The collapse of the Golden Horde and its consequences. §25. The collapse of the Golden Horde and its consequences Possible additional questions in the lesson
The state of Tamerlane collapsed because the state apparatus was imperfect, the functions of responsible persons were not clearly defined. after his death, disputes began between his descendants. one of the sons of Tamerlane, Shah Rukh, managed to slightly strengthen the situation, but when he transferred his power to his son, the state finally disintegrated.
Answered by: Guest
Mankind owes almost everything to ancient India that concerns mathematics, the level of development of which in the time of the Guptas was much higher than that of other peoples of antiquity. The achievements of Indian mathematics are mainly due to the fact that the Indians had a clear concept of abstract number, which they distinguished from the numerical quantity or spatial extension of objects.
Indian civilization gave the world chess and the decimal number system. The achievements of ancient and medieval India in the field of science, literature and art, various religious and philosophical systems that originated in India, influenced the development of many civilizations of the East, became an integral part of modern world culture.
Medieval Indian mathematicians such as Brahmagupta (7th century), Mahavira (9th century), Bhaskara (12th century), in turn, made discoveries that became known in Europe only in the Renaissance and later. They operated with positive and negative values, invented elegant ways to extract square and cube roots, they knew how to solve quadratic equations and some types of indefinite equations. Ar-yabhata calculated the approximate value of the number l, which is still used today and which is the expression of the fraction 62832/20000, i.e. 3.1416. This value, much more accurate than that calculated by the Greeks, was brought by Indian mathematicians to the ninth decimal place. They made a number of discoveries in trigonometry, spherical geometry and infinitesimal calculus, mostly related to astronomy. Brahmagupta went further in the study of indefinite equations than what Europe learned by the 18th century. In medieval India, the mathematical interconnection of zero (shunya) and infinity was well understood. Bhaskara, refuting his predecessors who claimed that x: 0 = x, proved that the result is infinity.
clear material)
IN early Middle Ages there were no equal Indian doctors who knew how to perform complex operations even on the skull. At the same time, an encyclopedia of medicinal herbs was compiled in India.
Answered by: Guest
The development of industry and market relations in various regions of Austria-Hungary was uneven. The Czech Republic and Austria achieved the greatest industrial development, while Galicia, Bukovina, Transcarpathia, as well as Slovakia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and some other areas lagged behind in their socio-economic development.Eastern Galicia, Northern Bukovina, Transcarpathia preserved< strong>agrarian nature of the economy, most of the population was employed in agriculture. The development of the economy in the Western Ukrainian lands was increasingly determined by the interests of the large factory industry of the western and central provinces of the empire.The industry of Western Ukrainian lands under the rule of Austria-Hungary in the last third of the XIX century. was almost completely in the hands of foreign capitalists (German, Austrian, Canadian). During the 70s - 80s. 19th century there was also an intensive process of formation of the factory industry, mainly oil, flour-grinding, alcohol-and-vodka, timber processing industries. Steam engines began to be widely used at these enterprises.But in economic structure The Austro-Hungarian lands of Western Ukraine were given the role of a market for finished goods and a source of raw materials and labor for the industrially developed provinces. Western industry could not withstand the competition of cheap goods and began to decline. The imperial government actually did not take measures for the development of industry in Western Ukraine. Western Ukrainian entrepreneurs were not provided with tax benefits, which were used in the western provinces. Access to Western Ukrainian goods to the markets of Austria-Hungary and neighboring countries was actually closed. At the same time, there were benefits for the export of raw materials and semi-finished products from the region.Proclaimed in 1848 peasant reform, the main provision of which was the abolition of serfdom, was carried out in the 50s. The government did everything to ensure that the losses of the landowners were minimal and that they received everything necessary to adapt to the new economic conditions.After the reform, Western Ukraine remained the edge of the landlord latifundia. Large landowners who owned 5 or more thousand hectares owned more than 40% of all land. Despite the large remnants of serfdom, agriculture in Western Ukraine in the second half of the XIX century. gradually developed in a market way: civilian workers worked in the landowners and rich peasant farms. TO late XIX in. in the Western Ukrainian lands there were over 400 thousand permanently employed and occasionally hired workers. Agricultural machinery was used more and more, and the specialization of regions deepened.
The Huns are a people who suddenly appeared from the depths of Asia, swept in a wave across Europe and left many legends about themselves. The most famous Hun leader was Attila, the great king Atli of the Scandinavian sagas.
From Asia to different times many different peoples migrated, but it was the Huns who left such a bright mark on history, as if dissolving after mysterious death his greatest leader.
The question of the culture and origin of the Huns was dealt with by such prominent scientists as I.P. Zasetskaya, B.V. Lunin, V.A. Korenyako, S.S. Minyaev, P.N. , T. Barfield, N.N. Kradin, P.B. Konovalov, L.N. Gumilyov.
