During the war years, the USSR was canceled. The history of the working week in Russia. Reference. Reduction of the working week under the Bolsheviks

According to the data presented in the article by Baranova L.A. « On the length of the working day in Moscow factories and plants in late XIX- the beginning of the XX century. in the endXIX century, the upper limit of the length of the working day in Russia was officially set at 11.5 hours. However, the owners of plants and factories, for the most part, did not comply with this instruction, and the working day often lasted 13-14 hours.
According to statistical collections Russian Empire, before the start of the war, the working day of the bulk of industrial workers ranged from 9 to 11 hours. At the same time, it must be assumed that in the official collections the figures were given "ennobled" and the duration of working hours was even higher.

Forgive me "French bakers", but looking ahead, we must admit that in Imperial Russia, in peacetime, exploitation was much tougher than in the USSR during the war years.
Russia is justified only by the fact that in other major capitalist countries of that period the situation was the same or not much better.
In peacetime, the owners of enterprises squeezed everything they could out of the workers.
Therefore, when the war began, it was almost impossible to “finish off”.
By and large, neither the water country, the main participant in the First World War, succeeded in seriously increasing production by lengthening the working day.
This is one of the reasons why the first World War turned into a war of attrition.
During the interwar period, revolutions and social conflicts led to the fact that the length of the working day in most states was seriously reduced. In the USSR, in particular, a six-day working week was introduced, and the length of the working day was limited to 6-7 hours.
I think this is important to remember: during the years of industrialization, Soviet citizens had a shorter working day than now!
I would like to ask the “French bakers”: would you like to plow for the capitalist 14 hours a day, come home, fall from fatigue and listen with all your heart to how delightful the evenings are in Russia, or still, build socialism 7 hours a day in the “totalitarian " USSR?

The increase in working hours began on the eve of the great war in different countries in different years. In many European countries, this happened immediately after Hitler came to power in Germany.
So in France the index working hours With 1936 on 1939 G. increased co 100 before 129. AT some industries industry worker day was increased to 10 hours. And although the law on the 40-hour working week was formally preserved, it underwent significant changes: overtime pay was reduced, a week with two days off was canceled.

Finnish women sew camouflage coats

Similar processes took place in Germany. fascist state prepared for war.law from 4 September 1939 G. about organizations military economy canceled all provisions about providing holidays, about limitation working time, a entrepreneurs could increase worker day before 10 hours. Actually he often continued before 11 — 12 hours.
However, the duration of the working day of the workers of German industry is rather muddy. So, according to the Soviet historian Fomin V.T. the increase in working hours in Germany occurred in September 1939, according to another Soviet historian Rozanov G.L. The law on the 10-hour working day in Germany was adopted back in 1938.
And modern German historians claim that the maximum length of working time in Germany was in 1941 and amounted to 49.5 hours. True, at the same time, they simultaneously recognize that in some sectors of particular military importance, the duration working week reached 50.3 hours. The last figure is probably closer to the truth and with a 5-day week it will just be more than 10 hours.

Be that as it may, there has been an increase in working hours in Germany. And the industrial crisis that was observed during the First World War did not happen.
This must be noted: during the First World War, the length of the working day in industry in many countries decreased or remained at the same level. During the Second World War, the length of the working day grew in almost all countries participating in the war.

Japanese women at work


In Japan during the warthe working day lasted at least 12 hours, there were cases when workers were forced to work 450 hours a month, that is, 15 hours a day without days off. To1944 pThe length of the working day, even for teenage students, was 10 hours, but entrepreneurs had the right to leave students for 2 hours of overtime work without additional pay, which was supposed to serve as a manifestation of students' patriotism.

In the occupied part of France, the working day has also increased. In some branches of industry it reached 10-12 hours.
However, it must be admitted that the majority of the French under occupation worked less than their occupiers. The working day rarely exceeded 8.5 hours.
At the same time, wages were “frozen”.
Up to 10 hours a day, the length of the working day increased in a number of industries in fascist Italy.

Assembling fighter jets in an Italian factory

Well, now let's talk about the USSR.
According to Soviet statistics, which everyone loved to compare with 1913, in 1928 a male worker worked 7.73 hours (against 10 hours in 1913), teenagers worked 5.33 hours in 1928 (against 9.86 in 1913) .
In 1932, the country switched to a 7-hour working day and the average working day decreased to 7.09 hours.

