Separate members of the proposal. Sentences complicated by comparative turnover and turnover with a union like I speak as a writer do I need a comma
It is especially difficult - even for adults, quite educated people - to deal with commas before comparative conjunctions HOW, AS LIKE, EXACTLY, IF.
It is clear that we are not talking about those obvious cases when these unions arise on the border of two sentences:
She said , how her family was vacationing in the Crimea.
The sky turned yellow and pink as if the glow of a distant fire fell on him.
The road was covered in snow exactly someone spread it on a huge white tablecloth.
In such cases, of course, a comma before the union should be placed without any doubt. It's not even discussed.
Doubts begin when these unions appear "inside" a simple sentence (of course, in the vast majority of cases this is the union HOW):
Our house is like a front yard. The river shines like a mirror. We know him as a great guy. As a good specialist, he was appointed director of the branch
Hesitation arises precisely because of such phrases: putting a comma before HOW or not to put? To highlight the turnover that begins with this union, or not to highlight?
In school textbooks there is no separate paragraph devoted to this topic, and students have to collect information about such cases bit by bit from different sections. That is why it is so important to combine all this data into a common punctuation algorithm. In view of the complexity of this phenomenon, it is better to remember exactly the sequence of mental actions: what and how you should figure out so as not to make mistakes in simple sentences with comparative conjunctions .
It always seemed to me that these unions literally “flash” in sentences, like a red light at a crossroads: “Danger! Do not rush!". And in fact, in no case should you rush here, you need to stop and think carefully. Moreover, in your reflections, you will have to “go through” two mandatory “levels”: first, determine which of the two possible rules “works” in this case, then apply the desired verification method. And only after that - to put or not to put commas.
Level one.
First, determine what the union means HOW in this offer. All errors arise because this union is ambiguous, we use it for different purposes. So proceed from the meaning, and you will have to choose from only two possibilities.
Option 1. Union HOW used in the meaning comparisons, to compare one thing with another. This happens when the sentence clearly refers to two different phenomena:
Forest how wall.
The forest stands how wall.
Think about it: forest is one thing wall- completely different. Forest co wall exactly compared. There are a lot of similar sentences in our language, in which different objects and phenomena are compared - so to speak, some different variables, quantities BUT and AT. Union in this context has the meaning of "like": one object seems to be likened to another.
Option 2. Union HOW no such comparison , because the sentence does not refer to different subjects, but refers to the same thing. The union in such cases attaches to a noun a certain characteristic:
We know Ivanov how good specialist.
Ivanova, how a good specialist, was appointed director of the branch.
Consider the difference: Ivanov is not compared to some good specialist, this is how he is characterized. And turnover like a good professional- this is about Ivanov, and not about a hypothetical other person. In other words, BUT and BUT. The union has the meaning "as": we are talking about some one side, property, quality of a given object.
So, having determined for yourself what meaning the union has in a particular case, you have determined which of the two rules should be applied. Now you can solve the problem with punctuation marks.
Level two.
Option 1. If the proposal refers to BUT and AT- Next, you define the structure of this sentence. The fact is that a given comparison can be its main meaning, its grammatical basis. Simply put, this proposal is built according to the type How about B:
River how mirror. Water how new milk. Pond how shiny steel.
In such cases, of course, a comma before HOW not put: the grammatical basis cannot be separated.
But if the structure of the sentence can be conditionally designated as follows: A does like B or And like B- comma before HOW absolutely necessary:
The river is shining how mirror. Warm water, how new milk. The pond sparkles how shiny steel.
After all, then it turns out that this speech turnover is not a predicate, but only a circumstance that explains the main message. Through this comparison, we learn how river glitters how much warm water and how exactly sparkling pond. Well, in this capacity, as we already know, comparative turns are necessarily distinguished from two sides - this is the third case of isolation of circumstances.
Exercise 276.
1. The field burns in the sun like a conflagration. - The field in the sun is like a conflagration. 2. Water is warm like fresh milk. - Water is like fresh milk. 3. The pole buzzes like a beehive. - The pillar is like a beehive. 4. Nearby water is black, shining like tar. - Water near as tar. 5. The steamer was beautiful as a picture. - The steamer was like a picture. 6. The first stars shone barely noticeable like dew drops. - The stars are like dewdrops. 7. The road was smooth as a mirror. - The road was like a mirror. 8. You are like a child. - You, like a child, demand the immediate fulfillment of your desires. 9. The night forest, like a mysterious castle, towered before them. - The night forest was like a mysterious castle. 10. Her cheeks are like rose petals. - Her cheeks, like rose petals, were reddened in the late evening twilight. 11. Our house is like an infirmary. - Our house smelled of medicines like an infirmary. 12. Pine trees are like a huge piano. The pines hummed like a huge piano. 13. The earth is like a stone. - The ground is rock hard and cracked. 14. The pond shines like a mirror. - The pond is like a mirror. 15. The road in the mountains is like a snake. - The road in the mountains winds like a snake.
Do not forget only about phraseological turns: stable combinations with the union HOW do not separate! Compare:
Kolya turned red, like a fly agaric hat in his basket.
Kolya turned red like cancer.
And remember that sometimes this union is just on the border of two sentences: subordinate and main, and then a comma before it is required:
Explain how this could happen.
Exercise 277.Fill in the missing punctuation marks.
1. It was heard how butterflies were beating out the window. 2. Warm still water shone all around like a mirror. 3. Like a bare black desert, a burnt forest stretches. 4. We found out from a passerby how to get to the subway. 5. All his life, Sergei took care of her like the apple of his eye. 6. The tarantass raced forward along a road as smooth as a mirror. 7. We saw how someone carefully climbed onto the porch. 8. Volodya became as white as his starched shirt. 9. Volodya became white as chalk. 10. The forest spread under the wing of the plane like an ocean. 11. She heard the garden gate knock. 12. Oleg flew like an arrow. 13. The earth is like a fettered sea, covered with an infinitely fragile tablecloth. 14. They rushed about like crazy. 15. Small wagons, like toys, stretched along the road profile.
Option 2. If we are talking about the same subject ( How about A), your next action is to clarify the meaning of the union HOW.
If it is easily replaced in context with the expression " as" and it doesn’t matter any other shades, you can’t put a comma:
Turgenev portrayed Bazarov how nihilist.
If the turnover with the union HOW has an additional meaning because he is"(a shade of explanation of the reason), it must be separated by commas. We have already spoken of our inescapable tendency to isolate all definitions that have such an additional meaning. Please note that in this case, the turnover most often stands either at the beginning or in the middle of the sentence.
bazarov, how nihilist, denies everything in the world.
Hownihilist, Bazarov attracts the attention of readers.
Exercise 278.Fill in the missing punctuation marks.
1. We all know him as a good specialist. 2. As a good specialist, he was appointed director of the branch. 3. As a violinist, you will be interested in the debut of a young musician. 4. As a practical man, he first inquired about the price. 5. In business circles, he is known as a practical person. 6. He went to the Crimea as a vacationer, not on a business trip. 7. As an experienced tourist, he gathered in a matter of minutes. 8. Nekrasov, as a democratic poet, knew peasant life well. 9. The whole world knows Dostoevsky as a writer-philosopher. 10. Turgenev portrayed Bazarov as a denier of all authority. 11. At the meeting, the director presented the new actor as a miracle of genius. 12. Pierre, as a legitimate son, will receive everything. (LT) 13. Sometimes Ilyusha, like a frisky boy, just wants to rush and redo everything himself. (Beagle) 14. Many herbs are used as medicines. 15. I, as a resident of the North, got used to the cold.
Let us summarize what has been said in the general algorithm.
(one). define meaning union
| compare(= similar) | feature(= as) | ||
| and |
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||
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|||
|
|
|
Exercise 279.Set up punctuation marks.
1. In the predawn twilight, birch trunks are like ghosts. 2. He emerged from the fog like a ghost. 3. Rain pours like a bucket. 4. As an experienced angler, he was in no hurry to pull out the fish. 5. Everyone knows him as a wonderful storyteller. 6. From the very morning he rushed about like mad. 7. She told how she visited this city two years ago. 8. Top of the house like matchboxes. 9. He is as good at cars as he is at motorcycles. 10. Applause can not always be seen as approval. 11. As a recent student, you will be interested in getting into the university. 12. This tincture can be used as a medicine. 13. Your verse as God's spirit hovered over the crowd. (L) 14. Such novels as "War and Peace" are familiar to everyone. 15. He is shown in the play as a defender of conservative views.
Note 1. Pay close attention to turnover AS WELL AS…; SUCH AS…; NONE OTHER THAN…; NOTHING ELSE BUT…; LIKE NO OTHER; AS NOTHING ELSE. For these speech turns, you do not need to remember the rule - you just need to always isolate the phrase that is introduced by the union HOW:
It was none other how our neighbor.
I also, how my brother was fond of jazz.(Possible punctuation option: I also how my brother was fond of jazz).
Note 2. Introductory words that begin with this union ( AS ALWAYS; MORE THAN EVER; AS USUAL; AS ON PURPOSE; USUALLY), of course, are also always separated by commas.