What do their studies say?
Origin from the depths of Siberia
The pra-Turkic people of the Huns lived in the Mongolian steppes, pressed from all sides by enemies. Power among the Huns was inherited according to the same principle as subsequently among the Russian princes: from brother to brother, and only then to sons. In the third century BC, Tuman became a shanyu (ruler). He dreamed of getting rid of his eldest son Mode in order to transfer the throne to his youngest son from his beloved concubine. To implement this plan, Tuman sent Mode as a hostage to the Sogdians and attacked them in the expectation that they would kill his son and save him from further troubles. But Mode quickly assessed the situation, killed his guards, stole a horse and fled to his own. Under pressure from public opinion, Tuman allocated 10,000 warriors to his eldest son, whom Mode began to train according to a new scheme. To begin with, he introduced into use unusual arrows with a slot that whistled during flight. If the warriors heard the whistle of their prince's arrow, they were obliged to immediately shoot at the same target. And so Mode arranged a test: he shot at his magnificent argamak. Those who lowered their bows, he cut off their heads. He then shot his young wife. Those who evaded were also executed. The next target was the argamak of his father Tuman, and everyone fired. After that, Mode killed Tuman himself, his concubine, half-brother, and became a shanyu himself.
Mode ruled the state of the Huns for 40 years and raised it above all the surrounding peoples.
A few generations later, the situation in the steppe changed. The Huns were defeated and fragmented. Some of them fled to the west and joined the Trans-Ural Ugrians. For two hundred years, the two peoples lived side by side, and then a wave of their joint expansion followed. It was this mixed people that later became known as the Huns.
Huns - possible relatives of the Germanic peoples
The Huns and Normans are two ethnic groups that used almost similar runic writing. We are talking about the very runes that, as the Elder Edda says, God Odin brought from Asia. Asian runes are several centuries older: they were found on the graves of Turkic heroes, for example, Kul-Tegin. Perhaps these ancient family ties were the reason why a number of Germanic peoples became allies of the Huns in Europe. King Atli is one of the favorite romantic characters of the Scandinavian sagas, for example, "The Song of Ice", where the king is shown in some way henpecked. Indeed, Attila was a very gentle person in the family circle, loving his children and numerous wives.
Religion from time immemorial
The religion of this nomadic people was Tengrianism - the worship of the Eternal blue sky. Mount Khan-Tengri in the Tien Shan was considered the dwelling place of the supreme deity, and there were also many temples with idols cast from silver. As a protective symbol, the Huns wore amulets from precious metals depicting dragons. Among the ruling elite of the Huns there was a supreme shaman who asked the deity for advice in making important decisions. The elements were considered sacred: fire, water, earth.
There was also a cult of sacred trees, horses were sacrificed to them, the skins of which were removed and stretched between the branches, and the blood spilled around.
Calling on the help of the god of war, the Huns used a very ancient custom "tuom": shooting a noble captive with "a thousand arrows". It is logical to assume that the Huns performed the same rite.
An army that does not know how to storm fortresses
The Huns subjugated such powerful powers of that era as the Ostrogoth Empire and the Alanian Khaganate. Even contemporaries tried to solve the riddle of the success of the “barbarian people”: the Roman centurion Ammianus Marcellinus, the Byzantine philosopher Eunapius, the Gothic chroniclers Jordanes and Prisk of Pania. All of them were hostile to the Huns and tried to denigrate them before their descendants, colorfully describing their ugly appearance and barbarian customs. However, how could the barbarians cope with the strongest states of that era?
The authors explained the successes of the Huns by their specific military tactics: "The Alans, although they were equal in battle ... were subjugated to themselves, exhausted by frequent skirmishes." This tactic was used by the Massagetae in the war against Alexander the Great: guerrilla war light cavalry against heavy infantry was indeed successful. However, the main military force of the Alans was not infantry, but powerful, well-trained heavy cavalry. They used proven Sarmatian close combat tactics. The Alans had fortresses that the Huns did not know how to take, and left them undefeated in their rear, although the infrastructure of the kaganate was destroyed by them. Many Alans fled west and settled on the Loire.
How the Huns defeated the Crimean Goths: wade through the sea
After the subjugation of the Alan Khaganate, the Huns led by Balamber came into direct conflict with the Ostrogoths of King Germanaric. The Goths occupied the Crimea and the Northern Black Sea region. The Huns could not take the peninsula from the floodplain of the Don: they were not able to fight in the swampy area, which, moreover, was defended by the warlike people of the Heruli. The Huns did not have any means to transport the army by sea. Thus, the Goths on the territory of the Crimean peninsula felt safe. This is what ruined them.