In 1940, the threat of a major war forced the USSR to lengthen the working day. Soviet industry switched to a seven-day week (the number of days off was reduced) and an 8-hour working day.
After the outbreak of war in 1941, business leaders were allowed to impose overtime up to 3 hours a day. Consequently, at the direction of management, the working day could be extended to 11 hours.
Once again, I want to note: the maximum length of the working day during the war years at enterprises in the "totalitarian" USSR was, as a rule, less than in the peaceful years under St. Nicholas the Passion-Bearer.

In different years of wars, in the industry of the USSR it was worked out different amount overtime. The greatest number of them fell on 1942 and 1943, the most difficult and the most hungry. People suffering from malnutrition, and even those with dystrophy, worked hard for 11 or more hours.
For example, at the Pervouralsk Novotrubny Plant in 1943, only 32% of the total number of employees had a working day of 8 hours. The rest had a working day of 9 hours or more.

Pipe processing at PNTZ

Hard work, overtime and the flu in the autumn-winter of 1943 ruined the production performance of plant No. 703.
Since 1944, the number of overtime starts to decline significantly. The reason for this is not only that too long work led to an increase in morbidity, but also that it adversely affected the finances of factories. Overtime was paid at a higher rate. And by the end of the war, the population already accumulated too much money. Which could not be used because the industry has reduced the production of consumer goods to the limit, and food was distributed on cards.
Market prices were so high that most workers preferred to save rather than spend.
As a result, in 1945 only 4.2% of PNTZ workers had overtime (in 1943 - 68%). And 95.8% had a normal 8-hour work day!

From the foregoing, it is obvious that the outstanding results in the work of the rear of the USSR and the production of weapons are not "slave labor" as liberal historians write about it, but a number of completely different reasons.

Probably, each of the readers of my LiveJournal will be able to recall some movie, or an episode from a book, which described something like this:
“We, teenagers, were sent to work in the shop. The cold is terrible, and the clothes are useless. Worked alongside adults. Tired incredibly. Often there was no strength left even to go to the barracks. They fell asleep right there, at the machine, and when they woke up, they set to work again.
Now many myths about the Great Patriotic War have been exposed. Both real and imaginary. Moreover, with a clear predominance of pseudo-exposures. But there are a number of cases when criticism Soviet propaganda quite justified. For example, in Soviet cinema, novels and memoirs of the participants, all Germans without fail with “Schmeisser submachine guns” and they are on motorcycles, while ours have three-rulers, but on foot, etc.
Now most people who are interested in history know: this is a myth!
But as for work in the rear, Soviet myths turned out to be more tenacious. Mainly because these myths spin the anti-Soviet propaganda mill.
Soviet propagandists-memoirists did all the dirty work for liberals and fascists - they convinced public opinion that labor during the war years was excruciatingly slavish. And it was not the socialist economy that won the war, as I.V. Stalin assured, but the totalitarian regime.
As you know, slave labor is completely inefficient. This during the war years was convincingly proved by millions of prisoners of war and Ostarbeiters in the Third Reich.
Why did the USSR, which had a much weaker economy than the Third Reich, won in the industrial confrontation?
This issue is generally given little attention. I will touch on only a small part of this big problem. Let's talk about vacations and days off at industrial enterprises during the Great Patriotic War at the pipe enterprises of the Urals.
To understand the situation, it must be said that labor relations during the Second World War were largely regulated by the pre-war Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of June 26, 1940. Among those who have not read it, there are many fables and fairy tales. The decree, as is known, was a reaction to the beginning of the Second World War. Some paragraphs of this Decree are valid to this day. For example, in 1940, the working day of workers was extended from seven to eight hours, and for employees public institutions from six to eight o'clock. In most institutions and organizations in Russia, the eight-hour working day remains to this day, although the Second World War has long since ended.

Was the Soviet leadership right to abolish the 6-hour working day for civil servants in 1940?
It seems to me - correctly.
It is probably also important to remember, dear reader, that the tyrant Stalin during the years of industrialization forced our fathers and grandfathers to build socialism for as much as 6-7 hours a day!
And collective farmers - 60 workdays a year!

However, the Decree provided for real restrictions on freedoms. For example, an employee was forbidden to move from one enterprise to another without the permission of the management, penalties were established for absenteeism and lateness.
In short, industry has gone into a paramilitary position.
I will not engage in any further retelling. The decree is small and anyone can read it.
I honestly admit that in my articles and reports I often use the phrase that workers during the war years worked without days off, vacations, overtime.
And it seems to be correct. But it turns out to be false if you do not put the words “sometimes”, “often”, etc.
In fact, there were vacations, and there were weekends, and not so few of them can be counted.

