The main stages in the formation of the anti-Hitler coalition. Formation of the anti-Hitler coalition. Reasons for the creation and ways of forming the anti-Hitler coalition

Anti-Hitler coalition: formation and activity during the Second World War.

1. Introduction……………………………………………2-4 p.

2. Anti-Hitler coalition.

Motives of creation and ways of formation.

2.1. Soviet diplomacy at the beginning of the war……………………………..………………………….4-6 pp.

2.2. Formation of the anti-Hitler coalition………………………………………………………………. ...7-9 pages

3. Economic assistance of the allies of the USSR……………………………………………………..10-12 pp.

4. Activities of the anti-Hitler coalition…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….12-16 4. 4. 4. page

5. Conclusion…………………………………… 15-17 p.

6. Literature………………………………………..18 p.

1. Introduction

In 1937, the capitalist world was engulfed in a new economic crisis, which aggravated all the contradictions of capitalism.

The main force of imperialist reaction was the aggressive military side of Germany, Italy and Japan, which launched active preparations for war. The aim of these states was new redistribution peace.

To stop the impending war, the Soviet Union proposed the creation of a collective security system. However, the initiative of the USSR was not supported. The governments of Britain, France and the USA, contrary to the fundamental interests of the peoples, made a deal with the aggressors. The behavior of the leading capitalist powers predetermined the further tragic course of events. In 1938 Austria became a victim of fascist aggression.

In March 1939, the whole of Czechoslovakia was occupied by Germany. The USSR was the only state that did not recognize this capture. When the threat of occupation loomed over Czechoslovakia, the government of the USSR declared its readiness to provide her with military support if she asked for help. However, the bourgeois government of Czechoslovakia, betraying national interests, refused the offered assistance.

In the autumn of 1939, under pressure from Hitler, the new Czech government granted autonomy to Slovakia. Part of Slovakia occupied Hungary. Poland, taking advantage of the situation, occupied the Teszyn border region.

In the spring of 1939, it was obvious which country would be Hitler's next victim. The German press launched a fierce anti-Polish campaign, demanding the return of Danzig and the Polish corridor to Germany.

In April 1939, Italian troops occupied Albania, creating a springboard for aggression against Greece and Yugoslavia. Hitler defiantly tore up the Anglo-German Naval Treaty and denounced the non-aggression pact between Germany and Poland. W. Churchill wrote about this: "Poland was informed that now it is included in the zone of potential aggression."

The failure of the Munich strategy and the buildup of German aggression forced the West to seek contacts with the USSR. Britain and France proposed to the Soviet government that negotiations be held on the collective opposition to German aggression. On April 16, Litvinov received the British ambassador in Moscow and spoke in favor of signing a trilateral Anglo-French-Soviet mutual assistance treaty, to which Poland could also join. The parties to the treaty were to provide guarantees to all the countries of Eastern and Central Europe that were threatened by German aggression.

France expressed her readiness to conclude an agreement between the three Powers on the immediate assistance of any of them that would be at war with Germany as a result of actions taken to prevent any violent change in the situation that exists in Central or Eastern Europe. But the foreign policy of Paris was almost completely dependent on London. Meanwhile, England hesitated to respond.

The British responded to the Soviet note only on 8 May. By this time, fundamental changes had taken place in the Soviet foreign policy department.

“In a word,” G.K. Zhukov wrote, “if we talk about Europe, Hitler’s pressure and the passivity of England and France dominated there. Numerous measures and proposals of the USSR, aimed at creating an effective system of collective security, did not find support among the leaders of the capitalist states. However, it was natural. All the complexity, inconsistency and tragedy of the situation was generated by the desire of the ruling circles of England and France to push Germany and the USSR against their foreheads.

2. Anti-Hitler coalition. Motives of creation and ways of formation.

Attack Nazi Germany on the Soviet Union was not a surprise to the US and British governments. The leaders of both countries did not doubt such a development of events and even repeatedly tried to warn Stalin. On June 15, 1941, Prime Minister W. Churchill wrote to the American President: “... If this new war breaks out, we, of course, will provide the Russians with every possible encouragement and assistance, based on the principle that the enemy we need to defeat is it's Hitler." In a verbal response through the ambassador, Roosevelt assured that he would immediately support his public appearance.

In the conditions of the outbreak of war, extremely important tasks fell on the Soviet foreign policy. The main specific task of Soviet diplomacy was to unite all the forces opposing the bloc of fascist aggressors: to create a coalition of the USSR, Great Britain, the USA and other countries ready to cooperate in the war.

First of all, Soviet diplomacy had to take care to establish allied relations with countries that were already at war with Germany and Italy. First of all, it was about cooperation in the war with England. The USSR was interested in concluding a lasting alliance with England in the war, in intensifying military operations against Germany, especially in opening Western Europe second front. Close cooperation has been established between the United States and Britain. The Soviet Union also sought to establish possible cooperation with the United States. The process of folding the anti-Hitler coalition was not a simple and one-time act. The Soviet Union was also interested in military commonwealth with the peoples of the countries occupied by the fascist aggressors.

After the attack of Nazi Germany on the Soviet Union, she found herself in a state of war both in the East and in the West. In London, the prevailing opinion was that the Soviet Union might not be able to withstand the onslaught of the aggressors, in connection with which the fate of Great Britain would also be sealed, and the question arose of whether actions in the West should be intensified to divert part of the German troops from the eastern front.