We, how always, went to the stadium.
Results, how usually shiny.
Exercise 280.Set up punctuation marks.
1. Well, as the first love of Russia, the heart will not forget you. (Tyutch.) 2. Coastal meadow as a huge flower carpet. 3. The coastal meadow like a huge flower carpet spread underfoot. 4. Like smoke, the gray haze of frost froze in the dusk of the night. (Boon.) 5. How the cuts of the trench lay down, and the funnels gape like wounds. (VV) 6. Smoke like a tree is quiet and curly, and the trees hung like smoke. (N. Aseev) 7. Stuffy air is still, like the water of a forest lake. 8. Stepan Trofimovich, like any witty person, needed a listener. (Ext.) 9. At first everything went like clockwork. 10. Our house is like a big snowdrift. 11. Florensky is known as an original thinker. 12. She is stupid as a cork. 13. You, like the sun, illuminate everything around you. 14. As an experienced driver, it was not difficult for Andrey to figure out the engine breakdown. 15. A puddle lay under a tree dressed like a gypsy. (Yu.O.)
Exercise 281.Fill in the missing punctuation marks.
1. She left walking on the ground as if on a carpet. (Yu.O.) 2. Take care of her like the apple of your eye! 3. You rustled past me like a branch full of flowers and leaves. (Yu.O.) 4. Who is so sensitive, and cheerful, and sharp as Alexander Andreyich Chatsky! (Gr.) 5. Against the background of a multi-tiered forest tending upwards, lush golden willows grow like cumulus clouds. (Soloukh.) 6. The land, where the air is like a sweet drink, you throw and rush, wheeling, but the land with which you freeze together, you can’t stop loving forever. (M.) 7. He made himself at home with us. 8. He needed it like air. 9. We attended the conference as representatives of the plant. 10. I will fill the country with a song like a wind. (Prok.) 11. As a former cavalryman, he could not calmly see the horses. 12. He is the same person as everyone else. 13. The road was like an alley. (Hound.) 14. A coal-black snag hangs over the water. (Soloukh.) 15. As if on purpose, there was no one around.
Exercise 282.Fill in the missing punctuation marks.
1. The thicket stood like a wall and, in addition, broke out in groups into the clear expanse of water, forming living islands. (Soloukh.) 2. As always, we settled down at the window. 3. Rain in a mine is nothing more than underground water. 4. But unfortunately the governor turned around at that time. (G.) 5. As a guest, he demanded respect. 6. And each reader is like a secret, like a treasure buried in the ground. (Ahm.) 7. Yesenin, as the last poet of the village, knew the peasant life well. 8. As usual, there was no one at her house at that time. 9. We were sitting on pins and needles. 10. And at noon the heights turn blue again, again haystacks like clouds, again like vodka on anise, the earth is fragrant and strong. (Paste.) 11. Love jumped out in front of us like a killer jumps out of the ground and hit us both at once. (B.) 12. Life is like a dream. 13. I will be frank with you as a mother. (Ch.) 14. Measuring silence with steps, you will enter like a future. (Past.) 15. Petya asked how soon the performance would begin.
Exercise 283.Fill in the missing punctuation marks.
1. The lake is like a forest bowl. 2. Pechorin answered that a wild Circassian woman should be happy having such a nice husband like him. (L.) 3. Turgenev portrays such "followers" of Bazarov as Sitnikov, Kukshina, Arkady Kirsanov. 4. Our garden is like a courtyard. 5. Rain pours like a bucket. 6. Ambition is nothing but the lust for power. (L.) 7. Passions are nothing but ideas in their first development. (L) 8. Your words are like a discovery for me. 9. We know Lermontov as a romantic poet. 10. The ardent creator used to show his hero to us in an important way of mood, as a model of perfection. (P.) 11. I speak as a writer. (M.G.) 12. They were silent as the dead. 13. Silence should be seen as a sign of consent. 14. Her father and mother are like strangers to her. 15. And the whole road runs like mercury. (Bagr.)
Exercise 284.Fill in the missing punctuation marks.
1. Nature needs to be loved, she needs it just like we do. (Evt.) 2. After the tyrant, the curse of the tribes flew like thunder. (P.) 3. You are pink like a sunset and radiant and bright like snow. (Es.) 4. He was trembling like an aspen leaf. 5. Semyonov, as a clever man, immediately took advantage of his opponent's blunder. 6. I consider your silence as a sign of consent. 7. As an engineer, it is clear to me that this problem cannot be solved. 8. L.N. Tolstoy created wonderful works such as "Anna Karenina", "War and Peace", "Resurrection". 9. Chatsky is portrayed by Griboyedov as a Decembrist. 10 The green taiga sways like the sea. 11. In the yard lies snow, loose as sand. 12. Like a snow maiden, the night outside the window is good. (Meadow.) 13. Sergei entered, gloomy as a thundercloud. 14. The names of such heroes as Famusov, Skalozub, Molchalin became household names. 15. Like crazy, I jumped out onto the porch, jumped on my Circassian and set off at full speed along the road to Pyatigorsk. (L.)
Exercise 285.Fill in the missing punctuation marks.
1. This could be done by none other than Petrov. 2. Leo Tolstoy, as a demanding artist, often reworked his works. 3. I went to Europe as a tourist. 4. Nothing more than a deep gorge opened before us. (L.) 5. Bazarov is shown by Turgenev as a nihilist. 6. Tolstoy shows Pierre Bezukhov as a future Decembrist. 7. I saw how the Olympic flame is lit. 8. But unfortunately the oar broke at that time. 9. TV programs of this program are watched both in big cities and in remote areas of the country. 10. Peru M.A. Bulgakov owns such wonderful plays as "The White Guard", "Running", "Zoyka's Apartment". 11. Many of Dostoevsky's novels, such as "The Brothers Karamazov", "Demons", "The Idiot" are known throughout the world. 12. The guys told how they went camping in the summer. 13. Volodya, like his older brother, studied carelessly. 14. They were late as always. 15. Dima beamed with pleasure like a polished samovar.
But (when there is a compare or match): Works no less than others;Suffered from the coldmore than hunger; returned earlier than expected; This room higher than the neighboring He will return no later than the circumstances so require;Guests turned outless than expected; More than physical painhe suffered from the thought that he was now disabled(gas.); More than anything else the patient needs rest; Sipyagin was much worriedmore than his guest(T.).
5. A comma is not placed inside combinations it is not known who (what), it is not known which (where, how, where, where, from), it is not clear who (what), it is not clear which (where, how, where, from where, whose), it does not matter who (what), it does not matter which (where , how, where, where, whose), no matter who (what), no matter what (where, how, where, where, whose); cameit is not known why; asked me about something; pass no matter who;
accommodate visitors no matter where. Wed: In the morning the old man saw a short gelding and grieved: without a tail it’s the same as without a head - it’s disgusting to look (A.T.).
Note. Depending on the context, different punctuation is possible when using the above words; compare: It is not known when he will come - at the word
unknown there is an accessory part; Spare parts are not available and unknown when
will be - in the subordinate part an incomplete sentence; He will return, but no one knows when- in the subordinate part, a sentence consisting of one allied word; He will return no one knows when- integral expression; He will return, but when - unknown- a dash after the preceding subordinate clause (see § 38).
6. A comma is not placed before the combination of the interrogative relative pronoun who, what, what, etc. or adverbs
where, where, from where etc. with words anything and anything, since in these cases whole expressions are formed with the meaning of a word or phrase: anyone (“any”), anything (“everyone”), whatever (“anyone”), anywhere ( "everywhere"), anywhere ("everywhere"),
whenever (“always”), from anywhere (“from everywhere”), as much as you like
("many"), etc.; whoever (“it doesn’t matter who”), somehow (“it doesn’t matter how”), what horrible (“it doesn’t matter which”), etc. For example: It can do anyone; He left home
when, where and for as long as you like (but: I could sing as much as I wanted then - with the loss of phraseological integrity); Came and took anything; Dig anywhere.
Wed in the language of fiction: Give me an answer whatever and whenever(T.); I ready wait as much as you want(T.);
Everyone lends me as much as they want (G.); You will find it anywhere (Trif.); Grandfather was dismantled by such anger that he stopped ten times and spat with fury anywhere (Cat.); Scolding the careless carters who piled firewood at random ... the grandmother began to stack the woodpile (Guide.).
Same for combinations. as much as you like and as much as you like: One can be indignant at people like Bazarov as much as you like, but to recognize their sincerity is absolutely necessary (D.P.); Well guys, warm yourself now as much as you like (Ver.).
7. No comma inside type expressions there is something to do, there is something to work on, there was something to think about, I will find where to turn, I don’t find what to say, I have something to live on, consisting of the verb to be or find (find), stay and
interrogative-relative place of a name or adverb (who, what, where, where, when etc.) and the indefinite form of another verb: You have something in the world to forget(L.); There is someone to scold, feed- no one (Dal); There is something to like(Pis.); And our intelligentsia has something to love, there is something to respect(M.G.); There is something to think about; Found something to surprise; I couldn't find anything to say; We will have something to trump; Found where to be fashionable; There is a time to chat with you!; There was reason to be despondent; Friends have something to talk about; The guys had a place to spend their free time; We had something to reproach him for.
