Hitler's Nsdap Party. Creation of the Nazi Party. Elections and Hitler's rise to power. Organizational structure of the NSDAP

Hymn:

The name of the party until 1920 was German Workers' Party. Deutsche Arbeiterpartei.

Hitler himself explained the name of his party as follows:

Socialism is the doctrine of how to take care of the common good. Communism is not socialism. Marxism is not socialism. Marxists have stolen this concept and distorted its meaning. I will wrest socialism from the hands of the "socialists". Socialism is an ancient Aryan, Germanic tradition.

The National Socialist German Workers' Party is a right-wing political party in Germany created by the merger of Anton Drexler's Committee of Independent Workers (established on March 7, 1918 as a branch of the North German Peace Association) and Karl Harrer's Political Workers' Union (established in 1918) into the German Workers' Party (Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, abbr. DAP). At a meeting in Munich's Hofbräuhaus beer hall on February 24, 1920, Hitler announced a 25-point program that he himself had written. At the same meeting, it was decided to change the name of the party: instead of the German Workers' Party - the National Socialist German Workers' Party. All 25 points were approved by the assembly, and the program became the official program of the party. In 1921, Hitler in the party was only a member of the steering committee. His duties included campaigning and attracting new people to join the party. But this summer, Hitler decided it was time to remove party chairman Anton Drexler and take over his leadership position. Hitler disagreed with Drexer that he wanted to merge the party with the Socialist Party. This did not suit Hitler at all. Drexer's supporters, when Hitler went to Berlin for a few days, decided to get rid of him as a member of the party. Hitler, returning to Munich, defiantly left the party himself and submitted his case to the consideration and court of the party members. Drexer did not set his colleagues to be strict with Adolf Hitler. Hitler re-joined the NSDAP on July 26, and on July 29 he was elected chairman of the party. It happened at an emergency leadership meeting. Drexer then left the party. At the same meeting, naturally at the suggestion of Hitler, there was an innovation - the Fuhrer's law, which was based on the unconditional subordination of all party members to the Fuhrer, and in this case- Hitler himself. At this meeting, a new Statute was adopted with this "Führer principle". In 1922, the party appeared new person. This is Julius Streicher, who is known as an ardent anti-Semite and anti-communist, famous for his rude disposition. He was a very active Nazi. He managed to agitate the entire trade union of workers to join this party, after which the number of members of the NSDAP increased significantly. The party held many rallies and by the end of 1922 there were already 22,000 people in it. Soon, in January 1923, the first congress of the NSDAP took place. Everyone was amazed by the aesthetic design of this solemn event. Posters, symbols... But the most touching thing was the consecration of the party banner by Hitler and the procession of 6,000 storm troopers. (The party for the protection of the Fuhrer and party activities, subsequently for the implementation of repression, persecution, murder, occupation ... formed a guard of stormtroopers, which was called the SA, and then a more elite guard of the SS and the Gestapo). By the end of 1923, the party already had over 55,000 members. On May 1, 1923, armed NSDAP attack aircraft gathered on the Oberwiesenfeld field in Munich. There, the commander of the radical organization, Captain Rem, spoke to them. Röhm made it clear to Hitler that the time for rebellion had not yet come. On May 1 and 2, a celebration took place in Nuremberg " german day". General Ludendorff spoke to the audience. In the same place, the Union of Struggle was formed, in which all the right-wing radical parties of Germany united. Hitler becomes the leader of this alliance. On September 26, 1923, the government of Bavaria declares a state of emergency, then prohibits a number of mass demonstrations planned by the NSDAP. The separatists are going to make a coup on November 11th. Hitler accidentally found out that on November 8, members of the Bavarian Cabinet had gathered in the largest Munich beer hall (accommodates more than 2,000 people), the Bürgerbaukeler. Hitler rushed there like a bullet. That's how he became a member of the anti-government beer coup(anti-state coup), which took place on November 9, 1923. The coup failed, its organizers and participants, including Hitler, were arrested and imprisoned. Some managed to hide from the police.

In 1925, Hitler was released from prison and engaged in the restoration of the party, since during his imprisonment the number had been greatly reduced. Everything had to be started all over again. In prison, he became friends with a new young member of his party, Rudolf Hess, who was also convicted of a putsch. Rudolf Hess became his faithful assistant for many years.

Hitler was looking for points of understanding with major industrialists, financial figures. In every possible way he tried to attract them to his party. They were not happy with the policy of the Social Democrats. And, seeing the difficult political and economic situation for themselves, they decided to support the Nazi party. They saw it primarily as a defense against communism.

Program (25 points)