I.V. Stalin, in his speech, remarked: “In this liberation war we won't be alone. In this great war, we will have true allies in Europe and America… Our war for the freedom of our fatherland will merge with the struggle of the peoples of Europe and America for their independence…”

On July 8, JV Stalin, in a conversation with St. Cripps, again returned to the Soviet proposal to conclude an agreement. Chapter Soviet government said that he had in mind a two-point agreement:

1. England and the USSR undertake to provide each other with armed assistance in the war with Germany.

2. Both sides undertake not to conclude a separate peace.

The repeated proposal of the USSR, this time coming from the head of the Soviet government, had its effect. On July 10, Winston Churchill informed I.V. Stalin of the acceptance in principle of the Soviet proposal, but at the same time reduced the matter only to the publication of the declaration of the two governments.

As a result, on July 12, an Agreement on Joint Actions was signed in Moscow USSR and Great Britain in the war against Germany. The agreement read:

1. Both governments mutually undertake to provide each other with assistance and support of every kind in the present war against Hitlerite Germany.

Thus, the first military agreement was signed. A monthly English newspaper in Russian, The British Ally, began to appear in the USSR. Sometimes it also published anti-Soviet materials.

By the end of 1941, the "troika" of the main allies in the war against Germany took shape: the Soviet Union, England and the USA.

2.2. Formation of the anti-Hitler coalition.

Anti-Hitler coalition - military-political alliance led by the USSR against the "axis" countries (Germany, Italy, Japan) during the Second World War. The core of the anti-Hitler coalition was the USSR, the USA, Great Britain and China. A significant role was played by the British dominions - Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South America, India. After the defeat of France, the forces of the patriotic movement of General Charles de Gaulle "Free France" (from June 1942 - "Fighting France") entered the fight against Germany. On the side of the allies were the troops of Brazil. Other Latin American countries - members of the coalition - supported it mainly financially and politically.

Direct armed actions were conducted by 25 states. In April 1945, 50 states were at war with Germany and Japan. The status of "jointly belligerent parties" in the same year received Hungary, Italy, Romania and Finland - former allies Germany declared war on it.

The unification of forces at the state level to resist the fascist aggressors accelerated starting from the summer of 1940. The US government, without departing from its position of neutrality, provided support for the warring England in various forms.

After the German attack on the Soviet Union, the process of forming a broad coalition of states and peoples received a new impetus. The announcement of the start of German aggression against the USSR was broadcast by the BBC at noon on June 22, 1941. At the same time, it was announced that British Prime Minister W. Churchill had spoken on the radio in the evening. In his speech, he stated: "Any person or state that goes with Hitler is our enemy ... Therefore, the danger that threatens Russia is the danger that threatens us and the United States."

What were the motives for the decisions announced in June 1941 in London and Washington?

The fact is that by this time Britain had suffered a serious defeat in Africa, Crete and Greece. In May, German aircraft subjected London to a new fierce bombardment. The possibility of landing the Wehrmacht on the British Isles also remained. The German aggressor threatened important areas of British colonial rule in the Middle East. Government circles in London were aware that victory over the Nazi Reich could not be achieved by England alone, without the participation of an ally in Europe. America, unlike Britain, was not under such direct threat from Germany. But the ruling circles of Washington considered the probable intensification of German operations in the Atlantic and economic expansion in the Western Hemisphere. Absolutely unacceptable for them is the prospect of establishing the world domination of the Nazi Reich. On May 24, 1941, the American ambassador in Moscow, L. Steingardt, expressed this idea in the following way: “The United States cannot allow Germany to control the whole world, to subjugate all countries to its influence and completely dispose of all resources.”

The decisions of Great Britain and the United States to support the USSR were thus dictated by their own interests. Although not completely identical, they were based on the same aspiration - to keep the main forces of the Wehrmacht busy on the Soviet-German front, received additional time to strengthen their security, for rearmament.

The Soviet leadership already in the initial period of the Great Patriotic War called for rapprochement with Britain and the United States. On June 22, 1941, it supported the British proposal to send military and economic missions to the Soviet Union. Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR I.V. Stalin, in a radio speech on July 3, expressed on behalf of Soviet people thanks to the governments of Great Britain and the USA in connection with their declaration of assistance to the USSR. “Our war for the freedom of our fatherland,” he declared, “will merge with the struggle of the peoples of Europe and America for their independence, for democratic freedoms. It will be a united front of the peoples standing for freedom against enslavement and the threat of enslavement from Hitler's fascist armies." In July, Stalin entered into correspondence with Churchill, in August with Roosevelt.

The anti-Hitler coalition officially took shape on January 1, 1942, when 26 states that had declared war on Germany or its allies issued the Washington Declaration of the United Nations, declaring their intention to direct all their efforts to the struggle against the Axis countries. It was signed by the USSR, the USA, Great Britain, its dominions Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the Union of South Africa, the British Indian Empire, China, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Cuba, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and also the emigrant governments of Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Greece. In January 1942, the Joint Chiefs of Staff was created to coordinate the actions of the British and American troops. The principles of relations between the leaders of the coalition - the USSR, the USA and Great Britain - were finally established by the Soviet-British Union Treaty on May 26, 1942 and the Soviet-American agreement on June 11, 1942.