8. Commas do not separate combinations who is neither, what is not, what is not etc.: You willingly allow those who not to eat... personally corrected the symmetry in your physiognomy(S.-SH.); It was the most ordinary woman(Er.); ...I'd better see how you work - that's all I will get any experience (E.M.).
9. A comma is not placed before the union what in the expression only and ... what, followed by a noun or pronoun:
Only money and a nickel in your pocket; Only and only that the shirt is on the body; Only and entertainment that cinema
"For more details, see: Popov A.S. Pseudo-subordinate sentences and punctuation practice in modern Russian // Modern Russian punctuation. M., 1979.
once a week; Only the light that is in the window; Only talk that about the two of them.
But if the construction containing a complex particle in the first part
only and, the verb to do (to do, to know) and the union what, has a verb in the second part, then before that a comma is put: With grandfather they only did that played chess (Success); From nine in the morning to six in the evening only you know that sticking around here (Cupr.); Only does that chatting; Just did that refused; All he knows is that he walks from corner to corner. The use of a comma in such sentences is explained by the fact that they are complex: the second part with the union what shows that it is limited anyone's activity, but a complex particle only and in the first part indicates this limitation.
The same if the second part is a subordinate part of a complex sentence: The only new thinghares confer on how to drive the eagles away(L.T.).
§ 42. Comparative turnover
1. Comparative phrases starting with unions are separated or separated by commas as if, as if, as if, rather than, exactly that:The wind blew towardsas if trying to stop a young criminal(P.); From a height I saw Moscow, that an anthill (P.); And the old cat Vaska seemed to be more affectionate towards him,
than to someone in the house (Gonch.); ...And her [mermaid] hair
green, what is your cannabis(T.); However, these were more caricatures than portraits (T.); By the end of the duck hunt, like goodbye began to rise in whole flocks (T.); But precisely because Alexandra Gavrilovna gets excited, she loses more often than her husband (S.-Sch.); From somewhere it smelled of musty dampness, right out of the cellar(M.-S.); Panteleimon ... sits on the goats, stretching straight ahead, exactly wooden, hands (Ch.); Sometimes you shoot a hare, wound him in the leg, and he screams like a child (Ch.); The moon rose very purple and gloomy, as if sick (Ch.); On the Red Square, as if through the fog of centuries, the outlines of walls and towers are unclear (A.T.); Better late than never (last).
Commas in these cases are not put if the turns are phraseological in nature: What stuck like a bath leaf?
(T.); What are you Did you really swallow a fly?(M.-S); As I recall my old concepts, I suddenly as if someone is pouring brew(Sharp);
The traitors have sunk into the water (N.N.); Right out of the ground grown stroller on tires(Alt.); One Smolnikov was as if on pins and needles (Copt.). In some sentences, phraseological units act as a predicate, and not as a comparative phrase.
2. Comparative turns with the indicated unions are not separated by commas if they are part of the predicate or are closely related to it in meaning: The stars in the dark sky are like sequins scattered over velvet; He looking at life as if through rose-colored glasses; Gulf water like black ink; mighty oak like a warrior in armor; Happy song what a winged bird:carried away far, far away; Into the past wewe look as if through a crystal prism; He and I are like brothers;It stands as if rooted to the spot; Lantern lights like lighthouses (for the absence of a dash in these cases, see § 5).
3. Commas single out or separate comparative turns with a union, as in the following cases:
1) if they denote assimilation (as "similar" means): Light fingers, like a dream, touched my cheeks he (P.); Her lips, like a rose, glow (P.); Broken to dust, escaping, he is careless, like a stupid child (P.); ... And the whole steppe was covered with the fallen,like a swarm of black locusts(P.); Like an unfortunate separationTatyana grumbles at the stream(P.); The air is clean and freshlike kissing a child(L.); And the sadness at the bottom of the old wound stirred, like a snake (L.); And, like the mute victims of the coffin,they were both careless(L.); Like a desert leopardangry and wild, I burned(L.); Beneath it like an ocean blue steppe all around(Cr.); And he saw himself rich, as in a dream (Cr.); At the bottom, like a steel mirrorjet lakes turn blue(Tyutch.); And embittered by the battleas if on a fatal attack,again the waves climb with a howl(Tyutch.); ... These luminaries, like living eyes, look at the sleepy world of the earth(Tyutch.); And sweet thrill like a stream ran through the veins of nature(Tyutch.); Here the stars look from the sky, and, like a river illuminate the Milky Way(Fet); Like a seagull the sail there is white in height(Fet); He is surprisingly well-behaved, careful, like a cat (T.); At the very bottom, dry and yellow, like copper there were huge tiles
you clay stone (T.); As a woman, you loved your homeland (N.); Words endlessly stretched out one after another, like thick saliva(S.-SH.); The officer gasped and, curled up, sat down on the ground, like a bird shot in the air(L.T.); She, like a bee, knew where it was more painful to sting him (L.T.); The old bridge was broken and in its place they made a basement embankment, straight as a stick (L.T.); I suffered for the dear, kind Ivan Andreevich, as for a son (L.T.); His existence is enclosed in this tight program, like an egg in a shell(L.T.); She looked at him, as if at an icon, with fear and remorse (L.T.); Tall, black chimneys loomed sullenly and sternly, rising above the settlement, like thick sticks(M.G.); ... They drank grandmother's liqueurs - yellow as gold, dark as tar, and green (M.G.); As soon as I do something - and they will eat me like rusty iron (M.G.); Only the corners of the hall remained motionless, tight, like a pillow with a feather stuffed with guests (M.G.); ... Nikita has girlish eyes, big and blue, like his shirt (M.G.); Words with us, up to the most important thing, become a habit, decay like a dress (M.); I through all my life, like a thousand years later carried this memory (Prishv.); It attracts a mystery, tempting, like an eternal spring beating from the innermost depths (Fed.); There were a lot of people on the street, as on a holiday (Tikh.); Lightnings, like ties, fly in the wind (Bagr.); And the wife is already at the door and holds the frying pan, like a gun, at the ready (Sh.); And hugged like brothers, father and boy-son
Wed See also: A year is like life (movie title) - “a year is like life”, and not “a year is life” (cf .: The sky is like a sea, where the union is like
the predicate joins); A stately figure loomed like a statue (“loomed like a statue”, and not “loomed like a statue”; see below); Farmers look at us
how I don’t know to whom; Friends like in a dream went outside; Light bulbs hung low, glowing like in fog; On that day Mary like a storm flew into the house; Let's talk like a man with a man;
Have me as a friend; Each of his words, like fire, burns; Slander spread like an infection; He said the last word as he chopped it off; She could not sit idly by, she worked like a bird sings - the comparison is expressed not by a turnover, but by a whole sentence; He wanted, like a child, to stroke her head -
prepositive comparative turnover.
A comparative turnover may contain a shade of causal meaning: Vasenda, as a positive and practical person,
found unprofitable fixed place (Rem.) (“being a positive person”); She was like a smaller one, her father's favorite (L.T.) (“because she was smaller”); As a senior, I order you, gentlemen, to disperse immediately (Kupr.); He pushed aside that fleeting suspicion as inspired by his suspiciousness; release, as if he didn't get the job done...(compare with the setting of a comma when applied with a union how with a causal connotation of meaning; see § 19, paragraph 7);
Note. The comparative turnover with the union as, located in the middle of the sentence, is separated by a comma if you need to show which part of the sentence it refers to: I felt a weak touch on my hairlike a leaf of a trembling hand(T.) - not “weak like a leaf”, but “trembling like a leaf”; I rode on a dashing horselike the wind is free and alone- not “rushed like the wind”, but “free and alone, like the wind”; clinging to something dress, a little girl, pretty and smart,
how the doll fell apart- not “smart like a doll”, but “spread like a doll”.
2) if there is a demonstrative word in the main part of the sentence (so, such, that, so): The coachman was in the same amazement at his generosity,like the Frenchman himself from Dubrovsky's proposal(P.); Nowhere at a mutual meeting do they bow so nobly and naturally,like on Nevsky Prospekt(G.); His features were the same like her sister (L.T.); Laevsky is unquestionably harmful and just as dangerous to society,like a cholera microbe(Ch.); All around some church, and the oil smells just as strong, as in the church (M.G.); ... I will do everything to become such, how is she (Pan.); Rarely do you meet such an interesting person. How is he.
But: Our group passed all tests ahead of schedule, same as parallel- without dismembering a complex union (see § 34, paragraph 1);
Note. In sentences in which the comparative turnover is expressed by means of words such (such) ... as ... and others, double punctuation is possible, depending on whether the combination and others are included in the comparative turnover or are taken out of it. Wed: The life of the peasantry was depicted in their works by such writers aslike Turgenev, Nekrasov, Chekhov and others(combination and
others are included in the comparative turnover). - Such cities have changed their appearance drastically,as centers of regions and districts, and others (the combination of and others is not included in the comparative turnover).
