Nikolai Milyutin peasant reform. Milyutin, Nikolai Alekseevich. Origin. Beginning of public service

Nikolai Alekseevich Milyutin is relatively little known in Russian historiography, but for his contemporaries he was one of the most prominent statesmen of the era. Early completed his government activities, partially "shaded" by the personality of his brother, Minister of War D.A. Milyutina, Nikolai Alekseevich, even in pre-revolutionary national historiography, did not receive due attention. Only small biographical essays were specially dedicated to him. IN Soviet research his name is almost never mentioned, with the exception of the works of L.G. Zakharova, and recently separate essays and historical portraits. Among foreign specialists, A. Leroy-Beaulieu, B. Lincoln and some Polish researchers turned to the study of Milyutin's activities.

One of the main stages state activities Nikolai Milyutin is his participation in the preparation of the abolition of serfdom. According to B.N. Chicherin, this "minor official of the Ministry of Internal Affairs was a representative of the true state principles and gave the question the beneficent direction it finally received. He was the inspirer of Rostovtsev, and Lansky, and Count Kiselev, who, in turn, acted on the sovereign ... If Cherkassky was the main worker in the Editorial Commission, then Milyutin remained the main work manager. Even O. Bismarck, being ambassador to Russia, noted his importance and considered him "the smartest and most courageous person among the progressives."

ON THE. Milyutin was born in 1818. After graduating from the Moscow University boarding school in 1835, he joined the Economic Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, where he worked for the next 25 years. For the first time, his name thundered in 1846, when he drew up the City Regulations for St. Petersburg, thanks to which he met Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna. In 1856, she entrusted him with the development of a project for the liberation of the peasants in her personal estate Karlovka, where he proposed to free them with land for a ransom, as well as to create local institutions for the development general plan reforms. Alexander II did not publicly approve this document, but made it clear to Elena Pavlovna that he supported her initiative.

Without officially dealing with the peasant question in his ministry, Milyutin, however, had considerable influence on him and constantly advised Minister S.S. Lansky. One of his informal advices made the preparation of the reform an irreversible process. When, in November 1857, some members of the Secret Committee persuaded the emperor not to send Nazimov's rescript to the rest of the governors, which was supposed to be the beginning of a public discussion of the reform, Milyutin advised Lansky to urgently print it, which was done that very night. When the order came in the morning not to send the document, it was already too late, and from that moment it became impossible to drag out the reform.

In January 1859, Nikolai Alekseevich drew up a note on the creation of Editorial Commissions, which was presented by Minister S.S. Lansky to the Main Committee on Peasant Affairs. The same document was presented to Emperor Ya.I. Rostovtsev, whom Alexander II appointed as chairman of the new institution. Despite the fact that Milyutin was an implacable enemy of Rostovtsev and even became involved in intrigues against him, the chairman himself insisted on his appointment as a representative from the Ministry of Internal Affairs on the commission, recognizing the value of his talents for working on the cause of the liberation of the peasants.

After his appointment, Milyutin, in particular, helped to select the composition of the commissions. He insisted that among the expert members there be people who have proven themselves in the provincial committees as active supporters of the abolition of serfdom, "sincerely devoted to the cause." So Yu.F. got here. Samarin, V.A. Cherkassky and V.V. Tarnovsky, whose notes he got acquainted with, drawing up a project for the liberation of the Karlovskiy peasants.

In the Editorial Commissions, Nikolai Alekseevich became the most influential figure, uniting around him all the supporters of the liberation of the peasants. Formally, Rostovtsev was the chairman of all departments, but in reality, in the economic and financial departments, this role was performed by Milyutin, and the administrative department was actually under his control. The cohesion of his team allowed them to defend their own principles of peasant reform. At the same time, there was a conservative opposition within the institution (P.P. Shuvalov and F.I. Paskevich, M.P. Pozen, V.I. Bulygin, later V.N. Panin), which had serious support from public opinion. Opponents of the reforms did not abandon their attempts to discredit the work of the commissions before society and the emperor, accusing them of socialist inclinations and almost of striving to overthrow the existing state system. In addition, they actively promoted the idea of ​​joining the commissions of deputies from provincial committees. Anticipating that this might change the direction of the commissions' work, Milyutin tried to limit their influence. Together with Ya.A. Solovyov drafted an instruction that excluded the possibility of deputies joining the institution and imposed a number of significant restrictions on their activities.

This caused indignation not only among conservatives, but also among representatives of the liberal-minded nobility. Member of the Tver Committee A.M. Unkovsky wrote about this in one of his letters: “The main mistake of the Editorial Commission was that it expected the weakening of the plantation party from the elimination of a public discussion of the issue. On the contrary, it took away the strength from the supporters of the reforms and from itself.

Milyutin's positions in the commissions changed somewhat with the appointment of a new chairman, the well-known conservative and Minister of Justice V.N. Panin. The new appointment made a depressing impression on the majority of the members of the Editorial Commissions, and among the opponents of the reform, on the contrary, caused rejoicing. So, Count A. Bobrinsky directly told Milyutin: “Do you really think that we will let you finish this business? Please complete. In less than a month, you will all fly out into the pipe, and we will sit in your place. However, the influence of the new chairman on the affairs of the commissions was immediately limited: the emperor set as conditions not to change the composition of its members and the foundations of the reform already approved by him. Soon, in a personal conversation with Milyutin at a party at Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna's, Alexander II confirmed his desire to complete the preparations for the reform as soon as possible.

