When was the southern society created. Northern and Southern Society of Decembrists. Russian truth P. Pestel

Southern Society of Decembrists, the largest organization Decembrists in Ukraine. Created in March 1821 on the basis of the Tulchinsk Council "Prosperity Union". It was headed by the "Directory" consisting of P.I. Pestel, A.P. Yushnevsky and N. M. Muravyov. In accordance with the "statutory rules" (1821), the members of the society were divided into 3 categories, differing in the degree of awareness in the affairs of Yu. e. At the congress of the leaders of the ob-va in Kyiv (1823), the division of the ob-va into councils was formalized: Tulchinskaya (headed by Pestel), Kamenskaya (headed by S.G. Volkonsky and V.L. Davydov) and Vasilkovskaya (headed by S.I. Muravyov-Apostol and M.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin), and adopted a program document, called. later "Russian Truth" . Southerners were supporters of the republic in the form of a single centralization. state-va, the elimination of serfdom and gratuitous alienation means part of the landowners' land in favor of the peasants, the abolition of class orders, the introduction of civil. freedom and choice. rights for men. Ch. purpose Yu. about. d. - the creation of a strong conspiratorial org-tion, by the way of the military. revolution in the South and in St. Petersburg should overthrow the autocracy, exterminate the royal family and transfer power to the "Times, the supreme government" from the "directors" of the society, a swarm as an organ of the revolution. dictatorship will introduce a new state over the course of a number of years. device. In 1823-24, a branch of the Yu. d., which united cavalry guard officers in Ch. with F.F. Vadkovsky. Through M.I. Muravyov-Apostol Yu. o. d. kept in touch with Northern Society of Decembrists. In the spring of 1824, a meeting of the leaders of the North was held in St. Petersburg. about-va with Pestel, in the course of which a compromise was reached: sowing. the Decembrists were inclined to recognize the rep. principle, and Pestel was ready to accept the idea of ​​Establish, meetings instead of the dictatorship of the "Time, the supreme government." It was decided no later than 1826 to convene a united congress. In 1823-25 ​​Yu. D. negotiated with representatives of the Polish. Patriot Society about joint performance. In Sept. 1825 in Yu. about. d. entered on the rights of the Slavic council Society of United Slavs. In the summer of 1825, a decision was made (agreed with the Northern Society) on a speech in May 1826. Rumors about the disclosure of a secret organization by the government, the death of imp. Alexander I and the situation of the interregnum forced the postponement of the performance, which was supposed to begin with the capture of the headquarters of the 2nd Army, to January 1. 1826. After the arrest on December 13. Pestel and Yushnevsky, the defeat of the uprising on December 14. 1825 in St. Petersburg and suppression Chernihiv Regiment of the uprising Yu. o. D. has ceased to exist.

A. G. Tartakovsky.

The Great Soviet Encyclopedia is used.

Literature:

Decembrist revolt. Materials, vol. 4, 7, 9 -13, - M.-L., 1927-75;

Nechkina M.V., Movement of the Decembrists, vol. 1 - 2, M., 1955;

Essays on the history of the Decembrist movement. Sat. Art., M., 1954;

Gunpowder I. V., On the so-called "crisis" of the Southern Society of the Decembrists, "Uch. Zap. Saratov State University", 1956, v. 47, c. historical;

Olshansky P. N., Decembrists and the Polish national liberation movement, M., 1959;

Chentsov N. M., Decembrist uprising. Bibliography, M.-L., 1929;

Decembrist movement. Index of Literature, 1928-1959, comp. R. G. Eymontova, M., 1959.

Read further:

Welfare Union- a secret revolutionary organization of the Decembrists.

Decembrists(biographical guide).

Origins of the movement

In the first decades of the 19th century, part of the representatives of the Russian nobility understood the destructiveness of autocracy and serfdom for the further development of the country. Among them, a system of views is being formed, the implementation of which should change the foundations of Russian life. The formation of the ideology of the future Decembrists was facilitated by:

  • Russian reality with its inhuman serfdom;
  • The patriotic upsurge caused by the victory in Patriotic War 1812;
  • Influence of the works of Western Enlightenment: Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu;
  • The unwillingness of the government of Alexander I to carry out consistent reforms.

At the same time, it should be noted that the ideas and worldview of the Decembrists were not unified, but they were all aimed at reforming, were opposed to the autocratic regime and serfdom.

