Presentation on the history of the formation of the ancient Russian state. Formation of the ancient Russian state - Kievan Rus. annexed the lands of the Drevlyans, northerners, Radimichi
Slavs in antiquity
Middle of the 1st millennium ADGreat Migration
Growth
numbers
Slavs
from the Oder to the middle reaches of the Dnieper
Western
Southern
Settlement IV-VIII centuries.
Balkans
Oriental
Military
democracy
Appearance
nobility Slavs
moved
to Eastern Europe
in two ways -
north and south.
Northern route:
Pomorie -
Ilmen-lake
and Volkhov,
upper reaches of the Dnieper,
Oka
Southern route: Danube -
Carpathians - Dniester,
Southern Bug, middle
Dnieper, Pripyat.
The interaction of the Slavs with the indigenous population of Eastern Europe
Agriculturalskills
Baltic
tribes
?
Slavic
tribes
An experience
existence
in taiga conditions
Agricultural
skills
Finno-Ugric
tribes
Why did the Slavic aliens not meet
fierce resistance of the indigenous people?
The resettlement of the Slavs took place peacefully, because. population density
was low, there was a lot of free land and enough for everyone.
East Slavs -
these are 12 unions of tribes.
Find them on the map
Tribal unions wore
not consanguineous,
but territorial and political in nature.
NORTH
Slovenian Ilmen
krivichi
WEST
Volynians
white
Croats
CENTER
clearing
Drevlyans
Dregovichi
northerners
SOUTH
Tivertsy
convict
EAST
radimichi
Vyatichi
Agriculture among the Eastern Slavs
Agricultureslash and fire
Translation
1. Cut down trees
2. Burn the trees
3. Uproot the roots
4. Loosen the ground
5. Sow the grain into the ashes
6. Use the plot
to exhaustion 6–8 years
7. The site is abandoned
for 15–20 years
1. Burn the grass
2. Loosen the ground
3. Sow the grain into the ashes
4. Use the plot
to exhaustion 3–4 years
5. The site is abandoned
before recovery
fertility
(from 2 to 8 years old)
1–2. Solid wood shovel
3. Shovel with iron blade
4. Solid wood hoe
5. Iron Hoe
6. Iron fitting for
wooden shovels
7. Two-tooth wooden fork
Agricultural tools of the Eastern Slavs
Harrow-bitch.Such a harrow loosened the top layer
soil fertilized with ash after
burning grass or trees.
Novgorod rake XII-XV centuries.
Old Russian sickles of the 10th–13th centuries.
Scythe with a handle XIII century.
Spit X-XIII centuries.
Beginning of the transition to a two-field
In the 8th century in the forest-steppe zonethe transition to a two-field begins.
Sohi
The earth is plowed with a plow, harrows
wooden harrow.
After 1 year of sowing field 1 year
resting under the steam
restoration of soil fertility.
The site is in continuous use.
?
Ralo
What caused the transition to a two-field?
The main occupation of the Slavs
Agriculture
Clearing the ground from under
forests: separate families
Or the whole community?
by the whole community
Plots of cleared land
processed jointly
Or individual families?
individual families
Who owns the harvest?
Individual families
The dwellings are designed for the entire
genus or individual families?
For individual families
The social system of the Slavs in the VIII-IX centuries.
Is there a difference in wealthbetween dwellings?
All dwellings are approximately
are the same
Who owns the hunting
and fishing grounds?
Whole community
Do the Slavs have
in the VIII-IX centuries. private
own?
What community exists
among the Slavs in the 8th–9th centuries: ancestral
or neighbor?
Private property
exists
Is there an inequality
within the community?
Inequality within the community
not yet
There is a transition from
tribal community to the neighboring
Eastern Slavs in the VI-VIII centuries.
The basis of the economy is agricultureThe lowest link of the social
organizations - rope (neighborly
community)
People's Assembly - veche.
The basis of the ruling layer -
squad (military
nobility, subject to the prince)
To keep your squad
princes collected tribute from
free community members
slash and fire
system
shifting
system
+ cattle breeding
+ hunting
+ fishing
+ beekeeping
+ crafts
+ trade
Baltic
sea
Constantinople
What was the name
this trade route?
Black
sea
Trade on the way from the Varangians to the Greeks
Slaves, skins, fish,metals, amber
Scandinavia
?
What was traded
on the way from Varyag
to the Greeks?
Russia
Honey, wax, furs, salt,
wine, jewelry,
silk, brocade
honey, wax,
fur, leather,
slaves
Byzantine
empire
Weapons, guilt,
jewelry,
silk, brocade
Paganism
Religion based on the deification of the forces of naturePaganism
Major gods
Perun - god of thunder and war
Veles - god of cattle
Dazhdbog - god of the sun
Svarog - god of sky and fire
Stribog - the god of the wind
Rod - the god of fertility
Mokosh - the goddess of the feminine
needlework
Magi?
Temple?
Charm-skates
State - power,
public interest
and regulating relations between people,
relying on military force
State signs:
Territory
Sovereignty
(independent exercise of power)
public authority
(power separated from the people)
Taxation Improving the tools of labor
and production skills, transition
to the manufacturing industry
Transition
to individual
labor
Appearance
surplus
emergence
private
property
Possibility
exploitation
Transition
from generic
communities
to the neighboring
emergence
inequalities
Appearance
in society
conflict
interests
Need
maintaining
order
Predatory
hiking
to foreign lands
Need
protection from
enemy raids
The appearance of leaders
and squads
The appearance of people
able to support
their power by force
Education
states
Signs of the state in Russia
?What were the prerequisites for the emergence of the state
among the Eastern Slavs by the end of the 9th century?
The squad is the simplest apparatus of state power
(combatants are both advisers and warriors).
Tribute - primitive taxation
The territory subject to tribute is the territory of the state,
over which its sovereignty extends.
In the middle of the ninth century Eastern Slavs have
tribal reigns - "pre-states"
Formation of the Old Russian state
The Varangian prince Rurik became prince in Novgorod in 862.Education
Old Russian state
In the ninth century there were two main centers
education of Old Russian
state - Novgorod (capital
Slovenian, Krivichi, Chudi and Vesi) and
Kyiv (the capital of the glades).
In 882, Prince Oleg of Novgorod
captured Kyiv and united
East Slavic lands
single state.
Norman theory?
Rurik (862-882)
Oleg (882-912)
Against the Norman theory
The Eastern Slavs alreadyThere were bodies that
prototype of state
institutions (prince, squad, veche).
Prerequisites
Foreigner's invitation
as ruler is
emergence of the state
indicator of readiness for
the formation of the state.
Private property
Large tribal superunions
property
Eastern Slavs formed already in
inequality
VIII-IX centuries (around Novgorod and Kyiv).
External threats (Scandinavia,
tribal community
Khazaria) pushed for unity.
replaces the neighbor's
Varangians, having given the ruling dynasty,
The need to fight back
quickly merged with the Slavs.
external enemies
Nevertheless, the Varangians played a significant role
in the formation of the ancient Russian state
Tribute
Until 945 tribute from the conqueredtribal unions gathered
through polyudya (with
November to April).
In 945, after the death of the prince
Igor (912-945) his widow,
Princess Olga (945-964)
introduced lessons (the amount of tribute) and
established graveyards (places
tribute collection).
polyudie
cart
K.V. Lebedev.
polyudie
polyudie
What is the meaning of polyude from the pointview of strengthening power?
?
Polyudie -
demonstration to tributaries
forces of the princely squad.