The change of chairman led to the consolidation of right-wing elements around Panin, who now expressed their opinion much more boldly and even tried to challenge issues already resolved by the commission. However, the conservatives failed to significantly influence its work, moreover, the decision-making center actually shifted from the general presence to the economic department. According to P.P. Semenov, even one of the members of the commissions A.N. Tatarinov, who often disagreed with the majority, once remarked that "the economic department has become a general meeting to resolve all legislative issues, and the general meeting has become its branch."

Of great interest are the principles of reform defended by Milyutin, as well as the reaction of public opinion to them.

The main issue of the liberation of the peasants was the question of land allotment. By this time, the government recognized the impossibility of their complete dispossession of land, but only proclaimed the provision of peasants with “sufficient” allotments, the size of which the provincial committees determined at 1–2 acres. Even in the economic department, according to P.P. Semenov, the expert members did not name figures over 2.5 acres. Milyutin, from the time of his work on the project for the liberation of the Karlovskiy peasants, put at the forefront the preservation of their “existing” allotment, in the need for which, together with Ya.A. Solovyov and convinced most of the commissions. This idea found opposition from the majority of the noble landlords, regardless of their right or left bias. Some members of the editorial commissions and deputies from the provincial committees achieved the introduction of the so-called norms. "higher" and "lower" allotments, which subsequently made it possible, already in the Main Committee, to significantly reduce their size.

The transfer of the allotment to the ownership of the peasants was to be carried out by redemption, before the implementation of which a transitional period was established. The position of the liberals on this issue was formulated by A.I. Koshelev, who wrote to Samarin: “We love the people with you equally. You are now trying to give him as much land as possible, but withholding some of his rights. We give him a little less land, but, however, as much as he needs, that is, quite enough, and we demand complete emancipation for him, and we do not understand the obligatory relations between Russian peasants and Russian landowners. Many supporters of liberation considered it possible to reduce peasant allotments in exchange for certain rights, and the transition period was a continuation of serfdom. Thus, Prince P.V. Dolgorukov called the gradual redemption "a huge mistake", made "under the influence of the bureaucratic horde". Milyutin justified this decision by saying that "the ransom, which is a huge financial transaction, cannot be carried out immediately, and its sudden implementation would produce too sharp a crisis in the landowners' farms unprepared for such a revolution." At the same time, in an attempt to mitigate the sharp criticism of opponents, he stated that “from the buyout clause, the commission is expected to carry out the buyout relatively quickly; it will always depend on the government to subsequently cut the Gordian knot by imposing a mandatory ransom.

Special attention should be paid to the "perpetual use" of the allotment. According to this provision, the peasants retained the existing allotment in use until the moment of redemption, subject to the payment of certain duties to the landowner. In such a situation, redemption turned out to be practically inevitable, which is why the landowners tried to exclude this provision from the draft commissions. Actively spoke, for example, M.P. Posen, who believed that after the expiration of the transitional 12-year period, the unredeemed land should be returned to the ownership of the landlord, Panin, chairman of the commissions, held similar positions. Despite this, Milyutin and his supporters were firm on the idea that "a concession on such a fundamental issue is impossible."

The indefinite use of land by the peasants created the problem of establishing certain duties. Milyutin in the course of the work more than once advocated not only a reduction in dues, but also the impossibility of changing it. In his opinion, a change in the size of duties could run into the insolvency of poor peasants, as a result of which the provision on “perpetual use” would actually lose its force. As a compromise, he agreed to re-rent, but only after 20 years, foreseeing that by that time most of the peasants would have switched to redemption, and the government itself would not carry out such a complex operation.

At the meetings of the commission, Milyutin advocated the expansion of the functions of the peasant community, the independence of peasant officials from the justice of the peace, and was against the preservation of police power in the hands of the nobility. Not being a member of the administrative department, he had a direct influence on it, since he himself was the chairman of the commission on county and zemstvo institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, where he developed projects for local all-estate institutions.

However, all the measures taken by the editorial commissions on the administrative structure were calculated only to bring it into line with the new situation of the peasants. Everything else, as Milyutin himself said, should be left to "life and the further development of legislation." This was the main root of the contradictions between his supporters and the liberal nobility. This was especially evident in the discussion between Milyutin and A.M. Unkovsky. The latter insisted that “simultaneously with the liberation of the peasants, all the reforms that were required by a change in relations between peasants and landowners should be carried out ... We said that this must be done at once, otherwise it would be nonsense ... ". This view was also expressed in Address Five, a blueprint for reform presented to Alexander II by liberal members of provincial committees. According to the signatories of this document, the peasant, administrative, judicial and censorship reforms should have been carried out simultaneously. It is curious that at the same time too high norms of allotments and low duties imposed on the peasants by the Editorial Commissions were criticized.

However, liberal critics underestimated the difficult position of the Milyutin team. Pressure at the top, from the side of the so-called. The “senile party” was stronger than the influence of the liberals, and in addition, the competence of the commissions was limited by the will of the emperor himself. This is what Milyutin tried to explain to Unkovsky: “I fully agree with you, Alexei Mikhailovich, that everything you are talking about is absolutely necessary for the public good, but you demand too much from me and forget that I, as a comrade minister, and not a minister, it is inconvenient for the time being to defend your views.

