Stalin's rule summary. Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich: biography. Early years, becoming a revolutionary

Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin (real name: Dzhugashvili) - active revolutionary, leader Soviet state from 1920 to 1953, Marshal and Generalissimo of the USSR.

The period of his reign, called the "era of Stalinism", was marked by the victory in World War II, the amazing successes of the USSR in the economy, in eradicating the illiteracy of the population, in creating the world image of the country as a superpower. At the same time, his name is associated with the horrific facts of the mass destruction of millions Soviet people through the organization of artificial famine, forced deportations, repressions directed against opponents of the regime, intra-party “purges”.

Regardless of the crimes committed, he remains popular among Russians: a 2017 Levada Center poll showed that most citizens consider him an outstanding head of state. In addition, he unexpectedly took a leading position according to the results of the audience voting during the 2008 TV project for the choice greatest hero national history"Name of Russia".

Childhood and youth

The future "father of nations" was born on December 18, 1878 (according to another version - December 21, 1879) in the east of Georgia. His ancestors belonged to the lower strata of the population. Father Vissarion Ivanovich was a shoemaker, earned little, drank a lot and often beat his wife. Little Soso got it from him, as his mother Ekaterina Georgievna Geladze called her son.

The two oldest children in their family died shortly after birth. And the surviving Soso had physical disabilities: two fingers fused on his leg, damage to the skin of his face, an arm that did not fully unbend due to an injury received at the age of 6 when he was hit by a car.

Joseph's mother worked hard. She wanted her beloved son to achieve “the best” in life, namely, to become a priest. At an early age, he spent a lot of time among street brawlers, but in 1889 he was admitted to a local Orthodox school, where he demonstrated extraordinary talent: he wrote poetry, received high marks in theology, mathematics, Russian and Greek.

In 1890, the head of the family died from a knife wound in a drunken brawl. True, some historians argue that the boy’s father was in fact not the official husband of his mother, but her distant relative, Prince Maminoshvili, a confidant and friend of Nikolai Przhevalsky. Others even attribute paternity to this famous traveler, outwardly very similar to Stalin. Confirmation of these assumptions is the fact that the boy was accepted into a very respectable theological educational institution, where the path was ordered for people from poor families, as well as the periodic transfer of funds by Prince Maminoshvili to Soso's mother to raise her son.

After graduating from college at the age of 15, the young man continued his education at the theological seminary of Tiflis (now Tbilisi), where he made friends among the Marxists. In parallel with his main studies, he began to engage in self-education, studying underground literature. In 1898, he became a member of the first social democratic organization in Georgia, showed himself as a brilliant orator and began to propagate the ideas of Marxism among the workers.

Participation in the revolutionary movement

In the last year of study, Joseph was expelled from the seminary with the issuance of a document on the right to work as a teacher in institutions that gave elementary education.

Since 1899, he began to professionally engage in revolutionary work, in particular, he became a member of the party committees of Tiflis and Batumi, participated in attacks on banking institutions to obtain funds for the needs of the RSDLP.

In the period 1902-1913. he was arrested eight times and sent into exile seven times as a criminal punishment. But between arrests, while at large, he continued to be active. For example, in 1904, he organized a grandiose Baku strike, which ended with the conclusion of an agreement between workers and oil owners.

Out of necessity, the young revolutionary then had many party pseudonyms - Nizheradze, Soselo, Chizhikov, Ivanovich, Koba. Their total number exceeded 30 names.

In 1905, at the first party conference in Finland, he first met Vladimir Ulyanov-Lenin. Then he was a delegate at the IV and V congresses of the party in Sweden and in the UK. In 1912, at a party plenum in Baku, he was included in absentia into the Central Committee. In the same year, he decided to finally change his surname to the party nickname "Stalin", consonant with the established pseudonym of the leader of the world proletariat.

In 1913, the “fiery Colchian,” as Lenin sometimes called him, once again went into exile. Released in 1917, together with Lev Kamenev (real surname Rosenfeld), he headed the Bolshevik newspaper Pravda, worked to prepare an armed uprising.

How did Stalin come to power?

After October revolution Stalin became a member of the Council of People's Commissars, the Bureau of the Central Committee of the Party. During civil war he also held a number of positions of responsibility and gained tremendous experience in political and military leadership. In 1922, he took the post of general secretary, but the general secretary in those years was not yet the head of the party.

When Lenin died in 1924, Stalin led the country, defeating the opposition, and embarked on industrialization, collectivization, and a cultural revolution. The success of Stalin's policy consisted in a competent personnel policy. “Cadres decide everything,” is a quote from Joseph Vissarionovich in a speech to graduates of the military academy in 1935. During the first years in power, he appointed more than 4 thousand party functionaries to responsible posts, thereby forming the backbone of the Soviet nomenklatura.