3) if the turnover begins with a combination like: To Moscow, like the whole countryI feel my sonship, like an old nanny(Paust.); In her eyes as in the whole face, there was something unusual; Children, like the adults must be accustomed to comply with the rules of the hostel;As in last year's competition,athletes of the Russian Federation were ahead;
4) if the turnover is expressed by combinations as a rule, as an exception, as usual, as always, as before, as now, as now, as if on purpose etc.: I see, as now, the owner himself (P.); What a shame! As luck would have it, not a soul! (T.) - in the meaning of the introductory word;
She has now become again slender and thin, as before (M.G.); The day began, as always, in a dense fog (Arr.); I remember, as now, this meeting during the expedition; Commas, as a rule, stand out adverbial phrases; As an exception, you will be allowed to retake the exam; A dispute flared up about rites in general - are rites, as such, permissible, whether they feed superstition and prejudice (Ver.); It will take at least a month to complete the work; Athletes were preparing for the Olympics, as never before, intensely;
Note. These combinations are not separated by commas if they are part of the predicate or are closely related to it in meaning: Yesterday passed as usual- i.e. as usual; Thick fogs in London in autumn and winter
are usually; Everything went on as usual; Nowadays, the economy of many countries depends on the climate. like never before.
5) in revs none other than and none other than: Front Rhine Falls nothing more than a low water ledge(Bug.); For a moment it even seemed to him that none other than Valko, could give Volodya Osmukha such a task (F.).
Wed See also: Who, if not him, can fulfill your request; He, like no other, knows how to come to the rescue in time. four. Turnovers with union how are not separated by commas: 1) if the meaning of the circumstance of the mode of action comes to the fore (turns with how can be replaced in these cases by the form of the instrumental case of a noun or an adverb): Buckshot rained down like hail (L.) (cf .:
sprinkled with hail); As a demon, insidious and evil (L.) (cf .: demonically insidious); In anger he roared like thunder, flashed like steel; The horse flies like a blizzard, like a blizzard
shield; Like lightning in the sky they blazed, like fire rain fell from the sky; I looked at her like a fool (T.);
Note. When analyzing such examples, we proceed from the author's punctuation and try to explain it, which, as you know, is a very complicated matter. So, comparing the above two sentences from the poems of M.Yu. Lermontov with his own phrase She will slip away like a snake, flutter and fade away, like a bird, we can assume that in the latter case it was important for the author to create artistic images by, so to speak, pure comparison (like a snake, like a bird, although the comparison is preserved in combinations slip away like a snake, rush away like a bird, but with an added touch of action).
Similarly, in the verse I look like a madman at a black shawl (P.), the meaning "like a madman" prevails over the meaning "I look like a madman." Therefore, some sentences allow double interpretation and, therefore, double punctuation; compare:
He died like a real hero ("like a hero"). - He died like a real hero
("died a hero").
2) if the main meaning of the turnover is equalization or identification: ... You loved me as property, as a source of joys, anxieties and sorrows(L.) (cf.: ... loved me, considering me his property- i.e. identifying me with his property); Try to look at me as a patient obsessed with a disease you still don't know(L.) (cf.:
Equating me with my patients); [Judas] served his stone as the only what could he give (S.-SH.) 1 ;
3) if the union as has the meaning “as” or the turnover with the union as characterizes the object from any one side (see § 19, paragraph 7): Rich, good-looking, Lensky was accepted everywhere as a groom (P.); So I advise you as a friend to be more careful (L.); I speak like a writer (M.G.); We know India ascountry of ancient culture;I will keep this letter like a memory; They are talking like strangers; We met like old acquaintances;Buying and selling as a commodity not labor, but labor power; Space explorers settled on dogsas sufficiently highly organized animals;Negotiations were to be made with him.as with an equal side;Peter I did not consider it shameful to worklike a simple carpenter;Yuri Gagarin went down in historyas the world's first astronaut;
Note. Some cases allow for double punctuation, depending on context-determined shades of meaning; compare: The book under review can be recommended as a guide for students
"See: Grammar of the Russian language. M., 1954. T. 2. Part 2. S. 375 - 376 (some examples are borrowed from there).
("as a benefit"). - It should be recognized thatas a guide for students
The book under review has a number of significant shortcomings. (“being a benefit” - with a causal connotation of meaning).
4) if the turnover forms the nominal part of the compound predicate or is closely related in meaning to the predicate (usually in these cases the predicate does not have a complete meaning without a comparative turnover):
Marya Ilyinichna sitting on pins and needles(P.); Some are like emerald, others are like coral (Kr.) (see § 5, note); She herself walked like a wild(Gonch.);
As a child, I became a soul (T.); “A city is like a city,” Bazarov (T.) remarked coolly; Gamzat left the tent, went to the stirrup of Umma Khan and received him as a Khan (L.T.); Her father and mother are like strangers to her
(Good.); Our garden is like a passage yard (Ch.); I looked enchanted
(Ars.); My stories were rated as funny or bad anecdotes.
(M.G.); Everyone treated Vanya as their own person (Prishv.); The poem was uttered as a confession (Fed.); Splashes and waves were like in life (Fed.); I speak of the poet Nikolai Tikhonov as the happiest
writer's fate (Fed.); Like the sun she is (Safe.); He talked about the usual things as about something extraordinarily interesting (Paust.); Prishvin thought of himself as a poet, "crucified on the cross of prose"
(Paust.); At the local market like in any market; He sat as if struck by thunder; All as in the pictures: and mountains, and forest, and water; Feel yourself like at home; These words he spoke like a well-mannered person; Everything is as usual, only the clock became; Forehead was like white marble; We looked like the last robbers; Everything is like with people; Their cattle are like ants in an anthill; Girl's hair like straw; This sound was
like an alarm clock; His whole life is like a bright holiday; Your soul is like that of a hare; In war as in war; She is like a mother to him; AT
in his best works, the writer appears as the creator of deeply realistic pictures of reality; Clouds like lead; In a few years our village will be like a city; You boil this fish, and it
become like butter; let it dry, and it will become like a stone; The dress became like a rag; Everyone understood this remark as an objection; They experienced the death of a neighbor as a personal grief; He was spoken of as an honest man; She behaved like a hostess; He lives with a bandage over his eyes; To underground fires people always treated like a terrible
enemy; The play is written as a comedy;
He was immediately accepted as one of their own; Readers perceive his books as a textbook of life; He looked like a sick man; The actor stayed in theater history like a great artist; In fables, animals behave like people; This melody was created by Glinka, but she perceived as
truly folk; I accept your feedback as a token of approval; This opinion is regarded as a hypothesis; About "A Hero of Our Time" Lermontov Belinsky spoke like a novel; He was treated like an uninvited guest; I follow them like children; Many appearances look like self-reports; life credibility enters as
an indispensable element in artistic truth; This is a memory
lies on me like a stone; Leave everything as it is; It is best to keep as it was; We will accept the facts as such.
Other examples: feel like in your own element; behaves like an insane person; understand as a hint; take it as a compliment recognize as a danger; greet as a friend; look like a child evaluate as an achievement; be treated as an exception; take for granted; present as a fait accompli; qualify as a violation of the law; mark as a great success; interest as a novelty; put forward as a project; substantiate as a theory; develop as a tradition express as a guess; be interpreted as a refusal; define as a special case; characterize as a type; stand out as a talent; issue as an official document; sound like a call; enter as an integral part; appear as a representative; feel like a foreign body; exist as an independent organization; arise as something unforeseen; develop as a progressive beginning; perform as an urgent task; to comprehend as something new; to be formed as an artist, etc.;
Note. Some sentences allow double punctuation depending on their interpretation; compare:
I treated him like a brother (“he is my brother”). - I treated him like a brother (“brotherly”, "he is not my brother");
He worked as a laborer ("as a laborer", "farm laborer"). - He worked like a laborer ("a lot", "like a laborer").
5) if the comparative turnover is preceded by the negation of not or the word quite, absolutely, almost, like, exactly the same, exactly, simply, directly etc.: I brought up in myself this sense of celebration notas a rest and just a means for further struggle,but as a desired goal
(Shv.); [Andrew
§114. Whole-meaning expressionsExpressions that are integral in meaning are not distinguished by punctuation marks.
1. A comma is not placed before a subordinating union or an allied word as part of indecomposable combinations, for example: do it right (as it should, as it should) perform as it should (as it should, as it should) to grab whatever comes up, to appear as if nothing had happened, to say whatever comes into your mind, to achieve at all costs, to come when you like, to hide whoever managed to, not to climb where you shouldn’t go, to spend the night where you have to, do whatever you want, take what you like, save whoever can, there is something to give, come what may, go where your eyes look, live as you know, I will invite whomever I want, paid God knows how much, screams with all my might, tell everything as it is, they invented whoever was in what much get what you need (but: get everything you need ),the devil knows what is going on with them, to fence the devil knows what, to profit from what you can, to give what you don’t feel sorry for, the picture is a miracle, how good, passion, how interesting, horror, how difficult, trouble, how bad. Wed: You what want think(L. Tolstoy); Be happy with whom you want (Dostoevsky); Does not matter, call whoever you want (A.N. Tolstoy); Let him get money where wants and how he wants (Kuprin); I hurry what is urine... (Chekhov); I live where necessary (him); When he's sober, he lies on anything and is silent(him); They reminisced about their youth and chatted god knows what (him); He will come God knows what with your games(Paustovsky); Look, listen here what not to (Bitter); For some reason I can't properly consider(B. Field); So talk with whom you need (Selvinsky).