Tribute collection is the most
frank expression
reign of the Kievan princes
over dominating tribes.
The main directions of the foreign policy of Kievan Rus
?With what countries and peoples
neighboring Kievan Rus?
The neighbors of Kievan Rus were: from the north-west - the Normans
and Lithuanian tribes (Yotvingians, Samogitians and Aukstaits),
from the west - Poland (Polyakhs),
from the southeast - the Khazar Khaganate and nomads (Pechenegs),
from the south - the Byzantine Empire.
The most important in the IX - early X centuries. had a relationship
with the Khazars, steppe nomads and especially Byzantium.
Slavs and the Khazar Khaganate
?How did the relationship develop
Slavs with the Khazar Khaganate
in the 8th-9th centuries?
The Khazars took tribute from the Slavs,
living east of the Dnieper:
Vyatichi, Radimichi, northerners.
At the end of the ninth century Oleg conquered
northerners and radimichi, and they became
tributaries of the Kyiv princes ("Not
give it to the Khazars, but give it to me!”).
The border of the Khazar Khaganate.
The boundary of the settlement of the Slavs.
Russia and nomads
From the east and southeastRussia was constantly threatened
nomad raids.
In the lower reaches of the Dnieper
merchant caravans
threatened by the Pechenegs,
wandering in one day
horse path from Kyiv.
Nomad raid.
Modern drawing.
Russia and Byzantium
?Byzantine
jewelry
products
What attracted the Varangians
and Slavs in Byzantium?
Varangians and Slavs were
barbarians, they were struck
unprecedented wealth
Byzantium.
The quest to capture these
wealth encouraged them
raid
to Byzantium as well
as in the III-V centuries. Germans
raided
to the Roman Empire.
Byzantine
jewelry
products
Russia and Byzantium
Slavic boat.?
What does Slavic look like?
combat boat?
On the drakar - a Viking ship.
On such boats the Vikings
and the Slavs descended
on the way "From the Varangians to the Greeks"
and plundered the Black Sea
coast of Byzantium.
In 860, according to the testimony
byzantine chroniclers,
Russ besieged
Constantinople.
The siege continued
a week, after which the Russians,
taking rich gifts,
retreated from the walls of the city
and sailed north.
Russians - most likely,
not Slavs, but Normans.
Oleg's campaign against Tsargrad
Slavs on the march.Hood V.A. Nagornov.
?
In 907 Oleg made
trip to Tsargrad
(Constantinople).
The chronicle says
what's on the trip
everyone participated
slavic tribes,
including streets,
Tivertsy and Vyatichi,
and Oleg's flotilla
totaled
2 thousand ships.
Consider what historical information
can be extracted from the chronicle story,
And what is clearly unreliable in it?
Oleg's campaign against Tsargrad
Oleg chose the right timefor raid: byzantine
the fleet fought the Arabs
away from Constantinople.
When the Russians approach
the Greeks blocked the entrance
to the Golden Horn
massive chain,
making it inaccessible
for enemy ships.
Plan of Constantinople.
Oleg's campaign against Tsargrad
Walls of Constantinople. Reconstruction.Apparently the Russians used
portage technique: put the rooks
on the rollers and rolled them up to the walls,
startling and frightening the unaccustomed
to such a spectacle of the Greeks.
chronicle
says that
by order of Oleg
his warriors pulled out
boats on the shore
put them
on wheels and lifting
sails, moved
to the walls of Tsargrad.
?
What do you think,
what happened
in fact?
Oleg's campaign against Tsargrad
Rooks of Prince Oleg near the walls of Constantinople.The Byzantines, seeing
that they can't
stand against
Oleg's troops
agreed
pay tribute to him
12 hryvnia
on a paddle
for 2000 ships.
After that, peace was concluded between the Russians and Byzantium.
The empire undertook to send tribute to the largest Russian
cities: Kyiv, Chernigov, Pereyaslavl, Lubeck, Rostov.
Russian ambassadors received the right to live in Byzantium at the expense of
imperial treasury unlimited time.
Oleg's campaign against Tsargrad
Russian merchantscould live
in Byzantium at the expense
treasury for six months.
Empire
pledged
supply the Russians
on the way back
food, sails,
Rooks of Prince Oleg near the walls of Constantinople.
anchors and
Miniature from the Radziwill chronicle of the 13th century.
ropes.
Russian merchants received the right to trade in Byzantium,
"not washed in clothes in anything."
?
What did the last clause of the contract mean?
and what was its significance?
Oleg's treaty with Byzantium
At the conclusionByzantine treaties
kissed the cross, and Oleg
and his companions
swore by Perun,
Veles and weapons.
Oleg nails a shield to the gates of Constantinople.
Hood. I.K. Bodarevsky.
Last quarter of the 19th century
?
What does this say
taking an oath?
On the paganism of Russians.
Leaving Constantinople, Oleg nailed his shield to the gate
Byzantine capital as a sign of reconciliation and friendship.
Oleg's treaty with Byzantium
In 911 arrived in ConstantinopleOleg's embassy, which signed
a new treaty that added
agreement of 907
The parties proclaimed: “Yes, we love
each other from all the soul and pleasure.
The treaty provided for punishment
for the crimes of the Greeks against
Russians and Russians against the Greeks,
shipwreck assistance,
mutual ransom of captives,
mutual return
runaway slaves.
What is especially interesting
List of Radzivilovskaya
the last clause of the contract?
chronicle, telling
about Oleg's campaign against Tsargrad.
?
Oleg's treaty with Byzantium
The contract of 911 includedarticle on allied aid
Byzantium from Russia
and about the Russian service
in the Byzantine troops.
?
Vikings in the service of Byzantium.
Modern drawing.
What relationship
empires with Russia it says?
The Byzantines hired Russians
(Varangians) for service
in the imperial troops.
It was typical
for empire interaction
with the barbarian peoples.
Igor's campaign against Constantinople.
In 941, 30 years later
after Oleg's contract
with Byzantium,
Kyiv prince Igor
went on a hike
to Constantinople.
Trip failed:
near the capital
Byzantine fleet
burned Russian boats
"Greek fire"
"Greek fire" - a combustible mixture based on oil, sulfur,
saltpeter, resins and, possibly, oil, which was not extinguished by water.
Barrels and vessels with an ignited mixture were thrown at enemy
ships or in fortresses with throwing weapons.
Igor's campaign against Constantinople
The flame that engulfed the boatsand thrown into the sea
people inspired the Russian
warriors are so terrified
that when you return home
they told like
the Greeks attacked them
heavenly lightning.
Igor's battle with the Byzantines.
Hood. V. Ivanov.
Three years later, in 944,
hiring additional
Varangian army and
Pecheneg army,
Igor again undertook
trip to Tsargrad.
Igor's campaign against Constantinople
Byzantine ambassadors ask for peace.Miniature from the Radziwill Chronicle.
Emperor sent
to Igor ambassadors
with words:
"Don't go to the city,
but take a tribute
south was Oleg,
give and more
to that tribute.
The prince turned
to the squad
for advice.
The squad replied: “What more do you want - without fighting, take
gold, and silver, and curtains? Who knows who will prevail, whether we,
is it? Behold, we do not walk on the earth, but on the depths of the sea.”
Taking tribute, Igor returned to Kyiv.
Igor's treaty with Byzantium
Conclusion of a peace treaty.Miniature from the Radziwill Chronicle.
?
What does the exchange mean?
embassies and signing
agreements not only in Tsargrad,
but also in Kyiv?
In 944 the Byzantine
ambassadors arrived in Kyiv
to conclude a new
peace treaty.