"Union of Salvation" (1816-1818)

The charter of the society, the so-called "Green Book" (more precisely, its first, legal part, provided by A.I. Chernyshev) was known to Emperor Alexander himself, who gave it to Tsarevich Konstantin Pavlovich to read. At first, the sovereign did not recognize political significance in this society. But his view changed after the news of the revolutions in Spain, Naples, Portugal and the rebellion of the Semyonovsky regiment ().

The political program of the Southern Society was Pestel's Russkaya Pravda, adopted at a congress in Kyiv in 1823. P. I. Pestel was a supporter of the revolutionary idea for that time supreme power people. In Russkaya Pravda, Pestel described the new Russia - a single and indivisible republic with a strong centralized government.

He wanted to divide Russia into regions, regions - into provinces, provinces - into counties, and the volost would be the smallest administrative unit. All adult (from the age of 20) male citizens received the right to vote and could participate in the annual volost "people's assembly", where they would elect delegates to "local people's assemblies", that is, local authorities. Each volost, uyezd, gubernia and oblast had to have its own local people's assembly. The elected “volost leader” became the head of the local volost assembly, and the elected “posadniks” became the heads of the county and provincial assemblies. All citizens had the right to elect and be elected to any state body. authorities. Pestel proposed not direct, but two-stage elections: first, the volost people's assemblies elected deputies to the county and provincial assemblies, and the latter, from their midst, elected representatives to the highest bodies of the state. The supreme legislative body of the future Russia - the People's Council - was elected for a period of 5 years. Only the People's Council could legislate, declare war and make peace. No one had the right to dissolve it, since it represented, by Pestel's definition, the "will" and "soul" of the people in the state. The supreme executive body was the Sovereign Duma, which consisted of five people and was also elected for 5 years from the members of the People's Council.

In addition to the legislative and executive authorities, the state should also have a “vigilant” authority that would control the exact implementation of laws in the country and would ensure that the People’s Council and the State Duma did not go beyond the limits established by law. The central body of vigilant power - the Supreme Council - consisted of 120 "boyars" who were elected for life.

The head of the Southern Society intended to free the peasants with land and secure all the rights of citizenship for them. He was also going to destroy the military settlements and transfer this land to the free use of the peasants. Pestel believed that all the lands of the volost should be divided into 2 equal halves: into “public land”, which will belong to the entire volost society and cannot be sold or mortgaged, and “private” land.

The government in the new Russia should support entrepreneurship in every possible way. Offered by Pestel and a new tax system. He proceeded from the fact that all kinds of natural and personal duties should be replaced by monetary ones. Taxes should be "levied on the property of citizens, and not on their faces."

Pestel emphasized that people, completely regardless of their race and nationality, are equal by nature, therefore great people who subjugates the little ones cannot and must not use his superiority to oppress them.

Southern society recognized the army as the mainstay of the movement, considering it the decisive force in the revolutionary upheaval. Members of society intended to take power in the capital, forcing the king to abdicate. The new tactics of the Society required organizational changes: only the military, connected mainly with the regular units of the army, were accepted into it; discipline within the Society became tougher; all members were required to submit unconditionally to the leading center - the Directory.

In the 2nd Army, regardless of the activities of the Vasilkovskaya Council, another society arose - Slavic Union, better known as Society of United Slavs. It arose in 1823 among army officers and consisted of 52 members, advocated a democratic federation of all Slavic peoples. Having finally taken shape at the beginning of 1825, in the summer of 1825 it joined the Southern Society as the Slavic Council (mainly through the efforts of M. Bestuzhev-Ryumin). Among the members of this society there were many enterprising people and opponents of the rule do not hurry. Sergei Muravyov-Apostol called them "chain mad dogs."

It remained before the start of decisive action to enter into relations with the Polish secret societies. The details of these relations and the subsequent agreement have not been clarified with due clarity. Negotiations with a representative of the Polish Patriot Society(otherwise Patriotic Union) Prince Yablonovsky was personally led by Pestel. Negotiations were held with the Northern Society of Decembrists on joint actions. The unification agreement was hindered by the radicalism and dictatorial ambitions of the leader of the "southerners" Pestel, who were feared by the "northerners").

Pestel developed a policy document for the “southerners”, which he called “Russian Truth”. The conceived reorganization of Russia Pestel intended to carry out with the assistance of the indignation of the troops. The death of Emperor Alexander and the extermination of all royal family were recognized by members of the Southern Society as necessary for the successful outcome of the whole enterprise. At the very least, there is no doubt that there were conversations in this sense between members of the secret societies.