Joseph Stalin. How to become a leader

But above all, he eliminated competitors in the political struggle, not forgetting to take advantage of their developments. Nikolai Bukharin became the author of the concept of the national question, which the General Secretary took as the basis of his course. Grigory Lev Kamenev owned the slogan "Stalin is Lenin today", and Stalin actively promoted the idea that he was the successor of Vladimir Ilyich and literally planted the cult of Lenin's personality, strengthened the leader's moods in society. Well, Leon Trotsky, with the support of economists close to him ideologically, developed a plan for forced industrialization.

It was the latter who became the main opponent of Stalin. Disagreements between them began long before that - back in 1918, Joseph was indignant that Trotsky, a newcomer to the party, was trying to teach him the right course. Immediately after the death of Lenin, Lev Davidovich fell into disgrace. In 1925, the plenum of the Central Committee summed up the "harm" that Trotsky's speeches had inflicted on the party. The figure was removed from the post of head of the Revolutionary Military Council, Mikhail Frunze was appointed in his place. Trotsky was expelled from the USSR, a struggle began in the country against manifestations of "Trotskyism". The fugitive settled in Mexico, but was killed in 1940 by an NKVD agent.

After Trotsky, Zinoviev and Kamenev fell under Stalin's sights, and were finally eliminated in the course of the apparatus war.

Stalinist repressions

Stalin's methods of achieving impressive success in turning an agrarian country into a superpower - violence, terror, repression with the use of torture - cost millions of human lives.

The victims of dispossession (eviction, confiscation of property, executions), along with the kulaks, became the innocent rural population of average income, which led to the actual destruction of the village. When the situation reached critical proportions, the Father of Nations issued a statement about "excesses on the ground."

Forced collectivization (unification of peasants into collective farms), the concept of which was adopted in November 1929, destroyed traditional agriculture and led to terrible consequences. In 1932, mass famine struck Ukraine, Belarus, Kuban, the Volga region, the Southern Urals, Kazakhstan, and Western Siberia.

Researchers agree that the political repressions of the dictator, the "architect of communism" in relation to commanders of the Red Army, persecution of scientists, cultural figures, doctors, engineers, mass closing of churches, deportations of many peoples, including Crimean Tatars, Germans, Chechens, Balkars, Ingrian Finns.

In 1941, after Hitler's attack on the USSR, the Supreme Commander made many erroneous decisions in the art of warfare. In particular, his refusal to promptly withdraw military formations from Kiev led to the unjustified death of a significant mass of the armed forces - five armies. But later, when organizing various military operations, he already showed himself to be a very competent strategist.

The significant contribution of the USSR to the defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945 contributed to the formation of the world socialist system, as well as to the growth of the authority of the country and its leader. The "Great Pilot" contributed to the creation of a powerful domestic military-industrial complex, the transformation Soviet Union into a nuclear superpower, one of the founders of the UN and a permanent member of its Security Council with veto power.

Personal life of Joseph Stalin

"Uncle Joe", as Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill called Stalin among themselves, was married twice. His first chosen one was Ekaterina Svanidze, the sister of his friend who studied at the Tiflis Theological Seminary. Their wedding took place in the church of St. David in July 1906.

A year later, Kato gave her husband the firstborn Jacob. When the boy was only 8 months old, she died (according to some sources from tuberculosis, others from typhoid fever). She was 22 years old. As the English historian Simon Montefiore noted, during the funeral, 28-year-old Stalin did not want to say goodbye to his beloved wife and jumped into her grave, from where he was taken out with great difficulty.

After the death of his mother, Jacob met his father only at the age of 14. After school, without his permission, he got married, then because of a conflict with his father, he tried to commit suicide. During the Second World War, he died in German captivity. According to one of the legends, the Nazis offered to exchange Jacob for Friedrich Paulus, but Stalin did not take the opportunity to save his son, saying that he would not change the field marshal for a soldier.

The second time the "Locomotive of the Revolution" tied the bonds of Hymen at the age of 39, in 1918. His affair with 16-year-old Nadezhda, the daughter of one of the revolutionary workers Sergei Alliluyev, began a year earlier. Then he returned from Siberian exile and lived in their apartment. In 1920, the couple had a son, Vasily, the future lieutenant general of aviation, in 1926, a daughter, Svetlana, who emigrated to the United States in 1966. She married an American and took the surname Peters.

The family of Iosif Vissarionovich also brought up Artem, the son of Stalin's friend Fyodor Sergeev, who died in a railway accident.

In 1932, the "Father of Nations" was again widowed - after their next quarrel, his wife committed suicide, leaving him, according to her daughter, a "terrible" letter full of accusations. He was shocked and angry at her act, did not go to the funeral.

The leader's main hobby was reading. He loved Maupassant, Dostoyevsky, Wilde, Gogol, Chekhov, Zola, Goethe, without hesitation he quoted the Bible and Bismarck.

Death of Stalin

At the end of his life, the Soviet dictator was praised as a professional in all fields of knowledge. One word of his could decide the fate of any scientific discipline. A struggle was waged against "servile worship of the West", against "cosmopolitanism", and the exposure of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee.