I’ll make a reservation right away: I’m not going to question the feat of the home front workers. I am trying to prove that our home front turned out to be stronger than the European one not only thanks to selflessness, but also thanks to the socialist system of production.

The first example: in 1944, at the Bilimbaevsky pipe foundry, the average number of workers per year was 381 people.
During the year, all employees took 595 man-days of regular vacations.
Holidays and weekends, all workers used 13878 man-days.
In addition, the administration of the plant provided 490 days of extraordinary vacations.
By simple division, we get that for each worker there were approximately 3 days of vacation and 36 days off and public holidays. Those. the average BTZ worker did not actually go to work every 9th day!
And there were also absenteeism, absenteeism due to illness, absenteeism ...
If you read them, then absenteeism from work will be every fifth day.

It is difficult for me to say how evenly the days off were distributed among the workers of the BTZ, but the fact that the statement about work without holidays and days off is false is undeniable. It may be objected to me that in 1944, after the departure of aviation enterprises, reconstruction was still ongoing at the BTZ, and the example is not typical.
Okay, let's look at the report of the Starotrubny plant for 1944. The average number of exits per 1 worker at the Starotrubny plant in 1944 was 296.5, and in 1945 - 285.1.
On average, at the Starotrubny Plant, workers did not go to work in 1944 almost every fifth day! In 1941, every fourth (six months were peaceful). And in 1945, absenteeism fell on 4.5 days (again, six months of peace)!
Those. work without days off during the war years is a myth! And it would be absurd to think that such high labor productivity as Soviet enterprises showed during the Second World War (given the weakness of the material base and the low qualifications of workers, among whom there were many women and adolescents), could be achieved by self-destructive labor.

However, my opponents have another argument - overtime. Say, they worked without days off for months, then, of course, they fell ill, took vacations, days off, rested up, and that’s the indicated number of days off.
However, this is not true either.
At BTZ in 1944, overtime to the entire working time for the year was worked out by all workers 7.85%.
There were even fewer overtime at the STZ. On average, one worker in 1944 accounted for 15.7 hours of overtime per month, and in 1945 - 10.8 hours.
And for overtime, leaders were not stroked on the head. As a result, in 1945, it was possible to leave workers at the PSTZ for overtime work only on the personal order of the director, and only in exceptional cases.

I personally conclude from the foregoing that even under the most severe conditions, when the USSR waged the most terrible war in history, the country's enterprises did their best to preserve human conditions for workers. Of course, it happened, they were cold, it happened, they stayed for overtime, it happened that they didn’t get a day off for a long time ...
The war was terrible, there was everything. However, if, say, during the war years, 100,000 Red Army soldiers were wounded in the ear in battle, it does not mean that the Germans exclusively shot at the ears.

By the way, there is another very “painful topic” of the work of the rear during the Second World War - these are punishments for being late. After all, there is a myth that since the law allowed to prosecute for the only delay, then the law enforcement practice should speak about the same. But I'll write about that another time...

Probably, each of the readers of my LiveJournal will be able to recall some movie, or an episode from a book, which described something like this:
“We, teenagers, were sent to work in the shop. The cold is terrible, and the clothes are useless. Worked alongside adults. Tired incredibly. Often there was no strength left even to go to the barracks. They fell asleep right there, at the machine, and when they woke up, they set to work again.
Now many myths about the Great Patriotic War have been exposed. Both real and imaginary. Moreover, with a clear predominance of pseudo-exposures. But there are a number of cases when criticism of Soviet propaganda is completely justified. For example, in Soviet cinema, novels and memoirs of the participants, all Germans certainly have “Schmeisser submachine guns” and they are on motorcycles, while ours have three-rulers, but on foot, etc.
Now most people who are interested in history know: this is a myth!
But as for work in the rear, Soviet myths turned out to be more tenacious. Mainly because these myths spin the anti-Soviet propaganda mill.
Soviet propagandists-memoirists did all the dirty work for liberals and fascists - they convinced public opinion that labor during the war years was excruciatingly slavish. And it was not the socialist economy that won the war, as I.V. Stalin assured, but the totalitarian regime.
As you know, slave labor is completely inefficient. This during the war years was convincingly proved by millions of prisoners of war and Ostarbeiters in the Third Reich.
Why did the USSR, which had a much weaker economy than the Third Reich, won in the industrial confrontation?
This issue is generally given little attention. I will touch on only a small part of this big problem. Let's talk about vacations and days off at industrial enterprises during the Great Patriotic War at the pipe enterprises of the Urals.
To understand the situation, it must be said that labor relations during the Second World War were largely regulated by the pre-war Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of June 26, 1940. Among those who have not read it, there are many fables and fairy tales. The decree, as is known, was a reaction to the beginning of the Second World War. Some paragraphs of this Decree are valid to this day. For example, in 1940, the working day of workers was extended from seven to eight hours, and for employees of state institutions from six to eight hours. In most institutions and organizations in Russia, the eight-hour working day remains to this day, although the Second World War has long since ended.