While the Southern Society was preparing for decisive action in 1826, its plans were revealed to the government. Even before the departure of Alexander I to Taganrog, in the summer of 1825, Arakcheev received information about the conspiracy sent by Sherwood, non-commissioned officer of the 3rd Bug Lancers Regiment (to whom Emperor Nicholas later gave the surname Sherwood-Verny). He was summoned to Gruzino and personally reported to Alexander I all the details of the plot. After listening to him, the sovereign said to Count Arakcheev: "Let him go to the place and give him all the means to discover the intruders." On November 25, 1825, Mayboroda, the captain of the Vyatka infantry regiment, commanded by Colonel Pestel, reported various revelations regarding secret societies in a most submissive letter.

Northern society (1822-1825)

The northern society was formed in St. Petersburg from two Decembrist groups led by N. M. Muravyov and N. I. Turgenev. It was made up of several councils in St. Petersburg (in the guards regiments) and one in Moscow. The governing body was the Supreme Duma of three people (originally N. M. Muravyov, N. I. Turgenev and E. P. Obolensky, later - S. P. Trubetskoy, K. F. Ryleev and A. A. Bestuzhev (Marlinsky) ).

The northern society was more moderate in its goals than the southern one, but the influential radical wing (K. F. Ryleev, A. A. Bestuzhev, E. P. Obolensky, I. I. Pushchin) shared the provisions of P. I. Pestel’s Russkaya Pravda.

The program document of the "northerners" was N. M. Muravyov's "Constitution". It envisioned a constitutional monarchy based on the principle of separation of powers. Legislative power belonged to the bicameral People's Council, executive power - to the emperor.

Insurrection

Amid these disturbing circumstances, the threads of the conspiracy began to emerge more and more clearly, covering, like a net, almost the entire Russian Empire. Adjutant General Baron Dibich, as chief of the General Staff, took over the execution of the necessary orders; he sent Adjutant General Chernyshev to Tulchin to arrest the main figures of the Southern Society. Meanwhile, in St. Petersburg, the members of the Northern Society decided to take advantage of the interregnum to achieve their goal of establishing a republic with the help of a military mutiny.

execution

More than 500 people were prosecuted as a result of the investigation. The result of the work of the court was a list of 121 "state criminals", divided into 11 categories, according to the degree of fault. P. I. Pestel, K. F. Ryleev, S. I. Muravyov-Apostol, M. P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, and P. G. Kakhovsky, sentenced to death by quartering, were placed outside the ranks. Among the thirty-one state criminals of the first category, sentenced to death by beheading, were members of secret societies who gave their personal consent to regicide. The rest were sentenced to various terms of hard labor. Later, the death penalty was replaced by the death penalty for the "first-rate" members, and for the five leaders of the uprising, the quartering was replaced by the death penalty by hanging.

Notes

Literature

  • Troyat Henri (literary pseudonym Lev Tarasov) (b. 1911), French writer. Fictionalized biographies of F. M. Dostoevsky, A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov, L. N. Tolstoy, N. V. Gogol. A series of historical novels ("The Light of the Righteous", 1959-63) about the Decembrists. Novel-trilogy "Family Aigletière" (1965-67); short stories; plays on it. language: Vinsey "Brothers of Christ in Russia" (2004) ISBN 978-3-8334-1061-1
  • E. Tumanik. Early Decembrism and Freemasonry // Tumanik E. N. Alexander Nikolaevich Muravyov: the beginning political biography and the founding of the first Decembrist organizations. - Novosibirsk: Institute of History SB RAS, 2006, p. 172-179.

Sources on the history of the Decembrists

  • "Report of the Commission of Inquiry".
  • "Report of the Warsaw Investigative Committee".
  • M. Bogdanovich, "History of the reign of Emperor Alexander I" (volume six).
  • A. Pypin, "Public movement in Russia under Alexander I".
  • bar. M. A. Korf, "The Accession to the Throne of Emperor Nicholas I".
  • N. Schilder, “Interregnum in Russia from November 19 to December 14” (“Russian Antiquity”, city, vol. 35).
  • S. Maksimov, "Siberia and penal servitude" (St. Petersburg,).
  • "Notes of the Decembrists", published in London by A. Herzen.
  • L. K. Chukovskaya "Decembrists - explorers of Siberia".

