Kasimov Khanate on a modern map. Kasimov Khanate (Kasimov kingdom). From ancient Russia to the Russian Empire
This inheritance was granted by the Grand Duke Vasily II the Dark to Tsarevich Kasim. The Khanate throughout its existence was a faithful vassal of the Muscovite state.
Dynasty of Kazan Ulu-Muhammad, 1452-1486
According to some sources, the Kazan tsar Ulu-Muhammad either in the fall of 1445 or at the beginning of 1446 was killed by his son Makhmutek, who sat on the throne. After that, the younger brothers of Makhmutek Kasim and Yakub fled to the "Cherkasy land", and from there in the autumn of 1446 they came to Moscow. Kasim served in the army for several years, after which the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily II granted him the inheritance of the Meshchersky town. Thus, a new Tatar possession arose, known in history as the Kasimov kingdom.
Kasym (Kasim) 1452-1469
Daniyar (Daniyar) 1469-1486
Dynasty of the Crimean Gireys, 1486 - until 1512
Hyp ad-daula 1486 - c. 1491
Satylgan ok. 1491-to 1508
Janai before 1508-before 1512
The dynasty of the Astrakhan Khan's House, until 1512-1600
Sheikh-Auliar before 1512-before 1516
Shah-Achi 1516-1519
Jan-Ali 1519-1532
Shah Ali (secondary) 1532-1567
Sait-Bulat (Simeon) 1567-1573
Mustafa-Ali (Michael) 1573-1600
The dynasty of the Siberian Khan's house (Shibanids), 1600-1718
Uraz-Muhammad (killed by order of False Dmitry II) 1600-1610
Alp-Arslan 1614-1627
Sayid-Burkhan (Vasily) 1627-1679
Fatima Sultan 1679-ca. 1681
Liquidation of inheritance.
Vasily mind. 1718
After the death in 1718 of the last Tsarevich Vasily of Kasimov, his relatives were ordered to be titled princes.
Used materials of the book: Sychev N.V. Book of dynasties. M., 2008. p. 682-683.
The Kasimov "kingdom" is a specific possession of the Tatar khans as part of the Russian state with a center in the city of Kasimov. It arose in the middle of the 15th century and existed for more than 200 years. It was ruled by the Tatar "tsars" or princes (khans), appointed by the Russian government. The first khan was Qasim Tregub , to whom the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily II the Dark for the military services rendered to him by the Kazan prince gave the city of Gorodets Meshchersky with a parish, forming a so. this "kingdom" in contrast to the Kazan Khanate that appeared then, which was rapidly gaining strength and threatening the southeastern border of the Moscow state. The artificially created Kasimov "kingdom" with an ethnically heterogeneous local population, in which the newcomer Tatars were a small minority, did not have any political independence. All the affairs of the "kingdom" were actually controlled by the governors appointed from the Ambassadorial order. The Kasimov khans received salaries from the Moscow government and from the Ryazan princes; the local Mordovian and Meshchera population paid them yasak. Moreover, the khans owned land on the basis of customary local law. The prince of Kasimov also received a cash quitrent from the farmers of the lakes, a natural quitrent of honey from the beekeepers, tavern and customs fees (except for the fees for the city of Kasimov, which went to the central treasury). In 1681, the Kasimov "kingdom" was annexed to the palace volosts.
Used materials from the book: Boguslavsky V.V., Burminov V.V. Rus of the Ruriks. Illustrated historical dictionary.
Specific principality on the Oka in the 2nd half. XV- XVII centuries. It was allocated by the Moscow princes to the Tatar "tsars" and "princes", who were transferred to the Russian service, was abolished in 1681.
The center of the Kasimov kingdom is the city of Kasimov (in the modern Ryazan region on the Oka River), founded in 1152 under the name Gorodets-Meshchersky, since 1474 - Kasimov.
The first owner of these lands was Kasim Khan (1469+), the son of the Kazan Khan Ulu-Mohammed, who went to the service of the Grand Duke of Moscow
Vasily II Vasilyevich the Dark
in 1446.
At Ivan IV Vasilyevich the Terrible The Kasimov tsar was Simeon Bekbulatovich (1616+), a baptized Tatar who, by a strange whim of Ivan the Terrible, became in 1575 the "Grand Duke of All Russia" and was the nominal ruler of the Russian state (see below).
Having executed many boyars, the Chudov archimandrite, the archpriest and many other people of all ranks, Ivan the Terrible installed Simeon Bekbulatovich as tsar in Moscow and crowned him with a royal crown, and he called himself Ivan of Moscow, left the city and began to live on Petrovka; he gave all his royal rank to Simeon, and he himself rode simply, like a boyar, in shafts, and whenever Simeon came, he sat down with the boyars far from the king's place. Grozny ordered all letters and petitions to be written in the name of Simeon.
Some explain this by Grozny's desire to humiliate the zemstvo and especially the boyars hated by him; others suggest that he wanted, under the name of Simeon, to give full rein to his unbridled cruelty; finally, still others see this act as a pathological phenomenon. Two years later, Simeon was exiled from Moscow and given him control over Tver and Torzhok.
At Boris Godunov Simeon Bekbulatovich was subjected to disgrace and even blinded, was returned from exile to the reign, was tonsured a monk and died at a ripe old age.
Kasimov
KASIMOV, a city in Ryazan Oblast It is located in the eastern part of the Meshcherskaya lowland, a pier on the left bank of the Oka, at the confluence of the river. Babenki. Population 38 thousand people, Founded in 1152 by the prince Yuri Dolgoruky. Until 1471 it was called Gorodets-Meshchersky; renamed to Kasimov after leading. book. Moscow Vasily II the Dark presented it to the Tatar Khan Kasim, who fled from the Golden Horde and was accepted into the Russian service in 1446. From Ser. 15th century until 1681 the center of the Kasimov kingdom - a specific principality on the Oka.
TATAR KHAN ON THE MOSCOW THRONE
R.G. Skrynnikov
Chapter from the book "Ivan the Terrible" Publishing house "Science" Moscow, 1975
Three years have passed, and the memory of the oprichnina has faded somewhat. The subjects began to forget about the extravagant undertaking of the king. But the air smelled of a new oprichnina, when in 1575 Grozny renounced the crown for the second time and placed on the throne the serving Tatar Khan Simeon Bekbulatovich. The Tatar moved into the royal mansions, and the "great sovereign" moved to the Arbat. Now he traveled around Moscow “just like the boyars”, in the Kremlin palace he settled at a distance from the “grand prince”, who sat on a magnificent throne, and humbly listened to his decrees.
Terrible's abdication was preceded by a long chain of events. The most dramatic of them took place backstage. Sources remain silent on this matter, and only the Synod of the Disgraced opens the edge of the veil. The following entry can be found in the synodic: "Remember, Lord, Prince Boris Tulupov, Prince Volodimer, Prince Andrey, Prince Nikitou Tulupova, Mikhailo Pleshcheev, Vasily Umnaya, Alexei, Fyodor Starovo, Orinou Mansurov ... Yakov Mansurov." It was no coincidence that the compiler of the Synod put these people together on one page of the memorial book. It can be established that they all served in the oprichnina, and then moved to the "yard" of Grozny (after the dissolution of the oprichnina, the so-called yard replaced the oprichnina security corps). In the "yard" service, only especially trusted persons labored. Their number did not exceed several hundred. The people named above occupied a special position in the new court. A year before the coronation of Simeon, the tsar celebrated his wedding with Anna Vasilchikova. There were few invitees on it: the chosen ones from the chosen ones. But here's what's interesting: at the wedding, all those who soon found themselves among the disgraced feasted merrily. No one suspected how short the path would be for them from the wedding table to the scaffold. Shortly before the wedding, Grozny visited the Torture Yard and asked the boyar serfs who were burned on fire: "Which of our boyars are cheating on us?" And he himself began to suggest names: "Vasily Umnoy, Prince Boris Tulupov, Mstislavsky? .." The Tsar began with his closest advisers, who were standing next to him right there in the Torture Yard. He was joking, but his words made the boyars' blood run cold.
The synodics contain not just high-ranking officials of the court. Acquaintance with their biographies convinces us that we have before us the leaders of the first post-oprichne government. It included Prince Boris Tulupov, who made a dizzying career. At first he was a modest squire who carried the royal self-propelled gun, and after a year or two he was a member of the nearby royal council, who handled affairs of national importance. Next to Tulupov, Vasily Umnoy is recorded in the synodic. This one was Skuratov's successor. With such zeal, he continued the search for boyar treason begun by Malyuta that he was immediately granted the "yard" boyars. All of his numerous relatives, the Kolychevs, followed Clever into the "yard".
We do not know anything or know very little about the strife that split the top of the "court" shortly before Simeon's appearance on the scene. One thing is obvious. As a result of the split, power passed to the extreme elements, who insisted on a return to oprichny methods of government. The first symptoms of a conflict within the "yard" leadership can be caught in the sharp parochial disputes between the Kolychevs, on the one hand, and the Godunovs and Saburovs, on the other. The boyar F.I. Smart hopelessly lost the lawsuit with the boyar B.Yu. Saburov and was betrayed to him by the "head". His own brother boyar V.I.Umnoy defended himself with difficulty against the parochial claims of the bed-keeper D.I.Godunov.
After the execution of B.D. Tulupov, his old estate went to "disgrace" Boris Godunov . We will never know what kind of insult Godunov suffered from the favorite, but the offender paid the bill in full, landing on the stake. It would not be superfluous to recall that the property of the disgraced was usually divided between the treasury and the scammer. Boris tried to get rid of the unjustly acquired estate. As soon as Grozny died, he transferred the Tulupov estate to a monastery with an order to forever commemorate the two brothers Vasily and Fyodor the Smart, Prince Boris Tulupov and his mother Anna. Fyodor Smart ended his life in a monastery, and Anna Tulupova, according to eyewitnesses, was put to a painful execution on the day of her son's death. Being involved in the disgrace of all the named persons, Boris ordered them all to be commemorated on August 2, obviously, on the day of the execution described by the Synod.
So, the king sent the leaders of the first post-oprichan government to the scaffold on August 2, 1575. The executions served as an impetus for the investigation of the second Novgorod "changeable" case. The machine of terror set in motion could not stop. Many members of the "court" were arrested. Among them was Yelisey Bomeley, Grozny's personal physician. "Fierce Magus" Elisha left a bad memory of himself among the people. He rendered the tsar services of the dirtiest kind, preparing poisons for the courtiers who fell into disgrace, and he poisoned some of them, for example, Grigory the Gryazny, with his own hands. Bomeley became the first royal astrologer. He introduced the king to the unfavorable position of the stars and predicted all sorts of troubles for him, and then "opened" the ways of salvation. Grozny had complete confidence in his adviser. In the end, the astrologer became entangled in the networks of his own intrigues and decided to flee Russia. Having taken the road trip in the name of his servant, Bomeley went to the border, having previously sewn all his gold into the lining of his dress. But in Pskov, a suspicious foreigner was seized and brought in chains to Moscow. Grozny was amazed at his pet's betrayal and ordered him to be roasted on a huge spit. Under torture, Bomeley slandered the Novgorod Archbishop Leonid and many noble people. Contrary to the legend, the "sorcerer" and "sorcerer" taught the tsar to kill the boyars not out of ill will, but out of weakness, because he could not bear the torture.