This rule is based on the fact that phraseological units do not form a subordinate clause and, as a rule, are equivalent to a sentence member. Yes, combined talk about it wherever he can last words matter "everywhere" . If any of the above and similar combinations is not used as a phraseological phrase, then it can form a subordinate clause (often incomplete) and separate with commas. Wed: Colloquial words began to be used where needed and where not needed (i.e. everywhere). - Put where needed missing punctuation marks(those. where needed).
2. The comma is not placed inside combinations not that, not that, not that, not otherwise, for example : I him... not that I loved, not that didn't like it because...(Turgenev); And not then what three days, and wait ten days!(L. Tolstoy); Here now not what earlier, everything became more interesting; time spent not so that it's a lot of fun; Note can be typed not otherwise than petite. Wed with a different nature of the combination: You speak not that think.
3. The comma is not placed inside combinations (not) greater than, (not) less than, (not) earlier than, (not) later than etc., if they do not contain a comparison, for example: The package weighs not more than eight kilograms(cf.: ... no more than eight kilograms); He will return not earlier than in the evening(cf.: ...not before evening); Work can be done less than in an hour; you were for me more than friend; Submit documents not later than tomorrow; overheads turned out to be higher than relies; temperature in the incubator not lower than need. Wed: Shrovetide passed me worse how sadly(Chekhov); But (when there is a comparison or collation): does not work less than other; suffered from cold more than from hunger; returned earlier than expected; our ceilings are higher than in the neighboring house; Sipyagin was much worried more than his guest(Turgenev).
4. The comma is not placed inside the combination no one knows who, no one knows what, no one knows what (... where, ... where, ... from where, ... whose), it is not clear who, it is not clear what, it is not clear which (... where, ... where, . .. where, ... whose), no matter who, no matter what, no matter what (... where, ... where, ... where), for example: came to us no one knows where , asked me not clear about what, accommodate visitors no matter where. Wed also: I can take a vacation no matter when ; appeared it is not clear why; So choose a dress or not I know what purchase, not love(L. Tolstoy); In the morning the old man saw a short gelding and grieved: without a tail no matter what Headless- it is disgusting to look (A.N. Tolstoy).
5. A comma is not placed before a combination of an interrogative-relative pronoun who, what, what etc. or adverbs where, where, from where and others with words whatever and whatever , because in these cases whole expressions are formed with the meaning of one word: anyone (any), anything (everything), whatever (any), anywhere (everywhere), anywhere (everywhere), whenever (always), from anywhere (anywhere), any number (many ) etc.; whoever (it doesn't matter who), somehow (no matter how), whatever (it doesn't matter which) etc. For example: I will say the same anyone; We had free time as much as you like; Give me an answer any and whenever (Turgenev); Grandfather was torn apart by such anger that he stopped ten times and spit with fury anywhere (Kataev); Scolding careless carters who piled firewood haphazardly..., the grandmother began to stack the woodpile(Gaidar).
6. Commas do not separate expressions like there is something to do, there is something to work on, there was something to think about, I will find where to turn, I don’t find what to say, I have something to live on etc., consisting of a verb to be, to find (to be found), to stay and a few others in singular or plural form, interrogative-relative pronoun or adverb (who, what, where, where, when etc.) and uncertainforms of another verb. For example:
Scold there is someone, feed- no one(Dal); There is something and like...(Pismsky); Found how to surprise: and without you all this was seen; He didn't find that answer and remain silent.
7. No comma before conjunction what in expression only and what, followed by a noun or pronoun, for example: Only and of money what nickel in the pocket; Only and entertainment what cinema once a week; Only and conversations what about the two of them. But if the construction containing a complex particle in the first part only and verb do (do, know) and union what, has a verb in the second part, then before what a comma is placed for example: Only and does , what chatting; Only and did , what refused; Only and knows , what walks from corner to corner. Wed: They are with their grandfather only and did , what played chess(Ch. Uspensky); And turned to the priest yes only and did everything , what spat in his face(Leskov); From nine in the morning to six in the evening only and you know , what sticking around here(Kuprin). The same if the second part is formed by a subordinate clause, for example: Only and new , what all the hares are discussing how they can drive the eagles away(L. Tolstoy).
Note.Incomplete subordinate clauses, as well as turns that do not have the character of phraseological combinations, are separated by commas, for example: behave properly; works wherever necessary; does whatever the boss wants; understand what's what; visits the sick when necessary; it is necessary to distinguish between what is important and what is not important; I can't figure out where it hurts.
8. Read an excerpt from Alexander Green's work "The Brilliant World". Then return to the beginning of the text and, paying attention to the beginning The arena is alive... track which syntactic constructions in the text convey the dynamics of circus life.
For this evening, the directorate released the best forces of the circus.<...>
The arena came to life: gymnasts changed horses, horses - clowns, clowns - acrobats; jugglers and magicians followed the lion tamers. Two elephants, tied with napkins, dined sedately, sitting at the laid table, and, throwing their trunks “for tea” with a princely movement, rode on wooden balls.<...>Preceded by the sound of the trumpet, the lions came out, perched, drowning out the orchestra with a roar; a man in a black tailcoat, shooting with a whip, humiliated them as he pleased; foam fell from their mouths, but they waltzed and jumped into the hoop. Four gymnasts, swaying under the dome, were thrown from one trapezoid to another in terrible volts. The Japanese magician pulled out from behind the collar of the tights 2 a heavy glass vase full of water and live fish. The juggler proved that there are no objects that could not be played with, throwing them into the air and catching flies like a swallow, without bruises and misses; seven lighted lamps flew from his hands with the lightness of a fountain jet. The end of the second section was the rider Richley, galloping on five red-haired white-maned horses and crossing, standing, from one to the other as easy as we change into chairs.
* 3 1. Pay attention to the highlighted part of the last sentence: on what basis is the coordinative union and connects members of a sentence that you are likely to underline differently when analyzing a sentence in writing (... Richley galloping... and crossing...)?
2. Think: in what cases is a gerund or participle turnover characterizes the action or state of an object speaking and answering questions circumstances(as? when? why? etc.), and in which - it matters additional message and answer questions minor predicate (doing what? or what did you do?)
4 How to test yourself? Let us use the method of construct transformation: depending on the features of their meaning, the methods of transformation will be different. Wed:
...had dinner sitting per set table, - had dinner(under what circumstances?) at the laid table;
Throwing "for tea", rode on wooden balls - rode on wooden balls (what did you do?), throwing "for tea"; ... after being thrown "for tea" ...
We discovered the grammatical polysemy of adverbial phrases: they can be replaced by different syntactic constructions, which is one of the manifestations of the richness of the syntax of the Russian language.
3. Let's consider how punctuation marks are put in gerunds and participles, between which there is a union in the sentence and (in these cases, punctuation errors are most often made).
Find sentences in the text that contain the following punctograms:
Decipher the diagrams. Remember the rules for punctuation with homogeneous members.
Write examples for each diagram.
9. 1. Fill in the missing punctuation marks. Explain your actions.
All night the lanterns howled with a creak, the outer latch rattled, and by morning it subsided, calmed down and the owner came. He sat on a stool, clasping his knee with a red swollen hand, and waited for Ruslan to finish the stew. The owner brought his machine gun with him and hung it on a hook in the corner of the cab - this meant that there was a service to be done which had not been for a long time, and therefore it was necessary to eat slowly but without delay. (G.Vladimov)
2. Does the adverbial participle (from the last sentence) retain the meaning of the additional action? What synonymous adverbs can you choose for them? Which question from the predicate to these participles is more natural: how should have eaten or what doing?
By correctly answering the previous questions, you thereby explain why the participles in the last sentence are not separate and there is no need to separate them with commas.
10. Comment on the statement of the writer V. Kaverin.
In my youth, I read Dostoevsky without stopping, with a running start - and put it aside, as if I felt that for me he was still all ahead, that I would return to him more than once or twice.
1. Make a spelling and punctuation analysis of the sentence.
*2. Underline the punctuation that is not indicated by a punctuation mark.
*3. What punctuation mark in the sentence is optional, author's? What options for solving the punctuation problem are possible here?
11. On what basis are the above extracts from the speech of people of different ages, occupations and degrees of language literacy combined into one group?