3. Economic assistance of the allies of the USSR.

The first official document on the way to the creation of an anti-Hitler coalition was the signing on July 12, 1941 in Moscow of an agreement between the USSR and Great Britain. It obliged both sides, firstly, to provide each other with assistance and support of any kind in the war and, secondly, not to negotiate with Germany during it and not to conclude an armistice or peace treaty with her without mutual consent. In form, it was a political agreement (as the Soviet government insisted on), and not just a declaration general(what the UK government wanted to limit itself to). The condition not to enter into separate negotiations was put forward by Stalin, and apparently in connection with the "Hess case" (Rudolf Hess, Hitler's deputy for Nazi party, in May 1941, unexpectedly flew from Germany to England on his own plane, giving food to rumors about a possible behind-the-scenes collusion between the governments of the two countries). Both then and later, Stalin believed that Churchill was holding Hess (he was taken into custody) "in reserve."

The agreement did not specify the scope and content of the assistance that Britain was going to provide to the Soviet Union (as, indeed, in Churchill's statement of June 22). Its very dimensions turned out to be very modest at first - mainly because it was not clear to London whether the Red Army would be able to resist the enemy. For the same and other reasons, deliveries promised by the Americans were delayed.

The beginning of the interaction of the Red Army with the armed forces of the allies was the joint entry of British and Soviet troops and Iran.

Iran was flooded with German agents, while the Iranian government was inclined to support Germany. Hitler sought to establish control over Iran, pursuing several goals: to threaten the Soviet Union from the south, to get Iranian oil, to interfere with military supplies to the USSR through Iranian territory, to threaten British possessions in India and the Middle East.

To prevent this, on August 26, 1941, Soviet and British troops entered the territory of Iran. An alliance agreement was concluded with his government, according to which the USSR and Great Britain pledged to defend Iran from German aggression, and the Iranian government to cooperate with the allies by all available means. Thus, Iran joined the anti-Hitler coalition.

A similar agreement was reached with the government of Afghanistan.

The military-economic cooperation of the USSR with the Western allies developed mainly along the line of Lend-Lease military equipment, weapons and food to the allied countries in the anti-Hitler coalition).

In 1941-1945. four protocols were signed on the supply of weapons, military materials and food to the Soviet Union. During the period of the first protocol (October 1, 1941-June 30, 1942), assistance was provided in relatively small quantities and lagged behind the planned norms. Lend-lease did not render any serious material assistance to the Soviet country, although some types of supplies (copper, aluminum, etc.) compensated for the sharp drop in domestic industrial production at the end of 1941.

Beginning with the Third Protocol (July 1, 1943-June 30, 1944), the bulk of the supplies came from the United States. Its main flow came at the time of the completion of the radical change in the war and the offensive of the Red Army on all fronts.

Lend-Lease was not an act of charity. The United States pursued its own interests, primarily strategic (support for the Soviet-German front as the main front of World War II). In the spring of 1945, influential groups in the American establishment intensified their demands for a reduction in the scale of aid to the USSR and other countries.

Lend-lease deliveries contributed to the development of a new mechanism for economic and international relations, which had no analogues in world practice before.

4. Activities of the anti-Hitler coalition.

The activities of the anti-Hitler coalition were determined by the decisions of the main participating countries. The general political and military strategy was worked out at the meetings of their leaders - I.V. Stalin, F.D. October 30, 1943), Tehran (November 28 - December 1, 1943), Yalta (February 4-11, 1945) and Potsdam (July 17 - August 2, 1945).

The Allies quickly reached unanimity in determining their main adversary: although the command of the US Navy insisted on concentrating the main forces against Japan, the American leadership agreed to consider the defeat of Germany as a paramount task; At the Moscow Conference, it was decided to fight against her until her unconditional surrender. However, until the middle of 1943 there was no unity on the question of the opening of a second front by the United States and Great Britain in Western Europe, and the Red Army had to bear the burden of the war on the European continent alone. The British strategy envisaged the creation and gradual compression of the ring around Germany by striking in secondary directions (North Africa, the Middle East) and the destruction of its military and economic potential through the systematic bombing of German cities and industrial facilities. The Americans considered it necessary to land in France already in 1942, but under pressure from W. Churchill they abandoned these plans and agreed to conduct an operation to capture French North Africa. Despite the insistent demands of I.V. Stalin, the British managed to convince the Americans to land in Sicily and Italy instead of opening a second front in 1943 in France. It was only at the Quebec Conference in August 1943 that F.D. Roosevelt and W. Churchill finally made a decision on a landing operation in France in May 1944 and confirmed it at the Tehran Conference; for its part, Moscow promised to launch an offensive against Eastern Front to facilitate the landing of the allies.

At the same time, the Soviet Union in 1941-1943 consistently rejected the demand of the United States and Great Britain to declare war on Japan. At the Tehran conference, I.V. Stalin promised to enter the war in it, but only after the surrender of Germany. At the Yalta Conference, he obtained from the allies, as a condition for the start of hostilities, their consent to the return of the territories lost by Russia under the Treaty of Portsmouth in 1905 to the USSR and the transfer of the Kuril Islands to it.

Since the end of 1943, the problems of post-war settlement came to the fore in inter-allied relations. At the Moscow and Tehran conferences, it was decided to establish, after the end of the war, an international organization with the participation of all countries to preserve world peace and security. At Yalta, the great powers agreed to convene in June 1945 a founding conference of the United Nations; its governing body was to be the Security Council, acting on the basis of the principle of unanimity of its permanent members (USSR, USA, Great Britain, France, China).