Notes of the Decembrists

  • “Notes of Ivan Dmitrievich Yakushkin” (London,; the second part is placed in the Russian Archive);
  • "Notes of the book. Trubetskoy "(L.,);
  • "The Fourteenth of December" by N. Pushchin (L.,);
  • "Mon exil en Siberie. - Souvenirs du prince Eugène Obolenski "(Lpts.,);
  • “Notes of von Vizin” (Lpts., abridged printed in Russian Antiquity);
  • Nikita Muravyov, "Analysis of the report of the commission of inquiry in the city";
  • Lunin, "A look at secret society in Russia 1816-1826";
  • "Notes of I. I. Gorbachevsky" ("Russian Archive");
  • “Notes of N.V. Basargin” (“The Nineteenth Century”, 1st part);
  • “Memoirs of the Decembrist A. S. Gangeblov” (M.,);
  • "Notes of the Decembrist" (Baron Rosen, Lpts.,);
  • “Memoirs of a Decembrist (A. Belyaev) about what he experienced and felt, 1805-1850.” (SPb.,).

Links

  • Draft constitutions by P. I. Pestel and N. Muravyov
  • Summary (synopsis) of Shaporin's opera "The Decembrists" on the site "100 operas"
  • Nikolai Troitsky Decembrists // Russia in the 19th century. Lecture course. M., 1997.

In 1821 - 1822 the Southern and Northern societies were created. According to the new charter, it was intended to create four leading centers, called thoughts: in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Smolensk and Tulchin. Pavel Pestel was opposed by a number of members, representatives of the moderate wing of society. Pestel's apartment in Tulchin became the center where dissatisfied with the decision of the congress converged. Pestel's office became the birthplace in 1821. Southern Society of Decembrists.

At its very first founding meeting, the Southern Society confirmed the demand of the republic and emphasized that the secret society had not been destroyed, its activities continued. Pestel raised questions about regicide and the tactics of the military revolution, which were unanimously adopted.

Immediately after the first meeting, a second meeting was convened, mainly devoted to organizational issues. Pestel was elected chairman, Yushnevsky guardian of society. Both were also elected to the directorate of the society. Nikita Muraviev was elected the third member of the directory. The main thing was that the Southern society, having adopted a revolutionary mode of action through the troops, considered the beginning of hostilities in the capital as the main requirement for success. Power could be seized only in the capital, breaking the resistance of tsarism, overthrowing it. But it would be simply pointless to start actions on the outskirts. Thus, at the time of the birth of the Southern Society of the Decembrists, the question of the need for the emergence of the Northern Society had already been fundamentally resolved. The success of the capital performance decided the matter.

The main issue resolved at the second meeting of the society was the question of the dictatorial power of the elected chiefs. Obedience to the elected directory was accepted unconditionally.

In connection with the adoption of the tactics of a military revolution, it was necessary to involve the military in society, most of all those who command a separate military unit.

After the election of the directors, the Tulchinskaya directory “divided into two councils: Vasilkovskaya and Kamenskaya. They were managed: the first - by S. Muravyov, who later joined Mikhail Bestuzhev-Ryumin, the second - by Vasily Davydov. Colonel Pestel and S. Muraviev were the pivot on which the entire revolt of the Southern Society revolved. They attracted numerous followers."

Every year in January, starting from 1822, congresses of the Southern Society met in Kyiv to discuss organizational, tactical and program issues. Chernov S. N., At the origins of the Russian freedom movement, S., 1980.

The political program of the Southern Society, compiled by P.I. Pestel. For years, Pavel Pestel worked on the draft of his constitution. He was a supporter of the dictatorship of the temporary supreme government during the revolution, he considered the dictatorship a decisive condition for success. His constitutional project "Russian Truth is a command or instruction to the temporary government for its actions, and at the same time an announcement to the people from which they will be freed and what they can expect again." The full name of this project reads: "Russian Truth, or the Preserved State Charter of the Great Russian People, which serves as a testament to the improvement of the State system of Russia and contains the right order both for the people and for the Provisional Supreme Board."

Pestel called his project "Russian Truth" in memory of an ancient legislative monument Kievan Rus. He wanted to honor national traditions with this name and emphasize the connection of the future revolution with the historical past of the Russian people. Pestel attached great tactical importance to Russkaya Pravda. The revolution could not be successfully carried out without a ready-made constitutional project.

He elaborated with particular care the idea of ​​a temporary supreme revolutionary government, whose dictatorship, according to Pestel, was a guarantee against "people's civil strife" which he wanted to avoid.

10 chapters were planned in Russkaya Pravda: the first chapter was “on the land space of the state”; the second - "about the tribes inhabiting Russia"; the third - "about the estates found in Russia"; the fourth - "about the people in relation to the political or social state prepared for it"; the fifth - "about the people in relation to the civil or private state prepared for it"; the sixth - about the structure and formation of the supreme power; the seventh - about the structure and formation of local authorities; the eighth - about the "security device" in the state; the ninth - "about the government in relation to the organization of welfare in the state"; the tenth is a mandate for compiling the state code of laws. In addition, Russkaya Pravda had an introduction that spoke about the basic concepts of the constitution.