The Englishman Horsey, who saw how the half-dead doctor was taken from the Torture Yard to the prison, told curious details about the last days of the adventurer. According to him, the tsar instructed his son Ivan and close associates, who were suspected of conspiring with a life physician, to interrogate Bomelei. With the help of these courtiers, Bomel hoped to get out of trouble. When the "sorcerer" saw that his friends had betrayed him, he spoke and showed much more than what the king wanted to know. Among the people slandered by him was a prominent courtier P. M. Yuryev, the second cousin of the heir. His name is recorded in the synod. As can be established, the Novgorod Archbishop Leonid "reposed" in the sovereign's disgrace on October 20, 1575, and four days later the executioner beheaded Zakharyin-Yuriev. All this was no coincidence.
New bloody executions in Moscow were connected with the Novgorod case, the main character of which was Archbishop Leonid. The archbishop belonged to that circle of clergy who maintained close friendship, first with the oprichnina, and then with the court. Using the full confidence of the king, he took the throne of Novgorod after the oprichnina defeat of Novgorod. Leonid subordinated the local church to the goals of the oprichnina administration, which at that time was headed by Alexei Staroy. (Probably, the fact that Staroy was executed on the eve of the trial of Leonid was not a mere accident.) According to contemporaries, the fate of the Novgorod archbishop was shared by two other high-ranking clergy. Their names are recorded in a short synod of the sovereign's disgraced in the same list as Leonid: "Archbishop Leonid, Archimandrite Evfimy, Archimandrite Joseph Simonovsky." Evfimy headed the Kremlin Chudov Monastery. Chronicles mention that he died with Leonidas. These individuals were indeed closely related. During the years of the oprichnina, Levkiy, the famous henchman of the tsar, who brought the curse of Kurbsky, sat in the Chudov Monastery. Leuky gave the miter to Leonidas, who made Euthymius his successor. This whole circle of people has stained itself with cooperation with the oprichnina. The Archimandrite of the Simonov Monastery also belonged to him. The named monastery received a special honor: he was enrolled in the oprichnina.
The obedient clergy turned a blind eye to the tsar's multiple marriages and other sins against church rules. But the cordial agreement came to an end when Grozny announced a complete ban on land donations in favor of large monasteries. The king did not hide the fact that he was annoyed by yesterday's favorites. The monks of the Simonov and Chudov monasteries, the tsar wrote two years before the executions, only by the clothes of the monks, and they do everything in a worldly way, everyone sees it. The archimandrites set a bad example for the brethren. The tsar was informed that the Simonov archimandrite, "not even though he was in the archimandrites and intent, took communion with the demon of the patricheli, but said, but with unconsciousness." The monks could count on indulgence if it was about one indiscretion. But other charges were brought against them. The tsar was angry with his pilgrims for "chasing" the boyars, slyly justifying himself by the fact that without boyar gifts their cloisters would become impoverished. In the old days, Grozny wrote, "many saints did not chase after the boyars," but now the monks know each other and make friends with the seditious boyars. Did Leonid and the archimandrites suffer for their friendship with the executed yard boyars?
The death of Leonidas gave rise to many legends. Some interpreted that the tsar tore off the lord's clothes ("san") and "sewn up with a bear (sewn into a bear's skin), hunted down with dogs." According to another version, Leonid was "strangled" on the square in front of the Assumption Cathedral in the Kremlin. But the most knowledgeable az of the authors - the Englishman Horsey - claims that the court sentenced Leonid to death, and the king pardoned him and replaced the death penalty with eternal imprisonment. Vladyka was put in a cellar on bread and water, and he soon died. At the trial, Gorsey notes, Leonid was accused of practicing witchcraft and keeping witches in Novgorod. After the trial, the witches were burned. Can Horsey's story be trusted? Is there any fiction here? A small detail leaves no doubt about this. We have; referring to the commemorative record of the Synod: "Remember, Lord, there are 15 wives in Novgorod, and the sorcerers say." Before us are the very sorceresses of Leonid, about whom Horsey spoke.
The court condemned Leonid as a heretic and state criminal. The archbishop allegedly maintained treacherous ties with the Polish and Swedish kings. The accusations were so innocent that they could be believed only in the end by frightened people. The king was afraid of the objections of influential church circles and resorted to blackmail. In the inventory of the tsarist archive, one can find an indication of a detective case "about the Moscow Metropolitan Anthony and about the Krutitsa Bishop Tarasy in 7083 and 7084." The most remarkable thing is the date of the search. The year 7083 ended on August 31, and the year 7084 began on September 1, 1575. Consequently, the tsar blackmailed the metropolitan at the very time when preparations for the trial of Leonid were in full swing.
Some historians saw in the abdication of the Terrible and the transfer of the throne to Khan Simeon a game or a fad, the meaning of which was unclear, and the political significance was negligible. The above facts show that the abdication of Ivan the Terrible was connected with a serious internal crisis. The second Novgorod case compromised many high-ranking officials from among the boyars and princes of the church. Fear of general betrayal haunted the king like a nightmare. He longed for reprisals against the conspirators, but no longer had a reliable military force. "The Yard" did not justify the hopes placed on it. The main leaders of the "court" were accused of high treason - and ended their lives on the chopping block.
The main difficulty faced by Grozny and his entourage, however, was something else. The abolition of the oprichnina annulled those unlimited powers with which the decree on the oprichnina vested the king. No one could prevent Grozny from executing his closest people from the "court". He achieved the condemnation of some influential church hierarchs who were not popular in the Zemstvo because of complicity with the oprichnina. But the tsar did not dare to raise his hand against the powerful zemstvo vassals, without the consent of the Boyar Duma and the church leadership. Oprichnaya thunderstorm weakened, but did not crush the boyar aristocracy. Tsar Ivan still had to conform his actions with the opinion of the nobility. It was risky to completely ignore the Boyar Duma, especially at the moment when it turned out that the tsar's security corps - his "court" - was not reliable enough. Apparently, the tsar and his entourage puzzled for a long time over how, without the consent of the Duma, to revive the oprichnina regime and at the same time maintain the appearance of legality in the Russian state, until the penchant for jokes and mystification prompted the tsar the right decision. A new face appeared on the stage - Grand Duke Simeon. The tragedy suddenly turned into a farce.
Little is known about the personality of Sain Bulat Bekbulatovich. He played a role for which a weak and mediocre man was best suited. Grozny did whatever he wanted with his assistant khan. First, he put him on the "kingdom" in Kasimov, then brought him from the Muslim specific principality, baptized him, renamed him Simeon and married the widowed daughter of Prince Mstislavsky. The serving Tatar Khan, yesterday's Basurman, did not enjoy influence in the boyar and church environment. But the Terrible was impressed by Simeon's royal origin, and even more by his complete obedience, and he put him at the head of the Zemstvo Duma. And yet, the assistant khan did not have sufficient authority to single-handedly decide matters on behalf of the Boyar Duma. To overcome this difficulty, Grozny announced his abdication in favor of Simeon and proclaimed the head of the Boyar Duma "the Grand Duke of All Russia." Then, without much trouble, he received from his protege consent to the introduction of a state of emergency in the country. With the transition to the "destiny" Prince Ivanets of Moscow (as the Terrible now called himself) no longer had to turn to the Duma. He clothed his decrees in the form of petitions addressed to the Grand Duke.
Immediately after the death of Archbishop Leonid of Novgorod, Ivan IV submitted his first petition to Simeon with a request that he "show mercy, loosen the little people to sort out the boyars and nobles and the children of the boyar and yard people, if you would make others free to send, and others would be freed to accept." The petition put the "grand prince" in a clearly unequal position with the "specific prince". Ivanets Moskovsky could accept any of the subjects of the "Grand Duke" Simeon into the "destiny", while Simeon was categorically forbidden to accept service people from the "destiny". The newly organized "specific" army was like two peas in a pod like the old oprichnina guard. The nobles, taken into the "appanage", lost their estates in the zemshchina and received land in return on the territory of the "appanage" principality. The newly-appeared "specific" prince passed over in silence the question of the delimitation of the grand-ducal and "specific" possessions, leaving it entirely to his own discretion. Ivanets Moskovsky purposely composed his petition in such terms in order to convince his subjects that it was not a question of a new division of the state into zemshchina, but of the oprichnina, but only about another reorganization of the "court" and "enumeration of little people."
On the eve of the first oprichnina, the tsar left the capital before announcing his abdication. On the eve of the second oprichnina, Grozny did not want to leave Moscow and took the royal crown and other regalia into the "specific" treasury. Explaining his unusual act to the English envoy, Ivan said, among other things: "Look also: seven crowns are still in our possession with a scepter and other royal decorations." It can be established with what regalia the debunked great sovereign appeared before the Englishman. Decrees from the "destiny" were drawn up on behalf of "the Sovereign Prince Ivan Vasilievich of Moscow and Pskov and Rostov." To these three ancient princely crowns, Ivanets added the crowns of the two specific principalities of Dmitrovsky and Staritsky, as well as the crowns of Rzhev and Zubtsov.
It took the prince of Moscow about a month to carve out "specific" possessions and form a new oprichnina guard in them. The Pskov land, destroyed during the years of the oprichnina, and Rostov with the district fell into the "destiny". These territories were never included in the oprichnina department, and from this we can conclude that the prince of Moscow did not want to let into the “lot” the small servicemen who sat in the former oprichnina districts and once constituted the oprichnina corps. The management of the "lot" was carried out by the "specific" Duma, headed by the Nagis, Godunovs and Belskys. The old tsar's bed-keeper Dmitry Godunov labored in the field of political investigation: The bed order investigated conspiracies against the person of the tsar. The merits of Dmitry Godunov were appreciated, and he received the boyar rank, which was not due to him due to his art. His nephew Boris entered the "specific" Duma with the rank of kravchey, and Boris's brother-in-law Bogdan Belsky became a gunsmith. Athanasius Nagoi rendered important services to the tsar as ambassador to the Crimea. He exposed the alleged treason of the boyars in favor of the Crimean Khan and thus secured his career. Under the influence of Athanasius the Naked, the tsar introduced his brother Fedets into the "specific" Duma, granting him the rank of roundabout, and later married his niece Maria Nagoy. The resulting triumvirate - Nagy, Belsky, Godunov - retained influence at the court of Grozny until the last days of his life. Public executions, carried out a month after the abdication of Ivan the Terrible, made a painful impression on contemporaries. The chroniclers described them in detail. But even a cursory acquaintance with the annalistic notes reveals the discrepancies in the sources.
In order to establish reliable facts, one should again turn to the Synod of the disgraced Tsar Ivan. The following persons are recorded in it: "Prince Pyotr Kurakin, Ion Buturlin with his son and daughter, Dmitry Buturlin, Nikitou Borisov, Vasily Borisov, Druzhinou Volodimerov, Prince Danil Drutskoy, Iosif Ilyin, archpriest, clerks, three people, five simple peasants."
Who were these people, the victims of the second oprichnina? Boyar Prince Pyotr Kurakin survived only by pure chance during the years of the first oprichnina. His brother, boyar Ivan, was imprisoned then in a monastery. He himself went into exile in Kazan and stayed there for ten years. He was returned to Moscow only to be erected on the scaffold.