An important place was occupied by the question of the political future of Germany. In Tehran, I.V. Stalin rejected F.D. Roosevelt’s proposal to divide it into five autonomous states and the project developed by W. Churchill to separate North Germany (Prussia) from South and include the latter in the Danube Federation together with Austria and Hungary. At the Yalta and Potsdam conferences, the principles of the post-war structure of Germany (demilitarization, denazification, democratization, economic decentralization) were agreed upon and decisions were made to divide it into four occupation zones (Soviet, American, British and French) with a single governing body (Control Council), about on the amount and procedure for paying reparations by it, on the establishment of its eastern border along the Oder and Neisse rivers, on the division of East Prussia between the USSR and Poland and the transfer of the latter to Danzig (Gdansk), on the resettlement of Germans living in Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary to Germany.

Serious disagreements were caused by the Polish question. Requirement Soviet Union to recognize the "Curzon Line" as the Soviet-Polish border and the entry of Western Ukraine and Western Belarus into it in September 1939 ran into resistance from the allies and the Polish government in exile; On April 25, 1943, the USSR severed relations with him. In Tehran, the American and British leadership were forced to accept the Soviet solution to the Polish question. In Yalta, W. Churchill and F. D. Roosevelt also agreed to territorial compensation for Poland at the expense of German lands and to the official recognition of the pro-Soviet Provisional Polish government of E. Osubka-Moravsky, provided that several moderate emigrant figures were included in it.

The other most important political decisions of the leaders of the anti-Hitler coalition were the decisions to restore the independence of Austria and the democratic reorganization of Italy (Moscow Conference), to preserve the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Iran, and on large-scale assistance partisan movement in Yugoslavia (Tehran Conference), on the creation of an interim Yugoslav government based on the National Liberation Committee headed by I. Broz Tito and on the transfer of all Soviet citizens liberated by the Allies to the USSR (Yalta Conference).

5. Conclusion.

In contrast to the 1920s, in the 1930s the international situation became much more complicated. But the Second World War could have been avoided provided that a system of collective security was created in Europe. Western countries pursued a policy of appeasement of the aggressor directed against the USSR through territorial, military, economic and political concessions. Thus, they wanted to bind Germany, Italy and Japan with certain obligations. Due to this policy, the West was going to protect itself from the aggressor, but everything turned out the other way around: the policy of appeasement undermined the security of the countries of Europe and Asia; did not restrain, but encouraged the aggressors for unleashing a world war and redistributing the world. Most scholars agree that the USSR was trying to create a system of collective security in Europe. But Stalin's terror causes distrust towards him. The West was afraid of a sharp increase in the influence of the USSR in Europe. The fear of "contacting" with the USSR turned out to be stronger than the danger from the Nazi Reich. And the Western countries convinced their peoples that it was better to appease the aggressor than to come to an agreement with him. Thus, the efforts of the USSR to create a system of collective security failed.

From the spring of 1939, Germany sought to secure itself from a war on two fronts. By the end of the summer of 1939, diplomatic pressure on the USSR was increased to sign the agreement. Hitler was in a hurry, because on September 1, 1939, he scheduled an attack on Poland. It was not easy for Stalin to take this step, since in the 30s the USSR was the last opponent of fascism, speaking out against Hitler's aggression in Europe. A change in political orientation could lead to the international isolation of the country, would undermine confidence in the USSR; the international communist movement would be disorganized and its people, brought up on anti-fascist traditions, would be disoriented. On the other hand, the benefits of an agreement with Germany were obvious: the threat of Hitlerite aggression would be removed; would contain Japan; The USSR would get time to prepare the economy and military forces; Stalin hoped that Germany would turn its aggression towards the West. This determined Stalin's choice.

On June 22, 1941, the Great Patriotic War began, which lasted 1418 days and nights, and was of a liberation character on the part of the USSR, and predatory on the part of Germany. During the first three weeks of the war, 28 Soviet divisions were defeated. The enemy lost less than he could and quickly occupied the industrially developed territory. What were the strategic mistakes of the military-political leadership of the USSR, which led to such a difficult state of the country? First of all, this is a mistake in determining the timing of the start of the war, purges in the army; repression against technicians; outdated military doctrine that relied on experience civil war; an early victory was assumed with little bloodshed and on foreign territory; unequipped units were created. Tactical mistakes were no less serious: the main part of the army was in the south-western, and not in the western direction; old borders were destroyed and new ones were not fortified; warehouses were located close to the border and therefore 50% of fuel and 30% of all stocks were destroyed in the first weeks of the war; most units were in training camps; the Soviet leadership hoped that the working people would not rise up against the USSR against the aggressor countries. Due to the above reasons, the catastrophic situation that developed for the Soviet Union in the first weeks of the Great Patriotic War led to tragic losses.

The anti-Hitler coalition played an important role in achieving victory over Germany and its allies and became the basis of the United Nations .

6. Literature.

1. Great Patriotic War. 1941-1945. – M.: OLMA-PRESS, 2005.- 512 p.: ill.

2. Zemskov I.N. Diplomatic history of the second front in Europe. M., 1982

3. Soviet-American relations during the Great Patriotic War, 1941–1945, vols. 1–2. M., 1984

4. Shtoler M. L. The Second Front in the Strategy and Diplomacy of the Allies. 1942 - October 1943 // New and recent history. 1988, № 5

5. Leaders of the war - Stalin, Roosevelt, Churchill, Hitler, Mussolini. M., 1995

6. Sipols V.Ya. On the way to the Great Victory: Soviet diplomacy. M., Military Publishing, 1985 - 203p.

Theme of the lesson: "Creation of the anti-Hitler coalition."