The question of serfdom and the question of the abolition of the autocracy are the two main questions of the political ideology of the Decembrists.

Pestel's project proclaimed the decisive and radical abolition of serfdom.

In his agrarian project, Pestel stood for the liberation of the peasants with land. All cultivated land in each volost is divided into two parts: the first part is public property, it can neither be sold nor bought, it goes to the communal division between those who want to engage in agriculture and is intended for the production of the “necessary product”; the second part of the land is private property, it can be sold and bought, it is intended for the production of "abundance". Klyuchevsky V.O. Alexander I and the Decembrists. M., 1975. P. 45 - 47.

Each citizen of the future republic must necessarily be assigned to one of the volosts and has the right at any time to receive the land allotment due to him free of charge and to cultivate it, but he can neither give it, nor sell it, nor mortgage it. Land can be bought only from the second part of the land fund.

Pestel considered it necessary to alienate the landlords' land with partial confiscation. There was alienation of land for a fee, as well as gratuitous alienation, confiscation. Thus, landownership (with the complete abolition of serfdom!) was still partially preserved. In other words, Pestel did not dare to defend the slogan of transferring all the land to the peasants.

Considering the land to be public property, Pestel nowhere spoke of the redemption by the peasants of the land that they would receive from the state after the revolution in the form of communal property. The landlords received from the state, and not from the peasants, remuneration in money for the land allotted to the peasants. Pestel designed only some types of peasant work for the landowner during the transition period.

Pestel assumed the existence of banks and pawnshops in each volost, which would give the peasant a loan for the initial furnishing. Pestel is a staunch opponent of autocracy and tyranny. According to his project, the autocracy in Russia was decisively destroyed, and the entire reigning house was physically destroyed.

Russkaya Pravda proclaimed a republic. All estates in the state were to be decisively destroyed, "all people in the state should constitute only one estate, which can be called civil." No group of the population could differ from another by any social privileges. The nobility was destroyed along with all other estates, and all Russians were declared equally "noble". The equality of all before the law was declared and the "indisputable right" of every citizen to participate in public affairs was recognized.

Guilds, workshops and military settlements were destroyed. According to the constitution, a Russian citizen reached the civil age of majority at the age of 20 years. All male citizens who reached this age received voting rights (women did not have voting rights). Pestel was an enemy of any federal structure and a supporter of a single and indivisible republic with a strong centralized government.

The Pestel Republic was divided into provinces or regions, which in turn were divided into counties, and counties into volosts. Every year, in each volost, a general volost meeting of all residents, the so-called. Zemstvo People's Assembly, which elected its deputies to various "local assemblies", i.e. local authorities, namely: 1) to their local volost assembly, 2) to their local district assembly, 3) to their local district or provincial assembly. These three bodies of power were directly elected. The head of the local volost assembly was the elected "volost leader", and the head of the county and provincial local assemblies was the "elected posadniks". District local assemblies also elected representatives to the highest legislative body - the People's Council.

The people's council was the body of the supreme legislative power in the state; it was unicameral. The executive power in the state was handed over to the State Duma.

The people's council was supposed to be composed of people's representatives elected for five years. No one had the right to dissolve the People's Council, because. it "represents the will in the state, the soul of the people."

The State Duma consisted of five members elected by the people's council for five years. In addition to legislative and executive power, Pestel singled out vigilant power, which was supposed to control the exact implementation of the constitution in the country and ensure that the legislative and executive powers did not go beyond the limits set by the laws.

Pestel's constitution proclaimed the bourgeois principle - the sacred and inviolable right to property. It declared complete freedom of occupation for the population, freedom of printing and religion.

The borders of the republic were to be extended to their "natural limits".

Pestel's views on national question were idiosyncratic. Pestel did not recognize the right to separate other nationalities from the Russian state: all the peoples who inhabited Russia had to merge into a single Russian people and lose their national characteristics.

Such was Pestel's constitutional project - "Russian Truth". It was a revolutionary project for the bourgeois reconstruction of serfdom in Russia. He abolished serfdom and autocracy, established a republic instead of a backward absolutist state. It bears a certain stamp of aristocratic narrow-mindedness, but on the whole it represents a kind of plan for the strong advancement of backward feudal-serf Russia. It was the most decisive, radical of the constitutional projects created by the revolutionary nobles.