After that the Russians
ambassadors went
to Constantinople,
where the contract was approved
emperor and then
arrived in Kyiv
second Byzantine
embassy and contract
has been approved
Kyiv prince.
Igor's treaty with Byzantium
In Igor's contractwith Byzantium
many
terms of an agreement
Oleg 907–911
However, Russian ambassadors
and the merchants could not
now winter
in Byzantium, but should
Vacation of Russian ambassadors from Constantinople.
Miniature from the Radziwill Chronicle.
were coming back
home within
one navigation.
There was a limited number
fabrics bought by Russian merchants.
Russian merchants lost their right
duty-free trade in Byzantium.
Igor's treaty with Byzantium
Russia has committedattack Chersonese,
don't take land
at the mouth of the Dnieper,
defend Chersonese
from nomad attacks
- Black Bulgarians.
Conclusion of a peace treaty
between Russia and Byzantium.
Miniature from the Radziwill Chronicle.
Russia pledged to help
Byzantine troops:
“Do you want to start our kingdom from you warriors (warriors)
against those who oppose us, let us write to your great prince,
and send it to us as much as we want.”
?
What do these articles of the treaty indicate?
Diplomacy of Princess Olga
HolyEqual-to-the-Apostles
Duchess Olga
(baptism).
Hood. S.A. Kirillov.
A new stage in relations between Russia
and Byzantium came
under Princess Olga.
In 957 (according to other sources in 955)
Olga herself went
to Constantinople for a visit.
There she was baptized, and
baptized her by the patriarch, and by the godfather
the emperor himself spoke.
The princess was received in Constantinople
with great respect,
which testified
about the growth of the prestige of Russia.
The Russo-Byzantine alliance established in 944 strengthened.
Foreign policy (IX-X centuries)
Main directionsDefence from
Pecheneg raids
and other nomads
peoples
Hiking:
to Byzantium (907,
911 (Oleg), 941, 944 (Igor), 970-971 (Svyatoslav)
to Bulgaria (967, Svyatoslav)
to Khazaria (964-965, Svyatoslav)
Russian-Byzantine
treaties 907, 911 and
944 1. Which of the named persons did the Russian princes consider
the ancestor of his dynasty?
1) Askold
3) Rurik
2) Dira
4) Oleg 2. The activities of Prince Oleg include
1) education
Old Russian
center in Kyiv
states
With
2) the adoption of Christianity by Russia
3) the creation of the first set of laws of Ancient Russia -
"Russian Truth"
4) the introduction of lessons and churchyards Review the diagram and
complete the tasks.
3. Write a title
detour
lands,
undertaken
princes
With
purpose
collection
tribute
on
route
pictured
on the
scheme.
Answer: Review the diagram and
complete the tasks.
4. Write a title
the city designated
number "1" on the diagram.
Answer:
5. Write a title
Union of Slavic
tribes living
on the lands
indicated on the diagram
number "2".
Answer: 6. What judgments related to this scheme,
are true? List three of the six
proposed.
1) for the first time a detour along the route indicated on
scheme,
committed
prince
Rurik
2) Prince Igor was killed during a similar detour in
earth,
designated
on the
map
figure
"3"
3) detour by the prince of possessions along this route,
committed
With
november
on
April
4) an attempt to collect additional tribute during such
detour in 945, led to an uprising and the murder of the prince
5) the composition of the tribute collected during the detour included
fur, honey, wax, linen
6) the unit of taxation of tribute was a certain
area of arable land
Homework
1. When did the Slavs appear in Eastern Europe? FROMwhat peoples and tribes are they there
met?
2. What were the most important occupations of the Eastern
Slavs in the VI-VIII centuries? Why these classes
formed the basis of the Slavic economy?
3. Describe
essence
and
peculiarities
ancient Russian statehood.
4. Tell us about the activities of the first Russians
princes (Oleg, Igor, Olga, Svyatoslav).
Prince Vladimir (980-1015)
AdoptionChristianity
(988)
Gain
southern
borders
(Pechenegs)
Ladder
transmission system
authorities
(began to take shape
under Svyatoslav,
took shape
under Yaroslavichi)
Novgorod, Polotsk,
Turov, Vladimir Volynsky, Smolensk,
Rostov, Murom,
Tmutarakan,
land of the drevlyans
Significance of adopting Christianity
Strengthening the unity of the country andcentral government
Elimination of separatism
separate lands and addition
all-Russian self-consciousness
The development of feudal
relations
Growth in international prestige
Cultural Development
(writing, iconography,
frescoes, stone architecture,
schools...)
V. Vasnetsov
Baptism of Vladimir
Patriarch of Constantinople
Church
hierarchy
Metropolitan of Kyiv
Bishops
tithe
Hilarion - the first
Russian (1051)
The heyday of Kievan Rus (the end of the 10th - the middle of the 12th centuries)
Compilation of the first collectionlaws (Russian Truth)
Interstate dynastic
marriages
In 1054 the Cumans appeared
Defeat of the Pechenegs (1037)
The heyday of culture (St. Sophia Cathedrals
in Kyiv and Novgorod, Spassky Cathedral in
Chernihiv, "Golden Gate" in
Kyiv…)
Yaroslav the Wise
(1019-1054)
Reconstruction
MM. Gerasimov
Russian Truth - the first set of laws of the Old Russian state
BriefTruth
True Yaroslav
1016
st.1-18
The Truth of the Yaroslavichs
1072
st.19-41
God's judgment?
True Yaroslav and
Yaroslavichi
art.1-52
Spacious
Truth
early 12th century
Charter
Vladimir Monomakh
art.53-121
Protection of the property of the inhabitants of Russia, especially the property of princes
Vira - fine
Verv - community
for a crime
blood feud replacement
Outcasts - expelled
from the community
Rumors -
witnesses
The social structure of Kievan Rus
owned in o h and n and m andNobility (feudal lords): princes, boyars (combatants), church
People - free rural and urban population
Smerdy - semi-free community members who carried duties
in relation to the prince (?)
Ryadovich - a person obliged to perform work on
agreement (“row”) with his master
Procurement - a person working in the household of a feudal lord for a loan
("kupu")
Kholop - slave
Chelyad - slaves-prisoners of war
Vladimir Monomakh (1113-1125)
1097 - Lyubech congress: "Everyone keeps his fatherland"Vladimir Monomakh (1113-1125)
The final
edition of Russian Pravda
Victories over the Polovtsians
Strengthening the central
authorities
After the death of Mstislav
Vladimirovich (1125-1132)
"the whole Russian land was irritated"
Cap of Monomakh
Homework
1.What arewere
the reasons
acceptance
Russia
Christianity? What is the significance of this event?