Goals and objectives of the lesson.

1) To acquaint students with the main stages in the formation of the anti-Hitler coalition.

2) Bring students to understand the significance of the anti-Hitler coalition in World War II.

3) Consider the main decisions taken by the Allies at the conferences in Tehran, Yalta and Potsdam.

4) Continue the formation of skills to work with historical documents analyze them and draw conclusions.

5) Develop interest in the subject.

Lesson type: a lesson in studying new material with elements of laboratory and practical work.

Lesson plan.

1. The concept of the anti-Hitler coalition.

2. Stages of formation of the anti-Hitler coalition.

3. Tehran conference.

4. Yalta conference.

5. Potsdam conference.

6. The value of the anti-Hitler coalition in World War II.

During the classes.

Anti-Hitler coalition - a military-political alliance led by the USSR, the USA, Great Britain against Germany and its allies during the Second World War.

Germany's success in the European theater of World War II was largely the result of the inconsistent actions of the governments of European states, and above all, France and Great Britain.

By the time Germany attacked the USSR, it became clear that narrowly understood national interests and ideological differences should fade into the background in the fight against a common enemy.

June 22, 1941 after the German attack on the USSR, British Prime Minister W. Churchill, known for his anti-Soviet position, spoke on the radio and declared support for the USSR in its fight against fascist aggression.

June 24, 1941 US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt made the same statement.

“The forced entry of the USSR into the war with Germany accelerated the unification of anti-fascist forces».

The anti-Hitler coalition was, on the one hand, an alliance of peoples against fascist states, and on the other hand, a union of states with different socio-economic systems.

Stages of formation of the anti-Hitler coalition.

July 12, 1941 - Signing in Moscow, at the initiative of the Soviet government, an agreement between the governments of the USSR and Great Britain "On joint actions in the war against Germany."

It provided that both governments mutually undertake to provide each other with assistance and support of every kind in the war against Nazi Germany.

August 14, 1941 - on the island of Newfoundland W. Churchill and F.D. Roosevelt signed the Atlantic Charter.

Declared the main goals and principles of the Anti-Hitler coalition

In September 1941, the USSR joined the Atlantic Charter.

September 29 - October 1, 1941 . - Moscow conference of representatives of the three powers.

Agreements on the size of military supplies from the US and England.

FROM November 1941 the Lend-Lease system (lease of weapons, industrial equipment, food) extended to the USSR.

January 1, 1942 - 26 states in Washington signed the Declaration of the United Nations.

Using resources to fight members of the Tripartite Pact

Do not conclude a separate peace with enemies

Date of official registration of the Anti-Hitler coalition.

26 May 1942 - Soviet-English "Treaty on the war against Germany and her accomplices and cooperation and mutual assistance after the war"

June 11, 1942 d. - Soviet-American treaty "On the principles of mutual assistance in waging war against aggression."

These two treaties finally established the principles of relations between the leaders of the USSR, the USA and Great Britain.

THEN., by October 1942, the Anti-Hitler coalition took shape.

“The Grand Coalition,” wrote the American military historian Matloff, “forged in war and for war, took shape in 1941-1942. It was a military alliance, reminiscent of a "marriage of convenience." In 1941, a common danger united the United States, Britain and Soviet Union, but due to differences in traditions, politics, interests, geographical location and resources, each country - a member of the coalition looked at the war in Europe in its own way.

Allied interaction.

1) Until the autumn of 1943, the main activity of the allies waseconomic cooperation.

In three directions (through Iran, the Pacific Ocean, along the Northern Sea Route),under lend-lease.

2) The military operations of the USSR and the allies at that time were little connected. Political and military-strategic decisions were made by Churchill and Roosevelt, Stalin was only informed about them.

3) Until 1943, there was no unity among the allies on the issue about opening a second front in Western Europe. The Allies carried out military operations in North Africa (1942), in the Pacific theater of operations, in Sicily and in Italy (1943). The requests of the USSR to open a second front were ignored. Red Army one carried the burden of war on the European continent.

The role of the USSR in the coalition changed radically after the successful actions of the Red Army in the Battles of Stalingrad and Kursk, which led to a radical turning point during the Second World War.

The Battle of Kursk showed that the USSR could fight Germany alone. By this time, the restructuring of the economy of the USSR (reliance on its own forces and resources) was completely completed.

In August 1943, Churchill and Roosevelt, at a conference in Quebec, decided to conduct a landing operation in May 1944 in France.

Churchill- for the landing of troops in the Balkans in order to prevent the communist regime from entering Europe.

Roosevelt for Northern France.

Relations between the allies have entered a new phase of cooperation and as a result of mutual rapprochement, 3 conferences have become highest level ("big three").

In late November - early December 1943 in Tehran inbuilding of the Soviet embassy a historic event took place - a meeting of the leaders of the three powers of the anti-Hitler coalition: the head of the Soviet government, I. V. Stalin, the President of the United States of America, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. It wasan important diplomatic event of the Second World War, a new stage in international life, in the development of inter-allied relations . The decisions of this conference were a valuable contribution to international cooperation and to the defeat of fascist Germany.

The operation to organize the conference bore the symbol"Eureka".

On the eve of the Tehran conference, fascist intelligence became aware of the preparations for a meeting of the Big Three.