The boyar Ivan Buturlin, the devious Dmitry Buturlin and the devious Borisov were people of a different fate. They entered the oprichnina duma when the oprichnina was going through the sunset. After its complete liquidation, they threw off their black oprichnina attire and moved into the Zemstvo Duma. The life path of other disgraced from the Synod was similar.
Prince Danila Drutsky, the most prominent clerks Druzhina Volodimerov and Osip Ilyin made a career in the oprichnina, and then moved to the zemshchina and headed the orders there. In the same company with all these former guardsmen was the archpriest of the Archangel Cathedral in the Kremlin, Ivan. He was put into the water, simply put, drowned in the river.
Sources allow us to establish that the tsar executed his former guardsmen at the end of November 1575. The date given is the last link in a long chain of facts. So, in August, Grozny dealt with the leaders of the "court", in September-October he investigated the Novgorod treason, at the end of October he abdicated, within a month he created a new oprichnina - "destiny", finally, ordered the execution of the most prominent Zemstvo boyars.
Contemporaries muffledly report that the reason for the new opal was discord in the royal family. In a pretentious and intricate style, the Moscow chronicler tells that the tsar "repented of the desire of the kingdom against the son of his prince Ivan Ivanovich." The heir, apparently, was suspected of intending to overthrow his father and take the throne. To put an obstacle to his son, Grozny called the great reign of Simeon. Then the boyars, close to the heir, allegedly declared: "It is inappropriate, sovereign, for you, past your children and tribesman, to put on the state." In a rage, the king ordered the execution of these "opponents". It is difficult to judge how reliable the given chronicle story is. One can only guess that the case of Bomelei compromised the boyars, who belonged to the immediate environment of the heir, and the king decided to get rid of them. He apparently considered the boyar Ivan Buturlin to be the main conspirator. Together with the disgraced executioner, he beheaded his son and daughter. The king spared the family members of other disgraced ones.
After the first serious quarrel with his son Ivan, the tsar declared in the presence of boyars, clergy and foreign ambassadors that he intended to deprive his son of his rights to the throne and make Prince Magnus of Denmark the heir. Five years later, he carried out this threat, but gave the crown not to Magnus, but to Simeon. royal family torn apart by family animosity. By his actions, the tyrant-father, as it were, said to his adult son: "I will execute your brothers and close associates, and I will give the throne not to you, but to a foreigner." Historical songs preserved a vague tradition that Tsarevich Ivan was saved from death thanks to the intercession of his beloved uncle, the boyar Nikita Yuryev. Whether this is so, it is impossible to say. It is only known that during the investigation of a conspiracy in favor of the heir, Grozny ordered Nikita Yuryev to be robbed. The tsar did not deprive other leaders of the zemshchina of his attention. Severed boyar heads rolled through their yards. But no matter how swagger Ivan, no matter how much he taught the heir with a stick, he never thought about the trial of him. Moreover, having renounced the king's dignity, he took his son into "destiny" and declared him his co-ruler. All orders from the "destiny" came on behalf of the two princes of Moscow: Ivan Vasilyevich and Ivan Ivanovich.
On the third day after the public execution in the Kremlin, Ivan IV summoned the English envoy, informed him about the reign of Simeon and added that "the reason for this was the criminal and malicious acts of our subjects, who grumble and oppose us for demanding loyal obedience and arrange treason against our person ". The meaning of the explanation was very clear. Ivan of Moscow executed the boyars for refusing to loyally obey him. Fearing that the ambassador would not take his renunciation seriously, Ivan IV declared that “he had transferred the rank into the hands of an alien who was in no way related to him, his land, or his throne. An explanation with the ambassador involuntarily revealed the whole truth. was to play leading role in an elaborate masquerade that he had absolutely no rights to the Russian throne. Grozny deliberately resurrected the specter of the hated Tatars, in which the khan disposed of the grand ducal power, and the henchman of the Moscow prince brought petitions to him. As you can see, Ivan IV prudently tried to make his successor a scarecrow in the eyes of his subjects, so as not to give him the opportunity to establish himself on the throne. The ceremony of transferring power to Simeon was ambiguous. According to the chronicle, the king put him on the throne "by his own will." The same circumstance was noted by foreign observers. As Horsey wrote, the tsar handed over the crown to Simeon and crowned him without the consent of the Boyar Duma. The cancellation of the oath ceremony to the new sovereign in the duma nourished the act of coronation of legal force. The uncertainty of Simeon's position was aggravated by the fact that he took royal throne, but instead of the royal one, he received only the grand ducal title.
In the third month of Simeon's reign, the tsar told the English ambassador that he would be able to take the rank again when he pleased, and would act as God instructed him, because Simeon had not yet been approved by the wedding ceremony and had not been appointed. popular election, but only. by his consent. But even after this statement, Grozny was in no hurry to end the masquerade. The Tatar Khan stayed on the Moscow throne for about a year. The king believed that the services of the obedient Simeon might be needed for him in the future, and therefore, instead of destroying the opponent, he "set aside" him with honor. After leaving Moscow, Simeon moved to the "great reign" in Tver.
Under the guise of a "destiny," the tsar resurrected the oprichnina order in the country. But this time the persecution affected a small number of people. The pogroms did not happen again. "Special Politics" served as a kind of afterword to the oprichnina policy. The tsar completed the defeat of that boyar circle that ruled the oprichnina at the end of its existence. "Prince" Simeon did not have a serious impact on the internal state of the country.
material from the site
FROM ANCIENT RUSSIA TO THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE
Kasimov Khanate
The foundation of the khanate was a forced concession to the Horde. In 1437 Khan Ulu-Muhammed (Ulu means Great) loses his throne in the Great Horde. Fleeing, he flees to the Belev principality (also a buffer political entity in the south of the current Tula region, the Tatar administration sat in Tula itself). He is granted political asylum, but the Moscow prince Vasily did not like it. Obviously, he had an agreement with Kichi-Mohammed, an opponent of Ulu, to finish off the fugitive. Vasily sends an army to Belev. Ulu asks to be left alone, promising to guard the border, especially since at one time he gave the label to Vasily and provided him with power. But the Muscovites arrange a terrible rout (although the Tatars win the decisive battle), Ulu-Mohammed runs with a few wherever his eyes look. Then his affairs improved, he settled in Kazan, giving rise to the Kazan Khanate. And he began to take revenge. In 1444, he captured Nizhny Novgorod, and in the battle of Suzdal took Vasily prisoner. Vasily pays off with an amount that is not equal in the history of Russia either before or after - 200 thousand rubles (in other sources - "the entire treasury", which is basically the same thing). Then, according to Pokhlebkin, Vasily was forced to give land to the son of Muhammad Kasim on the Oka River, perhaps at the choice of Vasily. That is, they forced him to do what Ulu humanly asked in Belev, but now for his son, since Ulu himself was quite pleased with Kazan. The return of Vasily to Moscow with the Tatar detachment, which was supposed to take the money to Kazan, caused a popular uprising against the prince, who had bought his freedom so dearly. Dmitry Shemyaka comes to power. Vasily was blinded (hence - Vasily the Dark). Only in 1446, Vasily, with the support of Ulu, regains the throne (Kasim participated in the punitive expedition).In the struggle for the Moscow throne, the Tatar princes Kasim and Yakub rendered great assistance to Grand Duke Vasily the Dark. Kazan sources say that Ulug-Mukhammed died a natural death. His eldest son Makhmutek occupied the Kazan throne, his two younger brothers, being out of work, decided to look for a better life in neighboring lands.
In 1449, Prince Vasily II took both Kazan princes to the battle against Shemyaka. Kasim recaptured the city of Zvenigorod from Said-Ahmed, who attacked Russia, defeated the army of Said-Ahmed near the Pakhra River and freed all the prisoners. In January 1450, the princes with their retinues in the battle of Galich, in alliance with other Russian princes, defeated Shemyaka. In the same year, Meulim-Birdy-oglan with a horde attacked Russia. Prince Vasily sent against him Kasim with his detachment of Tatars and the governor Bezzubikov with the inhabitants of the city of Kolomna. Having overtaken the enemy near the Bityugi River, Kasim put the enemy horde to flight. In 1452, Yakub went in winter with Vasily's son Ivan in pursuit of Shemyaka to Kokshenga and to the mouth of the Vaga River, and very successfully. The permanent place of residence in Russia of the Kazan prince Yakub was Kostroma.
1. Qasim Khan. 1452-1469, the first khan of the Kazan dynasty.
For loyalty and important services, Prince Vasily granted Kasim Nizovy Gorodets. It was in 1452. So, according to the prince's decree, the Kasimov kingdom arose in the depths of the Meshchera forests, which existed from 1452 to 1681. The kingdom included the counties of the Ryazan and Tambov provinces (Kasimovsky, Shatsky, Elatomsky, Temnikovsky).
IN. Klyuchevsky wrote: "... Following Vasily the Dark, when he left the Kazan captivity, the Kazan prince Kasim came to serve him with a detachment of Tatars. Around the middle of the 15th century, these Tatars were given the Meshchersky town on the Oka with a county where among the Gentiles were Meshchers and Mordovians for 200 versts around the city was Kasimov's squad ... ". V.P. Semyonov somewhat clarifies: "The lot, centered around the Meshchersky Gorodets and then known under the name of the Kasimov kingdom, occupied the Kasimovsky, Elatomsky, Shatsky, Spassky (Tambov province), Temnikovsky counties ..."
The Tatars began to build their settlement and mosque on the mountain.
At this time, the Great Horde was becoming obsolete, the elite destroyed each other in the internecine struggle for power. The young Kazan Khanate was gaining strength. Around the New Lower Gorodets lived Mordovians and Meshchers, professing Islam or paganism. Kasim and his son Danyar collected yasak from the surrounding subject peoples. The Ryazan prince also paid them certain sums for protecting the borders of the Ryazan principality. Kasim's duty included - at the first request of Vasily the Dark, to appear with his Tatars in the sovereign's service.
After the death of Mahmutek Khan around 1465, for some time, his son Khalil, who died soon after, in 1467, was the khan. It was then that the legitimate heir to the Kazan throne, Kasim, the brother of the deceased Mahmutek, managed to appear on the political arena, for 22 years "temporarily" who lived in Meshchersky Gorodets as a specific prince. Why Kazanians had already elected a new khan by this time - the second son of Makhmutek - Ibrahim, one can only assume, perhaps Kasim, who had lived within Russia for a long time, became a stranger to them, although many murzas nominated Kasim as a candidate. Kasim had to speak out against his nephew. Since he did not have enough of his own strength, he decided to seek help from the Grand Duke Ivan III Vasilyevich. The Moscow government, which pursued a much more aggressive policy than under Vasily the Dark, provided an army. Although Kasimov's united army was thrown back, and the pretender himself soon died, nevertheless, Moscow correctly saw in the Kasimov kingdom a "trump card" in the political game and further skillfully used it.
Qasim died in 1469.
Kasim remained in the memory of the people as a warrior, the builder of the first mosque in the Russian state, only the minaret of the first mosque has survived to this day.
Minaret of the 15th century
The white-stone Old Mosque (1470) was built under the first Khan Kasim on the Tatar mountain. The mosque was demolished in 1702 by decree of Peter I, but the minaret remained. It is one of the oldest surviving buildings of Tatar (and generally Muslim) architecture in Russia. In 1768, after the permission of Catherine II, the mosque was rebuilt from white stone on the old foundation.