2. Tell us about the reign of Yaroslav the Wise.
3. Describe
Monomakh.
governing body
Vladimir
Description of the presentation on individual slides:
1 slide
Description of the slide:
2 slide
Description of the slide:
Periodization of the Old Russian state (Kievan Rus): 1) IX - the middle of the X century. - the time of the first Kyiv princes; 2) the second half of the X - the first half of the XI century. - the time of the principality of Vladimir I the Holy and Yaroslav the Wise, the heyday of the Kyiv state; 3) the second half of the XI - the second half of the XII century. - the transition to territorial and political fragmentation, or to specific orders. The reasons for the emergence of the state among the Eastern Slavs: economic social political 1. production and use of iron tools 2. separation of agriculture from animal husbandry 3. development of trade and expansion of the domestic and foreign markets 1. the emergence of the rich and the poor 2. the allocation of tribal nobility 3. the appearance of foreigners 1 . contradictions between different social groups 2. protection of the territory from external interference 3. waging wars of conquest
3 slide
Description of the slide:
Theories of the emergence of the state among the Eastern Slavs: Norman Centrist Slavic The Old Russian state was created by the Vikings with the voluntary consent of the Slavs. The Varangians are more educated and more organized than the Slavs: they are recognized as representatives of a more developed world by M.V. Lomonosov, B.A. Rybakov Foreign princes were really invited to Russia as a "third", reconciling force. But! The Old Russian state arose as a result of the long independent development of the Slavic society. A.L. Yurganov, L.A. Katsva The presence of the Varangians in Russia and their role in the formation of the Old Russian state are denied. The Varangian origin of the first Russian princes is denied. G. Bayer, 18th century G. Miller and A. L. Schlozer N.M. Karamzin, 19th century CM. Solovyov
4 slide
Description of the slide:
At the end of the 8th-9th centuries, armed Norman detachments made trade and conquest campaigns in different countries of Europe. They also invaded the northwestern lands of the Eastern Slavs. The Rus are that part of the Normans who settled in the lands of the Eastern Slavs. Some East Slavic cities began to invite armed detachments of the Rus, led by commanders - princes, for a small fee. They obliged the population to pay them instead of salaries a constant and higher payment - tribute - for the performance of their duties. According to The Tale of Bygone Years, in 862, the East Slavic and Finnish-speaking tribes living in the northwest stopped paying tribute to the Varangians and expelled them "over the sea", that is, to the land from which they came. However, very soon the tribes quarreled, it came to armed clashes. Meanwhile, other enemies began to attack their lands.
5 slide
Description of the slide:
And then representatives of all the tribes gathered at the veche and decided to send their ambassadors “over the sea” to the familiar Vikings with the words: “Our land is great and plentiful, but there is no outfit [management] in it. Yes, go [come] reign and rule over us.” Prince Rurik responded to the invitation. He settled with his squad in the city of Ladoga. So in the northwestern lands a large association (principality) arose, the center of which was the new city built by Rurik - Novgorod. Rurik began to be called Gostomysl (d. c. 860) - the legendary elder of the Ilmen Slovenes.
6 slide
Description of the slide:
In the first third of the 9th century, detachments of the Rus appeared in the south. The noble warriors of Rurik Askold and Dir went along the Great Trade Route to the capital of Byzantium, Tsargrad. Going down the Dnieper, they saw a city spread out on three hills. It was the center of the glades Kyiv, which, according to legend, was founded by three brothers: Kyi, Shchek and Khoriv. The inhabitants of Kyiv paid tribute to the Khazars, besides, they were "offended" by the Drevlyans and other tribes. The meadows invited the Varangian squads to the city (perhaps Askold first arrived here, and Dir - a little later). The Rus liberated the glades from the Khazar dependence. Thus, in the 9th century, two large East Slavic associations were formed, in which invited princes ruled.
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In 879, Rurik died in Novgorod. His relative Oleg became Prince of Novgorod. In 882, having gathered a large army, he set off on a campaign to the south. Along the way, Oleg subjugated the land of the Krivichi, which was claimed by the southern princes. Approaching Kyiv, he tricked the princes Askold and Dir out of the city and killed them. Kyiv Oleg declared "the mother of Russian cities", the capital of his lands. In the future, he defeated the nearest neighbors of the glades - the Drevlyans. Then the prince defeated the Khazars and freed the northerners and Radimichi from their dependence. As a result of the unification of the two main centers of the Eastern Slavs - the southern one, headed by Kyiv and the northern one, headed by Novgorod, a state was formed, which received the name Rus. Since it was the first, most ancient state of the Eastern Slavs, historians call it the Old Russian state or Kievan Rus.
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The system of state authorities of Kievan Rus: Signs of state power in Kievan Rus:
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The first prince of the Old Russian state, Oleg, gradually annexed most of the East Slavic lands to Kyiv. Under his rule was the path "from the Varangians to the Greeks." In 907, Oleg made a grandiose campaign against Constantinople. It was attended by 2 thousand ships, which housed 80 thousand soldiers. The Byzantines, having learned about the approach of the Russian army, closed the harbor of Constantinople with a huge chain and took refuge behind the walls of the city. Then Oleg ordered to pull the ships ashore and put them on wheels. A fair wind drove the sailboats of the Rus to the walls of the Byzantine capital. Frightened Greeks asked for peace. Prince Oleg, as a sign of victory, nailed his shield to the gates of Constantinople. The result of the campaign was a trade agreement with Byzantium that was beneficial for Russian merchants, which Oleg concluded in 911.
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After the death of Oleg, Rurik's son Igor became the Prince of Kyiv. He began his activities with the return of the Drevlyans under the rule of Kyiv, who separated, taking advantage of the death of Oleg. The reign of Prince Igor is characterized as a cruel, bloody era: constant skirmishes, wars, internecine strife. In 912, Prince Igor began his independent reign on the throne of Kiev after the death of Prince Oleg. The Drevlyans (a tribe that lived in the Ukrainian Polissya) were previously subordinated to Prince Oleg and are required to pay tribute to Kyiv. With the death of Oleg, they tried to free themselves and refuse to pay. Igor defeated them and imposed more tribute than before. In 915, the Pechenegs came to Russian land for the first time. Igor's diplomacy turned the clash in the direction of a peace treaty, but in 920 the Russian army went on a campaign against the Pechenegs, which speaks of Igor's warlike policy. The result of this campaign is unknown, but it can be assumed that it ended successfully, since nowhere in the annals is there any mention of losses and Prince Igor returned home alive, the Pechenegs did not disturb the Russian land for a long time and were even hired to attack Byzantium in 944.
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In 941, Igor made a big campaign against Constantinople. But he was unsuccessful. The Byzantines burned the boats of the Rus with a special combustible mixture - "Greek fire". This defeat did not stop Igor. In 944, he again went to Byzantium. Upon learning of this, the Greeks sent an embassy to the prince with rich gifts. Igor turned his squads back. While the prince of Kyiv was making military campaigns, the governor was collecting tribute from the Russian lands. But, having returned home, in 945, at the insistence of the squad, Igor himself went for tribute to the Drevlyans. The Drevlyans did not argue with the prince. However, upon returning to Igor, it seemed that the fee was small. The prince released most of the squad and returned to the Drevlyans with a new demand for tribute.
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This time, the Drevlyans were indignant - after all, the prince grossly violated the agreement on polyudye. The Drevlyansk veche decided: “If a wolf gets into the habit of sheep, it will carry away the entire herd until they kill it.” The Drevlyans killed the princely warriors and brutally dealt with the prince. After the death of Igor, his widow Princess Olga (945-957) became the ruler of the state. She took revenge on the Drevlyans for the death of her husband. And in order to further exclude events like the massacre of Igor, the princess set the exact amount of tribute - lessons and places of its collection - graveyards. Tribute was now collected not by the princes themselves, but by people specially appointed by them. It was the first state reform - an important change in people's lives. In 957, Olga with a magnificent retinue went to the distant Tsargrad. Here she converted to Christianity.