Was the Soviet leadership right to abolish the 6-hour working day for civil servants in 1940?
It seems to me - correctly.
It is probably also important to remember, dear reader, that the tyrant Stalin during the years of industrialization forced our fathers and grandfathers to build socialism for as much as 6-7 hours a day!
And collective farmers - 60 workdays a year!

However, the Decree provided for real restrictions on freedoms. For example, an employee was forbidden to move from one enterprise to another without the permission of the management, penalties were established for absenteeism and lateness.
In short, industry has gone into a paramilitary position.
I will not engage in any further retelling. The decree is small and anyone can read it.
I honestly admit that in my articles and reports I often use the phrase that workers during the war years worked without days off, vacations, overtime.
And it seems to be correct. But it turns out to be false if you do not put the words “sometimes”, “often”, etc.
In fact, there were vacations, and there were weekends, and not so few of them can be counted.

I’ll make a reservation right away: I’m not going to question the feat of the home front workers. I am trying to prove that our home front turned out to be stronger than the European one not only thanks to selflessness, but also thanks to the socialist system of production.

The first example: in 1944, at the Bilimbaevsky pipe foundry, the average number of workers per year was 381 people.
During the year, all employees took 595 man-days of regular vacations.
Holidays and weekends, all workers used 13878 man-days.
In addition, the administration of the plant provided 490 days of extraordinary vacations.
By simple division, we get that for each worker there were approximately 3 days of vacation and 36 days off and holidays. Those. the average BTZ worker did not actually go to work every 9th day!
And there were also absenteeism, absenteeism due to illness, absenteeism ...
If you read them, then absenteeism from work will be every fifth day.

It is difficult for me to say how evenly the days off were distributed among the workers of the BTZ, but the fact that the statement about work without holidays and days off is false is undeniable. It may be objected to me that in 1944, after the departure of aviation enterprises, reconstruction was still ongoing at the BTZ, and the example is not typical.
Okay, let's look at the report of the Starotrubny plant for 1944. The average number of exits per 1 worker at the Starotrubny plant in 1944 was 296.5, and in 1945 - 285.1.
On average, at the Starotrubny Plant, workers did not go to work in 1944 almost every fifth day! In 1941, every fourth (six months were peaceful). And in 1945, absenteeism fell on 4.5 days (again, six months of peace)!
Those. work without days off during the war years is a myth! And it would be absurd to think that such high labor productivity as Soviet enterprises showed during the Second World War (given the weakness of the material base and the low qualifications of workers, among whom there were many women and adolescents), could be achieved by self-destructive labor.

However, my opponents have another argument - overtime. Say, they worked without days off for months, then, of course, they fell ill, took vacations, days off, rested up, and that’s the indicated number of days off.
However, this is not true either.
At BTZ in 1944, overtime to the entire working time for the year was worked out by all workers 7.85%.
There were even fewer overtime at the STZ. On average, one worker in 1944 accounted for 15.7 hours of overtime per month, and in 1945 - 10.8 hours.
And for overtime, leaders were not stroked on the head. As a result, in 1945, it was possible to leave workers at the PSTZ for overtime work only on the personal order of the director, and only in exceptional cases.

I personally conclude from the foregoing that even under the most severe conditions, when the USSR waged the most terrible war in history, the country's enterprises did their best to preserve human conditions for workers. Of course, it happened, they were cold, it happened, they stayed for overtime, it happened that they didn’t get a day off for a long time ...
The war was terrible, there was everything. However, if, say, during the war years, 100,000 Red Army soldiers were wounded in the ear in battle, it does not mean that the Germans exclusively shot at the ears.

By the way, there is another very “painful topic” of the work of the rear during the Second World War - these are punishments for being late. After all, there is a myth that since the law allowed to prosecute for the only delay, then the law enforcement practice should speak about the same. But I'll write about that another time...