Mosque of the 19th century is a rectangular two-story volume with a minaret at the northwestern corner. Currently, the mosque houses part of the exposition of the Kasimov Museum of Local Lore (the other part is in the former house of the merchant Alyanchikov).
Above the roof of the mosque rises a spire with an "apple" and a crescent above it - a symbol of Islam.
The minaret has a spiral staircase made of white stone blocks, along which you can climb to its walking platform; it is illuminated by small slit-like windows.
Kasimov in the 16th century. Artist Ildus Azimov.
2. Yakub Khan (Yagub). 1469 - 1471
There is almost no information about the reign of Kasim's younger brother, Yakub, by that time already clearly an elderly man. It is only known that he previously served as a military leader at the court of the Grand Duke, lived in Kostroma. The Turks who were with the Russian army were called service Tatars or Cossacks (Cossacks).
City of Kasimov
3. Daniyar(1471-1486), the last khan of the Kazan dynasty.
The throne of Qasim was inherited by Qasim's son Danyar. Under him, the city was renamed Kasimov - in Tatar Kizi-Kerman (Khan-Kerman). This event took place in 1471. Under the same year, the Kasimov Tatars and their leader are mentioned in the annals in connection with the campaign against Novgorod. The campaign was successful, Prince Ivan III of Moscow presented Danyar and his soldiers with gifts and released them to Meshchera.
After the defeat of Veliky Novgorod in 1471, Ivan III resettled the Novgorod nobility in Meshchera, and the Meshchersky princes Boris Ivanovich and Vasily Ivanovich were “placed in Novgorod”, and perhaps the Ryazan boyars, on his instructions, moved to Meshchera.
In 1472, Danyar marched with a retinue near the city of Aleksin and forced the Saray Khan Akhmat to leave Russia. In 1477, the Crimean Khan asked to send princes Danyar and Murtaza against Akhmat every year, promising for his part help to Ivan III against Polish king Casimir. This year, Danyar was present with the Kasimov Tatars during the fall of the Novgorod Republic. After that, the name of the Kasimov ruler Danyar is not mentioned anywhere. On Danyar, the clan of Ulug-Muhammed was cut short in Kasimov.
At the head of the Kasimov kingdom was a khan ("king") or a sultan ("prince"). He could only be a Muslim. The Tatar population of the khanate professed Islam. From the population of the khanate, taxes (tributes and quitrents) entered the khan's treasury. Their collection was carried out by special officials (darugs). The nobleman, who had the position of treasurer, controlled the income and expenses of the khanate. Kasimov Tatars carried military service within the Russian troops. Led by their khans, they actively participated in almost all major wars that led Moscow state and at the end of the fifteenth century. and in the XVI-XVII centuries. The Kasimov khans have always depended on the uniting and growing Russian state, not all of them were significant figures, however, some managed to skillfully maneuver between the interests of large neighboring states of Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, taking advantage of the special strategic position and political place of the specific kingdom - the Kasimov Khanate.
The Kasimov khans took the oath of allegiance (wool) to the Moscow sovereign. The affairs of the Kasimov Khanate in Moscow were in charge of the Ambassadorial Order, which also testified to the special status of the Khanate, the presence of some signs of a separate state. In fact, the Kasimov khans remained completely dependent on the Moscow Grand Dukes. Moscow was interested in erecting a khan loyal to her on the Kazan throne. The existence of the Kasimov Khanate, headed by Muslim rulers, showed to all neighboring countries that the Muscovite state was quite loyal to the Gentiles. This strengthened the positions of Moscow's supporters, primarily in the Tatar khanates of Crimea, Kazan, Astrakhan, and Siberia.
4. Hyp-Davlet(1479-1491), the first Khan of the Crimean dynasty.
In 1479, Nur-Davlet arrived in Moscow, the son of the Crimean Khan Azi-Girey, who was overthrown from the Crimean throne by his brother Mengli-Girey. Ivan III placed him on the throne of Kasimov.
In 1480, during the famous “standing” on the Ugra River, when the troops of the Horde Khan Akhmet and Prince Ivan III of Moscow met, the Tatars, led by Nur-Davlet, together with the Moscow governor Vasily Nozdrevaty, made a successful raid on the capital of the Golden Horde - Sarai al- Jadid (New Sarai) and thoroughly robbed her, walking through the surrounding uluses. As soon as Khan Akhmat received news of the ruin of his capital, he hastily withdrew his troops from the Ugra and went to the steppe, where, having met with the Tyumen Tatars who were going to help Ivan III, he died. The Great Horde practically ceased to exist. This is how the Moscow principality was liberated from the Tatar-Mongol yoke.
There is information about one of the probable sons of Nur-Davlet, Azubek, who settled in Lithuania. From the letter of Mengli-Giray to the King of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania Sigismund I (circa 1507), it is clear that the Crimean ambassador Mamysh-Ulan, returning from Lithuania, informed the Khan that ...
“Our son’s brother, Dovlesh Soltanov’s son Ozubek Soltan, why was the queen of Danin taken away from him, and given to one Muscovite.” The Khan asked the king "this Ozubek soltan our brother... honor hovati"... Source: Velyaminov-Zernov V.V. A study on the Kasimov tsars and princes. SPb., 1863. part 1., p. 98-148.
...and return the estate to him. Judging by this document, the prince was Mengli Giray's nephew. His father could be the brother and rival of Mengli-Girey Nur-Daulet, who in 1478 briefly took refuge in Lithuania, and then “departed” to Moscow ... In 1491, another brother of Mengli-Girey Iztemir and his nephew also arrived in Lithuania Devleshem. It is likely that Azubek could also be the son of the latter (“brother” the khan calls in the message not only the father of Azubek, but also himself, therefore, this indicates a close relationship, without defining it exactly). Azubek-soltan was mentioned around 1524 among the Crimean princes who informed Sigismund I about the accession of Saadet-Giray.
Nur-Davlet did not sit on the throne of Kasimov for long, and, probably, at that time he was no longer young.
In the agreement of August 19, 1496 between the Ryazan princes, brothers Ivan and Fedor, which defines mutual relations and establishes the boundaries of possessions, there is a mention of the Meshchersky boundary: along the Oka River to the mouth of the Pronya, and Proney up to Zhornovitsy, from Zhornovitsy near the forest back to the fields, and behind the birch clearing to the line to Meshchersky, where our boyars were going.
If you look at the modern map of the Ryazan region, we find the Istya River and Zhernovishche near the Proni River, as well as the Berezovka River and two settlements of the same name. And all this is within the left bank of the Para River, but on the right side of the Para, a river called Shirino flows into it and on it is the settlement of Shirino, and a little to the north is another village - Red Shirino. On the topographic map In 1992, the Shirinsky cordon was also indicated near Shirino, but this cordon is no longer in the regional atlas of 2001. But according to toponymy, the science that studies the origin geographical names, it cannot be accidental that there are so many names with the root "width" in one place. Most likely, the border between the Ryazan and Meshchersky principalities passed along the Para River.
The will of Ivan III, drawn up in 1504, says: "... yes, Meshchera with volosts and villages, and with everything that attracted them, and with Koshkov ... to my son Vasily." This is the very first document on the transfer of Meshchera by inheritance. By this time, the Meshchersky princes were withdrawn from their ancestral inheritances and they were granted estates in other places and service in Moscow under the Grand Duke.
5. Satylgan/Saltagan(1491-1508).
The young prince, the son of Nordoulat, is mentioned in connection with the campaign of Russian troops in 1491 against the Horde kings Seid-Akhmet and Shig-Akhmet (sons of the last significant Horde Khan Akhmat, who was killed by the Siberian prince Ibak).
... On the banks of the Donets were the commanders of the Ioannovs, Tsarevich Saltagan, the son of the Nordoulats ... John III instructed Andrei the Great (brother) to send an auxiliary squad to help Saltagan, but he did not send ... "
According to the same B. Rakhimzyanov, in 1505 Satylgan, together with Prince V. Kholmsky, went to Kazan against Mukhamed-Emin.
6. Janai(until 1512).
Thanks to the search for the young Kazan historian Bulat Rakhimzyanov, we finally have some information about this. little-known ruler Kasimov. For example, that Jan-Ai (Janai) also participated in the campaign against Kazan against Mukhamed-Emin, but already in 1506. There is evidence that Janai took part in pacifying the inhabitants of Toropets.
7. Sheikh Auliyar(1512-1516).
Sheikh-Auliyar was the brother of the last significant Horde Khan Akhmat. At the end of the natural collapse of the Great Horde, he and his other brother Isup already occupied the "positions" of the princes of Astrakhan.
N.M. Karamzin colorfully describes those years when the son of Akhmat - Shig-Akhmet - seeking protection from his former ally- Lithuania, falls into captivity in Kyiv. And when the sons of Akhmatov cursed Lithuanian treachery, the princes of Astrakhan, Isup and Shigavliyar, boasted of the grace of the Grand Duke, entering his service ...
Indeed, in 1502, after the fall of Saray under the blows of Mengli Giray, the sons and nephews of Khan Ahmad fled to Russia, received volosts and cities under their control. In the same year, Sheikh-Auliyar already owned Surozhik (to the north of Zvenigorod) and participated in the Lithuanian campaign. While still in Sarai, Sheikh-Auliyar married Princess Shagi-Saltan, daughter of Prince Ibrahim of Nogai. In 1502, their son Shah-Ali was born.
OK. In 1512, after the death of the Kasimov sovereign prince Dzhan-Ai, Sheikh-Auliyar was appointed sovereign sovereign of the Kasimov inheritance. In 1516, they had another son, Jan-Ali. In the same year, Sheikh-Auliyar died, and Kasimov's inheritance passed to his son Shah-Ali. When his father died, the prince was only 11 years old.
Sheikh-Auliyar participated in the Russian-Lithuanian war of 1507-1508, and with the Kasimov Tatars - in the campaign of Vasily III near Smolensk in December 1512, joining the Russian troops in Mozhaisk. By appointing Sheikh-Auliyar to the Kasimov throne, Moscow could inevitably come into conflict with the still ally Tauride Tsar (Crimean Khan Mingli-Girey), because Sheikh-Auliyar came from the Timur-Kutlu clan. This gap will come later, when the son of Sheikh-Auliyar - another Kasimov king, Shah-Ali - is erected to the Kazan throne.
In 1513, Bakhteyar, Murza of Crimea, Devletek’s son from the family of the princes Shirinsky, wrote to Grand Duke Vasily III: “Our petition is that we stand against our sovereign as servility and as we want good for the king, so we serve our sovereign and we want good. Our petition to you is about: you yourself know much that the Meshchersky yurt of the sovereign of the tsars, and having heard that the Meshchersky yurt of the Namogan yurt was given to the prince, and you will pray that the king and you be good, and you have our sovereign the king has one son he took it after asking, and planted it in that yurt, whether it would be nicer, would it not be nice. We are talking about the appointment in 1512 in Meshchera, in particular in the Meshchersky town - Kasimov, the Astrakhan prince Sheikh-Avliyar, which caused discontent in the Crimea.