We demand the unification of all Germans on the basis of the right of self-determination of peoples into a Greater Germany.
We demand equality for the German people on an equal footing with other nations and the abolition of the provisions of the Versailles and Saint-Germain peace treaties.
We demand living space: territories and lands (colonies) necessary for the subsistence of the German people and for the resettlement of the excess German population.
A citizen of Germany can only be one who belongs to the German nation, in whose veins German blood flows, regardless of religious affiliation. No Jew can be classified as a German nation and be a citizen of Germany.
Anyone who is not a German citizen can reside in it as a guest, with the rights of a foreigner.
The right to vote and be elected must belong exclusively to German citizens. Therefore, we demand that all positions of any level - imperial, regional or municipal - should only be filled by German citizens. We fight against the corrupting parliamentary practice of occupying positions only depending on party affiliation, without regard to character and abilities.
We demand that the state undertakes, first of all, to take care of the opportunities for work and life of German citizens. If it is impossible to feed the entire population of the state, then persons of alien nations (not citizens of the state) must be expelled from the country.
All further immigration to Germany of non-Germans must be suspended. We demand that all non-Germans who immigrated to Germany after 2 August 1914 leave the Reich immediately.
All citizens of the state should have equal rights and duties.
The first duty of every German citizen will be to do work, mental or physical. The activities of each citizen should not diverge from the interests of society as a whole, should proceed within the framework of society and, therefore, be directed for the common good.
We demand a ruthless war on those whose activities harm the common interest. Crimes against the nation committed by usurers, speculators, etc. should be punishable by death, regardless of race or creed. We demand the destruction of unearned income and percentage slavery.
In view of the enormous loss of life and property required of a nation by every war, personal enrichment in time of war must be regarded as a crime against the nation. We demand, therefore, the ruthless confiscation of war profits.
We demand the nationalization of industrial trusts.
We demand the participation of workers and employees in the profits of large commercial enterprises.
We demand a significant increase in pensions for the elderly.
We demand the creation of a healthy middle class and its preservation, the immediate removal of large shops from private ownership and their hiring at low prices to small producers, the strictest consideration so that small producers receive public support everywhere - at the state level, in the lands or communities.
We demand a land reform in accordance with the interests of the German nation, the adoption of a law on the gratuitous confiscation of land for public needs, the annulment of interest on mortgages, and the prohibition of land speculation.
We demand a ruthless fight against crime. We demand the introduction of the death penalty for criminals against the German people, usurers, speculators, etc., regardless of social status, religious or national affiliation.
We demand the replacement of Roman law, which serves the interests of the materialistic world order, with German popular law.
To ensure that every able and diligent German has the opportunity to receive higher education and take a leading position, the state must take care of the comprehensive development of our entire system public education. Programs of all educational institutions must be brought into line with the requirements of practical life. From the very beginning of the development of the child's consciousness, the school must purposefully teach students to understand the idea of the state. We demand that especially talented children of poor parents, regardless of their position in society and occupation, should receive education at the expense of the state.
The state must direct all efforts to improve the health of the nation: ensure the protection of motherhood and childhood, prohibit child labor, improve the physical condition of the population by introducing compulsory games and physical exercises, and supporting clubs involved in the physical development of young people.
We demand the liquidation of the mercenary army and the creation of a people's army.
We demand an open political struggle against deliberate political lies and their dissemination in the press. With a view to creating a German national press, we demand that:
- all editors and publishers of German newspapers would be German citizens;
- non-German newspapers must obtain special permission from the state to publish. However, they cannot be published in German;
- non-German citizens would be prohibited by law from having any financial interest or influence in German newspapers. As punishment for violations of this law, such a newspaper will be banned, and foreigners will be immediately deported. We demand the announcement of an uncompromising struggle against literary and cultural trends that have a corrupting influence on our people, as well as the prohibition of all measures aimed at this.
We demand freedom for all religious denominations in the state as long as they do not threaten it and do not oppose the morality and feelings of the Germanic race. The party as such stands on the positions of positive Christianity, but at the same time it is not connected by convictions with any confession. She struggles with the Jewish-materialistic spirit inside and outside of us and is convinced that the German nation can achieve permanent healing within itself only on the principles of the priority of common interests over private ones..
To accomplish all this, we demand: the creation of a strong centralized imperial power. The indisputable authority of the central political parliament throughout the empire in all its organizations. Creation of chambers of estates and chambers of professions for the implementation of the general laws adopted by the empire in individual federal states. Party leaders take it upon themselves to ensure the implementation of the above points at any cost, even sacrificing, if necessary, their lives.

Organizational structure of the NSDAP

Nazi parties and movements

Personalities

The National Socialist Workers' Party was based on the territorial principle and had a pronounced hierarchical structure. At the top of the pyramid of party power stood the Chairman of the party, who had absolute power and unlimited powers.

Carl Harrer 1919-1920
Anton Drexler, from February 24 to July 29, then honorary chairman;
Adolf Hitler, 29 July to 30 April.

To ensure the activities of the Fuhrer, a personal Fuhrer's Office was created (organized in 2009), to ensure the activities of the top party leadership, there was a party office (since October 10, it was headed by Martin Bormann).

The direct leadership of the party was carried out by the deputy Fuhrer for the party. From April 21 to May 10, he was Rudolf Hess. A new deputy was not appointed, but in fact it was Martin Bormann.

The current leadership of party work in the areas was carried out by 18 Reichsleiters (in German. Reichsleiter- imperial leader). The Reichsleiters had no less power than the ministers.

By the year, the NSDAP included 9 affiliated unions (Angeschlossene Verbände), 7 party divisions (Gliederungen der Partei) and 4 organizations:

Affiliated unions (independent organizations with the rights of legal entities and their own property)
- National Socialist Union of Lawyers ( NS-Juristenbund)
- Imperial Union of German Employees ( Reichsbund der Deutschen Beamten)
- National Socialist Union of Teachers ( NS-Lehrerbund)
- National Socialist Society for the Relief of War Victims ( NS-Kriegsopferversorgung)
- National Socialist Union of German Physicians ( NSD-Ärztebund)
- National Socialist Union German technicians (NS-Bund Deutscher Technik)
- National Socialist Public Welfare ( NS Volkswohlfahrt)
- German workers' front ( die Deutsche Arbeitsfront (DAF))
- Imperial Air Defense Union ( Reichsluftschutzbund)

Party divisions
- Hitler Youth ( Hitlerjugend (HJ))
- National Socialist Union of Teachers high school (NS-Deutscher Dozentenbund (NSDD))
- National Socialist Student Union ( NS-Deutscher Studentenbund (NSDStB))
- National Socialist Women's Union ( NS-Frauenschaft (NSF))
- National Socialist Automobile Corps ( Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps (NSKK))
- security detachments, SS ( Schutzstaffel (SS))
- assault squads ( Sturmabteilung (SA))

Organizations
- National Socialist Society for Culture ( NS-Kulturgemeinde)
- Imperial Children's Union ( Reichsbund der Kinderreichen)
- Society of German Communities ( Deutscher Gemeindetag)
- Association of German Women ( Deutsche Frauenwerk)

In addition, many public organizations those created before the founding of the NSDAP and not related to it were renamed, subordinated to party influence, subordinate to the corresponding Reichsleiter or the corresponding party organization.