Stalin's last speech (Speech at the 19th Congress of the CPSU, 1952)

In his personal life, he was lonely, rarely talked with children - he did not approve of his daughter's endless novels and his son's spree. At the dacha in Kuntsevo, he remained alone at night with the guards, who usually could enter him only after a call.

Svetlana, who came on December 21 to congratulate her father on his 73rd birthday, later noted that he did not look well and, apparently, did not feel well, as he suddenly quit smoking.

On the evening of Sunday, March 1, 1953, the assistant commandant entered the leader with mail received at 22 o'clock, and saw him lying on the floor. Transferring him, along with the guards who came running to help, to the sofa, he informed the top leadership of the party about what had happened. At 9 am on March 2, a group of doctors diagnosed the patient with paralysis on the right side of the body. The time for his possible rescue was lost, and on March 5 he died of a cerebral hemorrhage.

After the autopsy, it was discovered that Stalin had previously suffered several ischemic strokes on his legs, which provoked disruptions in the functioning of the cardiovascular system and mental disorders.

Death of Joseph Stalin. End of an Era

The news of the death of the Soviet leader shocked the country. The coffin with his body was placed in the Mausoleum next to Lenin. During the farewell to the deceased, a stampede arose in the crowd, which cost the lives of many. In 1961, he was reburied near the Kremlin wall (after the CPSU congresses condemned the revealed violations of the “Leninist precepts”).

On December 6, 1878, Joseph Stalin was born in Gori. Stalin's real name is Dzhugashvili. In 1888 he entered the Gori Theological School, and later, in 1894, the Tiflis Orthodox Theological Seminary. This time became the period of spreading the ideas of Marxism in Russia.

During his studies, Stalin organized and led "Marxist circles" in the seminary, and in 1898 joined the Tiflis organization of the RSDLP. In 1899, he was expelled from the seminary for promoting the ideas of Marxism, after which he was under arrest and in exile more than once.

Stalin first got acquainted with the ideas of Lenin after the publication of the Iskra newspaper. A personal acquaintance between Lenin and Stalin took place in December 1905 in Finland at a conference. After I.V. Stalin, for a short time, until the return of Lenin, served as one of the leaders of the Central Committee. After the October coup, Joseph received the post of People's Commissar for Nationalities.

He showed himself to be an excellent military organizer, but at the same time demonstrated his commitment to terror. In 1922, he was elected General Secretary of the Central Committee, as well as to the Politburo and Orgburo of the Central Committee of the RCP. At that time, Lenin had already retired from active work, the real power belonged to the Politburo.

Even then, Stalin's disagreements with Trotsky were clear. During the 13th Congress of the RCP(b), held in May 1924, Stalin announced his resignation, but the majority of the votes received during the voting allowed him to keep his post. The strengthening of his power led to the beginning of Stalin's personality cult. Simultaneously with industrialization and the development of heavy industry, dispossession and collectivization are carried out in the villages. The result was the death of millions of Russian citizens. Stalin's repressions, begun in 1921, claimed more than 5 million lives in 32 years.

Stalin's policy led to the creation and subsequent strengthening of a rigid authoritarian regime. The beginning of the career of Lavrenty Beria belongs to this period (20s). Stalin and Beria met regularly during the General Secretary's trips to the Caucasus. Later, thanks to personal devotion to Stalin, Beria entered the inner circle of the leader's associates and during the period of Stalin's rule he held key positions and was awarded many state awards.

In a brief biography of Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin, it is necessary to mention the most difficult period for the country. It should be noted that Stalin already in the 30s. was convinced that a military conflict with Germany was inevitable, and sought to prepare the country as much as possible. But for this, given the economic ruin and underdevelopment of industry, it took years, if not decades.

The construction of large-scale underground fortifications, called the "Stalin Line", also confirms the preparation for war. On the western borders, 13 fortified regions were built, each of which, if necessary, was able to conduct fighting in complete isolation.

In 1939, the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact was concluded, which was to be valid until 1949. The fortifications completed in 1938 were then almost completely destroyed - blown up or covered up.

Stalin understood that the probability of Germany violating this pact was very high, but believed that Germany would attack only after the defeat of England, and ignored persistent warnings about an attack being prepared in June 1941. This was largely the cause of the catastrophic situation that developed at the front on the first day of the war.

On June 23, Stalin headed the Headquarters of the High Command. On the 30th, he was appointed chairman of the State Defense Committee, and on August 8 he was declared Supreme Commander Armed Forces of the Soviet Union. During this most difficult period, Stalin managed to prevent the complete defeat of the army and frustrate Hitler's plans for a lightning-fast seizure of the USSR. With a strong will, Stalin was able to organize millions of people. But the price of this victory was high. World War II was the bloodiest and most brutal war for Russia in history.