The ancient Slavs - Antes, were forcibly subordinated to the Goths and treated this situation without any enthusiasm. As soon as the Huns appeared on the political horizon, the Antes joined them. The Gothic chronicler Jordan calls the Antes "treacherous" and considers the main reason for the fall of the Gothic state. Perhaps it was the Antes who supplied the Huns with information that allowed the latter to capture the Crimean peninsula ford from the side of the Kerch Strait.
According to Jordanes, in 371, the Hun horsemen, while hunting on the Taman Peninsula, pursued a deer and drove it to the very cape. The deer entered the sea and, carefully stepping and groping for the bottom, crossed to the land of Crimea, thereby indicating a ford: along this path the Hun army passed to the rear of its opponents and captured the Crimean peninsula. King Germanaric, who at that time was over 110 years old, pierced himself with a sword in desperation.
The Huns did not destroy or expel the Goths, but only subjugated them to their power. Vinitarius became the successor of Germanaric. He still had a fairly powerful army and power structure. He tried to deprive the Huns of their most important ally and attacked the Antes, captured and crucified King Bozh with his sons and 70 elders. The Huns, in turn, attacked Vinitarius and killed him in a battle on the Erak (Dnieper) River. Part of the surviving Ostrogoths moved into the possession of the Romans, the rest obeyed the Hun leader.
The Huns are a people with a high level of diplomatic culture
If we consider the Huns as semi-savage barbarians, as Jordanes and Ammianus Marcellinus did, it is impossible to understand the secret of their success. The main reason is the talent of their leaders, as well as the level of diplomacy, which was not inferior to the leading European states.
The Huns perfectly knew the whole "kitchen" of the relations of the neighboring peoples, were able to obtain the necessary information and skillfully acted not only in battle, but also through negotiations. The empire of King Germanaric rested solely on submission to brute force. The leader of the Huns, Balamber, attracted to his side all the peoples offended and oppressed by the Goths, and there were many of them.
Other Hun leaders adhered to a similar scheme and did not seek to fight where there was a chance to reach an agreement in an amicable way. Rugila in 430 established diplomatic contacts with the Roman Empire and even helped the troops to suppress the uprising of the Bagauds in Gaul. Rome by this time was already in a state of decay, but many of its citizens joined the Huns, preferring their orderly power to the arbitrariness of their own officials.
In 447, Attila with his army reached the walls of Constantinople. He had no chance to take powerful fortifications, but he managed to conclude a humiliating peace with Emperor Theodosius with the payment of tribute and the transfer of part of the territory to the Huns.
The reason for the new trip to the west: look for a woman!
After 3 years, the Byzantine emperor Marcian terminated the peace treaty with the Huns, but Attila found it more tempting to go to Gaul: some of the Alans, whom Attila wanted to defeat, went there, in addition, there was another reason.
Princess Justa Grata Honoria was the sister of the Western Roman Emperor Valentinian III, her husband could claim imperial power. To avoid possible competition, Valentinian was going to marry his sister to the elderly and trustworthy senator Herculaneus, which she did not want at all. Honoria sent Attila her ring and a call for marriage. And as a result, the Hun horde passed through the entire north of Italy, plundered the valley of the Po River, simultaneously defeated the kingdom of the Burgundians, and reached Orleans, but the Huns could not take it. Valentinian did not allow the marriage of Attila with Honoria, the princess herself escaped torture, and perhaps execution, only thanks to the intercession of her mother.
Orientalist Otto Mönchen-Helfen believes that the reason for the departure of the Huns from Italy was the outbreak of the plague.
The death of the leader and the collapse of the state
Leaving Italy, Attila decided to marry the beautiful Ildiko (Hilda), daughter of the king of Burgundy, but died on his wedding night from nosebleeds. Jordan tells that the leader of the Huns died of intemperance and drunkenness. But in the works of German mythology "Elder Edda" and others, King Attila was killed by his wife Gudrun, who avenged the death of her brothers.
In the next year, 454, the power of the Huns ceased to exist. The most prominent sons of Attila, Ellak and Dengizikh, soon died in battle. But the Huns and their famous leader became part of the history and mythology of many peoples.
What European peoples borrowed from the Huns
In the Roman army, the commander Fabius Aetius introduced the Hunnic compound shortbows with a reverse bend, well suited for shooting from a horse.
The ancestors of the Huns, the Huns, are the inventors of stirrups: it was from them that this part of the harness spread to other peoples.
The names of the Hun leaders came into fashion in Europe and became familiar: Balthazar, Donat, and of course Attila: this name is especially popular in Hungary.
DECAY OF THE GOLDEN HORDE AND ITS CONSEQUENCES
1. List the social groups that were interested in the unification of Russia, the creation of a single state with a center in Moscow. Specify the reasons for this interest for each social group.