The entire territory of Germany was originally divided into 33 party areas ( Gaue), which coincided with the electoral districts in the Reichstag. Subsequently, the number of Gaus was increased, and in the year there were 43 Gaus.

In turn, the Gau were divided into districts ( kreise), then local branches (German. Ortsgruppen- literally "local group"), cells ( Zellen), and the so-called blocks ( blocks). The block united from 40 to 60 households. In accordance with the principle of leaderism, each organizational unit was headed by a leader - Gauleiter, Kreisleiter, etc. ( Gauleiter, Kreisleiter).

Appropriate party apparatuses were created to carry out work in the localities. Party officials had their own uniforms, ranks and insignia.

Ranks and insignia in the NSDAP

(1) Anwärter (non-party member) (2) Anwärter (party member) (3) Helfer (assistant) (4) Oberhelfer (senior assistant) (5) Arbeitsleiter (work supervisor) (6) Oberarbeitsleiter (senior work supervisor)
(7) Hauptarbeitsleiter (chief supervisor) (8) Bereitschaftsleiter (duty supervisor) (9) Oberbereitschaftsleiter (senior supervisor on duty) (10) Hauptbereitschaftsleiter (chief supervisor on duty)

(11) Einsatzleiter (12) Obereinsatzleiter (13) Haupteinsatzleiter (14) Gemeinschaftsleiter (15) Obergemeinschaftsleiter (16) Hauptgemeinschaftsleiter (17) Abschnittsleiter (site manager) (18) Oberabschnittsleiter (senior site manager) (19) Hauptabschnittsleiter (general site manager)

(20) Bereichsleiter (21) Oberbereichsleiter (22) Hauptbereichsleiter (23) Dienstleiter (Service Chief) (24) Oberdienstleiter (Senior Service Chief) (25) Hauptdienstleiter (Chief Service Chief) (26) Befehlsleiter (Team Leader) (27) Oberbefehlsleiter (Senior Team Leader) (28) Hauptbefehlsleiter (Chief Team Leader) (29) Gauleiter (Provincial Leader) (30) Reichsleiter (State Leader)

The lowest party rank for all levels was the rank of candidate (in German. Anwarter), highest rank depended on the place of service of the party functionary, the color of the buttonholes and piping also depended on this:

1- 4 local organizations ( Ortsgruppenleitung), possible highest rank of Oberabschnittsleiter (18)
5-16 district offices ( Kreisleitung), possible highest rank of Dienstleiter (23)
17-23 regional departments ( Gauleitung), possible highest rank of Gauleiter (29)
24-28 imperial administration ( Reichsleitung)

NSDAP after the defeat of Germany in World War II

In 1945, after the surrender of Germany, the NSDAP was declared a criminal organization, banned and dissolved, its property was confiscated, its leaders were convicted, some were executed.

By decision of the leaders of the leading countries of the anti-fascist coalition, denazification was carried out in Germany, during which most of the former active members of the NSDAP were subjected to a special check. Many were dismissed from leadership positions or from socially significant organizations, such as, for example, educational institutions.

In Germany in 1920, the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP), in Russian - NSDAP, or NSRPG) began its existence, since 1933 it became the only legitimate ruling party in the country. Decision anti-Hitler coalition after the defeat in 1945, it was dissolved, the Nuremberg trials recognized its leadership as criminal, and its ideology as unacceptable due to the threat to the existence of mankind.

Start

In 1919, the German Workers' Party (DAP) was founded in Munich by railroad fitter Anton Drexler on the platform of the Free Workers' Committee for Peace (Freien Arbeiterausschuss für einen guten Frieden), which was also founded by Drexler. His mentor, Paul Tafel, director of the company and leader of the Pan-German Union, suggested the idea of creating a nationalist party that would rely on the workers. Since its inception, the DAP has already had about 40 members under its wing. The program of the political party was still insufficiently worked out.

Adolf Hitler joined the DAP already in September 1919, and six months later he announced the "Twenty-Five Point Program", which entailed a change of name. Now it has finally acquired its name as the National Socialist German Workers' Party. Hitler did not come up with innovations himself, National Socialism had already been proclaimed at that time in Austria. In order not to copy the name of the Austrian party, Hitler proposed the Socialist Revolutionary Party. But he was persuaded. Journalism picked up on the idea, shortening the abbreviation to "Nazi", since the name "Soci" (socialists) already existed, by analogy.

twenty five points

This fateful program, approved in February 1920, will have to be briefly outlined.

Greater Germany must unite all Germans on its territory.
Achieve the rejection of all the conditions of the Treaty of Versailles, than to confirm the right of Germany to independently build relations with other nations.
Lebensraum: Claim additional territory to produce food and accommodate the growing German population.
Citizenship is granted on a racial basis. Jews will not be citizens of Germany.
All non-Germans can only be guests.
Official posts should be occupied by people of appropriate qualifications and abilities, nepotism of any kind is unacceptable.
The state is obliged to provide conditions for the existence of citizens. In case of lack of resources, all non-citizens are excluded from the number of beneficiaries.
Stop entry of non-Germans into Germany.
All citizens have not only the right, but also the duty to participate in elections.
Every German citizen must work for the common good.
Illegal profits are confiscated.
All profits made from the war will be confiscated.
Nationalization of all large enterprises.
Workers and employees participate in the profits of large industries.
The old age pension should be decent.
The need to support merchants and small producers, the transfer of all large stores to them.
Land ownership reforms, cessation of speculation.
For speculation the death penalty, all criminal offenses are mercilessly punished.
Replacing Roman law with German law.
Reorganization educational system Germany.
State support for motherhood and encouragement of youth in development.
Universal conscription, a national army instead of a professional one.
All mass media on the territory of the country should only be owned by Germans, non-Germans are prohibited from working in them.
Religion is free, except for religions that are dangerous to Germany. Jewish materialism is prohibited.
Strengthening the central government, effectively implementing legislation.