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Upon her return from Byzantium, Olga handed over the reign to her son Svyatoslav (957-972). Svyatoslav annexed to Russia the last East Slavic union of tribes - the Vyatichi, who had previously paid tribute to the Khazars. From the land of the Vyatichi, he moved to the Volga. Having devastated the lands of the Volga Bulgars, Svyatoslav rushed to Khazaria, which created obstacles for Russian merchants on the Volga trade route leading through the Caspian Sea to the rich countries of the East. During two campaigns against the Khazar Khaganate (965-969), Svyatoslav's troops defeated the main Khazar cities - Itil, Semender and Sarkel. Then the Russian prince captured the mouth of the Kuban River and the coast of the Sea of Azov. On the Taman Peninsula, the Tmutparakan Principality, dependent on Russia, was formed. Shortly after the campaigns of Svyatoslav, the Khazar Khaganate ceased to exist as an independent state.
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In 968, the Kyiv flotilla entered the mouth of the Danube. Svyatoslav captured a number of Bulgarian settlements, and declared the city of Pereyaslavets his new capital. Such a turn of events was not included in the plans of Byzantium. A new strong enemy appeared at its borders. The emperor persuaded his Pecheneg allies to attack Kyiv, where the elderly Princess Olga and her grandchildren were. Svyatoslav hurried home with part of his squad and drove the Pechenegs away from the capital. But the prince told his mother and the boyars: “I don’t like Kyiv, I want to live in Pereyaslavets on the Danube: there is the middle of my land, everything good is brought there from all sides: gold, fabrics, wines, various fruits from the Greeks, from Czechs and Hungarians silver and horses, from Russia furs, honey, wax and slaves. But the old princess Olga did not want to let the prince go on a new campaign. She died soon after. In the spring of 971, the best troops of Byzantium moved against Svyatoslav. Fierce battles ensued, during which the opponents suffered heavy losses. This forced them to start negotiations. The Byzantine emperor agreed to let Svyatoslav's warriors go home in exchange for the prince's promise to retreat from Bulgaria. In 972, when Svyatoslav was returning to Kyiv with a small detachment, the Pechenegs ambushed him at the Dnieper rapids (stone heaps blocking the river) and killed him.
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The Pecheneg Khan ordered to insert the skull of Svyatoslav into a gold frame and used it at feasts as a bowl.
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After the death of Svyatoslav, a struggle for power began between his sons. The victory in this struggle was won by Vladimir Svyatoslavich (980-1015). During the years of his reign, a defensive system was created for the southeastern borders of Russia from the Pechenegs (notches and watchtowers). Vladimir began his reign by restoring order in his own state. As a result of a two-year war, Vladimir returned the Vyatichi "under the arm" of Kyiv. In 984, the prince defeated the Radimichi militia. Even earlier, he conquered the Principality of Polotsk on the Western Dvina. After that, Vladimir led a campaign in the Volga Bulgaria, which began to obstruct Russian trade. Having won, Vladimir made peace with the Bulgars on favorable terms for Russia.
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Under Vladimir, the first clash of Russia with Poland, the newly emerged state of the Western Slavs, took place. In 981, Vladimir conquered the Polish cities of Cherven, Przemysl and others, significantly expanding the territory of his state. In 988 Russia was baptized according to the Byzantine model. The adoption of Christianity was of great importance for the further development of Russia: 1) Christianity affirmed the idea of the equality of people before God, which contributed to the mitigation of the cruel morals of the former pagans; 2) the adoption of Christianity strengthened state power and the territorial unity of Kievan Rus; 3) Russia strengthened its international prestige by becoming now equal to other Christian countries, ties with which have expanded significantly; 4) the adoption of Christianity played a big role in the development of Russian culture, served as a bridge for the penetration of Byzantine Russia into Russia, and through it, ancient culture.
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Russian Orthodox Church. Some time after the adoption of Christianity in Russia, a clear church organization developed. At the head of the church was the Metropolitan of Kyiv, who was sent from Constantinople. Russia was divided into church districts headed by bishops subordinate to the metropolitan. The clergy were divided into white and black. Whites included priests who served in urban and rural churches. The black clergy lived in monasteries. The monks refused worldly pleasures, lived very poorly, in labor and prayers. Under Vladimir, a church charter was adopted. He gave the church wide rights. She had her own court. Church courts tried for crimes against faith - heresy, pagan prayers, as well as for all offenses of a moral nature.
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Vladimir, following the example of his father, sent 12 of his sons to different lands of Russia so that they would carry out his policy there. In this way, he hoped to strengthen his power and strengthen the unity of the state. Vladimir's favorite sons were Boris and Gleb. Prince Vladimir clearly wanted to transfer the Kiev principality to Boris after himself. The two eldest sons of the prince, Svyatopolk and Yaroslav, did not like this very much. When Vladimir was dying, Boris was not in Kyiv: he went on a campaign against the Pechenegs. Svyatopolk had many supporters among the people of Kiev, and they recognized him as their prince. But, knowing about the love of many in Russia for Boris, Svyatopolk decided to get rid of a dangerous rival, as well as his brother Gleb, by sending secret assassins to them (Boris and Gleb were later canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church). Later, Svyatopolk organized the murder of another brother - Svyatoslav, who ruled in the Drevlyane land. For his terrible crimes, Svyatopolk was nicknamed the Cursed by the people.
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Yaroslav, having received news of the death of his father and the murder of his brothers, at the head of a hired Varangian squad and the Novgorod militia opposed Svyatopolk. He called for the help of the Pechenegs. The troops of the Kievan and Novgorod princes met in the late autumn of 1016 near the town of Lyubech and stood on different banks of the Dnieper for almost three months, showering each other with ridicule. Yaroslav was the first to cross the Dnieper and defeated the Kyivans with a sudden blow. Svyatopolk fled to his wife's father (father-in-law) - the Polish prince Boleslav the Brave. In 1017, Yaroslav entered Kyiv and took the princely throne. Svyatopolk the Accursed Yaroslav
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Boleslav the Brave, who sought to expand his possessions, saw a suitable opportunity for this. In 1018, he went along with Svyatopolk to Yaroslav and defeated his army. Having captured Kyiv, Boleslav did not return it to Svyatopolk, but began to rule himself. The humiliated prince began to incite the people of Kiev to oppose the Poles. Bolesław was forced to return to Poland. Svyatopolk reasserted himself in Kyiv. In 1019, at the insistence of the Novgorodians, who did not want to pay tribute to Kyiv, Yaroslav again opposed Svyatopolk and defeated him. Svyatopolk tried to find shelter in Poland, but died on the way. Boleslav
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The reign of Yaroslav (1019-1054) was the heyday of the Old Russian state. The prince did a lot to spread Christianity in Russia. He built new churches (including the outstanding Hagia Sophia in Kyiv and Novgorod), opened schools with them, and encouraged the translation of church books from Greek into Slavonic. Under him, the famous Kiev-Pechersk Monastery was founded. Yaroslav was a literate and educated person. He bought many books abroad, read them, according to the chronicle, "day and night", knew the Bible well. For this, he received the nickname of the Wise among the people. Hagia Sophia in Kyiv Hagia Sophia in Novgorod
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In an effort to establish order and legality in his state, Yaroslav the Wise laid the foundation for the creation in Russia of a written code (collection) of laws, which was called Truth of Yaroslav. Russkaya Pravda provided for punishments for beatings, mutilations, harboring a runaway slave, damage to weapons and clothes. For criminal offenses, Russkaya Pravda provided for a fine (vira) in favor of the prince and a reward in favor of the victim (golovnichestvo). For serious crimes, according to the Russkaya Pravda set of rules, all the property of the perpetrator was taken away, expelled from the community or deprived of liberty.