During 1941-1942. the situation at the front continued to be critical. Although the attempt to capture Moscow was prevented, there was a threat of capturing the territory of the North Caucasus, which was an important energy center. Voronezh was partially taken by the Nazis. During the spring offensive, the Red Army near Kharkov suffered huge losses.

The USSR was actually on the verge of defeat. In order to tighten discipline in the army and prevent the possibility of a retreat of the troops, Stalin's order 227 "Not a step back!" Was issued, which put the detachments into action. The same order introduced penal battalions and companies as part of fronts and armies, respectively. Stalin managed to rally (at least for the duration of the Second World War) outstanding Russian commanders, the brightest of which was Zhukov. For his contribution to the victory, the Generalissimo of the USSR was awarded in 1945 the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

The post-war years of Stalin's reign were marked by the resumption of terror. But at the same time, the restoration of the economy and the destroyed economy of the country proceeded at an unprecedented pace, despite the refusal of Western countries to provide loans. IN post-war years Stalin carried out many party purges, the pretext for which was the struggle against cosmopolitanism.

IN last years During his reign, Stalin was distinguished by incredible suspicion, which was partly provoked by attempts on his life. The first assassination attempt on Stalin took place as early as 1931 (November 16). It was committed by Ogarev, a "white" officer and member of British intelligence.

1937 (May 1) - possible coup attempt; 1938 (March 11) - an attempt on the leader during a walk around the Kremlin, committed by Lieutenant Danilov; 1939 - two attempts to eliminate Stalin by the secret services of Japan; 1942 (November 6) - an assassination attempt on the Execution Ground, committed by deserter S. Dmitriev. Operation "Big Jump", prepared by the Nazis in 1947, had as its goal the elimination of not only Stalin, but also Roosevelt and Churchill during the Tehran Conference. Some historians believe that Stalin's death on March 5, 1953 was not natural either. But, according to the medical report, it came as a result of a cerebral hemorrhage. Thus ended the most difficult for the country controversial era of Stalin.

The leader's body was placed in Lenin's Mausoleum. The first funeral of Stalin was marked by a bloody stampede on Trubnaya Square, as a result of which many people died. During the 22nd Congress of the CPSU, many of the deeds of Joseph Stalin were condemned, in particular, his deviation from the Leninist course and the cult of personality. His body in 1961 was buried near the Kremlin wall.

For half a year after Stalin, Malenkov ruled, and in September 1953 power passed to Khrushchev.

Speaking about the biography of Stalin, it is necessary to mention his personal life. Joseph Stalin was married twice. His first wife, who gave birth to his son Yakov (the only one who bore his father's surname), died of typhoid fever in 1907. Yakov died in 1943 in a German concentration camp.

Stalin's second wife in 1918 was Nadezhda Alliluyeva. She shot herself in 1932. Stalin's children from this marriage: Vasily and Svetlana. Stalin's son Vasily, a military pilot, died in 1962. Svetlana, Stalin's daughter, emigrated to the United States. She died in Wisconsin on November 22, 2011.

Stalin's achievements over the 30 years of his reign are striking in their scale. During this period, a hungry and impoverished agrarian country, in which the fields were yelled by peasants harnessed to the plow, who could not read, turned into a powerful state with the best education and medicine in the world. During the leadership of Joseph Vissarionovich, the USSR became the most powerful military-industrial power. By the beginning of the 1950s, the political and economic literacy of the population greatly exceeded the level of education of citizens of any of the other developed countries. It is also worth noting that the population has grown by 41 million. Achievements during the years of Stalin's rule are innumerable, and it is unlikely that all of them can be described within the framework of one article.

Period of government

Stalin led the USSR from 1929 to 1953. Dzhugashvili Iosif Vissarionovich was born on December 21, 1879. Despite the high achievements in the form of a victory over the Nazis and an increase in the level of industrialization, during his reign the country was not all smooth sailing, historians can name many disadvantages along with the pluses. And perhaps the main one is the huge number of repressed people. About 3 million citizens were shot and sentenced to life imprisonment. About 20 million more were dispossessed or sent into exile. Historians and psychologists who have studied his political portrait are inclined to believe that Koba learned cruelty from his father as a child. Nevertheless, Stalin's achievements can still be proud of his descendants.

How did Stalin rise to power?

Further in the article, Stalin's achievements will be outlined, albeit briefly, but first let's talk about how he started his journey. In 1894 he successfully graduated from the theological school. The paradox is that the person who will later deal with mass repression believers and the destruction of churches throughout the country, was noted there as one of the best students. After college, he enters the Tiflis Orthodox Theological Seminary.

In 1898, he was accepted into the ranks of the Social Democratic organization of Georgia, which was called in Russian "The Third Group", and in Georgian "Mesame-dasi". Joseph was expelled from his senior class in disgrace because he took part in Marxist circles.

After a while, he gets a position at the Tiflis Physical Observatory. The organization also gives him an apartment.

In 1901, Dzhugashvili conducted illegal activities. He becomes one of the members of the Batumi and Tiflis committees of the RSDLP. He is known by party nicknames:

Stalin;
Koba;
David.