Fascist intelligence was developing a secret plan, codenamed "Long Jump", which provided for the assassination of Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill, intending thereby to change the entire course of the Second World War. The implementation of this insidious plan was entrusted to the SS Sturmbannfuehrer Otto Skorzeny. The leadership of the entire operation was entrusted to the leader of the SD (security services) Kaltenbrunner.

From the distant Rovno forests of the temporarily occupied Soviet Ukraine, from Medvedev's partisan detachment, Moscow received a signal about the preparation of an assassination attempt on members of the "Big Three" in Tehran. The legendary Soviet intelligence officer managed to reveal the intentions of the fascist intelligence Nikolai Kuznetsov through SS-Sturmbannführer Ortel, with whom he, "Paul Siebert", met in the Nazi-occupied Soviet city of Rovno.

Roosevelt's relocation to the building of the Soviet embassy or the British mission in Tehran.

The most important questions discussed in Tehran were military issues, and in particular the further conduct of the war -second front question . The opening of a second front would mean a reduction in the duration of the bloody war, saving human lives, helping the Red Army, which was still fighting one on one.

Main Solutions:

1) Declaration on joint action in the war against Germany adopted

2) The issue of opening a second front in Europe during May 1944 was resolved.

3) The issue of the post-war borders of Poland was discussed

4) The readiness of the USSR to enter the war with Japan after the defeat of Germany

(Eisenhower, Montgomery)

The proximity of the defeat of Germany and the defeat of the Japanese armed forces in the Pacific Ocean and in Asia required further coordination of the actions of the employees.

Operation Argonaut.

His daughter was sitting in the president's carAnna Bettiger . Churchill was accompanied by his daughterSarah Oliver - Squad Leader of the Women's Auxiliary Corps of the Air Force.

Three palaces were assigned as residences for the three delegations gathered at the conference:

1) Livadia (USA)

2) Vorontsovsky (Great Britain)

3) Yusupovsky (USSR)

The hospitable hosts provided the "guests" with the best accommodations, created all possible conveniences in war conditions, taking into account any, even random, wishes. When the English air marshal Portal saw a large aquarium in the Vorontsov Palace in which plants grew, and noticed that there were no fish there, goldfish appeared as if by magic.

Main Solutions:

1) The conditions for the unconditional surrender of Germany were agreed:

Demilitarization

Denazification

Democratization

Demonopolization

2) Decisions were made to create zones of occupation in Germany, an all-German control body and to collect reparations

3) Adoption of the "Declaration on a Liberated Europe"

4) Resolved the issue of the borders of Poland

5) The USSR confirmed its agreement to enter the war with Japan(return of the southern part of Sakhalin and all adjacent islands to the USSR; restoration of the lease on Port Arthur as a naval base of the USSR; transfer of the Kuril Islands to the USSR)

6) The issue of establishing an international organization for the maintenance of peace and security (UN) was considered

The Crimean Conference, despite the difficulties and disagreements, became the apogee, the pinnacle of friendly cooperation between the USSR, Britain and the United States in the fight against a common enemy, and therefore was called the "conference of the century" in the West. The conference "was one of the largest international meetings during the war and the high point of cooperation between the three allied powers in the struggle against a common enemy" . It once again demonstrated the possibility of successful cooperation between the states of two different social systems.

After the defeat of Germany, the signing of the act of surrender from May 8 to 9, 1945 in Karlhorst, it was necessary to discuss the problems of the post-war order of the world.

Operation "Terminal"

Tuesday 17 July 1945 G., On the opening day of the Potsdam Conference, the new President of the United States of America, Harry Truman, received a short ciphered telegram in Berlin containing three words: "The babies were born safely."

The defeat and unconditional surrender of fascist Germany brought before the allies not only the problems of relations between the members of the coalition that was splitting through the fault of England and the United States, but also questions of the post-war structure of the world, and above all the problem of relations with defeated Germany. It was also necessary to lay the groundwork for peace treaties with the defeated states, consider issues related to the war against Japan and its inevitable surrender. There were many other political and economic problems that required urgent solutions. Therefore, there is a need new meeting heads of governments of the three great powers - the USSR, England and the USA.

By this time, the atmosphere in which the negotiations were going on had changed: F.D. Roosevelt, who died on April 12, 1945, was succeeded as President of the United States by Harry Truman.

Truman and Churchill used the news of the atomic bomb as pressure on Stalin, but Stalin outwardly did not react, the blackmail failed.

On July 28, the British mission was headed by the new Prime Minister of the Labor government, Clement Attlee.

Working with a document.

"Read the document and name the main decisions taken at the Potsdam conference."

The decisions of the Potsdam Conference and its decisions largely developed and consolidated the results of the work of the Crimean Conference.

The political and economic principles in dealing with Germany in the initial control period provided for a broad program of democratization, demilitarization, denazification and decartelization of the country, the destruction of its military potential. The Allies declared their determination to eradicate German militarism and Nazism.

In accordance with the objectives of the occupation, the complete disarmament and demilitarization of Germany was to be carried out, the entire German military industry was to be liquidated, all land, sea and air armed forces of Germany were completely and completely abolished, the general staff and other military or paramilitary organizations were to be destroyed in order to forever prevent revival of German militarism and Nazism.

The Potsdam agreements provided for the destruction of the fascist party, the dissolution of all Nazi organizations - the SS, SD, Gestapo

The Allies also decided to liquidate the German monopolies, cartels, syndicates, and trusts, which were the bearers of militarism and revanchism.

The most important decisions on the German question were made on the basis of the principles of democratization, demilitarization, denazification .