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FROM THE TRUTH YAROSLAV 1. If a free man kills a free man, then [for him they have the right] to avenge brother for brother, or son for father, or father for son, or sons of brother and sister; if one of them does not want or cannot take revenge, then let him receive 40 hryvnias for the murdered ... 13. If someone discovers the property stolen from him from another person, he should not arbitrarily take it away, saying at the same time: “This is mine”, but let him say: "Go to the vault and show me where you got it"; if the suspect of theft does not immediately go to the vault, then let him put up a guarantor for himself no later than five days ... offended 12 hryvnia; and then if where he meets a hit offender [serf], then he has the right to beat him. What remnants of the tribal system were preserved in the Old Russian state? What testifies to the origin of feudal relations?
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The foreign policy of Yaroslav the Wise: in 1030 he established his power on the western shore of Lake Peipus and built the city of Yuryev there (his middle name - Yuri - the Kyiv prince received at baptism). In 1036, near Kyiv, Russian troops, led by the prince, completely defeated the Pechenegs, after which the steppe inhabitants stopped raiding Russia. 1041 union treaty with the Polish king. 1046 Byzantium and Russia signed a peace treaty.
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With the death of the last of the sons of Yaroslav the Wise, strife began again. The most popular in Russia at that time was the grandson of Yaroslav Vladimir Monomakh (1113-1125), who in 1097 took the initiative to convene a congress of princes in the city of Lyubech. It was decided to stop the strife and proclaimed the principle of "everyone keeps his fatherland." The establishment of this principle consolidated the already begun division of the Russian land into separate principalities. However, the strife continued even after the Lyubech Congress. In 1113, Vladimir Monomakh was invited to the Kyiv throne, temporarily restored the weakened power of the Grand Duke, and pacified the Polovtsy. Vladimir II was an enlightened ruler, the author of Teachings to Children. In 1132, under the sons and grandsons of Vladimir Monomakh, Russia finally disintegrated into separate principalities. "... Let everyone keep his Fatherland .." - the beginning of fragmentation in Russia.
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A few days after his reign in Kyiv, Vladimir Monomakh gave Russia a new set of laws - the "Charter of Vladimir Vsevolodovich." The new law greatly facilitated the position of various kinds of debtors. From now on, moneylenders had no right to demand more than 20% in excess of the amount borrowed. These provisions of the "Charter" freed many debtors from financial dependence, and limited the arbitrariness of usurers. The sources of servility were clearly defined: - self-sale into servitude, - the transformation into a serf of a person who married a serf without an appropriate contract, - entering the service of the master as a tiun without a specially stipulated freedom in this case - a purchase who escaped from the master became a serf. If he left in search of money to repay the debt, then in this case he could not be turned into a slave. In all other cases, attempts to enslave free people were stopped, which was certainly a progressive rule for that time. It was forbidden to turn into a slave a person who received a loan of bread.
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The crown (or hat) presented to the Grand Duke of Kyiv Vladimir Monomakh by the ambassadors of the Byzantine emperor in 1116. All Russian autocrats were crowned kings, putting on their heads the Cap of Monomakh. She was a symbol of royal power.
OBJECTIVES OF THE LESSON: educational: to analyze the process of formation of the Old Russian state, noting its natural character; creation of a holistic view of social relations in Russia in the 22nd century. and their development; acquaintance with "Russian Truth". developing: development of skills in working with historical documents; the formation of the ability to extract historical information from them, analyze, generalize, draw conclusions and apply the knowledge gained to solve cognitive problems. The ability to see a problem and identify ways to solve it. educational: the formation of interest in national history and historical research through direct contact with historical documents. 2
Tribal unions of the Eastern Slavs in the 9th century. Krivichi Upper reaches of the Volga, Dnieper, Zapadnaya Dvina Rivers Vyatichi Oka River Slovene Ilmenian Around Lake Ilmen and along the Volkhov River Radimichi Sozh River Drevlyane Pripyat River Dregovichi Between the Pripyat and Berezina Rivers Glades Along the western bank of the Dnieper River Streets and Tivertsy Southwest of the East European Plain Northerners Along the rivers Desna, Seim, Sula, Seversky Donets Croats, Duleba Danube and Carpathian Polochan Basin of the Western Dvina Volynyan, Buzhan Carpathia 7
Kievan Rus of the period of "gathering lands" - 80s of the 9th - end of the 10th century. According to The Tale of Bygone Years (beginning of XII), the creation of a powerful state in Eastern Europe began from the north. Here the Northern Tribal Union was formed with the center in Novgorod. The southern tribal union was located in the Middle Dnieper region, in the region of the Ros River with the center in Kiev. Here the core of the ancient Russian state was formed. Paying tribute to the Varangians 8
Prerequisites for the emergence of the state among the Slavs Political: strengthening the role of the military nobility (prince, squad) Economic: the emergence of property inequality Social: the transition to a neighboring community; Foreign policy: constant military pressure from neighbors (nomads, Varangians) 9
Rurik () The chronicle reports that in 862 the Novgorodians expelled the Varangians across the sea, but there was no peace among the multilingual tribes, therefore, in 862, representatives of the tribes called on a foreign prince to put them in order .. In 862, Rurik's troops occupied lands along the banks of Ladoga, and in 864 he annexed Beloozero and Izborsk .. In other cities, Rurik planted his people to rule. Prince Rurik became the head of a dynasty that ruled the Russian lands for more than 700 years. ten
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Oleg () - After the death of Rurik in 879, Oleg became the leader of the Varangian detachments. -. The main task of the prince was to master the most important route "from the Varangians to the Greeks." - In 882. Prince Oleg made a campaign to the south, killed the Kyiv princes Askold and Dir. - Oleg declared Kyiv his capital, took the title of "Grand Duke". - As a result of the unification of the north and south of the East Slavic lands, the Old Russian state was formed - Kievan Rus. - (Organization of power and administration in the 9th-10th centuries) (Organization of power and administration in the 9th-10th centuries) 12
Is it true that power at the stage of the formation of the Old Russian state was based on the use of force? Prove it or disprove it. Appendix 1. Expansion of the territory of the Old Russian state.ppt Appendix 1. Expansion of the territory of the Old Russian state.ppt 14
Polyudye The most important source of income for the prince and his squad was the tribute (polyudye) paid by the conquered tribes. Polyudie played the role of not only collecting tribute, but also carried out the power functions of the prince: he communicated, “reminds” of his leadership, and judged. It was the polyudie that connected together the lands that were often far from each other. fifteen
Igor was immoderate in his demands on the defeated tribes. The Drevlyans said: "The wolf will get into the sheep, so it will endure the whole herd. Let's kill him." And they killed Igor and his squad that was with him. 17
The following year, the princess gathered a large army and set off on a campaign against the Drevlyans. The Drevlyans were defeated, Iskorosten was burned, some of its inhabitants were enslaved, the rest were heavily taxed, a third of which went to Vyshgorod, which belonged to Olga, and two-thirds to Kyiv. Is it possible to say that the ruler was great when he destroyed one of the East Slavic tribes solely in order to avenge the death of his spouse? Princess Olga burns Iskorosten 18
Olga's Reform Having completed her vengeance, Olga set about organizing the Russian land. Olga established certain amounts of tribute - "lessons", set up her camps and churchyards all over the earth. Stanovishch, apparently, was the name of the place where the princes stopped when traveling to polyudye. Graveyards should be understood rather as fortified courtyards of princely clerks - tiuns, where the surrounding population brought tribute. Gradually, they turned into strongholds of princely power in remote areas. The “polyudya” system is replaced by a “cart” - the delivery of tribute to the churchyard. 19
Vladimir () In the IX - X centuries. Kyiv princes gradually subjugated the Eastern Slavic unions of tribal principalities. With the liquidation of the autonomy of the Slavic unions of tribal principalities, the formation of the state of Kievan Rus is completed. The adoption by Prince Vladimir (988) of Christianity as the state religion was an outstanding act that politically and ideologically consolidated the formation of a single Old Russian state. (organization of power and administration in the 11th-13th centuries).