In addition to the prince, they were interested in creating a unified Russian state service princely people, which formed the backbone of the administrative and military "machine" of the state. Since for their faithful service they were allocated estates that were not inherited, the well-being of the landowners, the size of their land holdings depended on the Grand Duke. Therefore, they were interested in strengthening his power and creating a single state.
For the creation of a unified state were boyars, owners of hereditary estates. The fact is that in accordance with the princely agreements, the boyars did not have the right to buy land on the territory of other principalities. Since the boyars also had ambitions to expand their own possessions, they were interested in joining new lands to the Moscow principality, and therefore they were interested in uniting Russia.
support in creating centralized state provided and Church. Over time, the Church became a major landowner, accumulating possessions that it received as a gift or bought from patrimonials as payment for debts. Having turned into a large landowner, the Church actively supported the current government in an effort to unite the Russian lands.
supported the centralization of the state and artisans, And merchants, since the expansion of handicraft production and trade in Moscow rallied North-Western Russia around Moscow and created economic prerequisites for unification.
2. List the consequences internecine war second quarter of the fifteenth century.
Consequences:
- the death of many ordinary people;
- a blow to the economy - villages and cities were devastated;
- strengthening the power of the Golden Horde;
- won the dynastic principle of the transfer of power - from father to son.
The war between the Moscow princes slowed down the unification of the Russian lands, increased dependence on the Horde, and brought suffering to people. The strife again demonstrated the need to unite the lands and create a single state. The lesson that the Russian people should have learned from this event is as old as the world - any internal strife makes the state weak and only in the unity of the whole people lies great strength.
Test control
1. The difference between the internecine war of the second quarter of the XV century. from the strife of the previous period:
1) the struggle of the princes for the throne of Vladimir
2) the struggle of the princes for the Moscow throne
3) attracting the forces of the Golden Horde
4) the use of brutal methods of struggle
2. In the strife between the Moscow princes, the Russian Orthodox Church:
1) took a wait-and-see attitude
2) sided with Vasily II
3) supported Dmitry Shemyaka
4) supported Vasily Kosoy
3. In his will, Dmitry Donskoy:
1) ordered his sons to obey Khan Tokhtamysh as his father
2) divided the Moscow principality equally between his sons
3) handed over the Moscow principality and the throne of Vladimir to his eldest son
4) handed over the Moscow principality and the throne of Vladimir to his youngest son
4. Edigei organized a campaign against Russia in 1408 in order to:
1) force Vasily to pay tribute to the Horde
2) help Vasily I establish himself on the throne of Moscow
3) help Timur conquer Russia
4) support the Duke of Lithuania Vytautas
5. Vasily I bequeathed the throne of Moscow:
1) younger brother
2) young son
3) wife Sofya Vitovtovna
4) Dmitry Shemyaka
6. War between Moscow princes:
1) accelerated the process of unification of Russian lands
2) slowed down the unification of Russian lands
3) weakened the dependence on the Horde
4) did not affect the economy of the Moscow principality
Questions in the text of the paragraph
What changes took place in Eastern Europe as a result of the collapse of the Golden Horde?
Since the sixties of the XIV century, since the time of the Great Memory, there have been important political changes in the life of the Golden Horde. The gradual disintegration of the state began. The rulers of the remote parts of the ulus acquired actual independence, in particular, in 1361, the Ulus of Orda-Edzhen gained independence. However, until the 1390s Golden Horde still remained a more or less unified state, but with the defeat in the war with Tamerlane and the ruin of economic centers, the process of disintegration began, which accelerated from the 1420s.
In the early 1420s, the Siberian Khanate was formed (the capital is the city of Siberia), in 1428 - the Uzbek Khanate, then the Kazan (1438), Crimean (1441) Khanates, the Nogai Horde (1440s, the capital - Saraichik) and the Kazakh Khanate ( 1465). After the death of Khan Kichi-Mohammed, the Golden Horde ceased to exist as a single state.
The main among the Jochid states formally continued to be considered the Great Horde. In 1480, Akhmat, Khan of the Great Horde, tried to achieve obedience from Ivan III, but this attempt ended unsuccessfully, and Russia was finally freed from Tatar-Mongol yoke. At the beginning of 1481, Akhmat was killed during an attack on his headquarters by the Siberian and Nogai cavalry. With his children, early XVI century, the Great Horde ceased to exist. In 1502, the Crimean Khan Mengli-Girey, in alliance with the Moscow troops, finally defeated the Great Horde. The Astrakhan Khanate strengthened on part of its territory. The capital of the new state was the city of Khadzhi-Tarkhan (Astrakhan).
When was the Golden Horde formed? When she became independent state m?
The Golden Horde or Ulus Jochi was formed as a result of the division of the empire by Genghis Khan between his sons, carried out by 1224. Until 1266, the Golden Horde was part of the Mongol Empire. In 1266, under Khan Mengu-Timur, it gained complete independence, retaining only a formal dependence on the imperial center. In the early 1320s, under Khan Uzbek, Islam became the state religion.