Thus, Milyutin and his supporters failed to avoid a split with the liberal nobility. In public opinion, especially after A.M. Unkovsky, persecution of members of the commissions and Milyutin himself began. The same A.M. Unkovsky, P.V. Dolgorukov, I.S. Aksakov, A.I. Herzen and others. The opinion of the young publicist A.S. Suvorina: “Remember, we spoke sympathetically about Milyutin. It turns out to be a terrible creature and rubbish - he proposed the most retrograde measures and especially attacked censorship.

One gets the impression that Milyutin himself largely contributed to this split. He deliberately sacrificed the support of the liberal members of the provincial committees so that their conservative colleagues could not influence the emperor, which is why he was known as "the culprit of most of the repressive measures." For the sake of preserving the fundamental provisions of the reform, he also sacrificed some of the "rights" of the peasants, thereby damaging his reputation. So, in one of the votes, he cast a decisive vote for the preservation of corporal punishment for them, which he later said: “Seeing the perfect equality of votes for the rod and for the confiscation of land, I confess that I considered it better to sacrifice the ass of the peasants for several years.” The liberals responded to this with a storm of indignation, in particular, Herzen wrote indignantly:

“People who filed for the rod in 1860 should know that their names will remain in the pillory, no matter what they are bureaucrats, administrators or comrades (italics mine - A. N.)” .

All of the above is far from exhausting what Nikolai Milyutin's activities in the Editorial Committees are connected with. Among other things, he insisted on permission to assign plots to peasants in private ownership, and in a separate report, which was not included in the project, he proposed the creation of a system to support the rural population in case of famine. From June 1860, Milyutin became chairman of the new codification department. One should not lose sight of the labor-intensive technical work he performs: editing the journals of meetings, correcting reports, monitoring office work, and finally, parallel service in the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

In October 1860, the drafts developed in the Editorial Commissions were submitted to the Main Committee, where they provoked a heated discussion. Chairman of the Committee Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich unsuccessfully tried to get Milyutin into its composition, but even after that he constantly turned to him for advice. In the State Council, the draft of the Editorial Commissions was rejected and accepted only thanks to Alexander II, who took the side of the minority. With significant changes, with a decrease in the size of allotments and Gagarin's "donation" or "beggarly" allotment, which Milyutin opposed in the commissions, the project was nevertheless approved.

The drafting of the manifesto was entrusted to Samarin, and the final edition was carried out by Milyutin. But their version was rejected due to the complexity of perception and entrusted to the Moscow Metropolitan Filaret. On March 5, the manifesto was published in Moscow and St. Petersburg, and Milyutin soon received an honorable resignation.

“The battle was won, but the commander was sacrificed to the enemies. He was released along with his staff. He was made a senator and received a vacation abroad, ”wrote Chicherin.

Even while working on the project, Milyutin somehow threw out the phrase: “Whatever we write here, no matter how hard we try to protect the interests of the now disenfranchised peasant class, the entire success of the case will depend on how it will be carried out. Execution can distort and turn into a dead letter the best intentions of the legislator. Having made concessions to the conservative-minded nobility, Alexander II replaced the developers of the reform with other figures, which, of course, influenced its implementation, and the results of the release still cause serious discussions. But the role and importance of Milyutin in the liberation of the peasants was appreciated by his contemporaries. Even former critics such as P.V. Dolgorukov, later admitted that “he was the main spring for the liberation of the peasants from the land; this will be his eternal glory in history.

Bibliography

1. Groniowski K. Walka Milutina z Bergiem (Spór o reorganizację Królestwa Polskiego po roku 1863) // Kwartalnik historyczny. 1962. No. 4; he is. Realizacja reformy uwłaszczeniowej 1864 r. W., 1963;

2. Leroy-Beaulieu A. Un Homme d "état russe (Nicolas Milutine) d" après sa correspondance inédite. Étude sur la Russie et la Pologne pendant le règne d "Alexandre II (1855-1872). P., 1884;

3. Lincoln B. Nicolai Milutin: An enlightened Russian bureaucrat of the 19th century. Newtonwille (Mass.), 1977.

4. Zyzniewski S.J. Miljutin and the Polish Question // Harvard Slavic Studies. Vol. 4. Cambridge (Mass.), 1957;

5. Address of 5 members from provincial committees who separated from the majority // Semenov N.P. The liberation of the peasants in the reign of Emperor Alexander II. Chronicle of the activities of the commissions on peasant affairs. T. 2.

6. Aksakov I.S. - Herzen A.I. // Quoted. Quoted from: Gusman L.Yu. In the shadow of the Bell. Russian liberal-constitutional emigration and social movement in Russia (1840-1860). SPb., 2004.

7. Braudo A.I. Nikolai Alekseevich Milyutin // The main figures in the liberation of the peasants. St. Petersburg, 1903;

8. Hofstetter I.A. Forgotten statesman Nikolai Alekseevich Milyutin: (According to Russian and foreign sources). SPb., 1901;

9. Gusman L.Yu. In the shadow of the Bell. Russian liberal-constitutional emigration and social movement in Russia (1840–1860). SPb., 2004.