The Crimean Khan Mohammed-Girey expressed himself even more categorically regarding Meshchera: “And that our people fought against Meshchera, I can’t guarantee that this will not happen in the future, although I will be in friendship and brotherhood with my brother, the Grand Duke; I cannot appease my people: they came to me with all the land, they say that they will not obey me in this; and the Shirins, past me, decided to fight Meshchera, because now our enemy is on Meshchera, and from the old days this yurt is ours. Today my brother, the great prince, why didn’t he ask me for a brother or son for Meshchera. When our family was on Meshchera, did any of ours dare to look at her. And only then it will not be in the old days, then Meshchera will always be at war.
Meshchera becomes a bone of contention between Moscow and the Crimea, in which the Shirins played a special role - “the princes ... and especially the Shirinskys and Murzas” did not agree to give the Grand Duke an oath due to the fact that the son of Sheikh Avliyar Sheikh Ali was planted on the Meshchersky town ( Shigaley, Shah-Ali in Russian sources).
During the attacks of the Crimeans in 1514, both the "Andreev town" and the Meshchersky ("Kosymov") town were destroyed.
8. Shah Ali(Shigaley) (1516-1519, 1532-1540, 1543-?, 1546-1567).
One of the significant characters in the Russian-Tatar history of the 16th century. - about Shigalei - much more information than all the Kasimov kings combined.
Shah-Ali was the nephew of the last Golden Horde Khan Akhmat (the worst enemy of the Crimean Khan Mengli Giray) and came from the Timur-Kutlu clan, who was at enmity with the Tokhtamysh clan (whose grandson, by the way, was the first Kazan Khan Ulu-Mukhamed).
Shigalei (or Shig-Aley, Aley, as he was called in Russia) grew up and was brought up among Russians, and could not be an enemy of Moscow. When his father died, the prince was only 14 years old.
In 1516, when the Kazan tsar Magmet-Amin, who for a long time was a faithful guide to Moscow's plans, but once betrayed, fell seriously ill, he sent messengers to Moscow to ask the Grand Duke to declare Abdul-Letif (captured as early as 1502) the ruler of Kazan. and imprisoned in Beloozero - then still a young, but acting Khan of Kazan). However, Abdul-Letif died suddenly in the prime of life, at the age of 40, on November 19, 1517. By the way, M. Khudyakov considers his death not accidental, because after Magmet-Amin, Abdul-Letif and the Russified descendants of Khudaigul and Melik-Tagir, the descendants of Tokhtamysh remained only the Crimean Khan and his half-brother (in December 1518, Magmet-Amen also died in Kazan).
But Grand Duke Vasily did not follow the lead of Mengli-Giray, who demanded to raise his son Saip-Girey to the Kazan throne, choosing unexpectedly 16-year-old Kasimov prince Shah-Ali. Union of Russia and Crimea collapsed...
However, Shigalei did not have to stay on the throne for a long time, the Crimean prince Saip-Girey took Kazan in 1521, overthrew and captured Shigalei, declared himself his patron, but (!?) let him go to Moscow.
The exiled tsar Shigalei settled in Moscow, because. in Kasimov he ruled younger brother Jan Ali. He lived at the Moscow court for 9.5 years. In 1523, Shigaley participated in the foundation of a small fortress of Vasil-Gorod (the present city of Vasilsursk) on a piece of land seized from Kazan on the right bank of the Sura. In December 1530, in view of the expected coup in Kazan, Shah-Ali was sent to Nizhny, from there, at the first opportunity, to go to Kazan and take the khan's throne. However, the coup of May 1531 delivered the throne not to him, but to Jan-Ali.
Shigalei was imprisoned, was pardoned by the young John IV, then again became the king of Kazan.
In the summer of 1546, he really managed to hold out on the Kazan throne for 1 month, after which he again lost it to Safa-Giray.
N. Karamzin repeats the well-known "fable" of Russian chroniclers that in March 1549, Khan Safa-Girey, allegedly being drunk, stumbled and died. Although Safa was 42 years old, there may have been other reasons for the quick death. After the adult son of Safa-Girey, Bulyuk-Girey, did not let Saib-Girey leave the Crimea, the 2-year-old son of Safa, Utyamysh-Girey, was elected Khan in Kazan under the regent Kovgorshad. This is where the period of Shigalei's active participation in Russian-Kazan relations (1550-1552) begins, right up to the capture of Kazan.
Twice more he will solemnly enter the Khan's palace, and in the last "reign" he will abdicate, completing more than 100 years of history of one of the fragments of the Golden Horde - the Kazan Khanate.
He will spend the rest of his life in his native Kasimov, leaving from time to time for military service to the Tsar of All Russia.
There are numerous information about the human qualities of Shigalei. He is said to have had a shrewd mind and martial ability.
9. Jan-Ali/Enalei(1519 - 1531 or 1532).
Jan-Ali was appointed the nominal owner of Kasimov at the age of 3, and at the age of 15 he had to move with his retinue to Kazan, and again to the khan's chambers. This happened after the Russian troops approached Kazan in 1530, forced Khan Safa-Girey (the nephew of Saip-Girey, who in those years had already moved through Constantinople to the Crimean throne, and he left Kazan back in 1523 to the young 13 -year-old Safa-Girey) retreat to Arsk, and then to his father-in-law in Nogaev ulus.
Despite the efforts of the pro-Moscow-minded Kazan nobles, Moscow failed to return Shigalei to the Kazan throne, Kazan "begged" Yenaley Kasimovsky.
According to M. Khudyakov, Jan-Ali was elevated to the Kazan throne on June 29, 1531. After 2 years, Jan-Ali married the daughter of Nogai Murza Yusuf, Princess Syuyun-Bike. Soon, Yusuf himself incited Kazanians to overthrow Jan-Ali, dissatisfied with his attitude towards his daughter. The actual power in Kazan belonged to the regent princess Kovgorshad, the sister of Magmet-Amin, she, apparently, organized the murder of the young khan (September 25, 1534). Safa Giray returned to the throne and married the widow of the murdered. All this happened with the inaction of the weak Russian government of the regent Elena Glinskaya, the Empress under the infant Ivan IV after the death of Vasily in December 1533. Moscow even forgot to curl a diplomatic protest.
The Kasimov Khanate in the period from June 1532 to the beginning of 1537 remained without a khan. However, a khanate without a khan is nonsense. In fact, the Russian leadership did not need the Kasimov kingdom, but the title of Kasimov Khan (sultan) in order to nominate him to the Kazan throne. The issue of succession to the throne in Kazan, as in other Eastern states, was not strictly defined, so any Muslim ruler, in principle, could count on it. That is why the title of Kasimov's sovereign was needed. But here, too, Shah Ali's "magic wand" came in handy. In addition to 1516-1519, he is still listed as a khan in 1532-1540, and then "reigned" for several years after 1543, and, of course, he lived as a khan in Kasimov from 1546 until his death in 1567.
After the conquest of Kazan in 1552 by Ivan the Terrible, the last ruler of the Kazan Khanate was exiled to Kasimov - Syuyumbike, who died a few years later in this city.
Shah Ali was Khan of Kasimov until the end of his days. In July 1553 he was summoned to Kolomna in view of the expected attack. Crimean Tatars. From the autumn of 1553 until the end of 1557, he lived without a break in Kasimov, at the end of that year, at the beginning Livonian War, Shah Ali was drafted into the army and sent to the front. "Our troops entered Livonia in January 1558, made terrible devastation in it, approached Derpt, defeated the Germans several times, were not far from Revel and Riga, and finally, burdened with booty and stained with blood, in February they went back to the Russian border" . German contemporaries - Gening in the "Liftlendische Churleddische Chronica" and Bredenbach in the "Livonica historiae compendiosa series", as well as their followers Hiarn, Kelch and others, attributed to Shah Ali all the cruelties committed by the Russians during the conquest of Livonia. A more correct view was expressed by B. Russov in the "Chronica der Provintz Lyfflandt", in which he speaks of the devastation carried out in Livonia by the Russian army under the command of Shah Ali, but does not directly accuse him and does not give examples of his cruelty. The mayor of Riga, Franz Nienstedt, in the Liflandishe Chronik even praised Shah Ali and called him a reasonable man: moderate"). In the summer of 1558, Shah Ali was summoned to Moscow, and here he was given an honorable reception as a hero of a victorious war, and then he returned to Kasimov.
Returning to Kasimov, Shah-Ali began to live his former calm life. Almost without a break he stayed in Gorodok until the beginning of 1562. In 1562 he was again drafted into the army and sent to the Polish front, to Smolensk. “Upon arrival in Smolensk, the khan had to send the army that arrived with him ... to fight Lithuania, he himself was ordered to remain in the city.
A letter from 1563 by Ivan the Terrible in response to the complaint of Prince Ismail of Nogai that extra duties were being charged from his people: And if they go to Rezan and Kolomna, and they send tamga to the Kolomna governor. Ino then your people, if two tamgas kazhutsa. And if they go to Volodimer, and then they send another tamga to the Volodimer governor. Yes, if your ambassadors go to Volodymyr, then it’s best for them to go to Gorodok. And we have been living in Gorodok Tsars and Tsarevichs since ancient times. Ino there is a duty on the Tsar and on the Tsarevich, but on the greater Prince on Shirinsky there is a duty. And after that, your ambassadors beat us with a brow that the king would offend their Shigales (Sheikh Ali), and take their best horses for duty. And for that, for all the duties, we ordered imati in Moscow.
This letter of payment of duty to the Grand Duke Shirinsky, along with the Kasimov tsars and princes, confirms the genealogy of the Meshchersky princes.
Velyaminov-Zernov V.V. in his work, referring to the charter of 1563, he notes: “I even think that in the early days in Kasimov not only three (Argyn, Kipchak and Mangyt), but all four main clans were the same as in the Crimea and Kazan , i.e. The Jalairs rose only in the subsequent era of the existence of the khanate, and before them were the Shirins.
At the end of 1562, Shah-Ali participated in the campaign undertaken by Ivan IV himself and culminated in the capture of Polotsk; probably, together with the tsar, he returned to Russia, in 1564 he was stationed in Vyazma, from Vyazma he was moved to Velikiye Luki, where he spent the winter of 1564-1565. Soon after, he was demobilized, probably due to ill health. Upon returning to Kasimov, he did not live long and died on April 20, 1567.
Shah Ali died childless. At one time, his niece lived with him, the Kazan princess - the daughter of Jan-Ali, whom he took into his house and raised as a daughter. In 1550-1552. she was wooed by the Nogai murza Izmail for his son, but this wedding did not take place, since the Russian government did not allow the Kazan princess to be extradited abroad. In May 1552, the princess was given in marriage to the Astrakhan prince Khaibulla, who went to serve in Russia and received the city of Yuryev in control.
In addition to his daughter Jan-Ali, Shah-Ali raised two more close relatives (but not daughters) Khan-Sultan and Magi-Sultan. "The first of them died as a girl in 1558, 27 years old; the other survived Shah Ali and was not yet married at the time of his death."
Shortly after the death of Shah-Ali, the Russian government offered the Crimean Khan Daulet to marry his son or grandson to Magi-Sultan and take the city of Kasimov as a dowry.
The monument on the grave of Shah-Ali was erected by his adopted daughter Magi-Sultan.