The young politician was first taken under arrest in the same year. He was detained in Tiflis for organizing a demonstration of workers on May 1.

Joseph becomes a Bolshevik in 1903 and is very active. The most active period is from 1905 to 1907. This is the period of revolutionary activity of the Bolsheviks. After a while, he becomes a professional underground worker. It is interesting that Stalin was caught more than once and sent into exile to the North and the East. From there, he escaped many times and still returned to political activity.

June 22, 1904 Stalin marries. His chosen one is the peasant daughter Ekaterina Svanidze.

In 1905 he met Lenin. This acquaintance becomes a landmark for the development of his career. In the same year, Joseph became a delegate to the First Party Conference.

Joseph was introduced to the Central Committee and the Russian Bureau of the Central Committee. Further it will turn into just the Central Committee. With his active participation, the newspaper Pravda is published. Then he was called the party member Koba. Starting from this period, Dzhugashvili turns into Joseph Stalin. Under this pseudonym, he publishes his first scientific work, Marxism and national question».

In February 1913 he was taken into custody and sent to Siberia. Historians have nicknamed this period the "Turukhan exile".

In 1916, Joseph received a summons to be drafted into the ranks of the military, but he was dismissed due to an injured hand.

After the end of the revolution in the 17th year of the last century, he goes to Petrograd. He is reinstated as a member of the Bureau of the Central Committee of the Party.

In this city, he meets the daughter of a Bolshevik, Svetlana Alliluyeva. After a while, she will become his second wife.

In May 1917, he took part in an armed rebellion and preparations for a revolution. It is included in the 1st Soviet government. Iosif Vissarionovich becomes People's Commissar for Nationalities. During his work in this position, invaluable experience was gained, which largely contributed to subsequent achievements. During the years of his reign, Stalin repeatedly faced the need to resolve conflict situations related to the national question in a multinational country.

He was an active participant in the Civil War. During this time, he showed that he can make decisions and go to the goal. He was noticed when he was able to repel the blow of General Yudenich in 1919. After that, Lenin nominated him to a new position - People's Commissar of the Workers' and Peasants' Inspection.

In 1922, in April, he became General Secretary of the Central Committee of the RCP(b).

Briefly about Stalin's contribution to the history of the development of the USSR

During his reign, more than one and a half thousand large and powerful industrial facilities were created:

DneproGES;
Uralmash;
factories in Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Norilsk, Stalingrad.

During the period after the collapse of the USSR, not a single enterprise of such a scale was built.

The industrial potential of the Union was fully normalized already in 1947. Surprisingly, in 1959 it had already doubled in comparison with the pre-war period. None of the states that suffered in World War II had such achievements, despite the fact that many powers had strong support from the United States.

The cost of the basic food basket for several years after the war decreased by 2 times. In the same period, in the capitalist states, prices rose sharply, in some even doubled. And this is all despite the fact that the USSR suffered the most from hostilities.

Bourgeois analysts predicted that the USSR would reach the level of 1940 only in 1965, and this provided that the Union used foreign capital, which it borrowed. Stalin did without foreign aid and achieved results already in 1949.

Among the social achievements of Stalin, it is worth highlighting the fact that in 1947 the card system was abolished. The country was the first in the world to remove coupons from use. From 1948 to 1954, the cost of food was constantly decreasing.

In the post-war 1950, the death rate of children decreased by half compared to the peaceful 1940. The number of doctors increased by 1.5 times. Scientific institutions increased by 40%. Half as many young people went to study at institutes.

At that time, they did not know such a thing as a deficit. Store shelves were filled with goods of all categories. There were an order of magnitude more product names in grocery stores than in modern hypermarkets. Today, only in Finland I produce high-class sausage, which could be tasted in the USSR at that time.

In every Soviet store you could buy a can of crabs. Products were exclusively domestic. The country fully covered the needs of the population. The quality of things sewn in native factories was much higher than imported consumer goods, which are sold today even in boutiques. Designers in factories followed fashion trends, and as soon as new trends were outlined, trendy clothes appeared in stores.

Among the achievements of Joseph Stalin, it is worth highlighting high salaries:

The pay of a worker ranged from 800 to 3,000 rubles.
Miners and metallurgists received up to 8,000 rubles.
Young engineers received up to 1300 rubles.
The secretary of the district committee of the CPSU had a salary of 1,500 rubles.
Professors and academicians were the elite part of society and received the most. Their salary was about 10,000 rubles.

Prices for consumer goods

For example, here are some prices of that time:

"Moskvich" could be purchased for 9,000 rubles.
The price of white bread weighing 1 kg was 3 rubles, the cost of a black loaf of the same weight was 1 ruble.
A kilogram of beef cost 12.5 rubles.
A kilogram of pike perch - 8.3 rubles.
One liter of milk - 2.2 rubles.
A kilogram of potatoes cost 45 kopecks.
Beer "Zhigulevskoye", bottled in a container of 600 ml, cost 2.9 rubles.
In the dining room it was possible to have a complex lunch for 2 rubles.
In the restaurant you could have a chic dinner and drink a bottle of good wine for 25 rubles.