What peoples were part of the Golden Horde? What was the name of the main part of the inhabitants of this state?
The Golden Horde was inhabited by Turkic (Kipchaks, Volga Bulgars, Khorezmians, Bashkirs, etc.), Slavic, Finno-Ugric (Mordovians, Cheremis, Votyaks, etc.), North Caucasian (Yases, Alans, Cherkasy, etc.) peoples. The small Mongolian elite very quickly assimilated among the local Turkic population. And by the beginning of the 15th century, the entire nomadic population of the Golden Horde was designated by one word "Tatars". It was in the Golden Horde that the formation of such nationalities as the Volga, Crimean, Siberian Tatars took place. The Turkic population of the eastern wing of the Golden Horde formed the basis of modern Kazakhs, Karakalpaks and Nogais.
Who was the Grand Duke of Moscow in the time of Timur?
Timur (Tamerlane) was born in 1336 and died in 1405. Thus, formally, in the time of Timur, Dmitry Donskoy and his son Vasily Dmitrievich were the princes of Moscow. However, Dmitry Donskoy never encountered Timur's actions, since by the beginning of Timur's campaign against the Golden Horde in 1395, Dmitry Donskoy had already died (1389). Therefore, during the active phase of the war between Timur and Tokhtamysh, Vasily I was the prince of Moscow.
Questions and tasks for working with the text of the paragraph
1. Why do you think the power of Tamerlane collapsed?
Tamerlane left behind a large tribal clan. Literally the day after his death, quarrels, forceful pressure and palace coups began. The strife within the Timurid clan led to the fact that the empire collapsed.
2. What peoples were part of the Kazan, Astrakhan and Siberian khanates?
The Kazan Khanate was inhabited mainly by the descendants of the ancient Bulgars. People from the Golden Horde also settled here. The citizenship of the Kazan Khanate included Mordovians, Chuvashs, Maris, Udmurts.
The Siberian Khanate was inhabited by Turkic-speaking tribes. The influence of the Siberian Khanate extended to such peoples as the Khanty, Mansi, Trans-Ural Bashkirs.
The main population of the Astrakhan Khanate was the Astrakhan Tatars and Nogai, whose ethnic basis was made up of such ancient peoples as Siraks, Uysuns, Uighurs, Kangly, Kipchaks, Ases, Kereites, Dormens, Naimans, Mangyts, Bulgars, Bayys, Bodyraks, Keneges, Katagans, Kobans, canoes, Mazhars, Argyns, etc., who lived in the Irtysh region, Northwestern Mongolia, Central Asia, the Southern Urals, the Lower Volga region, the North Caucasus, the Northern Black Sea region, the Don region, the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov and the Lower Dnieper region.
3. Describe the occupations of the population of the states - the heirs of the Golden Horde. What religions were professed by the inhabitants of these states?
The main occupation of the population of the Kazan Khanate was agriculture, in the steppe regions semi-nomadic cattle breeding was preserved. Transit trade played an important role. Significant development was received by leather, jewelry, blacksmithing, and pottery. Slavery was also developed in the Kazan Khanate. Russian captives captured as a result of raids were made slaves.
In the Astrakhan Khanate, the main occupation of the population was nomadic cattle breeding. Also, its inhabitants were engaged in crafts and trade.
The Siberian Tatars were engaged in cattle breeding, agriculture, pottery and furrier craft, spinning, weaving, smelting and metal processing. In the northern part of the Siberian Khanate, they were engaged in hunting, fishing and reindeer herding.
All the heirs of the Golden Horde preached Islam.
4. How did the relationship between the new states develop with Russia?
The relationship of the new states with Russia developed in different ways. Periods of hostilities gave way to times of peaceful trade. Wars were fought and alliances were made. So, Khan Ulu-Muhammed, expelled from the Horde, who became the ruler of the Kazan Khanate, tried to restore his dominance over Russia and force the Moscow prince to pay tribute as before, only to him, and not to the Khan of the Great Horde. To do this, he made several trips to Russia. In one of the campaigns, his sons managed to capture Prince Vasily II, who was later released on the promise of a huge ransom. From 1446 to 1466 was the time of strengthening trade relations between Moscow and Kazan. And in 1452, one of the sons of Ulu-Muhammed, Kasim, generally switched to the service of the Moscow prince, for which he granted him the town, which since then became known as Kasimov. Here, the Kasimov Khanate, dependent on Moscow, was formed.
The Great Horde, considering itself the heir to the Golden Horde, also sought to restore the dependence of Russia. To do this, the khans of the Great Horde entered into an alliance with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Opposition to the Great Horde for a time brought together the Moscow Principality and Crimean Khanate, which at the beginning of the XVI century led to the destruction of the Great Horde.