Parliament

From April 1, 1920, the Hitlerite Party became official, and from 1926, all its provisions were recognized as unshakable. From 1924 to 1924, the party gained strength and quickly grew stronger. Parliamentary elections demonstrate the growth of the votes of German voters year by year.

If in May 1924 the National Socialist German Workers' Party won only 6.6% in the elections, and in December even less - only 3%, then already in 1930 the votes were 18.3%. In 1932, adherents of National Socialism increased significantly: in July, 37.4% voted for the NSDAP, and, finally, in March 1933, Hitler's party received almost 44% of the votes. Since 1923, NSDAP congresses have been regularly held, there were ten of them in total, and the last one took place in 1938.

Ideology

Totalitarian combines elements of socialism, racism, nationalism, anti-Semitism, fascism and anti-communism. That is why the National Socialist German Workers' Party declared its goal to build an Aryan state with racial purity and a vast territory, which has everything you need for the well-being and prosperity of the thousand-year-old Reich.

For the first time Hitler made a report to the party in October 1919. Then the history of the party was just beginning, and the audience was small - only one hundred and eleven people. But the future Fuhrer captivated them entirely. In principle, the postulates in his speeches have never changed - the emergence of fascism has already happened. At first, Hitler talked about how great he sees Germany and declared her enemies: Jews and Marxists, who doomed the country to defeat in the First World War and subsequent suffering. Then it was said about revenge and about German weapons that would eliminate poverty in the country. The demand for the return of the colonies, contrary to the "barbaric" Treaty of Versailles, was reinforced by the intention to annex many new territories.

Party structure

The National Socialist German Workers' Party was built according to the territorial principle, the structure was hierarchical. Absolute power and unlimited powers belonged to the chairman of the party. The first head from January 1919 to February 1920 was the journalist Karl Harrer. He took an active part in the creation of the DAP. He was succeeded by Anton Drexler, who became honorary chairman of the party a year later when he handed over the reins of power to Adolf Hitler in July 1921.

The deputy Fuhrer directly led the party apparatus. From 1933 to 1941, this position was occupied by the Deputy Fuhrer, who created the Headquarters, who immediately in 1933 headed the Headquarters in 1941, which transformed the Headquarters into the Party Chancellery. Since 1942, Bormann has been the Fuhrer's secretary. In 1945, Hitler wrote a will in which he established a new party post - a minister for party affairs appeared, who became its head. Bormann did not stay at the head of the NSDAP for long - about four days, from April 30 until the signing of the surrender on May 2.

His fight

When the Nazis attempted a coup d'état, the Bavarian commissar Gustav von Kahr issued a decree banning the National Socialist Party. However, this did not have any effect, the popularity of both the party and his Fuhrer grew at a tremendous pace: already in 1924, forty deputies of the Reichstag belonged to the NSDAP. In addition, party members hid under other names of newly created organizations. This also applies to the Greater German People's Association and the People's Bloc, and the National Socialist Liberation Movement, and many other small parties in terms of the number of members.

In 1925, the NSDAP again entered into a legal position, but its leaders disagreed on purely tactical issues - how much socialism and how much nationalism this movement should contain. Thus, the party was divided into two wings. The whole of 1926 passed in a split and a bitter struggle between the right and the left. The party conference in Bamberg was the culmination of this confrontation. Then, on May 22, 1926, without overcoming the contradictions, Hitler was nevertheless elected their leader in Munich. And they did it unanimously.

Reasons for the popularity of Nazism

In Germany, the severity of the economic crisis in the early twenties of the twentieth century was at its peak, the discontent of all segments of the population grew by leaps and bounds. Against this background, it was not so difficult to fool the masses with the ideas of nationalism and militarism, proclaiming the race of masters and the historical mission of Germany. The number of adherents and sympathizers of the NSDAP grew rapidly, attracting thousands and thousands of boys from various classes and estates to the ranks of the Nazis. The party developed dynamically and did not disdain populist methods when recruiting new followers.

The cadres that made up the backbone of the NSDAP were very impressive: for the most part, they were members of paramilitary associations and veterans' unions dissolved by the government (Pan-German Union and German people's union offensive and defensive, for example). In January 1923, at the first party congress, Hitler held the ceremony of consecrating the NSDAP banner. At the same time, Nazi symbols appeared. After the end of the congress, the first torchlight procession of six thousand SA attack aircraft took place. In autumn, the party already numbered more than 55,000 people.

Preparing to take over the world

In February 1925, the previously banned newspaper, the print organ of the NSDAP, Völkischer Beobachter, began to be published again. At the same time, Hitler made one of his most successful acquisitions - Goebbels, who founded the Angrif magazine, went over to his side. In addition, the NSDAP was able to broadcast its theoretical research with the help of the National Socialist Monthly. In July 1926, at the NSDAP Weimar Congress, Hitler decided to change party tactics.

Instead of terrorist methods of struggle, he recommended that political opponents be squeezed out of all administrative structures, elected to the Reichstag and to the land parliaments. This had to be done, of course, without losing sight of the main goal - the eradication of communism and the revision of the decisions of the Versailles Treaty.