The only decorations are only a stone slab with an Arabic inscription in a profiled frame, located above the entrance to the mausoleum, and a sandrik placed above its acute-angled shape. The inscription above the entrance reads: "The builder and owner of this building is Shah-Ali-Khan, the son of Sheikh-Admyar-Sultan: on the 21st day of the month of Ramadan 962 (August 9, 1555)". Around it, separated by a narrow strip, verses from the Koran are carved.
To the right of the main entrance, there is a staircase leading to the basement, below which there is another chamber. It is possible that it is part of an underground passage leading to the minaret.
In total, 14 rulers visited the Kasimov throne. All the Tatar rulers of Kasimov were Genghisides, that is, direct descendants of Genghis Khan and his eldest son Jochi, since it was on the territory of his ulus that Golden Horde. Sometimes, after the death or resignation of the khan, the Moscow government did not immediately have time to appoint his successor to Kasimov, then a kind of "interregnum" arose in the city on the Oka. Examples: 1610-14 and, according to some sources: 1532-1537.
10. Sain-Bulat(1570-1573), the last khan of the Astrakhan dynasty. Since the 70s. 16th century the Christianization of the Kasimov princes began (in 1573 he was baptized Sein-Bulat and was named Semion (about whom, perhaps, more is written in Russian historical literature than about other khans combined); in 1655 - Seid-Burkhan under the name of Vasily , his mother - Fatima Sultan - was the last ruler in the Kasimov Khanate.
“In 1809, being from Moscow by a roundabout way, I decided to drive, nearby, to Kasimov, a city in the Ryazan province. One of his ancestors was married to the daughter of the Tsar of Kasimov, a very rich man, from whom the village of Volynskoe, taken in 1730 from Prince Alexei Grigorievich, came to the Dolgoruky clan, during the fall of Dolgoruky. There is a mosque in Kasimov, and then there was a cemetery with a special tent in which the descendants of the royal family were buried. She then already was ingrown into the ground, and since ancient times no one was buried in it. Its walls were overgrown with moss, the roof was clothed with sod, and a dense grove spread its branches around the dwelling of the dead; but this cemetery was the goal of the search for Prince Dolgorukov. Here he found a stone tomb, with a half-erased inscription, on which, however, he made out the name of the one he was looking for. It was a tombstone of the Muslim woman to whom his ancestor was married; her name was put on the stone: “Sultan-Fatma”. The descendant bowed to the ground to her ashes. When looking at this monument, a new curiosity was born in Prince Dolgoruky: why was the deceased, the former Princess Dolgorukova, buried in Kasimov, in a Muslim cemetery? Surely, when she married a Christian, she did not renounce Mohammedanism? And how was a man of a noble family allowed to marry a Tatar woman who had not been baptized?
In 1570-1573. Kasimov Khan was Sain-Bulat, a descendant of the khans of the Golden Horde, the great-grandson of the Golden Horde Khan Ahmed, the son of Tsarevich Bekbulat, a second cousin of the Kazan Tsar Shigalei. He was baptized in 1573 and received the name of Simeon, after which he had to leave Kasimov (only a Muslim could manage Kasimov).
Simeon Bekbulatovich (before the baptism of Sain-Bulat) - Kasimov Khan for 3-4 years, then nominal Grand Duke. Together with his father, Bekbulat, he entered the service of Ivan IV Vasilyevich the Terrible. Participated in the Livonian campaigns of the 70s. 16th century In 1573 he was baptized (Simeon Bekbulatovich). In the autumn of 1575, Simeon was crowned in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin and became known as the Grand Duke of All Russia, and the tsar became known as Prince Ivan Vasilyevich of Moscow. Formally, the country was divided into the possessions of the Grand Duke Simeon and Ivan's "lot", but in fact Ivan Vasilyevich remained the ruler of the state. The "political masquerade" (according to V.O. Klyuchevsky, according to S.F. Platonov), in which Ivan the Terrible continued to maintain power, was not explained by contemporaries and historians. Many assumptions (foreign political necessity, the fear of Ivan the Terrible with the predictions of the Magi who prophesied death for the "Moscow Tsar" for this year, the need for increased terror, etc., as well as "" fun, they say, the Terrible "") have not been proven or refuted. After 11 months, Simeon received land in Tver, having lost his title of Tsar of All Russia, and Ivan the Terrible again became Tsar. Simeon lost his land holdings under Tsar Boris Fedorovich Godunov. In 1606 he was tonsured a monk under the name of Stefan and sent to Solovki. There is evidence that he was blinded (by poisoned wine). He died in 1616 in Moscow. He was buried in the Simonov Monastery.
11. Mustafa Ali(1573-1600), the first khan of the Siberian dynasty.
According to unverified data, the throne could be empty until 1585.
Sain-Bulat's successor on the Kasimov throne was Mustafa-Ali, the grandson of the Khan of Astrakhan, the great-great-grandson of the Golden Horde Khan Akhmat, although, for some reason, some sources consider him the Khan of the Siberian dynasty. The years of his reign have not been honored with mention by historians. Either he "ruled" so quietly, or Moscow at that time had no time for him ...
12. Uraz-Muhammed Ondanovich(1600-1610).
In 1600, at the behest of Boris Godunov, the Kazakh prince Uraz-Mukhamed (Oraz-Mukhamed) became the king of Kasimov. In March 1600, in Moscow, Tsar Boris Godunov gave a solemn reception, to which Oraz-Muhammad was also invited. "The sovereign gave away many estates and awards that day." He granted Oraz-Muhammad the city of Kasimov (another name is Kirman) and the title of Khan of Kasimov. Oraz-Muhammad stayed for some time with the person of the sovereign. At that time, writes Kadir-Alibiy, in the capital there were about two hundred Kirman (Kasimov) beks, murz and ordinary people. Finally, the sovereign released Oraz-Muhammad, and he, together with his boyar son and interpreter, went to Kasimov. A week later, on May 8, 1600, the sultan, accompanied by Kirman nobles, arrived safely in the city.
The rite of erection to the khanate of Oraz-Muhammad was performed on May 23, 1600. He was then twenty-eight years old. “Everyone from small to great, Russians and Tatars, were present at this celebration. The crowd of people was huge. Mullahs, Danishmends, hafiz, beks, murzas, in a word, all Muslims gathered in a stone mosque built by Sheikh Ali Khan and began to congratulate them on the occasion. They brought in a gilded chair and installed it inside the mosque. At the direction of Boris Fedorovich, the son of the boyars was also present here. The preacher from the ancient yurt, Bulak-Sayyid, began to proclaim the khutba. Then four people from four sides raised the khan and placed him on a gilded throne.
During the Time of Troubles in Russia, the Kasimovites, led by Uraz-Mohammed, were in active opposition to the government of Vasily Shuisky, who had no popularity among the masses. Kasimov became one of the assembly points of the warriors who supported the uprising of I. Bolotnikov. A feature of this nationwide uprising was the participation in it of deceived service people - participants in the Siberian epic, as well as Meshchera Tatars, Mordovians, Cheremis, Chuvashs. After the defeat of Bolotnikov, the Kasimov Tsar Uraz-Mukhamed in 1612, completely trusting the boyar Morozov, went with him and his army to the service of False Dmitry II. For this, the city of Kasimov was taken and burned by the troops of Vasily Shuisky.
Realizing his fatal political mistake, Uraz-Mohammed decided to leave False Dmitry II to the side of the patriots - Minin and the Suzdal prince Pozharsky. False Dmitry invited Uraz to hunt and secretly killed him, ordering the body to be thrown into the river. It was announced in the camp that Qasim Khan had fled. But those close to Uraz soon found out the truth and harbored a thirst for revenge. December 11, 1611 False Dmitry went for a walk outside the city; According to Bussov, the Nogai prince Pyotr Urusov, who accompanied him, unexpectedly "shot at Dmitry, who was sitting in the sleigh, and, drawing his saber, cut off his head."
Thus, the reign of False Dmitry II ended as suddenly as it began. "Tushinsky Thief" became a victim of revenge for the execution of the Kasimov Tsar, and Uraz-Muhamed fully shared the fate of Russia in the troubled times of its history, falling at the hands of False Dmitry II. It is not known how Russian history would have turned if it were not for the sudden death of an enterprising impostor adventurer...
All R. 19th century at the Staroposadsky cemetery in Kasimov, a gravestone with the name of Uraz-Mohammed was discovered (the epitaph says that he was killed on November 22, 1610). Probably, the Kasimov Tatars during the Time of Troubles managed to find the body of their leader in the Oka, bring it to Kasimov and bury it.
In 1582, Yermak, having occupied the city of Kashlyk, the capital of Ibir-Siberia, captured Kuchum's nephew, Prince Magmetkul. At first he lived as a prisoner in Moscow, but Kasimov became his last refuge.
Arslan may have been taken prisoner in August 1598 (according to other sources - a year or two later) in the battle between Kuchum and the Russians, led by voivode Andrey Voeikov, on the Ob River, taken to Moscow and soon settled in Kasimov on the royal salary . IN Time of Troubles participated in hostilities against the Poles and impostors (in Yaroslavl and Vologda). He was an ally of Prince Dmitry Pozharsky and led the Siberian army, consisting of Tatars and Cossacks, and actively participated in the war against the Polish invaders and in the liberation of Moscow.
Until 1614, Kasimov's "throne" was empty. At the end of the Time of Troubles, the turn of the "Siberian dynasty" came.
13. Arslan-Aleevich(1614-1626).
In 1614, the grandson of the Siberian Khan Kuchum, Khan Arslan, was on the Kasimov throne.
After the end of the Time of Troubles and the accession of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, Arslan is appointed Tsar of Kasimov ("he reigned" on the Oka until his death - either until 1626, or until 1627), occasionally comes to Moscow, where he is given an honorary reception with the king and the patriarch; participates in court ceremonies and receptions of foreign ambassadors.
“The summer of the 135th (1627) of August, on the 20th day, according to the decree of the Sovereign Tsar and the Grand Duke Mikhail Fedorovich of All Russia, Pyotr Semenovich Voeikov and the assistant Posnik Rakov wrote and measured everything in the city of Kasimov in the suburbs and in the settlements, and in churches structure…” Thus, scribe books appeared, which are of great importance as the first documents reflecting the state of the city of Kasimov. Extracts from these books were found by Velyamin-Zernov in the papers of the local historian I.S. Gagin and placed in the III part of the "Research ...".
During the "reign" of Arslan-Aleevich, complaints of the local population about "insults" from Arslan did not stop. And in 1621, it would seem that one insignificant decision of Moscow took place: the power of the Kasimov tsar Diploma on the order of legal proceedings and the collection of duties in Kasimov was "introduced into the borders" and put under control embassy order and Kasimov governor. But this, in fact, was the beginning of the end of the peculiar history of the Kasimov kingdom in the center of the Muscovite state. Arslan considered himself a subject of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, addressing the Tsar, he called himself a serf.
14. Seid-Burkhan(Vasily Arslanovich) (1627-1679).
In 1627 Arslan Aleevich died and his son Seyid-Burkhan was crowned.
After the death of his father, the Siberian prince Arslan Aleevich, Kasimov was succeeded around 1627 by his young son Seid-Burkhan under the regency of his mother Fatima-Sultan-Seitovna.