As can be seen from the prices quoted, the people lived comfortably, despite the fact that the country maintained 5.5 million soldiers. At that time, the USSR army was considered the best in the world. All these are the main achievements of Stalin in the socio-economic sphere.

technological breakthrough

Now we list the main achievements of Stalin in the development of the technical process and mechanical engineering. Since 1946, the Union can be proud of such technological achievements:

work was carried out on atomic weapons and energy;
rocket technology;
automation of technological processes;
the latest computer technology and electronics appeared;
active gasification of the country was carried out.

Nuclear power plants in the USSR appeared earlier than in Western countries. So, in the Union, nuclear power plants were put into operation a year earlier than in the UK, and 2 years earlier than in America. At that time, nuclear icebreakers were generally only in the USSR.

Once again, we highlight the main achievements of Stalin: the declared "five-year plan" from 1946 to 1950 was completed with success. During this time, several tasks have been solved:

The national economy has reached the highest level.
The standard of living of citizens has steadily increased.
The economy was on high level and people looked to the future with confidence.

Comparison of the achievements of Putin and Stalin

So, Putin and Stalin. The beginning of their path in the political arena is very similar. These were ordinary individuals who were in the shadows. Both did not come from eminent families, did not have a huge fortune, connections, popularity. As practice shows, such people are brought to the political arena, so that later they, like puppets, are led by more influential figures.

But even here the characters of the story are very similar. Both were able to resist this state of affairs, show character and turn into real leaders of their nation.

It is widely known that Stalin came to power thanks to Zinoviev and Kamenev. However, appointing Joseph as a secretary, they could not even imagine that they would soon find themselves on the bench of the defendants. Stalin sentenced them to death.

And what about Putin? He was brought to power by Berezovsky, who successfully ran his election campaign. He also could not think that soon he would have to hide from Putin.

Both rulers hastily tried to remove from leadership positions those who helped them. Stalin in the fourth year of leadership (1926) expelled from the Central Committee:

Kamenev;
Zinoviev;
Trotsky.

Putin followed in his footsteps and fired Kasyanov in 2004.

Economics: comparative analysis

When Iosif Vissarionovich came to power, the NEP (New Economic Policy) was developing in the USSR. It started in 1921.

The achievements of Stalin include the fact that the industrial index has tripled in five years of leadership.

Agricultural production has doubled. From 1927 to 1928, industrial production increased by 19%.

In 1928, Stalin abandoned the NEP policy and made a sharp leap forward. The period of industrialization begins.

In the countryside, Stalin pursued a very tough policy. Its goal is the forced enlargement of farms. It consists in the fact that small proprietors must now hand over their property to the collective farms.

The property taken from the kulaks, the sale of raw materials and works of art abroad - all these measures provided funds for the development of heavy industry.

What were Stalin's achievements during the first five-year plan period?

The first period - from 1928 to 1932 - showed the following results:

increase in rolled ferrous metals - 129%.
Growth in electricity production - 270%.
Increase in gas and oil production by 184%.
Growth in the production of leather shoes - 150%.

Beginning in 1932, the USSR stopped buying tractors abroad.

Stalin's great contribution to the history of Russia was that he made primary education compulsory in the villages. In cities, children were required to unlearn 7 years.

The main achievement of the USSR under Stalin over the 10 years of his power was that the level of consumption among the population increased by 22%.

Let's summarize. What are the positive achievements of Stalin? We briefly list the main ones:

He created in post-war period nuclear shield for their country.
There has been a significant increase in the number educational institutions all levels.
Children massively attended circles, sections, clubs. All this was fully funded by the state.
Research was constantly carried out in the field of astronautics and outer space.
Prices for food products and all consumer goods have dropped significantly.
Utilities were very cheap.
The industry of the USSR took a leading position on the world stage.

Of the minuses of Stalin's rule. Totalitarian regime

However, he was able to achieve such high, outstanding results due to very tough measures and a huge number of deaths of recalcitrant citizens. Stalin's policy was tough. A totalitarian, or rather, a terrorist regime was established. Iosif Vissarionovich was artificially "deified" by the people (the cult of personality), no one had the right to disobey him.

"Liquidation of the kulaks as a class"

This policy began in 1920. She touched the villages. All private enterprises were liquidated. With the beginning of the first five-year plan (1928-1931), accelerated industrialization began. Then the standard of living of the peasants greatly decreased. Everything that was taken from the villagers went to the development of mechanical engineering and the military industry. In the years 1932-1934 of the last century, villages in the USSR were struck by mass famine.

The terrible law "On three spikelets"

In 1932, Stalin issued a law according to which even a starving peasant, if he stole a few spikelets of wheat from society, should be immediately shot. Everything that was saved in the villages was sent abroad. These funds were used to purchase foreign-made equipment. This was the first stage in the industrialization of the USSR.