1) A decision was made on the system of quadripartite occupation of Germany and on the administration of Berlin

2) Establishment of the International Military Tribunal to try major war criminals

3) The transfer of the USSR part of East Prussia - the Koenigsberg region

4) The issue of reparations is resolved

5) Provisions on demilitarization, denazification, democratization and demonopolization were confirmed and specified

The value of the anti-Hitler coalition.

Within the framework of the Anti-Hitler coalition, for the first time in history, political and military cooperation was ensured between states belonging to different economic and political systems.

The correctness of the idea of a collective rebuff to the aggressors was confirmed

Agreements and agreements reached during the Second World War served as the basis for the post-war structure in Europe and the world (creation of the UN)

The anti-Hitler coalition played an important, decisive role in achieving victory over Germany and its allies.

Homework.

ANTI-HITLER COALITION, military-political alliance led by the USSR, the USA and Great Britain against the "axis" countries (Germany, Italy, Japan) during the Second World War.

After the German attack on the Soviet Union, British Prime Minister W. Churchill on June 22, 1941, declared support for the USSR in its struggle against fascist aggression; On June 24, US President F.D. Roosevelt made the same statement. On July 12, the USSR and Great Britain signed the Moscow Agreement on Mutual Assistance and Joint Action against Germany with an obligation not to enter into separate negotiations with it. On August 14, W. Churchill and F. D. Roosevelt promulgated the Atlantic Charter, proclaiming as their goal the restoration of the sovereignty of the conquered peoples and ensuring their right to a free choice of form of government. On August 16, the British government granted Moscow a loan of 10 million pounds. Art. to pay for military purchases in the UK. In September, the London Inter-Allied Conference of the USSR, Great Britain and representatives of the exiled governments of the German-occupied European countries approved the Atlantic Charter. At the Moscow Conference of the Three Powers on September 29 - October 1, an agreement was reached on the amount of British and American military assistance to the USSR. At the end of 1941, the United States extended the Lend-Lease regime to the Soviet Union (the leasing of weapons, industrial equipment, and food); in 1942–1945, deliveries totaling $10.8 billion were made to the USSR.

During the war, the coalition expanded significantly. In 1942, the Philippines, Mexico and Ethiopia joined it, in 1943 - Brazil, Iraq, Bolivia, Iran and Colombia, in 1944 - Liberia and France in the person of the National Liberation Committee, in 1945 - Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Chile, Uruguay, Venezuela , Turkey, Egypt, Lebanon, Syria and Saudi Arabia. The former allies of Germany, who declared war on her, became its actual participants - Italy (October 13, 1943), Romania (August 24, 1944), Bulgaria (September 9, 1944) and Hungary (January 20, 1945).

The activities of the anti-Hitler coalition were determined by the decisions of the main participating countries. The general political and military strategy was worked out at the meetings of their leaders I.V. Stalin, F.D. October 1943), Tehran (November 28 - December 1, 1943), Yalta (February 4-11, 1945) and Potsdam (July 17 - August 2, 1945).

The Allies quickly reached unanimity in determining their main adversary: although the command of the US Navy insisted on concentrating the main forces against Japan, the American leadership agreed to consider the defeat of Germany as a paramount task; At the Moscow Conference, it was decided to fight against her until her unconditional surrender. However, until the middle of 1943 there was no unity on the question of the opening of a second front by the United States and Great Britain in Western Europe, and the Red Army had to bear the burden of the war on the European continent alone. The British strategy envisaged the creation and gradual compression of the ring around Germany by striking in secondary directions (North Africa, the Middle East) and the destruction of its military and economic potential through the systematic bombing of German cities and industrial facilities. The Americans considered it necessary to land in France already in 1942, but under pressure from W. Churchill they abandoned these plans and agreed to conduct an operation to capture French North Africa. Despite the insistent demands of I.V. Stalin, the British managed to convince the Americans to land in Sicily and Italy instead of opening a second front in 1943 in France. It was only at the Quebec Conference in August 1943 that F.D. Roosevelt and W. Churchill finally made a decision on a landing operation in France in May 1944 and confirmed it at the Tehran Conference; for its part, Moscow promised to launch an offensive on the Eastern Front to facilitate the Allied landings.

At the same time, the Soviet Union in 1941-1943 consistently rejected the demand of the United States and Great Britain to declare war on Japan. At the Tehran conference, I.V. Stalin promised to enter the war in it, but only after the surrender of Germany. At the Yalta Conference, he obtained from the allies, as a condition for the start of hostilities, their consent to the return to the USSR of the territories lost by Russia under the Treaty of Portsmouth in 1905, and the transfer of the Kuril Islands to it.

Serious disagreements were caused by the Polish question. The demand of the Soviet Union to recognize the "Curzon Line" as the Soviet-Polish border and the entry of Western Ukraine and Western Belarus into its structure in September 1939 ran into resistance from the allies and the Polish government in exile; On April 25, 1943, the USSR severed relations with him. In Tehran, the American and British leadership were forced to accept the Soviet solution to the Polish question. In Yalta, W. Churchill and F. D. Roosevelt also agreed to territorial compensation for Poland at the expense of German lands and to the official recognition of the pro-Soviet Provisional Polish government of E. Osubka-Moravsky, provided that several moderate emigrant figures were included in it.