Capital Raising

With all sorts of tricks, Hitler managed to interest the most significant financial and industrial figures in Germany with the NSDAP program. Bosses such as Wilhelm Kappler, Emil Kirdorf, editor of the exchange newspaper Walter Funk, chairman of the Reichsbank Hjalmar Schacht and many, many of those who, in addition to their own membership, which was good PR for the people, contributed to the party fund huge sums of money. The crisis deepened, unemployment grew uncontrollably, the Social Democrats did not justify the people's confidence. Most social groups were losing ground under their feet, the very foundations of their existence were crumbling.

Small producers despaired, blaming governmental democracy for their troubles. Many saw a way out of this situation only in strengthening power and a one-party government. Both bankers and entrepreneurs of the largest scale willingly joined these demands, they subsidized the NSDAP in election campaigns. Everyone associated national and personal aspirations with this party and personally with Hitler. For the rich, it was primarily an anti-communist barrier. In July 1932, the first results were summed up: 230 mandates in the elections to the Reichstag against 133 for the Social Democrats and 89 for the Communists.

Subdivisions

The party in 1944 included nine Angeschlossene Verbände - affiliated unions, seven Gliederungen der Partei - party divisions and four organizations. The unions that joined the NSDAP consisted of lawyers, teachers, employees, doctors, technicians, the war victims' relief union, the public welfare union, the labor front and the air defense union. They were in the party structure independent organizations possessed legal rights and property.

The political party in Germany had divisions: Hitler Youth, SS (security detachments), SA (assault detachments), unions of German girls, associate professors, students, women (NS-Frauenschaft), mechanized corps. The organizations that Adolf Hitler's party joined were crowded, but not too significant, these are: the cultural society, the union of large families, the German communities (Deutscher Gemeindetag) and the Labor of German Women (Das Deutsche Frauenwerk).

Administrative division

Germany was divided into thirty-three Gaue - party areas coinciding with electoral districts. Their number increased over time: by 1941, there were already 43 Gaus, plus the foreign organization of the NSDAP. Gau were subdivided into districts, and those - into local branches, then - cells and blocks. Up to 60 houses were united in the block.

Each party organizational unit was headed by a Gauleiter, a Kreisleiter, and the like. On the ground, respectively, party apparatuses were created, the officials had insignia, ranks and uniforms, which were decorated with Nazi symbols. The color of the buttonholes indicated the affiliation and position held in the structure of the organization.

Branches

The NSDAP obeyed not only its own party members, but also the parties in the territories of Germany's allies and in the occupied countries. In Italy, until 1943, he led the National Fascist Party (it is believed that the cradle of fascism was there), after which it turned into the Republican Fascist Party. In Spain, there was a Spanish phalanx completely dependent on the NSDAP.

Similar organizations also functioned in Slovakia, Romania, Croatia, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, the Netherlands, and Norway. And Belgium and Denmark literally had branches of the NSDAP on their territory, even the Nazi symbols coincided almost completely. It should be noted that all the listed states where the Nazi parties were created participated in World War II on the side of Germany, and many representatives of all these countries ended up in Soviet captivity.

Defeat

The unconditional surrender of 1945 put an end to the existence of the most inhuman party ever created by mankind. The NSDAP was not only dissolved, but banned everywhere, property was completely confiscated, the leaders were convicted and executed. True, many members of the party still managed to escape to South America, the Spanish ruler Franco helped in this by providing both ships and subsidies.

By the decision of the anti-fascist coalition, Germany was completely subjected to the process of denazification, active members of the NSDAP were especially checked: dismissal from the leadership or from educational institutions is still a very small price for what fascism has done on earth.

post-war period

In Germany in 1964 fascism reared its head again. The Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands appeared - the National Democratic Party of Germany, which positioned itself as the successor to the NSDAP. For the first time since the Second World War, neo-Nazis approached the Bundestag - 4.3% in the 1969 elections. Before the NPD, there were other neo-Nazi formations in Germany, Roemer's Socialist Imperial Party, for example, but it should be noted that none of them achieved noticeable results at the federal level.

National Socialist German Workers' Party

(National-Sozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei), NSDAP, a reactionary party created in 1920 by Hitler, which ruled Germany until the defeat of the Third Reich in 1945. The Sterneckerbrü in Munich, where the Nazi Party held its first meetings.

In October 1918, the leadership of the Thule Society (see Thule, society) instructed two of its members - journalist Karl Harrer and locksmith Anton Drexler to create a political workers' circle, whose task would be to expand the sphere of influence of this society on workers. Simultaneously with the creation of the circle, Anton Drexler restored the German Workers' Party (DAP), to one of whose meetings on September 12, 1919, Adolf Hitler was sent as an informant, who liked the postulates and slogans of the party. Having read Hitler's report on this meeting, Captain Ernst Röhm, who served as a political adviser at Franz von Epp's headquarters, instructed Hitler to join the WDA and take over its leadership.

Hitler made his first report on October 16, 1919 to an audience of 111 people. First, he outlined his vision of "Greater Germany", then launched his signature trick - he declared Marxists, Jews and other "enemies" of Germany guilty of her defeat. "We don't forgive, we want revenge," he declared. At the next speech on November 13, 1919, Hitler emphasized that "the poverty of the Germans should be eliminated by German weapons. That time must come." He demanded the return of the colonies lost by Germany under the terms of the Versailles Treaty of 1919, calling this treaty "barbaric." During this and subsequent speeches, Hitler did not limit himself to demanding the return of pre-war territories, but insisted on the annexation of new ones.