Working with the map
1. Find on the map the states conquered by Timur.
States and territories conquered by Timur(marked with burgundy letters on the map): Armenia. Azerbaijan, the State of the Jelairids, the State of the Serbedars, Khorezm, the State of the Kurts, the State of the Mozafferids (Kerman), Mekran, Sistan, the territories of the Ottoman Turks, Maberannahr, Jab, India were also partially conquered.
2. Show on the map the states formed as a result of the collapse of the Golden Horde.
The Golden Horde broke up into states:
- Nogai Horde - the capital Saraichik
- Kazan Khanate - the capital of Kazan
- Big Horde - the capital of New Saray
- Astrakhan kingdom - the capital of Hadji-Tarkhan (Astrakhan)
- Crimean Khanate - the capital of Bakhchisarai
- Siberian Khanate - the capital of Siberia
- Kazakh kingdom - the capital of Sygnak
also formed Kabarda, Tarkov Shamkhalate, Avar Khanate, Uzbek Khanate and others
3. Using a map, explain why, of all the fragments of the Golden Horde, the Kazan Khanate was the most dangerous enemy for the Russian lands.
The Kazan Khanate was geographically located closest to the Russian principalities and was a fairly strong state from a military and economic point of view.
We study the document
What conclusions about the specifics of political and economic ties between Moscow and Astrakhan can be drawn from this text?
The Astrakhan Khanate was the smallest and weakest fragment of the Golden Horde. Its armed forces were only 3 thousand soldiers. The Khanate was always in a state of dependence, first from the Great Horde, then from the Nogai Horde and from the Crimean Khanate. In this situation, naturally, the khanate sought to enlist the support of a strong Moscow principality. Moreover, the Astrakhan Khanate had something to offer in exchange for friendship with Moscow - access to the Caspian Sea. Therefore, most likely, the annual trips of the Khan's envoys to Moscow testify to the desire of the Astrakhan Khanate to understand whether everything remains the same, whether Moscow is true to its friendship with the Khanate.
Thinking, comparing, reflecting
1. Using the Internet and additional literature, make a chronological table in your notebook showing the main stages in the development of relations between the Moscow principality and the Kazan and Crimean khanates until the middle of the 16th century.
Kazan Khanate
- 1439 - Khan Ulug-Mukhammed approached Moscow and laid siege to it, but retreated eleven days later, plundering Kolomna and several other Russian cities along the way.
- 1444 - Kazan Khan attacked the Nizhny Novgorod and Ryazan principalities.
- 1445 - the khan's army defeated the Russian troops near Suzdal, was captured Grand Duke Vasily II, tribute was imposed on the Moscow principality.
- 1467 - Russian troops marched on Kazan in order to install friendly Tsarevich Kasim on the Kazan throne. The trip was unsuccessful. Ibrahim Khan prepared in advance for the "meeting".
- In the third quarter of the 15th century, there were pronounced contradictions between the states, expressed in the clash of interests of Moscow and Kazan in the lands of the Upper Volga region.
- In the 80s. In the 15th century, the Moscow government actively intervened in the struggle for the Kazan throne and often sent troops to Kazan in order to put their protege on the Kazan throne.
- 1487 - the capture of Kazan by Moscow troops and the approval of Khan Mohammed-Emin, loyal to Moscow, on the Kazan throne. Khan, objectionable to the Moscow government, was overthrown.
- 1506 - Moscow's major campaign against Kazan, the defeat of the Russians near Kazan, Khan Mohammed-Emin, who was placed on the throne with the military and political support of Moscow, freed himself from Moscow dependence.
- 1545-1552 - a series of military campaigns of Ivan the Terrible against Kazan. The first two were unsuccessful, and in 1552 the Grand Duke laid siege to the capital of the Khanate for the third time. After the explosion of the city walls with gunpowder laid in secret mines, Kazan was taken by storm, a significant part of the population was killed, and the city itself burned down. The Kazan Khanate ceased to exist, and the Middle Volga region was largely annexed to Russia. In memory of the capture of Kazan and the victory over the Kazan Khanate, on the orders of Ivan the Terrible, St. Basil's Cathedral was built on Red Square in Moscow.
In total, the Kazan khans made about forty trips to Russian lands, mainly to areas near Nizhny Novgorod, Vyatka, Vladimir, Kostroma, Galich and Murom.
Crimean Khanate
- 1480 - the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan III turned to the Crimean Khan Mengli I Gerai with a request to organize a campaign in the Polish lands "to the Kiev places." Mengli Giray took Kyiv by storm, devastated and severely destroyed the city. From the rich booty, the Khan sent Ivan III in gratitude a golden chalice and diskos from the Kiev St. Sophia Cathedral. In the same year, Ivan III entered into an alliance with Mengli Gerai.