But not everything in Pestel's program was realistic. It was impossible, for example, to liquidate the estates in Russia at that time. This would lead to the destruction of the social structures of society, could result in collapse and chaos. Russia was little prepared to rebuild according to Pestel's project. Nechkina M.V. Decembrist movement. - M., 1975. With 101.

Leaders: Pestel, Yushnevsky, S. Muravyov-Apostol, P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Volkonsky.

Members of the Southern Society served in the troops serving in Ukraine. The city became the center of the Southern society Tulchin. dominated in southern society Pestel whose authority was unquestioned.

Pestel developed Russian Truth program.

4. Northern Society 1821 - 1825

Leaders: N. Muravyov, Trubetskoy, Pushchin(friend of Pushkin) , Ryleev(poet), Lunin, Obolensky.

N. Muravyov developed the project Constitution". It was not a Northern Society program. The draft "Constitution" was discussed by members of the society, Muravyov did not have time to complete work on the program of the organization.

Ideas of the Decembrists

Program provisions

northern society

Southern society

Form of government

A constitutional monarchy

Republic

Separation of powers as a guarantee against the emergence of dictatorial power in the country

Separation of powers

Suffrage

Voters: age qualification (from 21 years old), gender (male), property (not less than 500 rubles a ser.), education.

Deputies: persons with real estate worth 30 thousand rubles could be elected. or 60 thousand rubles. movable property. Representatives of the propertied strata of the population could enter the parliament. This made it possible to attract accomplished educated people to govern the country.

Qualification of sex and age

Legislature

People's Council: Bicameral Parliament

People's Council: unicameral parliament

executive power

The head of the executive branch is the emperor

The government is formed by parliament

Estates

Canceled

Canceled

The creation of a "civilian" class

Serfdom

canceled

canceled

Land issue

Allotment of land to peasants - 2 acres per yard.

Allotment of land to peasants - 12 des.

Preservation of private property, including noble ownership of land.

State form. devices

Federation of 14 powers. Federalism is the counterweight to a strong central government. A federal structure will better ensure the preservation of the freedoms of citizens

unitary state

Citizens' rights

Democratic rights: freedom of speech, religion, inviolability of the person, assembly, equality of all citizens before the law.

The right to create public organizations(Pestel did not have this position)

Civil and political rights were given to men from the age of 20. Democratic rights: freedom of speech, assembly, movement, religion, inviolability of the person, equality of all citizens before the law, etc.

Judicial system

Creation of a new democratic court: equality of all citizens before the court, liquidation of class courts, publicity, openness of legal proceedings, competitiveness of the judicial process, i.e. participation of a prosecutor and a lawyer, jury trial

Creation of a new democratic court: equality of all citizens before the court, liquidation of class courts, publicity, openness of legal proceedings, competitiveness of the judicial process, i.e. participation of a prosecutor and a lawyer, jury trial

Cancellation of recruitment and liquidation of military settlements

The introduction of universal conscription from 15 years old.

Project Muravyov was over moderate, it is more consistent with Russian reality. The consciousness of the Russian people was monarchical.

Project Pestel was radical.

The transformation programs were based on the ideas of the Enlightenment. The Decembrists tried adapt the ideas of the Enlightenment to Russian conditions.

In February 1821, in the south of Russia, the secret organization was revived again. From the revolutionary-minded members of the Tulchinskaya council of the Union of Welfare, a secret Southern Society of Decembrists is created. It included three departments. Tulchinskaya was the central government. The headquarters of the 2nd Army stationed in Ukraine was located in Tulchin. P.I. was at the head of this council. Pestel is the favorite adjutant of the commander-in-chief of the army, Field Marshal P.Kh. Wittgenstein. Vasilkovskaya council was headed by Colonel S.I. Muravyov-Apostol, and Kaminskaya - General Prince S.G. Volkonsky. A little later, a Directory of three persons was elected: P.I. Pestel (colonel, commander of the Vyatka infantry regiment), elected chairman of the society, quartermaster general of the 2nd army A.P. Yushnevsky and Petersburger Nikita Muravyov - to communicate with the Northern society. The directory supervised all departments

Every year, in January, starting from 1822, congresses of the Southern Society met in Kyiv to discuss organizational, tactical and program issues.