1) Flying up to Novosibirsk, it was snowing. 2) Leaving, the correspondent remembered the cap on Olezhka's head. 3) Having sunbathed a little, we were allowed to swim. 4) Having become acquainted with this exhibition, the question involuntarily arises ... 5) Having come to the theater, I had a very good impression. 6) Entering the store, one is struck by the abundance of various products. 7) Each time, with bated breath, knowing by heart every mise-en-scene 5 , there was a meeting with a miracle. 8) After graduating from school, a large choice of paths and roads opens up before us. 9) He spoke, gesticulating with one hand, and the other was in his pocket, walking among the delegates. 10) Basygin remembered that, losing consciousness, his fingers instinctively squeezed the dog's fur. 11) After reading this novel, Tatyana Larina became my favorite character.
1. What mistake was made in the use of the gerund in each case?
The participle is characteristic double bond - with the subject and the predicate. Denoting additional - in relation to predicate- action or state subject of speech, adverb should denote an additional action or state faces or subject, designated subject. Breaking this connection creates, as you can see, nonsense (and even comic situations).
How to act so that the error becomes obvious and how to eliminate it? Let's take the first sentence as an example.
1) Find the subject in the sentence: Flying up to Novosibirsk, lay snow.
2) Mentally change the word order so that the adverbial turnover is next to the subject: Snow flying up to Novosibirsk... We detect a distortion of meaning: it is clear that it was not snow that flew up to Novosibirsk ... 3) We eliminate the error (variants are possible), for example: Flying up to Novosibirsk, we saw lying snow; ... the passengers saw that there was snow; When we flew up to Novosibirsk, it was already snowing. And etc.
2. Eliminate errors in the use of gerunds (participles) and write down the converted sentences.
12. What feelings does N. Zabolotsky's poem "Cranes" evoke?
Leaving Africa in April
To the shores of the fatherland,
Flying in a long triangle
Drowning in the sky, cranes.
Stretching out silver wings
across the wide sky,
Led the leader to the valley of abundance
Your few people.
But when under the wings flashed
Lake transparent through
Black gaping muzzle
It rose from the bushes.
A ray of fire hit the bird's heart,
A quick flame flared up and went out,
And a particle of wondrous greatness
It fell on us from above.
Two wings, like two huge sorrows,
Embraced the cold wave
And, echoing a sorrowful sob,
The cranes took off into the air.
Only where the lights move
In atonement for your own evil
Nature has given them back
What death took with it:
Proud spirit, high aspiration,
The will to fight,
Everything from the past generation
Passes, youth, to you.
And the leader in a shirt made of metal
Slowly sinking to the bottom
And the dawn formed over him
Golden glow spot.
*one. What syntactic constructions does the poet use when drawing the flight of cranes “to the shores of the fatherland”? How does the syntactic structure of the poem change as the plot develops?
2. Prepare to write down the poem from memory.
13. *one. What syntactic constructions in the description made it possible to draw a detailed picture of an old, wild, but still beautiful garden?
Behind the big house was an old garden, already wild, drowned out by weeds and bushes. I walked along the terrace, still strong and beautiful; through the glass door one could see a room with a parquet floor, probably a living room: an old piano and engravings on the walls in wide mahogany frames - and nothing more. Only peonies and poppies survived from the former flower beds, which raised their white and bright red heads from the grass; along the paths, stretching out, interfering with each other, grew young maples and elms, already plucked by cows. It was dense, and the garden seemed impassable, but this was only near the house, where poplars, pines and old lindens of the same age that had survived from the former alleys still stood, and then the garden was cleared for haymaking, and there was no longer soaring, cobwebs did not climb into the mouth and in the eyes, the breeze blew; the farther inland, the more spacious, and cherries, plums, sprawling apple trees, disfigured by props and gangrene, and pears so tall that they could not even believe that they were pears were already growing in the open.<...>
The garden, more and more thinned, turning into a real meadow, descended to the river, overgrown with green reeds and willows; near the mill dam there was a pool, deep and fishy, a small mill with a thatched roof roared angrily, frogs croaked furiously. On the water, smooth as a mirror, circles occasionally went round and the river lilies trembled, disturbed by the merry fish.
<...>A quiet blue stretch beckoned to itself, promising coolness and peace. ( A. Chekhov)
2. Prepare to take dictation.
14. Only three proposals were needed by I.S. Turgenev, so that we, the readers, feel sympathy for the hero of his story. And this is achieved...
*one. Read the text carefully, listen to its intonations, pay attention to the syntactic means of the language, and then try to complete the unfinished judgment in the task on your own.
There are such happy faces in the world: everyone loves to look at them, as if they are warming you or stroking you. Gagin had just such a face, sweet, affectionate, with large, affectionate eyes and soft curly hair. He spoke in such a way that, without even seeing his face, you, one sound of his voice, felt that he was smiling.
2. Pay attention to the highlighted combination: it does not contain the meaning of an additional message; it does not play the role of a secondary predicate (it cannot be converted into a predicate). But it is punctuated according to the rules of a separate member of the sentence. Why?
This combination of words is an example of an optional isolation of a sentence member in order to give it special meaning, to strengthen its communicative role. To make sure that this is the case, let's read the sentence without intonational isolation of this combination of words:
A special group of isolated members is formed by clarifying members of the sentence, in the selection and identification of which it is also important separation intonation. Compare:
To single out or not to single out a sentence member in such cases by voice in oral speech and punctuation marks in writing is the right of the speaker or writer.
15. 1. Work through independently excerpts from the book of N.S. Valgina Difficulties of modern punctuation. Give your examples.
1) The members of the proposal - the specified and the specifying - are correlated as general, indefinite and particular, specific; generic and species. Most often, circumstances of place and time are specified, expressed in such words as there, there, from there; everywhere, everywhere; then, then. The clarifying member of the sentence, standing after such circumstances, specifies their meaning: There, on the horizon, from where a cloud floated into the sky, a pale pink streak of light shone.(M. Gorky)
2) Specific concepts can also be clarified: At the bottom, at the very feet there was a snag, like a catfish with a mustache, which the boys were afraid of.(A. Tolstoy)
3) Nearby circumstances can act as clarifying and clarifying only in this context: Ten steps from the entrance to the tunnel, right next to the highway there was a lonely house.(N. Ostrovsky)
4) A definition can be clarifying, more often - inconsistent, less often - agreed: The gray ones glided silently, under the color of the earth lizards.(M. Sholokhov)
5) An application can be clarifying: Both, mother and daughter, were wearing straw hats.(A.Chekhov)
6) Even predicates, usually nominal ones, can be specified: The mines are all in the snow, which is not at all deep here - to the ankle. (V. Bykov) With the help of a dash, a clarification is also isolated in an undivided one-part sentence: Monuments, however, were few - only five or six. (K. Paustovsky)
2. Based on these materials, draw up a plan for their presentation and prepare a message on the topic "Separate clarifying members of the proposal."
16. 1. Words of what part of speech often act as specified? (See point 1 in the text of exercise 15.) What feature of their grammatical meaning is this connected with?
2. Imagine that you have to write a receipt for receipt ... What will be the first offer?
I, ________________________
17. In the book of A.T. Arsiria "Materials on entertaining grammar of the Russian language" in each section there is a heading "It's interesting." Check out the contents of one of them.
Remember the lines from the fable of I.A. Krylov "Fish Dance": Here, having licked the headman Leo graciously in the chest ..., he set off on a further journey. As you can see, this is a rare case when the subject has taken a completely unusual place for itself inside the adverbial turnover. However, this is only a "liberty" of colloquial speech.
Consider the offer: The ant labored in vain, unable to budge the crumb.
What is this strange isolation? It does not fit any species known to you.
It turns out that this is a “splinter” of the adverbial turnover being unable to in which the participle played an auxiliary role and therefore disappeared without prejudice to the meaning. In the same way, an isolated circumstance was formed, beginning with the words unable to: Unable to work anymore, he decided to go out into the fresh air. And there is no doubt that this is a separate circumstance (reasons): he decided to walk why? because he was unable to work anymore.
An interesting case is when the participle is closely merged with the allied word of the subordinate clause. In this case, of course, it is not isolated: From the window one could see fields in dull silver, those winter Russian spaces, looking at which you remember the fate of your country, and the beauty of its nature, and Pushkin, and everything that makes up the richness of the human soul.(V. Lidin)
Note that the latter case is not an episodic occurrence. There is such a rule: gerunds are not isolated, “if the gerund has a union word as a dependent word which the as part of a relative attributive clause, for example: To the right was a door having passed which it was possible to get into the corridor leading to the stage» 5 .
When reading the above materials, you may have evaluated them differently, for example: this is not very important, it can be taken into account, it will come in handy. Tell us about your attitude to what you read, justifying your judgments.
18. You've probably already encountered the fact that it's quite hard to tell when comparative turnover with union how stands out with commas in the letter, and when it does not stand out.
You can read about the most common variants of this punctogram in the reference materials.