CATHEDRAL OF PRINCE VLADIMIR Built in the 90s of the 20th century. Built in the 90s of the 20th century. Architect - A. Oreshnikov. Architect - A. Oreshnikov, city - first service city - first service. July 2001 - visited by Alexy II July 2001 - visited by Alexy II 23
THE MAIN DIRECTIONS OF THE DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN POLICY OF THE FIRST RUSSIAN PRINCES Creation of a single state Unification of the East Slavic lands Religious reform Strengthening the princely power Strengthening the management system Organized taxation system Strengthening diplomatic ties with Byzantium, European states Strengthening the foreign political power of Russia 25
Yaroslav the Wise () After the expulsion of Svyatopolk and with the death of Mstislav, Prince Yaroslav became the sole ruler of the Russian land. Distinguished by his great mind, he skillfully ruled Russia: he cared a lot about the needs of the country, built cities (Yaroslav and Yuryev), erected churches (St. Sophia in Kyiv and Novgorod), established schools and promoted writing in Russia. He also has the merit of publishing the first set of legal customs, known as "Russian Truth". 26
Russian Truth "Russian Truth" - a collection of princely laws. More than a hundred lists of Russkaya Pravda have survived to this day. All lists are divided into three main editions: Short, Long and Abbreviated. The oldest edition, prepared no later than 1054, is the "Brief Truth", which consists of the "Court of Yaroslav Vladimirovich" (usually called the "Truth of Yaroslav" in the literature) (articles 1-18), "The Truth of Yaroslavichi", i.e. Yaroslav's sons - Izyaslav, Svyatoslav and Vsevolod (Articles 19-41), "Virny Pokon" (Article 42), "The Lesson of Bridgemen" (Article 43). 28
Do the task: answer the question. ? A person who has fallen into complete dependence on the master, a slave. ? A person who has entered into an agreement on the performance of certain duties in favor of the master. ? A bankrupt community member who went into debt bondage for a Loan, the interest from which he worked out in the field from the person who lent him money. ? A person who was initially free, but gradually fell into dependence on the feudal lord. in favor of the prince. 38
Peculiarities of the early state Each community, ripe for the creation of statehood, passes through the stage of the early state. Signs of the early stateTribal remnants The hereditary power of the prince The veche is preserved - a meeting of free community members A permanent squad, personally devoted to the prince The people's militia, if necessary, the Prince's special courtTraditional law (blood feud and God's judgment) The emergence of categories of dependent population (serfs, purchases, ryadovichi) 41
Conclusions: At the head of the state was the prince, largely dependent on the squad; The control apparatus is not developed. The dominance of state property; The classes of feudal society did not take shape: the class of feudal lords and dependent peasants; The peasants were not enslaved; The power of the prince depends on the community, the people's militia. The existing Old Russian state can be characterized as an early feudal monarchy. « 42
: : Used Literature Russia in the Works of Russian Historians / N.M. Karamzin. History of the Russian state / History of Russia (grade 6) - lessons on the history of Russia in the 7th-15th centuries. using a computer. illustrations, maps, schemes /lesson-history.narod.ru/.lesson-history.narod.ru Materials of Russian history (works by V.N. Tatishchev, N.K. Karamzin, N.I. Kostomarov, lectures by S.M. Solovyov, V.O. Klyuchevsky, S.F. Platonov, Metropolitan Macarius) /magister.msk.ru/.magister.msk.ru The first Russian princes. /portfolio.1september.ruportfolio.1september.ru
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Prerequisites for the creation of the Old Russian state
State formation is a long process. The state arises as a result of the decomposition of the tribal system. The prerequisites for the emergence of the state among the Eastern Slavs took place over several centuries.
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In the 9th century, trade was of great importance in the life of the Slavs. Through the lands of the Slavs ran a trade route from the Baltic and Northern Europe to Byzantium ("the path from the Varangians to the Greeks").
There were people who bought furs, honey, wax from the Slavs and took them to the markets of Byzantium, Khazaria (merchants).
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Trade was very profitable, but also very dangerous business. The lower course of the Dnieper River was under the control of the nomadic people of the Pechenegs. They robbed sailing merchant ships, and the captured people were sold into slavery.
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Along the trade routes, settlements arose, gradually growing into cities (Kyiv - near the glades, Chernigov - among the northerners, Smolensk and Polotsk - near the Krivichi, Novgorod - near the Ilmen Slovenes).
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Merchants traded in the cities, artisans moved here. Cities subjugated the surrounding territories. People from various tribes settled in the cities. In the cities, new uniform orders were established for all.
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The emergence of princely power
Historians have different points of view about the emergence of princely power among the Slavs. In the 8th-9th centuries, the Normans raided the countries of Europe. They invaded the northwestern territory of the Eastern Slavs and imposed tribute on the Chud and Meryu (Finno-Ugric) tribes, as well as the Krivichi and Ilmen Slovenes.
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Some Slavic cities, for a small fee, began to invite armed detachments of the Rus, led by princes (kings), for their protection. among the Slavs. Slavs called hired warriors Varangians. Kings began to be invited to resolve tribal disputes.
Slide 9
Education of state centers
The chronicle "The Tale of Bygone Years" reports that in 862 the Slavs and the Finno-Ugric peoples expelled the Varangians, but strife and clashes began among them, attacks by enemies resumed. Then the representatives of the tribes at the veche decided to invite the Vikings they knew to reign.
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The calling of Rurik, from which the beginning of the statehood of the Eastern Slavs is traditionally counted, in historiography was called "The Calling of the Varangians". Rurik laid the foundation for the Rurik dynasty, which ruled until the end of the 16th century.
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The noble warriors of Rurik Askold and Dir set out with warriors to raid Constantinople, but along the way they stopped at Kyiv and, having captured it, remained there to reign.
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The meadows paid tribute to the Khazars. Askold and Dir freed the glades from this tribute. Askold took the title of khakan. The Varangians entered into a struggle with the Drevlyans, Pechenegs, and Bulgars.
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In the 9th century, two large East Slavic associations were formed, in which invited princes ruled. Novgorod was located in the north, Kyiv - in the south.
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Formation of the Old Russian state
After the death of Rurik in 879, his relative Oleg became Prince of Novgorod. In 882, having gathered a large army, he went on a campaign to the south. Along the way, the Krivichi were subordinated. After that, he went down the Dnieper to Kyiv, where Askold and Dir reigned. Oleg lured them to his boats.
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After the annexation of Kyiv, Oleg subjugated the Drevlyans to his power, and having defeated the Khazars, he annexed the territories of the northerners and Radimichi. A large East Slavic state of RUS was formed. Historians call this state the Old Russian state.
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At the head of Russia was the great Kyiv prince. His power was based on combatants, with whom the prince consulted on important matters and shared tribute and military booty.
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From November to April, the prince with his retinue traveled around the subject lands and collected the prepared tribute. This form of tribute collection was called POLYUDIE. All the tribes that recognized the power of the Kyiv prince entered into an agreement with him and pledged to pay tribute in furs, bread and others.