Work on your constitutional draft P.I. Pestel began in 1819-1820. in the midst of the activity of the Welfare Union. But the name Russkaya Pravda, which is associated with the most ancient monuments of Russian legislation of the time Kiev prince Yaroslav the Wise, was given only in 1824. The full name of this document: “The reserved state charter of the great Russian people, which serves as a covenant for the improvement state structure Russia and containing the right order, both for the people and for the Provisional Supreme Government. The last words indicate the direct purpose of the document: it is, first of all, an order to the interim government, which will be created as a result of the coup, the program of its activities. At the same time, this is a project for the future state structure of Russia, i.e. draft constitution. We come across significant sections of the text in Russkaya Pravda, representing a concentrated socio-economic analysis of the state of affairs in Russia.

In 1824-1825. Pestel continued to work on the text of Russkaya Pravda.

Russkaya Pravda posed two central questions: the overthrow of the autocracy and the establishment of a republic; the abolition of serfdom.

In order to prevent the restoration of the old regime after the revolution, P. Pestel suggested for a while, until the new order was strengthened, to hand over full power to the Provisional Government with dictatorial powers, and then the Provisional Government was to transfer full power to elected bodies.



Administrative division. Russia was divided into 10 regions and 3 appanages. Destinies: Capital (Nizhny Novgorod or Moscow), Donskoy and Kirghiz. Each region consisted of 5 provinces or districts, the provinces were divided into counties, and the counties into volosts. In each volost, 1000 male inhabitants lived.

The entire Russian people is one estate - civil. All Russians are painted according to volosts. Every Russian citizen is a member of some volost. The volost has two lists for its members: Civil and Scarb. Citizens who have some kind of property in the volost are included in the Treasury List. The tax is taken from the property, so the same person could be recorded in the Treasury lists of many volosts, but in the Civil list each citizen could be recorded only in one volost, because this list meant a political state.

The highest authorities. The supreme legislative power was transferred to the People's Veche - a unicameral parliament. It consisted of people's representatives elected for 5 years. Every year the fifth part was updated. The chairman is elected annually from among the members Last year sitting. The People's Veche discussed and adopted laws, declared war and made peace.

Supreme - executive power belonged to the Sovereign Duma. It consisted of 5 members, elected for 5 years. Every day one of the Duma left and was replaced by another. The Chairman has been in session for the last fifth year.

The Sovereign Duma declared wars and negotiated. All ministries worked according to the orders of the Sovereign Duma. She had her own office.

In addition to these bodies, a supervisory authority was provided so that the two powers (legislative and executive) would not get out of control.

The vigilant power was entrusted to the Supreme Council, which consisted of 120 members, called boyars. Boyars were appointed for life. The provinces elected candidates to the Supreme Council, and the People's Veche of them appointed members to the Supreme Council. The chairman was elected for a year by the Council itself.



The People's Veche sent the laws adopted by it for approval to the Supreme Council, only after that the law received force.

The Council appointed from among its members one general-m | "0curator in each region (custodian) and in each ministry. The Supreme Council could bring an official to trial. The one who was prosecuted was tried in the usual judicial order. The governors-general also had duties in relation to regional The conclusion follows from this: the Council kept within the bounds of legality the People's Veche and the Sovereign Duma.

The Supreme Council appointed the commander-in-chief of the acting army.

Social program P.I. Pestel was of a radical nature. He demanded the abolition of serfdom and the gratuitous allocation of land to all peasants. P.I. Pestel counted 25

that the land, by natural right, is the property of all people, and, therefore, each person must have his share in it, the so-called. the earth is the main source of "sustenance of mankind". But according to modern laws, private property is established, and the right to property is so deeply rooted in the minds of people that it is impossible to completely break it. However, it is necessary to find ways to combine these two trends and resolve the contradiction between them. Plan P.I. Pestel was not in the elimination of land ownership, but in the transformation of all Russians into owners.

Russkaya Pravda lists three main principles that should guide the solution of the land issue:

“1 The liberation of the peasants from slavery should not deprive the nobles of the income they receive from their estates.

2. This liberation should not produce unrest and unrest in the state, for which the supreme government is obliged to use merciless severity against any violators of public peace.

3. This liberation should bring the peasants a better position against the present, and not give them an imaginary freedom!

As you can see, the author wants both the wolves to be fed and the sheep to be safe. On the one hand, the principle was proclaimed: the peasants must receive real freedom, i.e. opportunity to work on their land. On the other hand, the nobles must keep their income.

Pestel sought to reconcile these two mutually exclusive principles by dividing the entire land fund of the country into two parts: public land and private land. Public land was transferred to the disposal (but not ownership) of the volost society - the primary administrative and economic unit of the country, therefore it was called "volost", and every citizen of the country had to be "assigned" to one or another volost. Public land could not be sold or mortgaged, but was provided for the free use of a citizen if he wanted to engage in agriculture. The public land was intended for the production of a "necessary product".