On February 20, 1920, the German Workers' Party was renamed the National Socialist Workers' Party of Germany. Her first public meeting took place four days later in a Munich beer hall. February 24, 1920 Hitler presented the party program, which consisted of 25 points. Poster calling to support the National Socialists with the whole family.

The program of the NSDAP did not differ from the postulates of most German parties. It proclaimed the need to annul the Treaty of Versailles, the return of "lost" lands, the unification of "all Germans", that is, the usurpation of the right to interfere in the internal affairs of other states where ethnic Germans lived, opposition to the international Jewish financial elite, refusal to pay reparations, the demand for a "fight against the policy of lies and its implementation through the press", the closure of newspapers that opposed the NSDAP, the creation of a "national army", which meant the revival of Germany's military power, etc.

On the eve of 1921, the NSDAP had about 3,000 members, but two years later its numbers increased 10 times.

July 21, 1921 Hitler in an ultimatum demanded for himself the post of chairman of the party with unlimited rights, threatening, in case of refusal, to leave its ranks. July 29, 1921 he was elected the first chairman of the NSDAP. Anton Drexler got the post of honorary chairman. A new charter of the NSDAP was adopted, which affirmed the "principle of the Fuhrer", that is, unconditional obedience to the Fuhrer. In the wake of the acute economic crisis in the country and the growing discontent, the ideas of militarism and nationalism, the proclamation of the "historical mission of the Germans as a race of masters", the social base of the NSDAP was rapidly expanding, attracting thousands of young people from different estates and classes with its dynamism and populism. In addition, the personnel reserve of the NSDAP consisted of all kinds of paramilitary associations and veteran unions dissolved by government decree, for example, the German People's Defense and Offensive League, the Pan-German Union, etc.

On January 27-29, 1923, the first congress of the NSDAP was held in Munich. Its culminating moment was the consecration by Hitler of the banner of the NSDAP and the procession of 6,000 SA militants.

By the autumn of 1923, the NSDAP had over 55,000 members.

After the attempted Nazi coup d'état in Munich (see "Beer Putsch" 1923), Bavarian Commissar General Gustav von Kahr signed a decree banning the NSDAP. Nevertheless, the party's popularity continued to grow, and in the December 1924 elections, 40 NSDAP deputies sat in the Reichstag. In addition, new Nazi organizations were created under changed names:

The Greater German People's Community (created by Julius Streicher), the People's Bloc, the National Socialist Liberation Movement, etc. In February 1925, the activities of the NSDAP were again legalized, but a split occurred in the party leadership over tactics - about the degree of nationalism and socialism in the Nazi movement. At a conference of leaders of Nazi organizations in Germany, held in Bamberg on February 14, 1926 (Bamberg Party Conference), a fierce struggle broke out between the left and right wings of the NSDAP. Although internal party contradictions were never eliminated, the general meeting of the Munich district of the NSDAP on May 22, 1926 unanimously elected Hitler as its leader.

On February 26, 1925, the publication of the NSDAP print organ, the newspaper Völkischer Beobachter, resumed. At the same time, Goebbels, who went over to the side of Hitler, founded the Angrif magazine. The theoretical organ of the NSDAP, the National Socialist Monthly, began to appear.

On July 3, 1926, the NSDAP congress was held in Weimar, at which Hitler announced a change in party tactics: in contrast to the opinion of the "old fighters" who preferred terrorist methods of fighting political opponents, he recommended party members to participate in elections and be members of the Reichstag and Landtags (land parliaments). However, he still considered the fight against communism and criticism of the Treaty of Versailles to be the main tasks of his party. At the same time, Hitler tried in every possible way to attract the attention of major industrial and financial figures in Germany to his party. Representatives of the business community expressed confidence in it by the entry into the NSDAP of well-known entrepreneurs Wilhelm Kappler, Emil Kirdorf, editor of the influential Berlin Stock Exchange Newspaper Walter Funk, chairman of the Reichsbank Hjalmar Schacht and many others, who, among other things, contributed huge amounts of money to the party fund.

In the face of a deepening economic crisis and rapidly growing unemployment (in October 1932 there were 7,300,000 unemployed), dissatisfaction with the policies of the Social Democrats grew in the country. Many social groups are threatened with the loss of the foundations of existence. Desperate small producers increasingly blamed parliamentary democracy for their troubles and believed that the way out of the crisis was to strengthen state power and create a one-party government. These demands were also supported by big businessmen and bankers, who subsidized the NSDAP election campaigns and associated personal and national aspirations with Hitler and his party, seeing in the Nazi movement, above all, a reliable barrier against communism.

The NSDAP appeal of March 1, 1932 said: "Hitler is the motto for everyone who believes in the revival of Germany ... Hitler will win, because the people want him to win ..." On July 31, 1932, in the next elections to the Reichstag, the NSDAP received 230 mandates 133, communists - 89 mandates), becoming the largest faction in parliament.

By January 30, 1933, when Hitler was proclaimed Chancellor of Germany, the NSDAP consisted of about 850 thousand people. They were mostly from the middle class. Workers made up one third of the total, about half of them unemployed. Over the next five months, the membership of the party tripled to 2.5 million. The NSDAP apparatus expanded. In the autumn of 1938, 41 Gauleiters, 808 Kreesleiters, 28376 Ortsgruppenleiters, 89378 Zellenleiters and 463048 Blockleiters operated in the Reich. In total, the party apparatus by this time consisted of over 580 thousand full-time leaders at all levels. From that moment, the nazification of the state apparatus began, which continued throughout the years of the existence of the Third Reich. It was carried out in two ways: members of the NSDAP were appointed to senior positions in the administration of various levels, in the police, in the army, or the NSDAP took over the functions of state bodies or established control and supervision over them. The formal basis for this was the "Law on Ensuring the Unity of the Party and the State" adopted on December 1, 1933.