10. Dzhanshiev G.A. Coryphaeus of the peasant reform N.A. Milyutin // The era of great reforms: Historical references. St. Petersburg, 1905;

11. Dzhivilegov A.K. Nikolai Alekseevich Milyutin // Great Reform. T. 5. M., 1911;

12. Dolgorukov P.V. Letter from Petersburg // Petersburg Essays. Emigrant pamphlets. 1860–1867 M., 1934.

13. Dolgorukov P.V. The truth about Russia. T. 1. Paris, 1861.

14. Zakharova L.G. Government program for the abolition of serfdom in Russia // History of the USSR. 1975. No. 2;

15. same. Note by N.A. Milyutin on the liberation of the peasants (1856) // Questions of the history of Russia in the 19th–20th centuries. L., 1983;

16. same. Editorial commissions of 1859-1860: Institution, activity // History of the USSR. 1983. No. 3;

17. same. Autocracy and the abolition of serfdom in Russia. 1856–1861 M., 1984;

18. From the notes of Maria Ageevna Milyutina // Russian antiquity. 1899. Book. one.

19. Jordansky N.I. Constitutional movement of the 60s. SPb., 1906.

20. Kizevetter A.A. Nikolai Alekseevich Milyutin // The Liberation of the Peasants: Reformists. M., 1911.

21. Koni A.F. Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna // The main figures in the liberation of the peasants. SPb., 1903.

22. Peasant business in 1856–1859 An excerpt from the notes of the Senator, Privy Councilor Ya.A. Solovyov // Russian antiquity. 1880. Prince. one.

23. Morozova E.N. Historical and psychological portrait of the reformer's family (on the example of the family of N.A. Milyutin) // Life in the city: private and public. Saratov, 2009.

24. Letter to N.A. Milyutin to Yu.F. Samarin // Russian antiquity. 1880. Prince. one.

25. Russian society 40-50s of the XIX century. M., 1991. Part II. Memoirs of B.N. Chicherin.

26. Semenov N.P. The liberation of the peasants in the reign of Emperor Alexander II. Chronicle of the activities of the commissions on peasant affairs. T. 1.

27. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky P.P. Memoirs. T. 3. The era of the liberation of the peasants in Russia. 1857–1861 Pg., 1915.

28. Suvorova E.Yu. ON THE. Milyutin and his vision of the historical future of Russia // liberation movement in Russia. Saratov, 2003. Issue. twenty;

29. Shestopalov A.P. Nikolai Alekseevich Milyutin // Questions of history. 2004. No. 12;

30. Yakushkin V.E. ON THE. Milyutin and editorial commissions // RS. 1897. No. 10;

In the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the idea of ​​the possibility and feasibility of a redemption operation was actively pursued by N. A. Milyutin and Ya. preparatory work on the peasant case. The Zemsky department was opened on March 4, 1858 under the chairmanship of Comrade Minister A. I. Levshin; Ya. A. Solovyov was appointed an indispensable member of the department, in charge of its affairs, N. A. Milyutin was a member of the department as director of the economic department.

Levshin gave way to Solovyov and Milyutin, of whom the latter soon succeeded him as Deputy Minister.

Milyutin's role was even more responsible and more important. Rostovtsev later put it somehow that Milyutin was the nymph Egeria of the editorial commissions.

In 1856-1857, using an old acquaintance and friendship with Yu.F. Samarin and newer - with K. D. Kavelin, Milyutin, in communication with them, thoroughly prepared for participation in the peasant reform, having at the same time met with the old archival materials. Already in the same 1857, he had several occasions to put forward his views on this matter in conversations with Lansky, with whom he was in frequent contact as director of the economic department.

In his views on the peasant reform, Milyutin shared Samarin's point of view, which the latter substantiated in detail in his articles published in Rural Improvement. Both of them understood the preference for a radical solution of the issue with the help of compulsory redemption, provided, of course, that the peasants were released with the approximate allotments that they used under serfdom, but they were also aware of the dangers and difficulties associated with such an outcome for the state treasury, depleted last war and was at that time in the weak and inexperienced hands of such ministers as Brock, and then Kniazhevich. In any case, Milyutin, together with Samarin, recognized the liberation of the peasants with sufficient land plots as the most important aspect of the reform and was very distrustful of the plans and types of most of the noble provincial committees. Nevertheless, in the demands of the progressive majority of the Tver Provincial Committee, he could not help but see the desire to find a conscientious and radical solution the issue of observing the benefits and interests of not only the landowners, but also the peasants.

In the end, both Lanskoy and Rostovtsev considered it necessary to allow the Tver Committee to complete their plan, and he was allowed, in addition to the project based on the Posen program and which had in mind the arrangement of the peasants in the transitional "urgently obligated" period, to develop a special redemption project, which had in view of the immediate and one-time complete liberation of the peasants from the land. Soon the same permission was given to the Kaluga Committee and 15 others who had not had time to complete their work by that time.

However, it was not given to Milyutin to carry out the reform. 5 weeks after the manifesto on February 19, Count S.S. left his post. Lanskoy; Milyutin, who was appointed senator, left with him. He spent about two years out of work, mostly abroad, until the Polish uprising of 1863 reminded him of him. At an audience with the sovereign on August 31, 1863, he had the opportunity to express his idea of ​​appeasing Poland through a peasant reform. Shortly thereafter, in his capacity as Secretary of State, Imperial Majesty for special assignments assigned by the Highest, he went to the Kingdom of Poland in order to familiarize himself with the state of affairs on the spot; he took Yuri Samarin and Prince Cherkassky with him, and with enthusiasm they began to study the peasant question in Poland. Nevertheless, he had enough time to familiarize himself with the general state of affairs in Warsaw and verify his conclusions with personal observations. He presented the Sovereign with a detailed note on Polish affairs: all his plans were approved.

