiritual culture) knows multiple levels of needs person:

Physiological needs (food, water, shelter, etc.);

The need for security (protection from external enemies and criminals, help in case of illness, protection from poverty);

The need for social contacts (communication with people who have the same interests; in friendship and love);

The need for respect (respect from other people, self-respect, in the acquisition of a certain social position);

The need for self-development (to improve all the capabilities and abilities of a person).

The listed forms of human needs can be visually depicted in the form of a pyramid (Fig. 1.1).

Rice. 1.1. Pyramid of needs of modern man

It is especially important to say about image (external and internal appearance) of the future specialist. Concerning appearance a graduate of a technical school, college, then he is usually influenced by the generally accepted norms of culture, fashion and other circumstances. The development of high qualities of his internal image, in which developed needs are manifested, largely depends on the student himself:

Erudition (reading, deep knowledge in various fields of human activity);

Developed intellect (creative thinking);

High culture of human communication;

Fluency in one or two foreign languages;

Ability to use a computer;

High moral behavior.

The 21st century is characterized by a comprehensive development of needs and a high image of specialists.

How does the level of needs of the members of society rise in the course of history? This largely depends on the interaction of social production and the urgent needs of people.

How are demand and production related?

The connection between production and needs is two-way: direct and reverse. Let's consider this connection in more detail.

Production directly and directly affects needs in several ways.

1. The level of production activity determines, in to what extent can it satisfy the demands of people. If, suppose, the country does not produce the required amount of goods (be it bread or cars), then the needs of the people will not be adequately satisfied. In this case, the growth of needs will become impossible.

2. The transition of production to a new level of scientific and technological progress radically renews the objective world and the way of life of people, gives rise to qualitatively different needs. For example, the release and sale of VCRs and personal computers causes a desire to purchase them.

3. production in many ways affects the way people consume useful things and thereby determines a certain household

culture. For example, primitive was quite content with a piece of meat roasted on a fire, which he tore into pieces with his hands. Our contemporary for cooking from the same piece of roast meat requires a gas, electric stove or grill, as well as cutlery.

In turn, needs reverse action for production activities.

1. Needs are a prerequisite and determine the direction of human creative activity. Each farm plans in advance its production of useful products, taking into account the identified needs.

2. Rising needs often overtakes production. It is noteworthy that garment factory workers are eager to find out in advance what new clothes are developed in fashion houses, taking into account the new level of needs.

3. The rise of needs gives them lead role in the progressive development of production - from its lowest level to ever higher ones.

The development of needs directly depends in several directions on the level of production. The latter experiences manifold reverse action from the needs of society.

The study of the interaction between production and needs makes it possible to understand the place and role of new needs of people in the circulation of economic goods.

What is the role of needs in the circulation of goods

First of all, it is important to pay attention to the special nature of the development of the economy - its circular traffic.

Just as the cycle of substances is constantly taking place on Earth, in economic activity circulation of economic benefits. Manufactured useful things disappear in the process of their consumption and are re-created in the same or modified form. Such a cycle is a prerequisite for the continuous maintenance and renewal of human life.

The circuit under consideration consists of five main links that are inextricably linked:

Rice. 1.2. Circulation of economic goods

Production;

Distribution;

consumption of goods;

K needs updating.

Now let's look at how the economic cycle works. The chain of inextricable dependencies between its individual links is clearly shown in Fig. 1.2.

Let us consider the cycle of created goods on specific example peasant economy. The producer first grows, for example, vegetables. Then he distributes them: he keeps some for himself and his family, and the rest goes for sale. In the market, vegetables that are superfluous for the family are exchanged for products that are needed in the household (for example, meat, shoes). Finally, material goods reach the final point - personal consumption. If the needs of a peasant family increase (in connection, say, with the increase in the family), then the production of vegetables will probably expand.

Now we can imagine the circulation of products in the most general form.

The beginning of the cycle is production - the process of creating useful goods. At this time, workers adapt the substance and energy of nature to meet human needs.

Distribution subject to income from industrial activities. The distribution process determines the share of all participants in such activities in the wealth created.

The benefits received from the distribution are often not needed for personal consumption in the amount received. Since people need completely different things, it happens exchange, during which the benefits received are exchanged for other things necessary for a person.

Consumption - the final stage of the movement of the product, which goes to meet the needs of people. As existing needs are met, new ones arise.

Needs are interconnected with all links circulation of blessings. In the process of consumption, there are new requests, which cause a renewal of production.