Let's briefly outline Stalin's negative contribution to history:

Everyone who thought differently than the leadership was destroyed. Joseph Vissarionovich did not spare anyone. Higher army ranks, intelligentsia, and professors fell under repression.
Wealthy peasants and believers suffered the most. They were shot and expelled.
The gulf between the elite ruling elites and the simple, starving population of the villages became enormous.
The civilian population was oppressed. At first, labor was paid in products.
People officially worked 14 hours a day.
Anti-Semitism was promoted.
During the period of collectivization, more than 7 million people died.

Beginning in 1936, Joseph Stalin carried out terrible repressions against peaceful citizens of the USSR. At that time, Yezhov held the position of people's commissar, he was the main executor of Stalin's orders. In 1938, Joseph gave the order to shoot his close friend Bukharin. During this time, a huge number of people were sent to the Gulag or sentenced to death. But despite the huge number of victims of a cruel policy, the state grew stronger and developed every day.

Economy under Putin

De facto Putin began to lead Russian Federation since the beginning of 2000. Vladimir Vladimirovich took a leading position in a difficult period for the country. The collapse of the USSR greatly undermined the economy of the once mighty country. The population was on the brink of survival. There was a non-payment crisis in Russia:

constantly cut off electricity and heat;
in some regions pensions and salaries were not paid for 2 years;
the army was not funded for many months.

In addition, the country was in a state of regional war in the Caucasus.

Just like once Stalin, analysts predicted Putin that the level of 1990, with the most favorable outcome, the country will reach only in 2011. If we take the Stalinist experience as a standard, then Russia should have reached the level of 1996 in 2006.

We are familiar with the reality today and we know that Russia managed to make a breakthrough and reach the level of 1990 at the beginning of 2007. It follows from this that Vladimir Vladimirovich caught up and overtook Stalin.

A huge plus in Putin's leadership was that during this period there were no sharp jumps and crises, there were no repressions and violence against the population compared to Stalin's tough, albeit effective, policy. During the 8 years of Putin in power, the following changes have occurred:

citizens' incomes in foreign currency equivalent increased by 4 times;
retail sales increased by 15%.

Massive support of citizens in the elections, Putin earned honestly. The number of purchased (new) cars in the country increased by 30%. Buy computers and household appliances could now have 50% more population.

The biography of Stalin is one of the most interesting and often studied. After all, being from a simple family, he managed to become a leader, whom he ruled for 29 years.

Stalin carried out many reforms, raised the economy and in record time transformed the country after total devastation during the Second World War.

Under his rule, the Soviet Union became a superpower with nuclear weapons.

So, your attention is invited to the biography of Joseph Stalin.

Biography of Stalin

In Soviet times, tons of books were written about Stalin. Today, interest in it still has not cooled down, as it plays one of the most important roles for the world of the 20th century.

In this article, we will tell you about the key events in Stalin's biography that made him one of the most famous politicians in the history of mankind.

Childhood

Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin ( real name- Dzhugashvili) was born on December 9, 1879 in the Georgian city of Gori. He grew up in a poor family belonging to the lower class.

15-year-old Joseph Dzhugashvili, 1894

His father, Vissarion, worked as a shoemaker, and was a very despotic person.

Drunk to unconsciousness, he severely beat his wife, and sometimes Joseph himself.

There was an episode in Stalin's biography when he had to throw a knife at his father in order to protect himself and his mother from beatings.

According to the testimony of local residents, once the father beat little Joseph so badly that he almost broke his head.

Stalin's mother, Ekaterina Georgievna, came from a family of a serf, and was poorly educated.

From a young age, she had to earn a living by hard work.

Despite the fact that she also often beat her son, she, at the same time, loved him unconsciously, and protected him from all sorts of worldly unrest.

Stalin's appearance

Iosif Dzhugashvili had various bodily defects. He had fused second and third toes on his left foot, and pockmarks covered his face.

When he was 6 years old, he was run over by a chaise (an open body car) and seriously injured his arms and legs.

Throughout life left hand Stalin did not fully unbend. In the future, because of these injuries, he will be recognized as unfit for military service.

Education

An interesting fact is that until the age of 8, Stalin did not know at all. Years of biography 1886-1888, Joseph, at the request of his mother, was taught Russian by the children of a local priest.

After that, he studied at the Gori Theological School, which he graduated in 1894. Then his mother sent him to the Tiflis Theological Seminary, because she really wanted her son to become a priest.

However, this did not happen. Interestingly, it was in the seminary that Joseph first heard about Marxism.

The new political movement so fascinated the 15-year-old teenager that he began to seriously engage in revolutionary activity. On May 29, 1899, in his fifth year of study, Stalin was expelled from the seminary "for failing to appear for exams for an unknown reason."