Other important political decisions of the leaders of the anti-Hitler coalition were the decisions to restore the independence of Austria and the democratic reorganization of Italy (Moscow Conference), to preserve the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Iran and to provide large-scale assistance to the partisan movement in Yugoslavia (Tehran Conference), to create an interim Yugoslav government based on the National Liberation Committee headed by I. Broz Tito and on the transfer of all Soviet citizens liberated by the Allies to the USSR (Yalta Conference).

The Anti-Hitler Coalition was instrumental in achieving victory over Germany and its allies and became the basis of the United Nations.

Ivan Krivushin

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ANTI-HITLER COALITION, an alliance of states and peoples who fought in World War II against the aggressive bloc of Germany, Italy, Japan and their satellites. The main core of the anti-Hitler coalition was the USSR, the USA and Great Britain ... Modern Encyclopedia

ANTI-HITLER COALITION, UNION of states and peoples, formed during the 2nd World War against the bloc of Germany, Italy, Japan and their satellites. It included the USSR, USA, Great Britain, France and China, as well as Yugoslavia, Poland, Czechoslovakia and ... ... Russian history

Anti-Hitler coalition- ANTI-HITLER COALITION, an alliance of states and peoples who fought in World War II against the aggressive bloc of Germany, Italy, Japan and their satellites. The main core of the anti-Hitler coalition was the USSR, the USA and Great Britain. … Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

The union of states and peoples, formed during the 2nd World War against the aggressive bloc of Germany, Italy, Japan and their satellites. The anti-Hitler coalition included the USSR, the USA, Great Britain, France and China, as well as Yugoslavia, Poland, ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Union of states and peoples who fought in the Second World War 1939 45 (See World War II 1939 1945) against the aggressive bloc of Nazi Germany, fascist Italy, militaristic Japan and their satellites. united states... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

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Second front. Anti-Hitler coalition. Conflict of interest , Falin Valentin , Well-known political scientist and diplomat Valentin Falin, relying on little-known documents from military archives and memoirs of major European politicians, analyzes historical events, resulting in… Category: World War II Series: World History Publisher: Centerpoligraph,
Anti-Hitler coalition - 1939: The formula for failure, Baryshnikov Vladimir Nikolaevich, Bogdanov Mikhail Yurievich, Bunevich Dmitry Sergeevich, Why didn’t the division of Czechoslovakia teach the “European democracies” anything? Did they want to conclude a military alliance with the USSR and stop Hitler's aggression? And if not, why not? On a wide… Category: World War II Series: Realpolitik Publisher:

Understanding the danger of fascist enslavement pushed aside traditional contradictions and prompted the leading politicians of the time to join forces in the fight against fascism. Immediately after the start of the aggression, the governments of England and the United States issued statements of support for the USSR. Winston Churchill delivered a speech in which he guaranteed the support of the USSR by the government and people of Great Britain. The US government statement of June 23, 1941 stated that fascism was the main danger to the American continent.

The beginning of the formation of the anti-Hitler coalition was initiated by negotiations between the USSR, Great Britain and the USA, which ended with the signing of the Soviet-British cooperation agreement on July 12, 1941. The agreement formed two basic principles of the coalition: assistance and support of any kind in the war against Germany, as well as the refusal to conduct negotiations or the conclusion of an armistice and a separate peace.

On August 16, 1941, an economic agreement on trade and credit was concluded. The allies of the USSR undertook to supply our country with weapons and food (deliveries under Lend-Lease). By joint efforts, pressure was put on Turkey and Afghanistan in order to achieve neutrality from these countries. Iran was occupied.

One of the main steps in the creation of the anti-Hitler coalition was the signing on January 1, 1942 (at the initiative of the United States) of the United Nations Declaration on the fight against the aggressor.

The agreement was based on the Atlantic Charter. The declaration was supported by 20 countries.

The main problem of the anti-Hitler coalition was the disagreement between the allies on the timing of the opening of the second front. This issue was first discussed during Molotov's visit to London and Washington. However, the Allies limited themselves to fighting in North Africa and landing troops in Sicily. This issue was finally resolved during the meeting of the heads of the allied powers in Tehran in November-December 1943.

In an agreement between Stalin, US President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister W. Churchill, the date for the opening of the second front was determined, and the problems of the post-war development of Europe were also discussed.

One of the most important stages in strengthening the anti-Hitler coalition was the Crimean Conference of the Heads of the Allied States, which was held in Yalta in February 1945.

Before the start of this conference, on the orders of Stalin, a powerful offensive was launched on the fronts.

Using this factor and playing on the contradictions between the allies, Stalin managed to achieve the confirmation of the borders of Poland along the "Curzon line", the decision to transfer East Prussia and Koenigsberg to the USSR.

A decision was made on the complete disarmament of Germany, and the amount of reparations was also determined. The Allies decided to take control of the German military industry, banned the Nazi Party.

Germany was divided into four occupation zones between the USA, USSR, England and France. At the conference, a secret agreement was adopted, according to which the USSR undertook to declare war on Japan.

On July 17, 1945, a conference of heads of state of the anti-Hitler coalition took place in Potsdam. Questions of the post-war device were solved. The Soviet delegation was headed by Stalin, the American delegation by Truman, the British one by Churchill (during the conference he was defeated in the elections, he was replaced by Clement Attlee).

The USSR demanded an increase in reparations and the transfer of Poland's borders along the Oder-Neisse line, to which he received consent. The conference participants decided to bring the Nazi criminals to the International Court.

Fulfilling its allied obligations, on August 8, 1945, the USSR denounced the neutrality treaty with Japan and declared war on it.