It is characteristic that Seid-Burkhan no longer bore the title of "king of Kasimov", but only of "tsarevich". Moscow kept him under strict surveillance. In 1661, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich sent an order to the governor I.P. Litvinov "to protect and scout so that to the Kasimov prince and to his people from which the Basurman states or from the Nogai people and from Cheremisa about what matters, sending or advice ... was not, and no one would steal it."
Somehow, ships carrying German ambassadors moored to the shore of the town, Seid-Burkhan did not even dare to invite them to his palace, apologizing that this "would have caused displeasure of the governor." But, still striving to fulfill the customs of hospitality, he sent gifts to the shore: two sheep, a keg of beer, honey, sour milk, cream, butter and other supplies. Moreover, the servants reverently reported that Khansha Fatima-Seitovna had personally knocked down the oil for the guests.
Subsequently (about 1655) Prince Seid-Burkhan was baptized under the name of Vasily Arslanovich, but, unlike Sain-Bulat, was left by the owner of Kasimov.
Having been baptized and then related to the Russian nobility, Vasily received more trust from the royal court, and at the same time more independence. At least now he was not forbidden to receive foreign guests.
Vasily Arslanovich died in Kasimov in 1679. Of the six sons of Vasily, only four survived their father, but they could not lead the khanate, because. were originally Christians (only Muslims had the right of succession to the throne).
Like his father, Seyid-Burkhan considered himself a loyal subject of the Tsar, "ruled" the khanate for 52 years, of which 24 years he was a Christian.
Mausoleum of the Afghan Muhammad Sultan. 1649
In 1622, Avgan Sultan was rescued and secretly taken from Khiva by the Russian ambassador to the Muscovite tsar, where he found protection and received an education. Later, he received Kasimov's inheritance "in feeding" and served the Russian Tsar until his death.
Avgan-Muhammed-sultan died in Moscow in 1648. His wife Altyn-Khanym transported him to Kasimov and built a mausoleum over his grave here - a small rectangular vaulted brick building. It is decorated with hewn details and relief tiles covered with yellow, green and brown glaze. Its main facade is western, with a richly decorated portal and two windows on the sides. Above the entrance is an Arabic inscription with the date of death of Avgan Mohammed Sultan. Inside the mausoleum, tombstones, except for one, were not preserved: in the northern window of the western wall there is a window sill with an Arabic inscription: "... the owner and owner of this building is Avgan-Muhammed-sultan, the son of Arab-Muhammed in 1059 (1649)" . In addition to Avgan-Muhammed-Sultan, his wife and relatives were buried in tekies.
15. Fatima-Sultan-Binem-Seitovna(1679-1681) - nominal ruler.
1679 - the death of the last ruler of Kasimov, Seyid-Burkhan, and the reign of his mother Fatima-Sultan.
After Seid-Burkhan, the Russian government recognized the aged mother of this khan, Fatima Sultan, who was still alive in 1681, as the sovereign queen.
There is a legend about some details of the life of this woman, apparently, they relate to Ser. 17th century Fatima-Seitovna, wanting to show off, drove around the city in a rich, gilded carriage drawn by "black people". But one day, several people, who had the turn to harness themselves to the collars, rebelled, flatly refusing to become the Khan's "horses". The khansha scolded them: "What are you Alyans!" (i.e. lazy, stubborn). But since then, she has not traveled in public. According to legend, the merchant family of the Alyanchikovs descended from these "Alyans" ...
When Fatima Sultan died in 1681, rumors spread around the city that the khansha was strangled at night by her own courtiers, who supposedly found out about her intention to secretly convert to Orthodoxy.
1681 - the death of Fatima-Sultan and the liquidation of the Kasimov Khanate as an independent state, the Khanate was attached to the palace volosts.
The last Kasimov khans were already severely limited in their power, and the Russian government gradually took measures to destroy this khanate. Peter I succeeded in this. Under the last Queen Fatima, Sultan Kasimov was attached to the office of the order of the Kazan Palace, and after her death he began to be governed on a common basis. Peter I ranked it among the palace volosts, and attributed the Kasimov Tatars to the Voronezh shipyards.
In the 17th century Kasimov was divided into 3 parts: the inheritance of the Kasimov khans and beks (Tatar settlement and Stary Posad); Yamskaya Sloboda (it was directly subordinated to Moscow), the rest of the city (including Marfina Sloboda) was controlled by the Kasimov governor.
In 1708, when Russia was divided into 8 provinces, Kasimov was assigned to the Kazan province, in 1719 - to the Shatsk province of the Azov province, in 1778 it was made the county town of the Ryazan governorate, in 1796 - the county town of the Ryazan province.
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Khan Arslan-Aleevich
(1614 - 1626 or 1627)
Until 1614, Kasimov's "throne" was empty. At the end of the Time of Troubles, the turn of the "Siberian dynasty" came. Indeed, Arslan (Araslan, Alp-Arslan, Roslaney), Tsar Kasimovsky was the son of the Siberian Tsar Aliya (Alei), the grandson of the notorious Kuchum...
But back in 1582, Yermak, having occupied the city of Kashlyk, the capital of Ibir-Siberia, captured Kuchum's nephew, Prince Magmetkul. At first he lived as a prisoner in Moscow, but Kasimov became his last refuge.
And our venerable Arslan, perhaps, was taken prisoner in August 1598 (according to other sources - a year or two later) in the battle between Kuchum and the Russians, led by governor Andrey Voeikov, on the Ob River, taken to Moscow and soon settled in Kasimov on royal pay. During the Time of Troubles, he took part in hostilities against the Poles and impostors (in Yaroslavl and Vologda). After the end of the Time of Troubles and the accession of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, Arslan is appointed Tsar of Kasimov ("he reigned" on the Oka until his death - either until 1626, or until 1627), occasionally comes to Moscow, where he receives an honorary reception from the tsar and patriarch; participates in court ceremonies and receptions of foreign ambassadors ... Although it was he, by the way, who fought against Moscow for a long time together with his father.
According to V. Pokhlebkin (see lit., p. 159-160), after the death of Kuchum (he was killed in the Nogai steppes shortly after 1598), the nominal Khan Ali (son of Kuchum and father of Arslan) for a long time (during 1598- 1604) roamed the uninhabited territories of Western Siberia, but was captured in 1604 and ended his life in a Russian prison in 1618 (and his son lived all this time in Kasimov).
During the "reign" of Arslan-Aleevich, complaints of the local population about "insults" from Arslan did not stop. And in 1621, it would seem that one insignificant decision of Moscow took place: the authority of the Kasimov tsar Gramotoyu on the procedure for legal proceedings and the collection of duties in Kasimov was "introduced into the borders" and placed under the control of the embassy order and the Kasimov governor. But this, in fact, was the beginning of the end of the peculiar history of the Kasimov kingdom in the center of the Muscovite state.
Arslan considered himself a subject of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, addressing the Tsar, he called himself a serf.
Prince Seyid-Burkhan
(Vasily Arslanovich)
(1627-1679)
After the death of his father, the Siberian prince Arslan Aleevich, Kasimov was succeeded around 1627 by his young son Seid-Burkhan under the regency of his mother Fatima-Sultan-Seitovna.
It is characteristic that Seid-Burkhan no longer bore the title of "king of Kasimov", but only of "tsarevich". Moscow kept him under strict surveillance. In 1661, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich sent an order to the voivode I.P. Litvinov "to protect and explore in order to the Kasimov prince and his people from which the Basurman states or from the Nogai people and from Cheremisa about what cases of sending or advice ... not was, and no one would have stolen it."
Somehow, ships carrying German ambassadors moored to the shore of the town, Seid-Burkhan did not even dare to invite them to his palace, apologizing that this "would have caused displeasure of the governor." But, still striving to fulfill the customs of hospitality, he sent gifts to the shore: two sheep, a keg of beer, honey, sour milk, cream, butter and other supplies. Moreover, the servants reverently reported that Khansha Fatima-Seitovna had personally knocked down the oil for the guests.
Vasily Arslanovich died in Kasimov in 1679. Of the six sons of Vasily, only four survived their father, but they could not lead the khanate, because. were originally Christians (only Muslims had the right of succession to the throne).
In fact, in the 17th century the power of the Kasimov rulers was already illusory. Significantly weakened by the end of the XVII century. threat from the Crimean Khanate. In this regard, efforts are being made to Christianize the population of the khanate, both the Muslim Tatars and the Mordovians who still worshiped their pagan gods. The power of the governor, who was appointed from Moscow, is growing. He watched the activities of the khan, reported to Moscow about any of his suspicions, especially about contacts with Muslims abroad. The voivode controlled the collection of taxes and duties, and often intervened in the affairs of internal administration. Like his father, Seyid-Burkhan considered himself a loyal subject of the Tsar, "ruled" the khanate for 52 years, of which 24 years he was a Christian.
Fatima Sultan-
Binem-Seitovna
(1679-1681)
After Seyid-Burkhan, the Russian government recognized the aged mother of this khan, Fatima Sultan, who was still alive in 1681, as the sovereign queen.
There is a legend about some details of the life of this woman, apparently, they relate to the middle of the 17th century. Fatima-Seitovna, wanting to show off, drove around the city in a rich, gilded carriage drawn by "black people". But one day, several people, who had the turn to harness themselves to the collars, rebelled, flatly refusing to become the Khan's "horses". The khansha scolded them: "What are you Alyans!" (i.e. lazy, stubborn). But since then, she has not traveled in public. According to legend, the merchant family of the Alyanchikovs descended from these "Alyans" ...
When Fatima Sultan died in 1681, rumors spread around the city that the khansha was strangled at night by her own courtiers, who supposedly found out about her intention to secretly convert to Orthodoxy.
As already mentioned, the last Kasimov khans were already severely limited in their power and the Russian government gradually took measures to destroy this khanate. Peter I succeeded in this. Under the last Queen Fatima, Sultan Kasimov was attached to the office of the order of the Kazan Palace, and after her death he began to be governed on a common basis. Peter I ranked it among the palace volosts, and attributed the Kasimov Tatars to the Voronezh shipyards. In 1708, when Russia was divided into 8 provinces, Kasimov was assigned to the Kazan province, in 1719 - to the Shatsk province of the Azov province, in 1778 it was made the county town of the Ryazan governorate, in 1796 - the county town of the Ryazan province. /
Kasimov Khanate
As a very special fragment of the Golden Horde, a small Kasimov Khanate, vassal from Muscovy, broke out: the fruit of the trade of the Kazan khans, who wanted to attach their sons somewhere, and the Muscovites. After the fatal defeat for Vasily II on July 7, 1445 near Suzdal from the Kazan army, both Vasily II himself and his cousin Mikhail Vereisky were taken prisoner. They paid a lot of money for their liberation, gave a number of cities to feed the Kazan Tatars, and in addition, within Russia, a special khanate was created in Meshchera.
Initially, the territory of the khanate was limited to the city of Meshchersky, and the khanate was also called Meshchersky, later Meshchersky.
Later, it included beyliks, that is, semi-independent boards of the Tatar murzas, and the Meshchersky town began to be called Kasimov. Kasimov Khanate, because Prince Kasim, the son of Ulu-Mohammed, became the first khan in it. The name itself, as you can see, was formed according to the steppe tradition, on behalf of the ruler and founder.