1. Comparative turnover with union howstands out commas if
a) how has the meaning like, for example: With fingers light as a dream, he touched my pupils.(A. Pushkin) The air is clean and fresh, like a baby's kiss.(M. Lermontov);
b) the comparative turnover has a causal meaning, for example: The commandant amiably advised me to give up poetry, as it was contrary to the service and leading to nothing good.(A. Pushkin) She was, like a smaller one, her father's favorite....(L. Tolstoy);
c) comparative turnover begins with a combination like, for example: To Moscow, as well as to the whole country, I feel my sonship, as to an old nanny.(K. Paustovsky)
2. Comparative turnover with union hownot highlighted commas if
a) union how has the meaning as, for example: So, I advise you as a friend to be careful.(M. Lermontov) I speak as a writer.(M. Gorky);
b) the turnover forms the nominal part of the compound predicate or is closely related in meaning to the predicate (usually in these cases the predicate does not have a complete meaning without a comparative turnover), for example: Marya Ilyinichna sat on pins and needles.(A. Pushkin) Our garden like a driveway.(A. Chekhov);
c) comparative turnover is preceded by negation not or words quite, absolutely, almost, almost, exactly, exactly, just, exactly etc., for example: I brought up in myself this sense of celebration not like rest ... but as a desired goal, the completion of the highest creativity of life.(M. Prishvin) It was light, almost like daylight; Children sometimes talk just like adults; The girl's hair is curly exactly like at mother;
d) the turnover has the character of a stable combination, for example: At the lion like a mountain lifted off my shoulders. (I. Krylov) The young spouses were happy, and their life flowed like clockwork. (A.Chekhov) 6
19. 1. Using reference materials, explain the punctuation of comparative phrases.
1) Rich, good-looking, Lensky was accepted everywhere as a groom. 2) He sang love, obedient to love, and his song was clear, like the thoughts of an innocent maiden, like a baby’s dream, like the moon in the serene deserts of the sky, the goddess of secrets and tender sighs. 3) The fiery creator used to show his hero to us in an important way of mood, as a model of perfection. 4) Like a true Frenchman, he brought a couplet to Tatiana in Triquet's pocket. 5) Rural freedom has its happy rights, just like haughty Moscow. 6) As for an unfortunate parting, Tatyana grumbles at the stream. 7) Monotonous and insane, like a whirlwind of young life, the waltz is whirling, a noisy whirlwind. 8) She, as with old friends, with her groves, meadows, is still in a hurry to talk. 9) He returned and got, like Chatsky, from the ship to the ball. 10) But I would, it seems, wish to glorify my sad lot, so that at least a single sound would remind of me, as a true friend. (A. Pushkin)
2. Comment on the remaining punctograms in these sentences. If you have any difficulties, do not leave them unattended (discuss the questions in class, try to find the answer yourself in the textbook, contact the teacher.)
*20. Fill in the missing punctuation marks.
1) I will never forget one incident that remains in my memory as an example of the extreme naivety of the first young hares running in the right circle to lay. (M. Prishvin) 2) As a hunter, I was well known to myself, but I never thought I didn’t know that there was some other person in me. (M. Prishvin) 3) Take me through the outpost as your servant, I don't need anything else. (A. Herzen) 4) Savka was as naked as a falcon. (A.Chekhov) 5) Of course, as a kind person, he loved people more than he did not love them. (L. Tolstoy) 6) In the commandant's house I was accepted as a native. (A. Pushkin) 7) The sun was hiding behind the clouds, the trees and the air were frowning like before the rain, but despite this it was hot and stuffy. (A.Chekhov) 8) Neva tossed about like a patient in her restless bed. (A. Pushkin)
*21. In the mentioned book by A.T. Arsyria has headings: "What do you think?", "Be careful", "Let's see." Try to answer their questions.
1. Here is an offer for you: He jumped up and exactly burnt, running around the room...(M. Gorky) What are the highlighted words from a syntactic point of view? What happens if you omit the union exactly?
2. Which definitions in the following sentence are separate and where is the word being defined: The eldest, thin, blue-eyed, with blond hair, held an ax in his hand.(B. Polevoy)? Why could there be difficulties with the identification of the defined word?
3. Find and designate a separate member in the sentence: It was wonderful to go like this, to nowhere, which is the country of surprises and happiness.(L.Leonov) Which group of isolated members does it belong to - specifying or with the meaning of an additional message?
4. Try to explain the setting of the dash in a sentence with a separate definition: Night was falling on the sea - grayish, as if after rain.(K. Paustovsky)
5. Why is the application isolated in the sentence: The best friend of Nicholas, Victor could not remain indifferent to his fate?
6. What is the highlighted word in the sentence: So, poor guy I was afraid that I could not utter a word? Can an application exist without a word to which it is attached?
7. If in the offer All summer the cattle grazed on the meadow, that is, the highland pasture instead of that is use or, do i need to keep the comma?
*22. Read the statement by K.G. Paustovsky about the artist I.I. Levitan.
Levitan left about a hundred autumn paintings. They depict things familiar from childhood: haystacks, blackened from dampness; small rivers circling the fallen leaves in slow whirlpools; lonely golden birches; a sky like thin ice; shaggy rains over forest clearings. But in all these landscapes, no matter what they depict, the sadness of farewell days, the falling leaves, the quiet, wonderful before the cold, festive sun are best conveyed.
1. What is the semantic role of punctuation marks in this text?
2. Prepare expressively, as required by the syntactic structure of the literary text, read it aloud.
23. Try to find a reproduction of one of I.I. Levitan and get ready to write an essay on the painting.
Answers to some tasks
5. 1. Rainy and frostless_ autumn did not allow the forest to fade, turn yellow. In definitions before the word being defined autumn, undoubtedly there is a significance of the cause. (Why did autumn prevent the forest from fading, turning yellow? Because there were rains and there were no frosts).
The causal significance of definitions would be especially emphasized in this variant of the punctuation of the construction:
But this, as we see, was not the intention of the author. And since the author's version has the right to exist (there is no violation of the mandatory punctuation rule here), we must accept what the author suggested in his text.
7. 1. You need to solve 3 tasks:
1) two homogeneous participles connected by a single conjunction and, are not separated; 2) a number of homogeneous adverbial phrases are separated on both sides by commas; 3) two pairs of homogeneous adverbial phrases, connected only by intonation, are separated by a comma.
8.
1. Participial and participial phrases are quite rarely perceived as homogeneous members of a sentence, since the first has a definitive meaning, and the second is adverbial. However, in the position of the detached terms associated with the subject, they have the same meaning of the additional message, and it is this that determines them. homogeneity in relation to the same member of the sentence, which is reflected in their punctuation in the letter. (Recall from A.S. Pushkin: But, exhausted by the noise of the ball and turning morning into midnight sleeps peacefully in the shade of blissful fun and luxury child).
10. 2. ... read Dostoevsky not looking up... - the gerund has the meaning of the manner of action (not doing what? a as? without interruption), does not have the meaning of an additional action, therefore, it is not isolated in speech and is not separated by commas in writing.
3. A dash in this sentence is an optional, author's sign: clarifying circumstance running could be separated by paired commas, but a dash more clearly indicates a transition to another action.
12. 1. Separate adverbial phrases, verbal predicates that create a dynamic rhythm of the narrative, give way to less energetic isolated definitions, compound sentences with a union and.
13. 1. A large number of isolated members of the proposal, forming homogeneous series; sentences spread by minor members of different meanings; complex sentences of all kinds; complex sentences with different types and means of communication.
14. 1. And this is achieved, in addition to very precise vocabulary, with the help of syntactic constructions: union-free connection of parts; isolated non-common and widespread definitions in a homogeneous series, a combination of words distinguished by intonation, to which the author attaches special importance.
20. 1) ...remains in my memory as an example(cf.: as an example);...hares running...; 2) I am like a hunter(cf.: as a hunter); ...known, but I never thought, did not know that...; 3) spend... like a servant(cf.: as a servant); 4) ...naked as a falcon(phraseologism as a predicate). 5) Of course, as a kind person(cf.: because he was a kind person),he...; 6) was adopted as native(cf.: as native); 7) ...behind the clouds, the trees and the air were frowning as before the rain, but despite this, ...; 8)thrashing around like a sick person...
21. 1. A separate agreed definition with a comparison value. If you omit the union exactly the comparison value will disappear, and he is burnt... should be accepted as a fact of reality.
2. An adjective is used as a defined word older, used here as a noun. With him - homogeneous isolated definitions: two agreed and one - inconsistent.
3. ...go like this, to nowhere, ... - clarifying circumstance.
4. ...night lay down - grayish, as if after rain. The dash denotes a pause, and with it the meaning of an additional message expressed by a separate definition. In this case, the dash is the author's sign (it would not be a mistake to use a comma).
5. An application with a proper name has the meaning of an additional message about the reason for what is reported in the proposal.
6. In this incomplete sentence (the subject is omitted) the word poor fellow is a standalone application (with a reason value).
7. ... combined on a meadow, that is, a high mountain pasture, ... union that is without prejudice to the meaning can be replaced by the union or: these unions in this offer have a synonymous meaning (with the second name acting as a clarifying in relation to the first).
22. 1. In this case, the colon warns that the generalizing word (subject) is concretized by the homogeneous members of the sentence following it, allowing a detailed description. A semicolon separates common homogeneous subjects, emphasizing the autonomy of each sketch.