Testing in history - for the exam part 20. For students of the correspondence and full-time departments. The correct answer is marked with a "+"

Question: During the war years in the USSR:
[+] holidays were cancelled;
[-] a 10-hour working day was established;
[+] directors of enterprises received the right to extend the working day by 3 hours;
[+] labor mobilization of the population was introduced;
[-] the work of children from the age of 10 was allowed.

Question: The USSR surpassed Germany in the production of military products in:
[+] late 1942;
[-] mid-1943;
[-] early 1944

Question: The following changes took place in the confessional policy of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War:
[+] the patriarchate was restored;
[+] dioceses were restored, churches were opened;
[-] the law on the separation of church and state was repealed;
[-] the activity of priests at the front was allowed.

Question: Lines from a personal letter from front-line poet A. A. Surkov to his wife became the text of the song:
[+] "Dugout";
[-] "Dark night";
[-] "In the forest near the front."

Question: In the second half of September 1943, Soviet partisans carried out Operation Concert. Her goal:
[-] mass departure to the partisan detachments of the concert brigade;
[+] undermining enemy communications, disabling railways;
[-] the destruction of the highest ranks of the Nazi army.

Question: Indicate a name that falls out of the general logical series:
[-] P. P. Vershigora;
[-] S. A. Kovpak;
[-] P. M. Masherov;
[-] D. N. Medvedev;
[+] F. I. Tolbukhin;
[-] A.F. Fedorov.

Question: At the Tehran Conference of the Heads of Government of the USSR, Great Britain and the USA (November 28 - December 1, 1943) the following decisions were made:
[+] about the opening of the Second Front in the south of France;
[+] about the entry of the USSR into the war with Japan;
[-] about the landing of allies in the Balkans;
[-] about the landing of the USSR expeditionary force in Africa;
[+] on the recognition of Soviet claims to a part of East Prussia;
[+] about post-war cooperation.

Question: The Soviet counteroffensive plan at Stalingrad had the code name:
[-] "Typhoon";
[-] "Citadel";
[+] "Uranus".

Question: The factors that determined the victory of the Soviet troops at Stalingrad were:
[+] courage and heroism of Soviet soldiers;
[-] miscalculations of the German command;
[+] surprise during the counteroffensive;
[+] demoralization of enemy troops;
[-] betrayal of Field Marshal Paulus.

Question: Significance of the Battle of Stalingrad:
[-] dispelled the myth of the invincibility of the German army;
[-] ended offensive operations Wehrmacht;
[+] marked a radical change in the course of the Great Patriotic War and the Second World War.

Question: The blockade of Leningrad was broken in:
[+] January 1943;
[-] July 1943;
[-] January 1944

Question: The largest in the history of counter tank battle took place:
[-] December 18, 1942 near the town of Kotelnikovo;
[+] July 12, 1943 in the area of ​​the village. Prokhorovka;
[-] August 17, 1943 in Sicily.

Question: Indicate what tactics formed the basis of the Kursk operation of the Soviet troops:
[+] to wear down the enemy in defensive battles with the subsequent transition to the counteroffensive;
[-] advance offensive of the Soviet troops;
[-] Going on the defensive due to the obvious advantage of the enemy.

Question: The main significance of the Battle of Kursk:
[+] the final transfer of the strategic initiative into the hands of the Soviet command was fixed;
[-] the beginning of the formation of the anti-Hitler coalition was laid;
[-] the international prestige of the USSR was strengthened.

Question: 2438 soldiers were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union for the operation on:
[-] liberation of the Eagle;
[+] crossing the Dnieper;
[-] liberation of Kyiv.

Question: On August 5, 1943, the first salute took place in Moscow. It was in honor of:
[-] liberation of Kharkov;
[-] breaking the blockade of Leningrad;
[+] liberation of Orel and Belgorod.

Question: The Belarusian offensive operation, developed by the Soviet high command, was codenamed:
[+] "Bagration";
[-] "Kutuzov";
[-] "Commander Rumyantsev".

Question: In March 1944, Soviet troops for the first time reached the line of the State Border of the USSR. This happened in the area
[-] Soviet-Polish section of the border;
[+] Soviet-Romanian border near the river. Rod;
[-] borders of the USSR and Norway.