- The end of the XV century - constant raids on Russia for the purpose of robbery.
- 1521 - the forces of the Kazan Khan Sahib Giray made a military campaign against the Nizhny Novgorod, Murom, Klin, Meshchera and Vladimir lands and joined the army of the Crimean Khan Mehmed Giray near Kolomna. After that they laid siege to Moscow and forced Basil III to sign a humiliating treaty.
- 1571 - despite the agreement with Moscow, at the head of an army of 40 thousand horsemen, the Crimean Khan Devlet Gerai raided Moscow, burned the towns, captured 50 thousand people. Ivan the Terrible was forced to give an obligation to pay tribute to the Crimea every year.
- 1572 - the Crimean army of Devlet Gerai, united with Turkish and Nogai detachments, suffered a crushing defeat from Russian troops led by princes Mikhail Vorotynsky and Dmitry Khvorostinin in the battle of Molodi (50 miles south of Moscow).
2. Find out which descendants of the peoples who inhabited the territories of the states formed after the collapse of the Golden Horde currently live in the Russian Federation.
Kazan, Astrakhan and Crimean Tatars, Mordvins, Chuvashs, Maris, Udmurts, Khanty, Mansi, Bashkirs, Nogais.
Possible additional questions in the lesson
Why did the Golden Horde collapse?
Since the sixties of the XIV century, since the time of the Great Memory, there have been important political changes in the life of the Golden Horde. Due to internal strife, the gradual disintegration of the state began. The rulers of the remote parts of the ulus acquired actual independence, and the state gradually began to lose its integrity. Until the 1390s, the Golden Horde still remained more or less a single state, but with the defeat in the war with Tamerlane and the ruin of economic centers, the process of disintegration began.
In the early 1420s, the Siberian Khanate was formed, in 1428 the Uzbek Khanate, then the Kazan (1438), Crimean (1441) Khanates, the Nogai Horde (1440s) and the Kazakh Khanate (1465) arose. After the death of Khan Kichi-Mohammed in 1459, the Golden Horde ceased to exist as a single state.
Create a psychological portrait of Timur (Tamerlane)
Timur was a very brave and restrained man. Possessing sober judgment, he was able to make the right decision in difficult situations. These character traits attracted people to him. Far-sighted ruler and talented organizer. Timur had a phenomenal memory, spoke several languages, and was excellent at playing chess, which, of course, testifies to his talent as a strategist. Timur was also a very erudite person, possessed extensive historical and philosophical knowledge, which he very often used to inspire his troops.
Saraichik became the capital of which country?
Saraichik was the capital of the Nogai Khanate.
What state was formed on the territory of the former Volga Bulgaria?
On the territory of the former Volga Bulgaria, the Kazan Khanate was formed.
What was the name of the capital of the Great Horde?
The capital of the Great Horde was Sarai-Berke (New Sarai).
What territories became part of the Crimean Khanate?
In addition to the steppe and foothill part of the Crimea, the khanate occupied the lands between the Danube and the Dnieper, the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov and most of the modern Krasnodar Territory of Russia.
Who and when finally defeated the Great Horde?
In 1502, the Crimean Khanate attacked the Great Horde and captured the Volga region. The Great Horde ceased to exist. The Trans-Volga lands became part of the Nogai Horde, and the lands between the Don and the Volga formally went to the Crimea, but soon, in 1556, they were annexed to the Russian state.
Hadji Tarkhan became the capital of which khanate?
Hadji Tarkhan (Astrakhan) was the capital of the Astrakhan Khanate.
What kind public entities formed in the North Caucasus?
In the North Caucasus, after the collapse of the Great Horde, new state formations also began to take shape - Kabarda, the Tarkov Shamkhalate, the Avar Khanate, etc.
What did the inhabitants of the Kazan Khanate call themselves?
The inhabitants of the Kazan Khanate called themselves Bulgars.
What did the Russians call them?
And the Russians called the inhabitants of the Kazan Khanate Tatars.
What is yasak?
Yasak is a tax in kind from the peoples of Siberia and the North, mainly furs.
What cities were in the Kazan Khanate?
There were not many cities in the Kazan Khanate - only two: Kazan and Arsk, as well as several fortresses
Who was converted into slaves in this state?
Russian prisoners captured during raids were turned into slaves.
Which state structure was in the Siberian Khanate?
State foundations in the Siberian Khanate were intertwined with the remnants of tribal relations. At the head of the state was the khan, who was elected by the nobility. The structure of the state was semi-military in nature, the khanate was divided into "hundreds" - volosts headed by murzas. The strongholds of the khan's power were fortified towns.
Give examples of military and peaceful relations between the new states and Russia
|
Confrontation |
Rapprochement |
|
|
Question to point I 1. When was the Golden Horde formed? When did it become an independent state?