The starting point for the Polish reforms was to be, according to Milyutin, a new peasant position, which he took up, first of all: now he was not constrained by the need for concessions and could more firmly ensure the improvement of the life of the peasants. On February 19, 1864, the highest decree was issued on the organization of the life of Polish peasants, along with decrees on the organization of rural communes, on the liquidation commission, on the procedure for putting new decrees into effect.

The main features of the Regulations were: the transfer to the ownership of the peasants of all the land they own, the establishment of only a land tax, the permission to buy out servitudes only with the consent of the peasants, the permission to transfer peasant land only to the peasants. The entire composition of the administration was gradually changed. Milyutin put Prince V.A. at the head of the department of internal affairs. Cherkassky, at the head of the peasant business itself - Ya.A. Solovyov; Milyutin himself, appointed Secretary of State for Poland, remained in St. Petersburg the main leader of the whole affair, often going to Warsaw.

In December 1866, the State Chancellor had a meeting on the issue of a concordat with Rome. Upon his return from this meeting, Milyutin was stricken with a nervous shock and had to give up state activity. After that, he lived for three years abroad and two years in Moscow, surrounded by the care of relatives and public respect. January 26, 1872 he died.

Date of death: A place of death:

Nikolai Alekseevich Milyutin(1818-1872) - Russian statesman, one of the main developers of the Peasant Reform of 1861; Privy Councilor (August 30, 1860), Senator (April 21, 1861), Secretary of State (January 1, 1864). Member of the Council of State (January 1, 1865 - March 9, 1867).

Biography

Origin. Beginning of public service

He came from a poor noble family. Son of Alexei Mikhailovich Milyutin (-) and Elizaveta Dmitrievna Kiseleva (-). He was educated at the Noble Boarding School at Moscow University. In his young and youthful years, he was under the strong influence of his parents and uncle, Count P. D. Kiselev.

He was appointed director of the economic department. In this post, he carried out large-scale work on the statistical survey of Russia, the results of which were published in a number of works published under his editorship in 1838-1864. (see below). Initiated a study of fair trade in the south (carried out by I. S. Aksakov), statistics, political institutions and finances of the Kingdom of Poland. The department actively collected the data necessary for the development of the peasant reform. Member of the Special Committee to discuss petitions received from many provinces for the provision of various benefits and bonds on the occasion of the Eastern war and crop failures (1856).

Peasant reform developer

... the standing swamp swayed a little
You haven't slept for a minute.
If only the hot iron would not cool down,
You forged without looking back.

What will I do wrong and what will I not finish,
Thought they would fix it later.
Roughly forged you, but a skillful hand
It is visible to this day in everything.

In 1856, Milyutin filed a note “Preliminary thoughts on the structure of relations between landowners and peasants”, in which he proposed, referring to the reform carried out in Prussia, to release the peasants with land allotments for a ransom.

In the second half of the 1850s. enters the circle of Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna, approaches Vel. book. Konstantin Nikolayevich and Minister of the Interior S. S. Lansky, after whose guarantee "as for himself" he was appointed Deputy Minister (1859) and became the head of the work on the preparation of the peasant reform. Occupying liberal and Slavophile positions, with the support of Vel. book. Konstantin Nikolaevich, S. S. Lansky and Emperor Alexander II opposed the position of most of the provincial committees on peasant affairs. After the publication of the Manifesto on the liberation of the peasants from serfdom, together with Count S. S. Lansky, he resigned. Appointed as a senator.

State Secretary for Poland

On August 31, 1863, at an audience with the Sovereign, he came up with a plan to pacify the Kingdom of Poland. As Secretary of State of His Imperial Majesty for special assignments, together with Yu. F. Samarin and Prince V. A. Cherkassky, he led the "pacification" of Poland; jointly developed a number of proposals approved by the emperor, including the Regulation of February 19, 1864, allocating land to Polish peasants. Put into effect by the Highest Decrees of February 19, 1864 on the organization of the life of Polish peasants; on the organization of rural communes, on the liquidation commission, on the procedure for the introduction of new regulations.

The main features of the Milyutin-Samarin-Cherkassky reform were the transfer to the ownership of the peasants of all the land that they own, the establishment of only one land tax, the permission to buy out easements only with the consent of the peasants, the permission to transfer the peasant land only to the peasants.

Being appointed Secretary of State for Poland, together with the chief director of the government commission of internal affairs, Prince. V.A. Cherkassky and Ya.A. judicial reform. He pursues a sharp anti-papal policy: the secularization of Catholic monasteries with a reduction in the number of monks, the abolition of the patronage of large owners over churches, seeks to limit the power of bishops over priests. In 1866, he seeks a decision to abolish the concordat with the papacy.

last years of life

According to contemporaries, he had an explosive character and was a difficult person to communicate, for which he received the nickname "red". Based on the nature of his activities, as well as the circle of his friends and associates, he adhered to the Slavophiles by conviction.

Family

Wife - Maria Aggeevna Abaza (-), children: Yuri (-) and Praskovya (Polina) (1857-1929), Maria (1858-not earlier than 1897), Elena (1864-1941).