Question: The second front in Europe was opened:
[-] December 1, 1943;
[+] June 6, 1944;
[-] December 10, 1944

Question: On January 1945, a week before the scheduled date, Soviet troops launched a powerful offensive on almost the entire sector of the front from the Baltic Sea to the Carpathians. The reason for this early advance:
[-] the desire to get ahead of the allies and be the first to enter the territory of Germany;
[-] Charles de Gaulle's request to help the anti-fascist uprising in Paris;
[+] W. Churchill's request to save the Allied troops in the Ardennes from defeat.

Question: At the Yalta Conference (February 4-11, 1945) the following decisions were made:
[-] the plan of the Berlin operation was agreed upon;
[+] plans for the final defeat of the armed forces of Germany and the conditions for its unconditional surrender were agreed;
[-] presented an ultimatum to the USSR demanding to start the process of democratization;
[+] the conditions for the entry of the USSR into the war against Japan were worked out.

Question: The famous meeting of Soviet and American troops on the Elbe took place in 1945:
[+] April 25;
[-] April 30;
[-] May 8th.

Question: At the Potsdam (Berlin) conference (July 17 - August 2, 1945) the following decisions were made:
[+] about reparations from Germany;
[+] on the transfer of the city of Königsberg and the area adjacent to it to the USSR;
[+] about the management of post-war Germany;
[-] on the appointment of Stalin as commander of the united allied forces;
[+] on the arrest and trial of Nazi war criminals.

Question: In August 1945, the US Air Force dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. On August 9, 1945, the city of Nagasaki was atomically bombed. The purpose of these barbaric actions:
[-] an act of retaliation for the brutal killings by the Japanese of American soldiers;
[+] an attempt to put pressure on the USSR and establish its hegemony in the post-war world;
[-] defeat the largest Japanese military bases concentrated in these cities.

Question: The USSR entered the war with Japan:
[-] April 5, 1945;
[+] August 8, 1945;
[-] September 2, 1945

Question: The Victory Parade took place in Moscow in 1945:
[-] 9th May;
[+] June 24;
[-] September 2nd.

Question: The losses of the population of the USSR in the war amounted to:
[-] 13 million people;
[-] 20 million people;
[+] 27 million people.

Question: The total material losses of the country as a result of Hitler's aggression amounted to:
[-] a fourth of the national wealth;
[+] third;
[-] half.

Question: The restoration of the national economy of the USSR began in:
[-] 1942;
[+] 1943;
[-] 1944

Question: The development of the fourth five-year plan for the restoration and development of the national economy of the USSR was led by:
[-] I. V. Stalin;
[-] G. M. Malenkov;
[+] N. A. Voznesensky.

Question: In the economic discussions of the second half of the 1940s. prevailed point of view:
[-] N. S. Khrushchev;
[-] N. A. Voznesensky;
[+] I. V. Stalin.

Question: The card system was abolished after the war in:
[-] 1945;
[-] 1946;
[+] 1947

Question: The movement of "speed workers" in industry in post-war years was initiated:
[-] A. G. Stakhanov;
[-] P. N. Angelina;
[+] G. S. Bortkevich.

Question: During the years of the Fourth Five-Year Plan, large enterprises were restored and rebuilt:
[+] 6200;
[-] 1580;
[-] 8700.

Question: The highest rates of industrial development were characteristic of:
[-] central regions of Russia;
[-] Ukraine;
[+] The Baltics.

Question: Indicate the main source of rapid recovery of the country's economy:
[-] use of labor of prisoners;
[-] reparations from Germany and its allies;
[+] labor heroism and self-sacrifice of the Soviet people.

Question: The level of agricultural production in the USSR in 1945 was from pre-war:
[-] 45%;
[-] 50%;
[+] 60%.

Question: The pre-war level in agricultural production was reached in:
[-] 1948;
[-] 1949;
[+] early 50s.

Question: Indicate what propositions were put forward by Stalin in his work "Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR":
[-] introduce the right of private property within acceptable limits;
[-] reorient the economy to prioritize the development of light and Food Industry;
[+] accelerate the full nationalization of property and forms of labor organization in agriculture;
[+] to continue the predominant development of heavy industry.

Question: The impulse for the democratization of society, which was given by the war, manifested itself in:
[+] changing the socio-political atmosphere;
[-] mass anti-government demonstrations;
[-] unrest among the military.

Question: The Council of People's Commissars was transformed into the Council of Ministers in:
[-] 1945;
[+] 1946;
[-] 1948

Question: Name which of the statesmen was repressed in the "Leningrad case":
[-] A. N. Kosygin;
[+] N. A. Voznesensky;
[-] A. A. Zhdanov;
[+] A. A. Kuznetsov;
[+] M. I. Rodionov.