In addition, direct political control was exercised within the party itself and in organizations controlled by it (for example, the Hitler Youth, SA, SS, Student Union, etc.). The "principle of the Fuhrer" which excluded collegiality, manifested itself in the fact that from 1921 until the last days of the existence of the NSDAP, meetings of the leadership were not held even in a narrow circle. Gathered, and then irregularly, only meetings of the Reichsleiters and Gauleiters, at which Hitler handed them decisions for execution. The position of the Gauleiters depended directly on the confidence of the Fuhrer, because only he had the right to appoint and remove them (from 1933 to 1945, only 6 Gauleiters were removed from their posts, for various reasons they fell out of favor with the Fuhrer). "The will of the Fuhrer for the party is the highest law," stated in the official publication of the NSDAP (1940).

Based on the "Law on Emergency Powers", the activities of trade unions were banned (the German Labor Front was created instead), many trade union activists were arrested, newspapers and magazines of democratic orientation were closed, the activities of most political parties, including the SPD, the KPD, the German Center Party were banned. , the Catholic People's Party, the German National People's Party, etc. The NSDAP became the only political force in Germany, which was reflected in the government's statement of July 14, 1933, which stated that attempts to maintain the old political parties or create new ones would be punished by imprisonment or imprisonment in forced labor camps.

The events of the "Night of the Long Knives", when many leaders and ordinary members of the SA were physically eliminated, demanding the previously promised second stage of social change, the "continuation of the revolution", ended the struggle within the NSDAP and became a factor that made it easier for Hitler to implement his far-reaching expansionist plans. The economy of the Reich began to be transferred to a military footing.

In order to promote Nazi ideas among the population and demonstrate national unity, the NSDAP constantly organized magnificent and crowded celebrations and festivities, for example, Hero's Day (March 1), National Labor Day (May 1), Harvest Festival, etc. The same goals were also subordinated to The Nuremberg Party Congresses, which took place in 1933-38 in the first ten days of September in Nuremberg, did not have any influence on the general line of the party, but were only a spectacular propaganda event.

After the outbreak of World War II, party work became widespread in the armed forces, in particular, the institution of Nazi commissars in the troops was created. At the Nuremberg trials, the leadership of the NSDAP and many of its services were recognized as criminal, and their activities were prohibited.

The program of the National Socialist Workers' Party of Germany ("25 points"). Approved February 24, 1920. (In the presentation.)

1. The unification of all Germans within the borders of Greater Germany.

2. Refusal of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles and confirmation of Germany's right to independently build relations with other nations.

3. The demand for additional territories for food production and the settlement of an increasing German population ("Lebensraum").

4. Granting citizenship on a racial basis; Jews cannot be German citizens.

5. Non-Germans in Germany are only guests and subjects of the relevant laws.

6. Appointment to official posts cannot take place on the basis of nepotism, but only in accordance with abilities and qualifications.

7. Ensuring the conditions for the existence of citizens is the first duty of the state. With a lack of public resources, non-citizens should be excluded from benefiting.

8. Entry into the country of non-Germans must be stopped.

9. Participation in elections is the right and duty of all citizens.

10. Every citizen is obliged to work for the common good.

11. Illegally obtained profits are subject to confiscation.

12. All profits received from the war are subject to confiscation.

13. All large enterprises should be nationalized.

14. Participation of workers and employees in profits in all large industries.

15. Decent old age pension.

16. Need to support small producers and traders; large stores should be handed over to them.

17. Reform of land ownership and the cessation of land speculation.

18. Ruthless criminal punishment for crimes and the introduction of the death penalty for profiteering.

19. Ordinary Roman law should be replaced by "Germanic law".

20. Complete reorganization of the national educational system.

21. The state is obliged to support motherhood and encourage the development of young people.

22. Replacement of a mercenary professional army with a national army; introduction of universal military service.

23. Only Germans can own the media; non-Germans are forbidden to work in them.

24. Freedom of religion, with the exception of religions dangerous to the Germanic race; the party does not bind itself to any exclusive creed, but fights against Jewish materialism.

25. A strong central authority capable of effectively implementing legislation.

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Defeat in the war German Empire and the November Revolution of 1918, Hitler considered the product of traitors who inflicted a "stab in the back" of the victorious German army.

In early February 1919, Hitler signed up as a volunteer in the security service of a prisoner of war camp located near Traunstein near the Austrian border. About a month later, the prisoners of war - several hundred French and Russian soldiers - were released, and the camp, along with its guards, was disbanded.

On March 7, 1919, Hitler returned to Munich, to the 7th company of the 1st reserve battalion of the 2nd Bavarian infantry regiment.

At this time, he had not yet decided whether he would be an architect or a politician. In Munich, during the stormy days, he did not bind himself with any obligations, he simply watched and took care of his own safety. He was in Max's barracks in Munich-Oberwiesenfeld until the day when the troops of von Epp and Noske drove the Communist Soviets out of Munich. At the same time, he gave his work to the prominent artist Max Zeper for evaluation. He handed over the paintings for conclusion to Ferdinand Steger. Steger wrote: "... a completely outstanding talent."

From June 5 to June 12, 1919, the authorities sent him to agitator courses (Vertrauensmann). The courses were designed to train agitators who were to conduct explanatory talks against the Bolsheviks among soldiers returning from the front. The lecturers were dominated by ultra-right views, among others lectures were given by Gottfried Feder, the future economic theorist of the NSDAP.

During one of the discussions, Hitler made a very strong impression with his anti-Semitic monologue on the head of the agitation department of the 4th Bavarian command of the Reichswehr, and he invited him to take on political functions on an army scale. A few days later he was appointed an officer of education (confidant). Hitler turned out to be a bright and temperamental speaker and attracted the attention of listeners.