1 In acrobatics and circus aerial gymnastics: a turn of an acrobat, a gymnast in a jump by 180 °.
2 A thin suit that fits tightly around the body.
3 Tasks with answers are marked with this icon.
4 This is how support materials are designated.
5 See: Rosenthal D.E. Punctuation and management in Russian. Handbook for press workers. M., 1988. S. 61.
6 In preparing these materials, the relevant articles from the above-mentioned book by D.E. Rosenthal, p. 156–163. Note that the supporting materials do not mention all the conditions for highlighting a comparative turnover in a letter.
A.Yu. KUPALOV,
Moscow city
Comparative turns and turns with union how
1. Comparative phrases beginning with conjunctions as if, as if, as if, rather than, than, precisely, that in the meaning of "as if", separated by commas. In sentences, comparative turns are usually circumstances:
From somewhere it was damp, exactly from the cellar (Mamin-Sibiryak); The wind blew towardsas if trying to stop a young criminal (Pushkin); It seemed to me that they[stars] much higherhow we have in the north (Lermontov); It was safer to fly at nightthan afternoon(Perventsev).
2. No commas are separated turnovers with the indicated unions as if, as if as if, rather than, exactly what in the following cases:
- if the turns are phraseological units:
What stucklike a bath leaf ? (Turgenev);
- if turns are part of the predicate:
The lights lanternslike lighthouses ; Cheerfulsong what a winged bird .
3. Turnovers from how separated by commas in the following cases:
a)if turnover denotes assimilation (how does “like” matter, how can it be replaced by another comparative union - as if, as if, exactly etc.).
Wed: her mouth,how roses , blush(Pushkin); At the bottom,how steel mirror , jet lakes turn blue (Tyutchev)
b)if there is an index word in the main part so, such, that, so:
Nowhere at a mutual meeting do not bow So nobly,like on Nevsky Prospekt (Gogol);
in)if the turnover begins with a combination like :
To Moscowlike to the whole country , I feel my sonship, like an old nanny (Paustovsky);
G)if the turnover, being an application, has a tinge of causal meaning (the turnover can be replaced by a subordinate clause with conjunctions because, since, because or turnover with being):
Wed: Like a senior I order you, gentlemen, to disperse immediately(Kuprin). - Being a senior Since I am the elder I order you, gentlemen, to disperse immediately;
e)if the turnover is expressed by a combination as a rule, as an exception, as always, as usual, as before, as now, as if on purpose:
I seeas it is now , the owner himself(Pushkin); What a shame!as if on purpose , not a soul!(Gogol).
But such turns are not distinguished by commas if they are part of the predicate or are closely related to it in meaning (there is no isolation intonation):
Yesterday passed as usual; Everything went on as usual;
e)if the turnover is a combination none other than; nothing but; none other than; nothing else but:
Rhine Falls in front nothing but low water level (Zhukovsky).
4. Turnovers with as not separated by commas in the following cases:
a)if the turnover has the meaning of the circumstance of the mode of action and it can be replaced by the instrumental case of the noun.
Wed: like hail buckshot rained down (Lermontov). - hail buckshot rained down;
b)if the turnover has the meaning of equating or identifying.
Wed: He loved melike property (Lermontov). - He loved me, considering his property; Try to look at me like a patient possessed by a disease you still don't know (Lermontov). - Try to look at me, equating me with a patient possessed by a disease that is still unknown to you;
in)if conjunction as means "as":
So I advise you like a buddy be careful (Lermontov) - as a buddy ;
G)if the turnover is part of the predicate or is closely related in meaning to the predicate (usually in these cases the predicate does not have a complete meaning):
Like the sun she is (Seifulina); Poem was spoken like a confession (Fedin);
e)if the comparative turnover is preceded by the negation of not or the word quite, absolutely, almost, almost, exactly, exactly, just, exactly etc.:
He talked to him not like with baby ; Children sometimes talk just like adults ;
e)if the turnover has the character of a stable combination, it is a phraseological unit:white as a harrier (like paper, like chalk, like canvas, like snow ), pale as death, shines like a mirror, cherish like the apple of one's eye, the disease has taken away like a hand, feared like fire, wanders like a restless man, mumbles like a sexton, spins like a squirrel in a wheel, squeals like a pig, everything is like a selection, jumped up like a scalded man, stupid like a cork, naked like a falcon, hungry like a wolf, dirty like a pig, trembling like an aspen leaf, waiting like manna from heaven, healthy like a bull, angry like a dog, rolling like cheese in butter, handsome like a god, rushing about like mad, flying like an arrow and etc.
Exercise to the topic "Comparative turns and turns with HOW"
Fill in the missing punctuation marks. Justify your answer.
1. Her eyes, either wide open and bright and joyful, like day, half-covered with eyelashes and deep and dark, like night, stood before his eyes (Turgenev). 2. Turgenev, like perhaps no other Russian writer, is suitable for the title of master (Rylenkov). 3. Kupfer, as one of the stewards with a white bow on the cuff of his tailcoat, fussed and fussed with all his might (Turgenev). 4. The thick foliage covered with hoarfrost was picturesque: yellow, purple, red as blood, it pleased the eye (Shishkov). 5. She keeps and moves as magnetized as a somnambulist (Turgenev). 6. He, as a “fatal” person, had to throw out some unusual thing (Turgenev). 7. None of the writers makes noise and shimmers on the pages of such festive seas as those of Green (Paustovsky). 8. Most people know Bunin mainly as a prose writer (Paustovsky). 9. She is all as if petrified (L. Tolstoy). 10. His mobile face, like that of an actor, became cheerful again (Shishkov). 11. To meet me clean and clear, as if also washed by the morning coolness, the sounds of a bell came (Turgenev). 12. Sometimes it seemed that it was about to rain; but the outstretched hand did not feel anything, but looking at the sleeve of the dress one could notice traces of tiny drops like the smallest beads (Turgenev). 13. The pulse is like a hammer, and the hands are cold (Kuprin). 14. There was a fine hard snow that pricked the face like needles (Chekhov). 15. She's just like a child (Gerasimov). 16. If not for death, then perhaps A. Green would have entered the ranks of our literature as one of the most original writers who organically merged realism with free and bold imagination (Paustovsky). 17. The moon rose crimson and gloomy, as if sick (Chekhov). 18. Sometimes you shoot a hare, you hurt him, and he screams like a child (Chekhov). 19. Panteleimon sits on the goats, stretching forward straight like wooden arms (Chekhov). 20. But precisely because Alexandra Gavrilovna gets excited, she loses more often than her husband (Saltykov-Shchedrin). 21. Cities as magnets (Soloukhin). 22. Traitors have sunk into the water (Nikitin). 23. As I remember the old concepts, it pours over me like a brew (Ostrovsky). 24. And the whole steppe was covered with fallen ones like a swarm of black locusts (Pushkin). 25. As a woman you loved your homeland (Nekrasov). 26. Valya was summoned in his case as a witness (N. Ostrovsky). 27. She needs it just like we do (Yevtushenko). 28. It rained like a bucket (Prishvin). 29. Since the pre-war times, I have been following you as an ordinary moviegoer and appreciate your talent (Krutikov). 30. I speak like a writer. I am used to looking at literature as a revolutionary thing (Fedin). 31. And this little story is nothing more than fragmentary memories of those days of happy closeness to them (S. Nikitin). 32. It was evident that he sought to get away from this large gray building (Field) as soon as possible. 33. But in front of him was none other than Aigl, a well-known collector of songs of legends and fairy tales (Green), traveling on foot. 34. Days run like streams into a foggy river (Yesenin). 35. Gentlemen, I think that you, like all decent people, have been in love at least once during your life (Turgenev). 36. Oil smells as strong as in the church (M. Gorky). 37. To Moscow, as well as to the whole country, I feel my sonship as to an old nanny (Paustovsky). 38. I see how now the owner himself (Pushkin). 39. She has now become again slender and thin as before (M. Gorky). 40. I looked at her like a fool (Turgenev). 41. We treated Vanya like our own person (Prishvin). 42. The robber of a peasant peeled off like sticky (Krylov). 43. After all, she lived with a paramedic like a cat with a dog (Chekhov). 44. I answered him as best I could (Turgenev). 45. As a telegram flies the earth, the fields ring with an even ringing (Tikhonov). 46. Vera Pavlovna was constantly in the workshop, and they already managed to get to know her closely as a prudent, prudent, reasonable woman (Chernyshevsky). 47. Urbenin and the Pole, as heavy people, preferred to wait for us below on the road (Chekhov). 48. He was afraid of familiarity like fire and kept himself very dry (Chernyshevsky). 49. From the blood of the dead, the sunset was baked like a wound (Lugovskoy). 50. Like a snow maiden, the night outside the window is good (Lugovskoy). 51. Chichikov as an acquirer no less, if not more, Pechorin is a hero of our time (Belinsky). 52. She was like a lesser favorite of her father (L. Tolstoy). 53. Vasenda, as a positive and practical person, found a fixed place unprofitable (Pomyalovsky).
Compare the completed task with the sample by opening the file attached below.