It may seem that the cycle of goods described here theoretically unambiguously characterizes the relationship between production and needs. However, in practice in many countries there are different options for the ratio of production and needs. What are these options?

What are the modern options for changing production and the needs of society

In the entire world economy at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st century, there are three main types of relationships between production, on the one hand, and the needs and consumption of the population, on the other.

First option. In some countries, the long decline of the economy leads to a decrease in both consumption and needs. This process can be likened to a spiraling movement with decreasing circles, such as we observe, say, in the funnel of a whirlpool. Such a plight can be seen, in particular, in certain African countries (for example, in the Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia), where at the end of the 20th century. per capita income declined.

Second option. In some African and Asian countries, the output of a relatively limited range of diverse products is growing very slowly. In this case, the needs are traditional and only gradually expand.

The first and second options characterize a clearly abnormal correlation between changes in production and needs.

Third option. It is possible to recognize the simultaneous growth of the production of the national product and the increase in the level of needs and consumption as normal. The natural rise in needs in this case goes in two directions: vertically and horizontally.

The improvement of people's lives is manifested in the growth of needs vertically.

Prolonged economic disruption in a number of Commonwealth countries Independent States in the 1990s had a negative impact on the value of the national product (domestic production) per 1 inhabitant and on household consumption expenditures. For example, in 2002 (as a percentage of 1990) such expenses amounted to: in Belarus - 131%, in Kazakhstan - 60%, in Ukraine - 59%.

Rice. 1. . Elevation of the needs associated with the car

Such a change can be traced in the example of people's attitudes towards buying a car (Fig. 1.3).

Rise of Needs horizontally associated with the expansion of consumption by ever wider segments of the population of products of higher quality. This change becomes more noticeable the longer the period of time under study is. We find confirmation of this in Table. 1.4.

Table 1.4

Provision of the population of Russia with durable goods (per 100 families, units)

As the German statistician E. Engel established, if the income of the population grows, then it spends relatively less money on food products, buys more industrial consumer goods (shoes, clothing, etc.), and with a further increase in income, it acquires high-quality items and durable goods.

The most rapid rise in needs vertically and horizontally in the 20th century. characteristic of Western - economically the most developed countries. Here, the growth of production and consumption can be likened to an upward spiral with expanding turnovers.

All considered options for changing production and needs have common feature. They express in one form or another contradiction between what people would like to have and what the real economy gives them.

Contradiction between needs and production - main contradiction economic activity in any society.

In the next section, we will find out in what ways and means the main contradiction of the economy is resolved.

This text is an introductory piece. From the book Finance and Credit author Shevchuk Denis Alexandrovich

100. Order of satisfaction of creditors' claims Court expenses, expenses related to the payment of remuneration to arbitration managers, current utility and operating payments of the debtor, as well as satisfaction of claims

From the book Innovation Management: tutorial author Mukhamedyarov A. M.

1.1. Innovations as a source of satisfaction of social needs Scientific and technological progress, especially its modern stage- scientific and technological revolution, promotes the development of mass production of many types of products while reducing

From the book Foundations of Political Economy author Menger Karl

§ 6. The totality of goods at the disposal of the individual to satisfy his needs

From book Economic theory. Textbook for universities author Popov Alexander Ivanovich

Topic 2 PUBLIC PRODUCTION IS THE ECONOMIC BASIS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY. PERIODIZATION OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMPANY 2.1. public production. Simple moments of the labor process. Productive forces and economic relationsPublic

From the book Organizing a Business from Scratch. Where to start and how to succeed author Semenikhin Vitaly Viktorovich

8. WITHDRAWAL OF A MEMBER OF THE COMPANY FROM THE COMPANY 8.1. The Member of the Company has the right to withdraw from the Company at any time, regardless of the consent of other Members. 8.2. In the event of the Participant's withdrawal from the Company, his share shall be transferred to the Company from the moment of filing an application for withdrawal. At the same time, the Society

author

Chapter 2 Material Needs and Economic Resources of Society. Theory of production The purpose of this chapter is to: - acquaint the reader with the natural and social conditions of life; - consider the conditions for the functioning of production; - find out

From the book Economic Theory: Textbook author Makhovikova Galina Afanasievna

Chapter 2 Material Needs and Economic Resources of Society. Theory of production Lesson 3 Natural and social conditions of life. The law of rarity. Production Possibility Frontier Seminar Educational Lab: discuss, answer,

From the book The founder and his company [From the creation of an LLC to exit from it] author Anishchenko Alexander Vladimirovich