January 26, 1872 Milyutin died. He was buried in Moscow at the cemetery of the Novodevichy Convent. On February 7, 1872, his widow was granted a pension of 5,000 rubles a year, and his daughters were entitled to a maintenance of 2,000 rubles a year until marriage.

Proceedings

  • Social structure and economy of cities. (2 volumes) - 1838, 1858.
  • Extract from the collection of materials on the "Government statistics of Russia" - "The number of urban and agricultural settlements in Russia" (in the "Collection of statistical information about Russia" (1851, book 1))
  • Essay on the Nizhny Novgorod Fair. - 1858.
  • Bank debts and the situation of the provinces in 1856 - 1859.
  • Information about orders of public charity. - 1860.
  • Information on the prices of land sold at public auction from January 1, 1854 to January 1, 1859 - St. Petersburg, 1859.
  • Information about the prices of empty land in free sale from 1856 to 1858. - St. Petersburg, 1860.
  • Research in the Kingdom of Poland. - 1863 - 64.

see also

Notes

Literature

  1. N. A. Milyutin. obituaries. - M., 1873.
  2. Anatole Leroy-Beaulieu "Un homme d'etat russe". - Paris, 1884.
  3. N. A. Milyutin. - "Russian Antiquity", 1880, 1.
  4. Shcherbalsky P. N. A. Milyutin and the peasant reform in Poland. - "Russian Bulletin", 1882, 10-12, otd., Moscow, 1883.
  5. The main figures of the liberation of the peasants. Ed. S. A. Vengerova. - St. Petersburg, 1903.
  6. Kizevetter, in the collection "The Liberation of the Peasants. Reformists. - M., 1911.
  7. D. N. Shilov. Members of the State Council Russian Empire 1801-1906 . SPb., 2007, pp. 497-501.

Links

  • // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.

Categories:

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    Milyutin Nikolai Alekseevich- famous statesman, brother D.A. Milyutin. Born June 6, 1818; He was educated in a noble boarding school at Moscow University. In 1835, he entered the service of the Ministry of the Interior, where, thanks exclusively to ... ... Biographical Dictionary

    Milyutin Nikolai Alekseevich-, Russian statesman. Brother of V. A. and D. A. Milyutins. He graduated from the Noble Boarding School at Moscow University. From 1835 he served in the Ministry of the Interior. According to political views ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

    Milyutin Nikolai Alekseevich- (1818 72) Russian statesman. Brother of D. A. Milyutin. Belonged to a group of liberal bureaucrats. In 1859, 61 comrades of the Minister of the Interior, the actual leader of the work on the preparation of the peasant reform of 1861. Led ... ... Big encyclopedic Dictionary

    Milyutin Nikolai Alekseevich- (1818 1872), statesman. Brother of D. A. Milyutin. He belonged to the group of "liberal bureaucrats". In 1859, 61 comrades of the Minister of the Interior, the actual leader of the work on the preparation of the peasant reform of 1861. He led the peasant ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

    Milyutin Nikolai Alekseevich- Nikolai Alekseevich Milyutin statesman, developer of the Great Reforms ser. XIX Art. Date of birth: June 6, 1818 Place of birth ... Wikipedia

    Milyutin, Nikolai Alekseevich- the famous statesman of the era of transformation, brother of D. A. Milyutin; born in 1818; was educated in a noble boarding school at Moscow University, in 1835 he entered the service of the Ministry of the Interior, where, thanks to ... ... Big biographical encyclopedia

(1818-1872) - nephew of the largest reformer of the era of the reign of Nicholas I P. D. Kiselev, brother of Minister of War D. A. Milyutin. He graduated from the Noble boarding school at the Moscow University. In 1835 he entered the service of the Ministry of the Interior. In 1852 he became director of the economic department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. At the same time, he took an active part in the work of the Statistical Department of the Russian Geographic Society, under his leadership a number of statistical studies, an 8-volume publication on urban settlements in Russia was published. In the mid 50s. begins his active participation in the preparation of the peasant reform. He outlined his views in the "Note" on the liberation of the peasants on the estate of the aunt of Alexander II, Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna. The leading idea of ​​the "Notes" was that the peasants should be freed with a land plot, which they redeem as property.

At the beginning of 1859, Alexander II, at the urgent request of the Minister of the Interior, S. S. Lanskoy, appointed Milyutin as a temporary comrade (deputy) of the Minister of the Interior. He played a prominent role in the work of the Editorial Commissions (1859-1860), which directly prepared the peasant reform. Possessing an explosive temperament, he, like no one else, brought a strong personal beginning to the business, not allowing like-minded people to stop halfway.

Milyutin was distinguished by his vast knowledge, rare ability to work, possessed an oratorical gift, courage, talent as an organizer, a clear vision of the goal and perseverance in achieving it, that is, such a combination of qualities that creates statesmen in the full sense of the word. His thought worked not from the peasantry or the nobility to the state, but vice versa - from top to bottom. Order, in his opinion, could only be established as a result of strict guardianship of all sections of the population by the authorities. Under this tutelage, through local self-government, the citizens of Russia were to gradually gain experience in political and economic work. Only after that it was possible to talk about the democratization of the system. His political credo was expressed by the words: "reform in our country can only be carried out by the government" and "strong government does not exclude either the personal freedom of citizens or self-government."