The decisive moment in Hitler's life was the moment of his unshakable recognition by the supporters of anti-Semitism. In the period from 1919 to 1921, Hitler intensively read books from the library of Friedrich Kohn. This library was clearly anti-Semitic in content, which left a deep mark on Hitler's beliefs.

On September 12, 1919, Adolf Hitler, on instructions from the military, came to the Sterneckerbray beer hall for a meeting of the German Workers' Party (DAP) - founded in early 1919 by locksmith Anton Drexler and numbering about 40 people. During the debate, Hitler, speaking from a pan-Germanist position, won a landslide victory over the supporter of the independence of Bavaria and accepted the impressed Drexler's offer to join the party. Hitler immediately made himself responsible for party propaganda and soon began to determine the activities of the entire party.

Until April 1, 1920, Hitler continued to serve in the Reichswehr. On February 24, 1920, Hitler organized the first of many large public events for the Nazi Party in the beer hall of the Hofbräuhaus. During his speech, he proclaimed twenty-five points compiled by him, Drexler and Feder, which became the program of the Nazi Party. The Twenty-Five Points combined Pan-Germanism, demands for the abolition of the Treaty of Versailles, anti-Semitism, demands for socialist change and a strong central government.

At the initiative of Hitler, the party adopted a new name - the German National Socialist Workers' Party (in the German transcription NSDAP). In political journalism, they began to be called Nazis, by analogy with the socialists - Soci. In July, a conflict broke out in the leadership of the NSDAP: Hitler, who wanted dictatorial powers in the party, was outraged by the negotiations with other groups that took place while Hitler was in Berlin, without his participation. On July 11, he announced his withdrawal from the NSDAP. Since Hitler was at that time the most active public politician and the most successful orator of the party, other leaders were forced to ask him to return. Hitler returned to the party and on July 29 was elected its chairman with unlimited power. Drexler was left with the post of honorary chairman with no real powers, but his role in the NSDAP has since declined sharply.

For disrupting the speech of the Bavarian separatist politician Otto Ballerstedt, Hitler was sentenced to three months in prison, but he served only a month in the Stadelheim prison in Munich - from June 26 to July 27, 1922. On January 27, 1923, Hitler held the first congress of the NSDAP; 5,000 stormtroopers marched through Munich.

"Beer coup"

By the beginning of the 1920s. The NSDAP became one of the most prominent organizations in Bavaria. Ernst Rohm stood at the head of the assault squads (German abbreviation SA). Hitler quickly became a political figure to be reckoned with, at least within Bavaria.

In 1923, a crisis broke out in Germany, the cause of which was the French occupation of the Ruhr. The Social Democratic government, which first called on the Germans to resist and plunged the country into an economic crisis, and then accepted all the demands of France, was attacked by both the right and the communists. Under these conditions, the Nazis entered into an alliance with the separatist right-wing conservatives who were in power in Bavaria, jointly preparing a speech against the Social Democratic government in Berlin. However, the strategic goals of the allies differed sharply: the former sought to restore the pre-revolutionary Wittelsbach monarchy, while the Nazis sought to create a strong Reich. The leader of the Bavarian right, Gustav von Kahr, who was proclaimed a land commissar with dictatorial powers, refused to carry out a number of orders from Berlin and, in particular, to disband the Nazi detachments and close the Völkischer Beobachter. However, faced with the firm position of the Berlin General Staff, the leaders of Bavaria (Kar, Lossow and Seiser) hesitated and told Hitler that they did not intend to openly oppose Berlin for the time being. Hitler took this as a signal that he should take the initiative in his own hands.

On November 8, 1923, at about 9 pm, Hitler and Erich Ludendorff, at the head of armed attack aircraft, appeared at the Burgerbräukeller beer hall in Munich, where a rally was held with the participation of Kara, Lossow and Seiser. Going inside, Hitler announced the "overthrow of the government of the traitors in Berlin." However, soon the Bavarian leaders managed to leave the pub, after which Carr issued a proclamation dissolving the NSDAP and the assault squads. For their part, the attack aircraft under the command of Ryoma occupied the building of the headquarters of the ground forces in the War Ministry; there they, in turn, were surrounded by soldiers of the Reichswehr.

On the morning of November 9, Hitler and Ludendorff, at the head of a 3,000th column of attack aircraft, moved to the Ministry of Defense, however, on Residenzstrasse, a police detachment blocked their path and opened fire. Carrying away the dead and wounded, the Nazis and their supporters left the streets. This episode entered the history of Germany under the name "beer putsch".

In February - March 1924, a trial took place over the leaders of the putsch. Only Hitler and a few of his associates were in the dock. The court sentenced Hitler for high treason to 5 years in prison and a fine of 200 gold marks. Hitler was serving his sentence in Landsberg Prison. However, after 9 months, in December 1924, he was released.

During the 9 months of his stay in prison, Hitler's work " Mein Kampf(Mein Kampf, my struggle). In this work, he outlined his position regarding racial purity, declaring war on the Jews, the Communists, and said that Germany should dominate the world.

National Socialist German Workers' Party(German Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei ; abbr. NSDAP, in Soviet sources National socialist german workers' party, German NSDAP listen)) is a political party in Germany that existed from 1945 to 1945. The party held almost all congresses in Nuremberg. In 1933, following the results of the elections, she became the ruling party, the leader of the party, Adolf Hitler, took the post of Reich Chancellor. After that, the party established a dictatorial regime. After the defeat of Germany in the war in 1945, it was disbanded by the Allies in the anti-Hitler coalition. At the Nuremberg trials, the leadership of the party was declared criminal, and the ideology of the NSDAP was called one of the main causes of World War II.

Name