What peoples were part of the Golden Horde? What was the name of the main part of the inhabitants of this state?
The Golden Horde is the Russian name, the inhabitants themselves called it the Ulus of Jochi. Uluses (or great states) were originally components of the empire of Genghis Khan. The future Golden Horde was formed even before the conquest of the Old Russian state for the eldest son of Genghis Khan named Jochi and also his descendants. In fact, the state became independent under Batu Khan (Batu), and formal independence was given to him younger brother Mengu-Timur, ascending the throne in 1266.
The population of the Golden Horde was called Tatars, but in fact included Turkic (Kipchaks, Volga Bulgars, Khorezmians, Bashkirs, etc.), Slavic, Finno-Ugric (Mordovians, Cheremis, Votyaks, etc.) and North Caucasian (Yases, Alans, Cherkasy and others) peoples.
Question to paragraph 1. Who was the Grand Duke of Moscow at that time?
Vasily I Dmitrievich was on the Moscow throne at that time.
Question for paragraph 1. Why do you think the empire of Tamerlane collapsed?
The state of Timur collapsed for the same reasons as the Old Russian state and many other medieval powers. The great conqueror distributed the lands to his sons and grandsons. At the same time, many of these lands were independent before the conquest, therefore they were not economically dependent on the center and could separate again. Despite the fact that Timur left the throne to only one of the descendants, the rest had the resources to fight for the inheritance or part of it.
Question for paragraph 2. What peoples were part of the Kazan, Astrakhan and Siberian khanates?
The inhabitants of all these khanates were called Tatars. But the Volga Bulgars lived in Kazan (it was actually formed on the territory of their ancient kaganate), Cheremis (Udmurts) and Morians, Bashkirs and other peoples lived in Siberia, and Kipchaks (Polovtsy) lived in Astrakhan.
Question for paragraph 3. Describe the occupations of the population of the states - the heirs of the Golden Horde. What religions were professed by the inhabitants of these states?
There were many nomadic pastoralists in the Astrakhan and Kazan khanates. But due to the trade route along the Volga, merchants and artisans also flourished. In the Siberian Khanate, the ruling Tatars continued to engage in nomadic cattle breeding, and the subservient (paying tribute to them), mainly Finno-Ugric peoples, continued to hunt and gather - they were largely at the primitive stage of development.
The Tatars professed Islam, but the primitive peoples, subject to Siberian Khanate, retained their pagan beliefs and shamanism.
Question for paragraph 4. How did the relations of the new states with Russia develop?
Relations developed in different ways, they differed both with different states and with one state in different periods. So the Kazan Khanate tried to subjugate Moscow, but having achieved the last tribute, it did not demand more and switched to peaceful trade. The Crimean Khanate was at first an ally of Moscow against the Great Horde, but after the destruction of the latter, raids also began on Russian lands.
We think, compare, reflect: question number 1. Using the Internet and additional literature, make a chronological table in your notebook showing the main stages in the development of relations between the Moscow principality and the Kazan and Crimean khanates until the middle of the 16th century.
Relations with the Kazan Khanate:
1439 - the first campaign of the Kazan Tatars against Moscow, the beginning of attempts to subdue it;
1445 - in order to redeem from captivity, Vasily II, in addition to the ransom itself, gave tribute to Kazan, their officials arrived in Russian cities - trade between states began, but Kazan grew richer from it, and Moscow remained in a subordinate position;
1467 - the campaign of Moscow troops against Kazan ( unsuccessful attempt put Tsarevich Kasim, who had previously fled from Kazan, on the throne): the beginning of Moscow's offensive campaigns;
1487 - Moscow troops took Kazan and put Mohammed-Amin on the throne, who was friends with Moscow;
1505 - apparently, not without the knowledge of Muhammad-Amin, the beating of Russian merchants in Kazan began, the result was a series of wars against Moscow;
1552 - the capture of Kazan by Russian troops and the destruction of the Khanate.
Relations with the Crimean Khanate:
1480 - the union of Crimea and Moscow, it began with an alliance against the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Great Horde, which at first prevented Lithuania from attacking Moscow at the same time as the Great Horde, and then forced Khan Akhmat to leave the Ugra River, thanks to which standing on it ended with the victory of Moscow troops;
The turn of the 15th-16th centuries - with the weakening of the Great Horde, the Crimean Khanate no longer needed the Muscovite state as an ally and began to make frequent raids on it, which went deep into the Russian lands (in 1571 Khan Devlet Gerey even burned Moscow).
We think, compare, reflect: question number 2. Find out which descendants of the peoples who inhabited the territories of the states formed after the collapse of the Golden Horde currently live in the Russian Federation.
Until now, the Bashkirs, Mordvins, Maris (Cheremis), Votyaks (Udmurts) and some other peoples have not dissolved among other peoples. Tatars are considered a separate people.