Chapter III. AUTHORIZED CAPITAL OF THE COMPANY. PROPERTY OF THE COMPANY Article 14. Authorized capital of the company. Shares in the authorized capital of the company1. The authorized capital of the company is made up of the nominal value of the shares of its participants. The size of the authorized capital of the company must be at least

From the book No motive - no work. Motivation for us and for them author Snezhinskaya Marina

2.3. Social needs (needs of belonging and belonging) Once the physiological and security needs are satisfied, social needs come to the fore. In this group? needs for friendship, love, companionship and

author Armstrong Michael

THEORY OF SATISFACTION (NEEDS) This theory is based on the belief that an unmet need creates tension and imbalance. In order to restore balance, a goal is set that will satisfy this need, and the

From the book The Practice of Human Resource Management author Armstrong Michael

MEASURING JOB SATISFACTION The level of job satisfaction can be measured by defining collective group attitudes. This can be done in four ways: 1. Use of structured questionnaires. This method can be applied to all

From the book Velvet Revolution in Advertising author Zimen Sergio

From the book Key Strategic Tools by Evans Vaughan

54. Product Quality and Satisfaction (Kano) Tool Does your product excite consumers? This issue and related aspects are discussed in detail in Noriaki Kano's Product Development and Satisfaction Model. If a

author Sugarman Joseph

From the book The Art of Creating Advertising Messages author Sugarman Joseph

22. Immediate gratification Immediate gratification is the biggest benefit of buying goods and services from retail outlets. Think about it. In retail, you can pick up a product, hold it in your hands, touch it.

From the book It's time to wake up. Effective Methods unlocking the potential of employees author Clock Kenneth

Step 4: think over possible options meeting the interests of all parties Ask questions that would clarify the hidden interests of each in maintaining or resolving the problem. Explore the paradoxes, contradictions, riddles and poles of the problem. Summarize the unspoken

A need is a certain need of an acting subject in the totality of the surrounding circumstances of his existence, attachment to external conditions, emanating from his personal nature. This essential link in the system of relations with other people is the cause of human life. Needs extend to the entire sphere of social, material and organic life, indicating the close relationship between these concepts.

Manifestation of need

The need is manifested in the selective attitude of the individual to the existing conditions of the external world and is a dynamic and cyclic value. Primary needs refer to biological needs, in addition, a person feels the need to stay in society. The peculiarity of the need is such that it is an internal motivation and incentive for activity, but at the same time, work becomes an object of necessity.

At the same time, doing something creates new needs, since certain funds and costs are needed to bring what is planned to life.

Needs in society

A society in which they do not develop and reproduce is doomed to degradation. The needs of people in different eras correspond to the spirit of entrepreneurship and development, reflect discontent and despair, express collectivism, a common faith in future affairs, generalize the aspirations of people, claims that need periodic satisfaction. The ratio of primary and secondary needs is formed not only in terms of social status, but under the influence of the accepted way of life, the level of spiritual development, the diversity of social and psychological groups in society.

Without satisfaction of urgent needs, society cannot exist, engage in the reproduction of social values at the level of historical and cultural standards. Urgent needs for movement, communication, possession of information require society to develop transport, means of communication, and educational institutions. People care about satisfying primary and secondary needs.

Types of needs

Human needs are so diverse that in order to summarize them in various categories, classification according to several criteria is required:

by importance, they separate primary needs and secondary ones;
according to the grouping of subjects, collective, individual, public and group ones are distinguished;
according to the choice of direction, they are divided into ethical, material, aesthetic and spiritual;
where possible, there are ideal and real needs;
by areas of activity, the desire to work, physical recreation, communication and economic directions are distinguished;
according to the method of meeting needs, they are divided into economic, requiring limited material resources for production, and non-economic (need for air, sun, water).

Primary Needs

This category includes innate physiological needs, without which a person cannot exist physically. These include the desire to eat and drink, the need to breathe clean air, regular sleep, satisfaction of sexual desires.

Primary needs exist at the genetic level, and secondary needs arise with an increase in life experience.

Secondary needs

They have a psychological nature, they include the desire to be a successful, respected member of society, the appearance of attachments. Primary and secondary needs differ in that the dissatisfaction of the desires of the second category will not lead the individual to physical death. Secondary aspirations are divided into ideal, social and spiritual.

Social needs

In this category of desires, the need to communicate with other individuals, to express oneself in social activities, get general acceptance. This includes the desire to belong to a certain circle or social group, to occupy not the last place in it. These desires develop in a person in connection with his own subjective ideas about the structure of a given stratum of society.