By providing a guaranteed minimum of land to all those in need, Pestel hoped to put up an insurmountable barrier to the dispossession of land and pauperization (impoverishment) of the peasant.

The public fund was supposed to include state and monastic lands, and partial confiscation of landowners' lands was also envisaged.

"Division of lands"1

10000- 5000- 5000-
9000 - 4500- 4500- 500- 5000-
8000- 4000- 4000- 1000- 5000-
7000- 3500 - 3500- 1500- 5000-
6000- 3000- 3000- 2000- 5000-
5000- 2500- 2500- 2500- 5000-
4000- 2000- 2000- 2000- 4000-
3000- 1500- 1500- 1500- 3000-
2000- 1000- 1000- 1000- 2000-
1000- 500- 500- 500- 1000-

From this table follows:

1. If a landowner has 10,000 acres of land, then half was taken away from him free of charge.

2. If the landlord had less than 10,000 acres of land, then half was taken away in favor of the volost, and in the other volost, land was added up to 5,000 acres.

3. If the landowner had less than 5000 acres of land, then he was given for the selected half of the land for the volost exactly the same amount of acres of land in the other volost.

1 "The division of land" - a fragment from the "Russian Truth", contains a digital layout-\u003e at the mystical alienation of landlords' land in favor of the volost.

Consequently, Pestel's project did not completely destroy landownership, although it dealt a serious blow to large landowners.

In each volost, a volost bank was created, from which every citizen of the volost could take a loan to set up his own economy.

The source of the "surplus" is the second half of the land, which is privately owned. Private owners are landlords. Everyone can buy land. It was assumed that large-scale private landownership would be encouraged, since it would be a source of accumulation of capital directed to the "arrangement of manufactories, factories, plants ...".

Pestel understood the freedom of industry as the freedom of economic activity. The hired worker will have real freedom: to be hired in the city or to go to the countryside, having received the plot due to him and a loan from the bank.

Pestel's agrarian project was directed not only against feudalism, but also against certain evils of capitalism. He hoped that in the new society it would be possible to use the resources for the growth of productive forces opened up by capitalism, and at the same time to limit the possibilities of exploiting the working people, to prevent their transformation into poor proletarians.

The coexistence of two "worlds", which Pestel planned, seems utopian. Private landed property, designed to create surplus and abundance, would inevitably undermine public agriculture. This would be facilitated both by the preservation of large landlord property and by the dominance of the private capitalist element in industry and trade.

And "at the same time, it is necessary to emphasize the agrarian project of P. Pestel was more radical than the reform of 1861, carried out almost half a century later at a higher level of economic and political development of Russia, in a revolutionary situation. By 1861, the peasants owned 1/3 of all cultivated land, as a result of the reform, 1/5 of the peasant allotments were cut off by the landlords. P.I. Pestel intended to give the peasants 1/2 of the land suitable for cultivation.

Political rights. According to Russkaya Pravda, all males who have reached the age of 12 would have the right to vote.

P. Pestel paid great attention to the need to introduce general democratic rights and freedoms: inviolability of the individual, equality of all before the law, freedom of speech, conscience and assembly, freedom of trade. However, he also allowed the restriction of these rights: the Christian religion was provided with state support, and the creation political parties generally forbidden. Pestel motivated the latter by fears of the destruction of the unity of the people and the new social order.

P. Pestel considered a military revolutionary coup with the immediate liquidation of the monarchy and the destruction (physical) of members of the royal family in order to eliminate the possibility of restoring this form of government as a means of achieving the proposed socio-political transformations. The transformation was entrusted to the Provisional Supreme Board, which was established for 10-15 years, consisted of 5 directors headed by the Dictator.

Pestel presented a project for a republic, but made its implementation dependent on a revolutionary dictatorship introduced for a considerable period, which in itself could be fraught with grave consequences. Standing up for strict and independent legality, the Decembrist considered it possible to establish a revolutionary dictatorship, practically not bound by law in its actions. In general, Pestel's Russkaya Pravda opened up much wider opportunities for Russia than in the projects of M. M. Speransky for the transition to the principles of democracy and the rule of law. But, even remaining unrealized, she retained historical meaning, as the first project of a republican constitution in Russia.

Having accepted "Russian Truth" as a program, the southern society began to develop tactical plans and, first of all, to coordinate the actions of the Southern and Northern societies by the chain of their unification. During 1823, the southerners sent their representatives, but did not achieve success. In March 1824, P.I. himself went to St. Petersburg. Pestel.

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