Nevertheless, Milyutin's relationship with the emperor was tense. In the eyes of the feudal lords, Nikolai Alekseevich was "red", and the emperor never forgot this. In April 1861, Milyutin received his resignation and a paid annual leave to improve his health. He spent about two years abroad. He was clearly aware of the precariousness of his position, declaring after his resignation: “It is still good that they removed me with honor and escorted me abroad; still progress; under Anna Ivanovna they would cut out my tongue and exile me to Siberia.

At the end of 1863, Milyutin returned to the service, participated in the development of the Zemstvo reform (1864). In 1864, on behalf of Alexander II, he carried out an agrarian reform in the Kingdom of Poland, which was more radical and consistent than in Russia. In January 1865 he was introduced to the State Council. In 1866 he was the chief head of the office for the affairs of the Kingdom of Poland. In 1867 he retired due to illness.

MILYUTIN NIKOLAI ALEKSEEVICH - Russian statesman, Privy Councilor (1860).

Nobleman. Brother D.A. Mi-lu-ti-na, ple-myan-nick P.D. Ki-se-le-wa. He graduated from the Bla-go-rod-ny pan-si-on at Moscow University (1835). Then he served in the Economic Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs: in 1842-1849, the head of his temporary office for the installation of the city economy, from 1849 vi-tse-di-rek-tor, in 1853-1861 director-rek-tor. Go-to-vil prak-ti-che-ski all the important documents for the Minister of the Interior, Count L.A. Per-rov-th. One of the li-de-ditch "li-be-ral-nyh bureau-ro-kra-tov": together with K.D. Ka-ve-li-nym or-ga-ni-zo-shaft circle-zhok edi-no-mouse-len-ni-kov in St. Peter-ter-burg-ge; was close to the Grand Duke Kon-stan-ti-nu Ni-ko-lae-vi-chu, active but participating in the activities of the Russian Geographical Society, as well as to the great Princess Barely Pavlov-not. He believed that the main driving force of social transformations should be the power of them-pe-ra-to-ra, based on on bureau-ro-kra-tia and on rational knowledge about go-su-dar-st-ve, standing above part-st-us-mi in-te-re-sa- mi separate groups. According to la-gal, it’s the same that the pra-vi-tel-st-vo should take upon itself the ini-tsia-ti-vu of the construction of the center-tri-st-pro-pra- affirmative party for up-ro-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-y and pre-dot-rotation-o-o-o-o-tion in poly -tic party.

In 1843-1845, he was a member of the Commission for the on-cher-ta-niya of the projects of pre-ob-ra-zo-va-niya of the city su-deb-noy part. Ru-ko-vo-dil raz-ra-bot-koy pro-ek-ta re-form-we of the city sa-mo-management-le-tion on na-cha-lah all-with-words-no-sti and property price (re-li-zo-van in Go-ro-do-vom according to the same 1846 for St. Peter-ter-burg-ha). In 1846-1857, he was a member of the Commission for the introduction of a new public device in St. Peterburg. Since 1847, a member of the Committee for reviewing the new-in-go ta-mo-women-no-go ta-ri-fa (introduced in 1850), since 1851 - the Committee at the 5th from-de-le-nii of His Own Imperial Majesty of the can-tse-la-rii for the-cher-ta-niya in-st-ruc-tion on the two-re-nii of the ev-re-ev on bread-bo-pa-she-st-vo (ut-ver-zh-de-na in 1852).

One of the basics of practical sta-ti-sti-ki, used in public administration. In 1843-1844, he studied at the ra-bo-those of the statistic department with the co-ve-those of the Minister of the Interior. Pod-go-to-vil “Sta-ti-sti-che-sky at-las of European Russia” (1850), pub-li-ko-val data on the number urban and agricultural settlements in Russia and completed by him the first density map of the village of European Russia these (“Collection of sta-ti-sti-che-sky sve-de-ni about Russia”, book 1, 1851), co-sta-vil in-st-ruc-tion for statistical ex -pe-di-tsy (or-ga-ni-zo-you-va-lis since 1852), ru-ko-vo-dil from yes-ni-em on the 1st release of their work- Dov (“About so-hundred-ve and movement-same-nii on-se-le-niya along the gu-ber-ni-yams of Ni-zhe-go-rod-sky and Yaroslavl-sky”, 1861) . Under the leadership of Milyutin, under-go-tov-le-na, there are also other statistical publications: “General-st-ven-noe device-swarm and household -st-in-cities" (volumes 1-2, 1859), "Information about prices on lands sold from a public ha from January 1, 1854 to January 1, 1859" (1859), Noah pro-yes in 1856-1858" (1860), "Urban villages in the Russian Empire" (volumes 1-2, 1860 ).