Ideal Needs

This group includes the desire to develop independently, manifested in the desire to receive new information, explore it and navigate the society. The need to study the surrounding reality leads to awareness of the place in modern world, knowledge of the meaning of life, leads to an understanding of one's purpose and existence. Intertwined with ideal primal needs and spiritual desires, which represent the desire for creative activity and awareness of beauty.

Spiritual aspirations

Spiritual interests develop in a person in connection with the desire to make life experience richer, broaden horizons, and develop creative abilities.

The growth of personal potential makes the individual not only interested in the culture of mankind, but also take care of presenting the values of their own civilization. Spiritual aspirations presuppose an increase in psychological tension during emotional experiences, an awareness of the value of the chosen ideological goal.

A person with spiritual interests improves his skills, strives for high results in the field of activity and creativity. The individual treats work not only as a means of enrichment, but learns his own personality through work. Spiritual, biological and closely intertwined. Unlike the animal world, in human society the need for biological existence is primary, but it gradually turns into a social one.

The nature of the human personality is multifaceted, hence the variety of types of needs arises. The manifestation of aspirations in various social and natural conditions makes it difficult to classify and divide them into groups. Many researchers offer various distinctions, putting motivation at the forefront.

Classification of needs of a different order

Primary human needs are divided into:

physiological, which consist in the existence and reproduction of offspring, food, breathing, shelter, sleep and other needs of the body;
which are the desire to ensure the comfort and safety of living, work to obtain benefits, confidence in later life.

Secondary needs acquired during life path, subdivided into:

social aspirations to get connections in society, to have friendly and personal attachments, to take care of relatives, to achieve attention, to participate in joint projects and activities;
prestige desires (to respect oneself, to be recognized by others, to achieve success, high awards move up the career ladder);
spiritual - the need to express themselves, to realize their creative potential.

Classification of desires according to A. Maslow

If you find out that a person has a need for shelter, food and a healthy lifestyle, then you will determine the primary need. Necessity makes an individual strive to obtain essential benefits or change an undesirable situation (disrespect, shame, loneliness, danger). The need is expressed in motivation, which, depending on the level of development of the individual, acquires a specific and definite form.

Primary needs include physiological needs, such as procreation, the desire to drink water, breathe, etc. A person wants to protect himself and his loved ones from enemies, help them in the treatment of diseases, protect them from poverty. The desire to get into a certain social group forwards the researcher to another category - social needs. In addition to these aspirations, the individual feels the desire to please others and requires a respectful attitude towards himself.

Constantly changing, in the process of human evolution, a revision of motivation is gradually taking place. E. Engel's law states that the demand for low-quality food products decreases as incomes rise. At the same time, the demand for food products is increasing, which are required of higher quality with an improvement in the standard of human life.

Motive of behavior

The existence of needs is judged by the deeds of a person and his behavior. Needs and aspirations are attributed to such a value that cannot be directly measured and observed. Psychological researchers have determined that certain needs motivate an individual to act. The feeling of need causes a person to act to meet the needs.

Motivation is defined as the lack of something, which turns into a certain direction of action, and the person concentrates on achieving the result. The result in its final manifestation means the means to satisfy the desire. If you achieve a certain goal, then this may mean complete satisfaction, partial or incomplete. Then determine the ratio of primary and secondary needs and try to change the direction of the search, while leaving the motivation the same.

The amount of satisfaction received as a result of the activity leaves a trace in the memory and determines the behavior of the individual in the future in similar circumstances. A person repeats those actions that caused the satisfaction of primary needs, and does not perform actions leading to failure to fulfill his plan. This law is called the law of result.

Managers in modern society model situations that allow people to feel satisfied through behavior that benefits them. For example, a person in the process of production activity must represent the completion of work in the form of a meaningful result. If the technological process is built in such a way that the individual does not see the final result of the work, this will lead to the disappearance of interest in activities, violation of discipline and absenteeism. This rule requires the administration to develop the production sphere in such a way that technology does not conflict with human needs.

Interests

They can appear both direct and indirect. For example, each student to certain aspects of his thesis, calculations, drawings is indirect. Whereas the protection of a fully completed work can be considered a direct interest. In addition, interests are negative and positive.

Conclusion

Some people have few interests, their circle is limited only by material needs, therefore the personality characteristic is determined by the desires of a person and the degree of his development. The interests of a banker may not coincide at all with the aspirations of, for example, an artist, writer, peasant and other people. How many people in the world, so many different needs, needs, aspirations and desires arise in them.