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In case of war, all the tribes had to put up a militia. The all-Russian militia was commanded by a voivode. In the cities, all the main issues were decided by the veche. Some tribes retained the power of their princes. Local princes were ready to use every opportunity to free themselves from the power of Kyiv.
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Get acquainted with various theories about the emergence of the state among the Eastern Slavs. Find out the prerequisites and stages of the formation of the Old Russian state. Find out the system of governance of the Old Russian state. Lesson objectives
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“The Tale of Bygone Years” (working with a document) “In the year 6370 (862). They expelled the Varangians across the sea, and did not give them tribute, and began to rule themselves. And there was no truth among them, and generation upon generation stood up, and there was strife among them, and they began to fight with themselves. And they said to themselves: "Let's look for a prince who would rule over us and judge by right." And they went across the sea to the Varangians, to Russia. Those Varangians were called Rus, just as some are called Swedes, and others Normans and Angles, and still others Gotlanders. That's what they were called. Chud, Slavs, Krivichi and all said: “Our land is great and plentiful, but there is no order in it. Come reign and rule over us." And three brothers volunteered with their clans, and took all of Russia with them, and came to the Slavs, and the eldest, Rurik, sat in Novgorod, and the other, Sineus, on Belo-ozer, and the third, Truvor, in Izborsk. And from those Varangians the Russian land was nicknamed ... Two years later, Sineus and his brother Truvor died. And Rurik seized all the power and began to distribute cities to his men - Polotsk to that, Rostov to that, White Lake to another ... And he had two husbands, not his relatives, but boyars, and they asked for leave to Tsargrad with their kind. And they set off along the Dnieper, and when they sailed by, they saw a small city on the mountain. And they asked: "Whose town is this?" The local residents answered: “There were three brothers: Kyi, Shchek and Khoriv, who built this town and disappeared, and we are sitting here, their descendants, and pay tribute to the Khazars.” Askold and Dir remained in this city, gathered many Varangians and began to own the land of the meadows. Rurik then reigned in Novgorod.
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RURIK (? - d. 879) - Varangian, Prince of Novgorod (862-879) and the ancestor of the princely, which later became royal, Rurik dynasty in the Russian state. The chronicle founder of the statehood of Russia, Rurik, is one of the most mysterious figures in ancient Russian history. For a long time, he was, as it were, a symbol of Normanism, which denied the organizational abilities of the Slavs. Historians-Normanists considered him the Scandinavian king Rorik, who allegedly managed to establish order in the land of the "wild" Slavic tribes and give them a state organization.
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According to another version, Rurik is a Slavic generic name associated with a falcon, which in Slavic languages was also called a rarog. There are also attempts to prove the legendary Rurik.
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Theories of the emergence of the state among the Eastern Slavs Norman Centrist Slavic The Old Russian state was created by the Vikings with the voluntary consent of the Slavs. The Varangians are more educated and more organized than the Slavs: they are recognized as representatives of a more developed world. Foreign princes were indeed invited to Russia as a “third”, reconciling force. But! The Old Russian state arose as a result of the long independent development of the Slavic society. The presence of the Varangians in Russia and their role in the formation of the Old Russian state is denied. The Varangian origin of the first Russian princes is denied.
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Representatives of the main theories of the emergence of the state among the Eastern Slavs (continuation of the table) Norman Centrist Slavyanskaya M.V. Lomonosov, B.A. Rybakov A.L. Yurganov, L.A. Katsvai most modern historians G. Bayer, XVIII century. G. Millery A. L. Shlozer N. M. Karamzin, 19th century CM. Solovyov
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Prerequisites and stages of the formation of the Old Russian state The Eastern Slavs experienced the decomposition of the tribal system The community had already changed and was not tribal, but neighborly There was private property Improvement in land cultivation led to the emergence of surplus The beginning of inequality The tribal nobility stood out (princes and elders). They surrounded themselves with vigilantes, i.e. by armed force, independent of the will of the people's assembly and capable of forcing the obedience of the community members. Each Slavic tribe had its own prince. Thus, the Slavic society was already approaching the emergence of statehood.
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Prince Oleg (Prophetic Oleg, d. 912) - Varangian, Prince of Novgorod (from 879) and Kyiv (from 882). Often regarded as the founder of the state of Kievan Rus. There are two versions of Oleg's biography in Russian chronicles. According to the traditional, set out in the Tale of Bygone Years, he was a relative (tribesman) of Rurik, possibly his brother-in-law (according to the Joachim Chronicle). After the death of Rurik in 879, he began to reign in Novgorod, since Rurik's son Igor was still a child.
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In 882, Oleg undertook successful campaigns against Smolensk and Lyubech. After that, he went down the Dnieper to Kyiv, where the princes were the tribesmen of Rurik, the Varangians Askold and Dir. Oleg lured them to his boats and, having announced to them: “You are not a prince, nor a princely family, but I am a princely family,” and, presenting Rurik’s heir, the young Igor (“You are not princes and not a princely family, but I am a princely family. And this is the son of Rurik") and ordered to kill Askold and Dir. Kyiv seemed to Oleg convenient for its location, and he moved there with a retinue, announcing: "Let Kyiv be the mother of Russian cities." Thus, he united the two main centers of the Eastern Slavs (northern and southern). For this reason, it is Oleg, and not Rurik, who is sometimes considered the creator of the Old Russian state (Kievan Rus).
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Over the next 25 years, Oleg's activities are connected with the expansion of the state. He subordinated to Kyiv the Drevlyans, northerners, Radimichi. The last two tribal unions were tributaries of the Khazar Khaganate. According to legend, Oleg allegedly said: “I am an enemy to them, but I have no enmity with you. Don't give to the Khazars, but pay me." Then Oleg fought with the southernmost East Slavic tribes of the streets and Tivertsy. In 907, Oleg set off on a large military campaign to Constantinople (Tsargrad). According to The Tale of Bygone Years, 2,000 boats of 40 warriors each took part in the campaign. The Byzantine emperor Leo the Philosopher gave the order to close the gates of the city and block the harbor with chains, thus giving the Vikings the opportunity to rob and ravage the suburbs of Constantinople. However, Oleg went on the assault in an unusual way: “And Oleg ordered his soldiers to make wheels and put ships on wheels. And when a favorable wind blew, they raised sails in the field and went to the city. The frightened Greeks offered Oleg peace and tribute. According to the agreement, Oleg received 12 hryvnias for each oarlock, in addition, Tsargrad promised to pay tribute to Russian cities. As a sign of victory, Oleg nailed his shield to the gates of Constantinople. The main result of the campaign was the conclusion of a trade agreement that ensured the freedom of duty-free trade for Russian merchants.
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In 912, Oleg sent an embassy to Constantinople, which confirmed the "long-term" peace and concluded a new treaty. Compared with the treaty of 907, the mention of duty-free trade has disappeared from it. Oleg is referred to in the contract as the "Grand Duke of Russia". The authenticity of this agreement is confirmed by a mention from the Byzantine side, linguistic analysis and is not subject to doubt. According to the PVL version, in the same year, 912, Prince Oleg dies from a snake bite.
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Highlights of Oleg's reign He mastered Kyiv by cunning, conquered Smolensk, Lyubech. Ruled Northern Russia after the death of Rurik for 3 years. 3. He united two superunions: Novgorod and Kyiv into one state. 4. Went on campaigns to Constantinople, established peace with Byzantium (907, 911) 5. In the Russian-Byzantine treaty of 912. Oleg is called the "Grand Duke of Russia", that is, in the documentary source, he was not considered a regent under Igor, but a sovereign ruler.