In 1856, Milyutin, in the manner of Grand Duchess Elena Pav-lov-na, co-stated the project of os-in-bo-zh-de-nia from cre-by-st-noy for -vi-si-mo-sti kre-st-yan of her estate Kar-lov-ka in Kon-stan-ti-no-grad-sky district of Poltava province. Do-ka-zy-val that cre-po-st-nye from-but-she-niya "not-you-are-us-for-us-pe-hov on-kind-no-go-owner-st- wa, harm-us for up-ro-che-niya general-st-ven-noy temper-st-ven-no-sti and not-with-together-ti-we with bla-go-us-t- swarm-st-vom go-su-dar-st-ven-nym. In general terms, sform-mu-li-ro-val, strategic principles-qi-py from me-we-cre-by-st-no-go-pra-va (later co-hundred -wee-whether the basis of the government program): in degree, glasnost “under non-medium-st-ven-nym over-zo-rum pr-vi-tel-st-va", os-in-bo-zh-de-nie kre-st-yan for you-kup with the earth in-from-be-zha-nie-yav-le-niya class-sa "home-less rural pro-le-ta-ri-ev, always on-go-dy-shchih-ing in bro-zh-nii and go-to-to become weapons-di -I eat in-li-ti-che-sky unrest and re-re-in-ro-tov. He considered that the new draft owners in the future should be on-de-lying with land from the fund of free state lands . One of the main de-te-lei during the under-go-tov-ke of the kre-st-yan-re-for-we of 1861, later - its real-li-za-tion (member of Re-dak-qi -on-nyh co-missions in 1859-1960, member of the Main-no-go-ko-mi-te-ta on the establishment of a swarm-st-ve rural state in 1864-1866 years). Performing the affairs of the Minister of the Interior (1859-1861; from-right-lena to resign, in order to relieve tension between the right-wing tel-st-vom and in-me-st-noble-ryan-st-vom, not-to-free from-me-cre-by-st-no-go right). Member of the Commission under the Ministry of Finance for na-cher-ta-niya projects of the device-swarm-st-va of zem-sky banks (1859-1860) and about credit -nyh bi-le-tah (since 1860). Se-na-tor (1861).

Chairman of the Commission on the provincial and county uch-re-zh-de-ni-yah under the Ministry of Internal Affairs (1859-1861), about-ra-zo-van-noy for development bot-ki pro-ek-ta re-for-we me-st-no-go management and self-management. He considered not-about-ho-di-mym under-chi-thread the power of gu-ber-na-to-ra “kol-le-gi-al-no-mu over-zo-ru”, do-beat- sya one-st-va in the dei-st-vi-yah of the gu-Bern uch-re-g-de-ny, as well as from-de-pour ad-mi-ni-st-ra-tiv- but-by-li-tsey power from the ho-zyay-st-ven-no-race-by-regulatory administration, re-giving it to the new org-ha-us sa- mo-management-le-niya - zem-st-you (the ideas of Milyutin are partly-tich-but real-li-zo-va-ny in the zemstvo re-form of 1864).

In September / October 1863, at the time of the Polish revolt of 1863-1864, on the right-leaf by Emperor Alek-san-drom II in Var-sha-vu with special half-but-mo-chia-mi. Sub-go-to-vil project on a temporary military-en-but-po-lycei-management in the Tsar-st-ve of Poland (ut-ver-zhd in 1863), as well as the kre-st-yan-sky re-form in the Tsar-st-ve Pol-sky in 1864 (together with Yu.F. Sa-ma-ri-ny and V.A. Cher-kas- skim). In 1864, he was appointed stats-sec-re-ta-rem of His Imperial Majesty, a member of the Committee on De Lamas of the Kingdom of Poland, again ko-man-di-ro-van in Var -sha-woo with the right to attend in the Council of Administration and in the ar-ra-zo-van-ny Establishing Committee of the Tsar-st-va Polish-go-go (in 1865, three-railroads on-right-lyal-sya in Var-sha-vo - for control over the course of the Kre-st-yan-sky and other reforms ; pro-ve-de-niya ra-bot according to upo-rya-to-che-ni fi-nan-so-vy races-che-tov between them-pe-ri-her and Tsar-st- vom Pol-sky; re-view-re-re-niya of ma-te-ria-lov Special-fight of the commission-missions on a new raz-gra-ni-che-niyu gu-ber-niy and county dov of the Tsar-st-va of Poland and the pre-ob-ra-zo-va-niyu of the me-st-no-go administration). Do-bi-val-sya-inclusion-of the system-te-we about-ra-zo-va-tion of the Tsar-st-va of Poland in the general-im-per-sky system-te- mu, reducing the influence of the personal church. According to his ini-tsia-ti-ve ka-za-mi of Emperor Alek-san-dr II in 1864, for-the-roof-you-many-personal mo-on-sta-ri, their lands whether from-bran-na to the kaz-well, and the earth-whether at-hod-sky kos-te-lov se-ku-la-ri-zo-va-ny and re-re-da-ny in rent-du fortress-I-us; from the field of early education, you-tes-not-but some-personal spirit-ho-ve-st-vo. Member of the State Council (since 1865), in 1866 supported the de-non-sa-tion con-cor-da-ta of 1847 with Wa-ti-ka-nom. The chief head of His Imperial Majesty's own can-tse-la-rii for de-lams of the Tsar-st-va of Poland (1866-1867).

Na-gra-zh-den or-de-nom Alek-san-d-ra Nev-sko-go (1867).

Compositions:

Investigation of the Russian cities // Zhur-nal Mi-ni-ster-st-va of internal affairs. 1844. No. 6-7;

Abolition du ser vage en Russie. P., 1863;

Research-to-va-nia in the Tsar-st-ve of Poland, according to you-so-tea-she-mu in-ve-le-ni pro-from-ve-den-nye under ru-ko- in-dstvo se-na-to-ra, stats-sec-re-ta-rya N. A. Mi-lu-ti-na. SPb., 1863-1866. T. 1-6;

On the establishment of an educational unit in the Tsar-st-ve of Poland. SPb., 1864.

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