The very creation of the Kasimov Khanate shows at least three important circumstances:
- the borders of Russia and the Horde are permeable and unstable;
- Kazan khans wanted their sons to rule in such a khanate dependent on Moscow. Therefore, they did not doubt that they would not be offended there;
- For some reason, it was important for Russia itself to carry a kind of Tatar reserve in itself ... A piece of the Horde artificially created inside Russia.
This khanate is so unusual that some historians considered it to be the same fragment of the Golden Horde as Kazan, Astrakhan and Crimea, only Kasimov allegedly fell into vassal dependence on Muscovy.
But the "Kasimov kingdom" from the very beginning was, as it were, a vassal.
Others consider the Kasimov Khanate specific principality Muscovy, which for some reason was allocated by the Moscow princes not to their faithful servants, but to the “Tatar tsars” and “princes”, who transferred to the Russian service.
But in the Kasimov kingdom, the dynasty of the descendants of Kasim was sitting on the throne.
Third historians are not at all sure that the Kasimov Khanate was a real state. Allegedly, it was just the place of residence of the Genghisides, whom Moscow bestowed the title of "king" and gave "feeding" from this land.
But why on earth did Moscow favor any of the Genghisides and for what such merits did it give food? And after all, no one “favoured” the title of king of Kasimov Khan at all, this title belonged to him by inheritance.
This state has never played an independent role. The territory of the khanate either grew or decreased; from the very beginning, about half of the population were Russians. Christianization proceeded from the very beginning at the most rapid pace.
The last Muslim ruler of the Kasimov Khanate and in general its last ruler was Khansha Fatima-Sultan (1679–1681), the wife of the Kasimov ruler, Khan Arslan and the mother of his son, the Kasimov ruler, Prince Seyid-Burkhan. During the infancy of her son Seid-Burkhan, she and her father Ak-Muhammed Seid were his guardians. She came from a noble Kasimov family of seid Shakulovs.
During her reign, the governors in Kasimov were Afanasy Vorypaev and Ivan Andreevich Aksenov.
Around 1683, Seid-Burkhan was baptized under the name of Vasily and became Vasily Arslanovich, and the khanate quietly disappeared.
But until the Time of Troubles, the Kasimov khans were held in exceptional esteem. The title "Tsar" itself put them at least on an equal footing with the Grand Dukes of Moscow: after all, in 1445, when the Kasimov Khanate-Kingdom was formed, the rulers of Moscow did not yet bear this title. For Ivan III and Basil III no one recognized this title, but the Muscovites recognized Kasimov's "kings".
Kasimov's tsars are vassals of the Grand Dukes of Moscow... The situation is as if the kings were vassals of the dukes!
However, another Kazan prince, Kaibul, who ruled in Yuryev, the former Astrakhan Khan Derbish-Ali, who was placed in Zvenigorod, was also officially called tsars. At home, they were khans, and in Russia they became kings.
Known close associate of Ivan IV the Terrible, Tsarevich Sein-Bulat, baptized in 1573 by Simeon. In 1575, Ivan even proclaimed him king, put him on the throne, and proclaimed himself an "ordinary prince", Ivan of Moscow.
Of course, Simeon was a “not real” king: Ivan put Simeon on the throne without consulting Boyar Duma. Simeon was not crowned king, the nobility did not swear allegiance to him. Nevertheless, for some time he sat on the throne of Muscovy, and Ivan the Terrible turned to him with petitions, went to him in a simple cart, and walked through the gates.
Speaking of the “second edition of the oprichnina” in the year and a half of the reign of “Tsar Simeon”, historians find a wide variety of benefits from the act of Ivan IV:
- under the guise of "Moscow inheritance", the tsar resurrected the oprichny orders in the country and completed the pogrom of the boyars;
- Ivan thought about running away to England, and left the most reliable person;
- Ivan got the opportunity to rule without the consent of the Duma;
- Ivan pursued a policy of terror, as if on behalf of a hated Tatar.
It is often pointed out that although the internal documents of Muscovy were published in the name of Simeon, all foreign policy remained concentrated in the hands of Ivan the Terrible.
It's like that! Nevertheless, for more than a year Muscovy was given over to the power not of a Russian (albeit with an admixture of Tatar blood) prince, but of the Tatar tsar. Ivan IV himself declared to foreign ambassadors that he “transferred the rank into the hands of an alien who was in no way related to him, his land, or his throne.” But it was to this “alien” that the boyars bowed earthly, the inhabitants of Moscow of both sexes prostrated themselves before him, and many years were proclaimed to him in churches.
And not a word of protest! If Prince Sheremetev, Kurakin or Vyazemsky had been in the place of Tsar Simeon, Russia would not have accepted him even in the sham role of "as if a king." And she accepted the Tatar Khan!
It was easy to remove Simeon from power: having done everything that was necessary with his help, Ivan easily moved him to the "great reign" in Tver. But even after this, Simeon's right to the throne of Muscovy was seriously discussed for a long time - for example, in the Time of Troubles. Fyodor Ivanovich deprived him of the Tver principality. Boris Godunov blinded Simeon, seriously fearing him as a likely rival. According to some sources, Simeon died on Solovki in 1611, according to others - in Moscow, already in the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, in 1613.
In any case, we note: in Muscovy, special titles of the Tatar khans, royal, and their special rights to the throne of Muscovy are recognized.
We also note that the Russian boyars are less reliable servants of the authoritarian regime than the Tatars. You can’t just put a Russian on the throne instead of yourself, you won’t make it your puppet.
From the book Conquest of Siberia: Myths and Reality author Verkhoturov Dmitry NikolaevichTroubled Khanate The situation in Siberia was practically out of Russian control. The resumption of the war with Kuchum, dissatisfaction with the imposed yasak, robberies and harassment led to the fact that most of the population Siberian Khanate began to support Kuchum. Who
From the book Crimean Khanate author Thunmann JohannTHE CRIMEAN KHANATE In order to present this work in its entirety, we must publish a description of this state in its state in which it was before the implementation of Russian claims to it. As soon as the current structure of the Crimea, now turned into Tavria, will be
From the book of Tatars and Rus [Handbook] author Pokhlebkin William VasilievichII. Kazan Khanate Relations between the Kazan Khanate and the Grand Duchy of Moscow (1437-1556) 1. The circumstances that led to the formation of the Kazan Khanate (1406 - 1436) 1. The time of the creation of the Khanate:
From the book of Rurik. Collectors of the Russian Land author Burovsky Andrey MikhailovichCrimean Khanate Before the Mongols, Crimea was a place where they lived together different nations. The Polovtsy lived in the steppe and foothill part of the peninsula, and on the southern coast - Armenians, Alans, Goths, Greeks, Russians. Alans and Greeks have lived here since ancient times. Slavs - since the time of settlement
author Grousset Rene6. Kipchak Khanate Jochi and his sons. The Golden Horde, the White Horde and the Sheibani ulus It is known that Genghis Khan gave his son Jochi, who died in February 1227, six months earlier than Genghis Khan himself, the valley to the west of the Irtysh, where modern Semipalatinsk is located,
From the book Empire of the Steppes. Attila, Genghis Khan, Tamerlane author Grousset ReneThe Kokand Khanate of Fergana, as we have already seen, was part of the Transoxian Khanate in the era of the Sheibanids and during the reign of the first Astrakhanids. However, under the Astrakhanids, this possession was nothing more than nominal, and Fergana for the most part fell under the rule of
author Rakhmanaliev RustanChagatai Khanate Consider Turkestan under the rule of the Chagatai house. Let us dwell in more detail on the history of the Chagatai Khanate, since it is the territories of this Khanate that will later become the core of the Great Turkic Empire of Amir Temur, it is the lands of Maverannahr that will be
From the book Empire of the Turks. great civilization author Rakhmanaliev RustanKazan Khanate Bloodless by the endless internecine military campaigns of the khans, the steppe uluses turned into deserted areas. Endless wars called for the demographic exhaustion of the Golden Horde. The number of Turkic-Mongols was sharply reduced, and the Golden Horde from
From the book Empire of the Turks. great civilization author Rakhmanaliev RustanCrimean khanate
authorKhanate of Bukhara on the indigenous territory of the Shibanids, several independent rulers simultaneously ruled. One of them was Dzhumaduk Khan (ruled in
From the book States and peoples of the Eurasian steppes: from antiquity to modern times author Klyashtorny Sergey GrigorievichKhiva Khanate Khorezm, or Khiva, is a region in the lower reaches of the Amu Darya. Khiva Khanate was created in 1511 joint activities two brothers, Ilbars and Bilbars, sons of Burek Sultan, a descendant of Shibanid Arabshah. This branch of the Shibanid dynasty was hostile
author Mizun Yuri GavrilovichASTRAKHAN KHANATE Kazan, Siberian, Astrakhan, Nogai, Crimean Khanate and Turkey were a single threat to Russia. Turkey was interested in cheap Russian slaves. The Crimean Khanate was under the heel of Turkey. Kazan, Nogai,
From the book of Khans and princes. Golden Horde and Russian principalities author Mizun Yuri GavrilovichTHE NOGAI KHANATE The Nogai Khanate was finally formed by the end of the 15th century. From the west, its border ran along the left bank of the Volga, from the mouth of the Samara River to the Buzen River. The Upper Irtysh was the eastern border of the Nogai Horde. The territory of the Nogai Horde is
From the book Secrets of the Russian Aristocracy author Shokarev Sergey YurievichKasimov Khanate and its rulers In the summer of 6953 from the creation of the world (1445), a series of serious disasters fell in Russia. For the twentieth year, the bloody strife between the princes of the Moscow house continued, now calming down, now flaring up again. The second son of Dmitry Donskoy, Prince Yuri
From the book Russia and its autocrats author Anishkin Valery GeorgievichCrimean Khanate Independent from the Golden Horde, the Crimean Khanate was formed at the beginning of the 15th century. in connection with the decomposition and disintegration of the Golden Horde. In 1475, the Turks invaded the Crimea and turned the Crimean Tatars into their tributaries. The Turks used the Crimean Tatars in the fight against
From the book Telengety author Tengerekov Innokenty SergeevichTelenget Khanate. In ancient Chinese sources, in particular in the Sui dynastic chronicle, it is said “The ancestors of the body were descendants of the Xiongnu”. In another Chinese source in the Wei chronicle, which tells about the origin of the ancestors of the Gaogui people from the Huns, it is stated that
Amazing Phenomenon Russian history- Kasimov Khanate - existed from 1446 to 1681, i.e. more than 230 years, and most of them on the actual territory of Russia. All the more remarkable is his story.
At the head of the Kasimov kingdom was a khan ("king") or a sultan ("prince"). He could only be a Muslim. The Tatar population of the khanate professed Islam. From the population of the khanate, taxes (tributes and quitrents) entered the khan's treasury. Their collection was carried out by special officials (darugs). The nobleman, who had the position of treasurer, controlled the income and expenses of the khanate. The Kasimov Tatars served in the military as part of the Russian troops. Led by their khans, they actively participated in almost all major wars waged by the Muscovite state and at the end of the 15th century. and in the XVI-XVII centuries. The Kasimov khans have always depended on the uniting and growing Russian state, not all of them were significant figures, however, some managed to skillfully maneuver between the interests of large neighboring states of Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, taking advantage of the special strategic position and political place of the specific kingdom - the Kasimov Khanate.