In 1931, in an interview with the German writer Emil Ludwig, to the question “What prompted you to be in the opposition? Perhaps the mistreatment by the parents? Stalin replied:

"No. My parents treated me quite well. Another thing is the theological seminary where I studied then. Out of protest against the mocking regime and the Jesuit methods that existed in the seminary, I was ready to become and really became a revolutionary, a supporter of Marxism ... "

Literally immediately after being expelled from the seminary, the young man decides to join the social democratic movement Mesame-dasi.

This led to the fact that in 1901 he became a professional revolutionary.

Stalin's name

In the same year, Dzhugashvili takes on the pseudonym "Stalin", under which he will go down in history. Why he chose such a pseudonym for himself is not known for certain.

Stalin Koba

Stalin's party friends gave him the nickname "Koba", which greatly flattered the young revolutionary.

Koba is a famous character in the adventure story of the Georgian writer Alexander Kazbegi. Koba was an honest robber, fighting for justice.

Stalin at the age of 23, 1901

revolutionary activity

The period of Stalin's biography of 1902-1913 was full of various events. He was arrested 6 times and sent into exile, from which he made successful escapes several times.

After the party split into "Mensheviks" and "Bolsheviks" in 1903, Stalin supported the latter. This choice was made largely because he was on the side of the Bolsheviks, whom Stalin admired.

At the direction of Lenin, Koba managed to create quite a lot of underground Marxist circles in the Caucasus.

Beginning in 1906, Stalin was a participant and organizer of various expropriations (deprivation of property). All the stolen money was intended for the needs of the party and the financing of the underground activities of the revolutionaries.

In 1907, Stalin became one of the leaders of the Baku Committee of the RSDLP. Since he was a very literate and well-read person, he also participated in the creation of the newspapers Zvezda and Pravda.

Photo of Stalin after his arrest in March 1908

In 1913, Dzhugashvili wrote an article "Marxism and the national question", which received good reviews from colleagues.

In the same year he was arrested and sent to the famous exile in the Turukhansk region.

October Revolution of 1917

In the spring of 1917, Stalin was a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RSDR, and was also a member of the Military Revolutionary Center for leading an armed uprising.

In this regard, he took an active part in the preparation of the coup.

The party was pleased with his actions, as he coped with any task that was entrusted to him, and was absolutely devoted to the ideas of the Bolsheviks.

From the beginning of the Civil War and up to its end, Stalin held many responsible positions.

According to the memoirs of his contemporaries, no matter what he did, he managed to do his job perfectly.

party work

In 1922, in Stalin's biography, major event. He becomes the first General Secretary of the Central Committee. At the same time, it should be noted that initially this position meant only the leadership of the party apparatus.

However, over time, it was turned by Stalin into a post with great powers. The uniqueness of the post was that it was the Secretary General who had the right to appoint grassroots party leaders.

Thanks to this, the shrewd and cautious Stalin chose the most devoted people for himself. In the future, this will help him create and lead the vertical of power.

power struggle

In 1924, after Lenin's death, many communists from the Central Committee wanted to take his place. Among them was Dzhugashvili. Wanting to become the new leader, he proclaimed a course towards "building socialism."

In order for his fellow party members to support this idea, he often quoted Lenin, emphasizing his commitment to socialism.

Stalin's main opponent in the struggle for power was. However, he managed to outplay him. The majority of party members voted for Stalin's candidacy.

As a result of this, Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin became the first person in the country, and almost single-handedly ruled it from 1924 to 1953, until his death.

First of all, he focused his attention on the industrialization of the country and forced collectivization, which was abolished only in the spring of 1930.

In addition, he did everything possible to get rid of the kulaks. During the years of Stalin's rule, millions of people were evicted or sent into exile.

In the future, collectivization led to a wave of protests among the peasants. Riots broke out in one place after another, many of which were put down with weapons.

father of nations

In the mid-30s, Joseph Stalin became the sole leader of the Soviet people. Former party leaders such as Trotsky (see), Bukharin, Zinoviev, Kamenev and others were repressed because they took an anti-Stalinist position.

Researchers argue that the period of the biography of 1937-1938 was the bloodiest in the entire history of Stalin's rule.

In a short period of time, millions of Soviet citizens of very different social status were repressed. More people ended up in labor camps.

At the same time, the cult of the personality of the leader began to actively develop. Stalin was called none other than the "father of nations."

The Great Patriotic War

Joseph Stalin represented his country in negotiations with the Allied countries in Tehran (1943), Yalta (1945) and Potsdam (1945).

As a result of the bloodiest war in history, the loss of military personnel and civilians amounted to more than 26 million Soviet people.

The Soviet army made the greatest contribution to the victory over the Nazis, becoming the main victorious country. It was the soldiers of the USSR who liberated most of the European countries.

It is important to note that immediately after the war, this fact was impossible to deny or dispute, so the allies, at least verbally, expressed their gratitude to the USSR.

However, today, unfortunately, the history of the Second World War is being actively rewritten.

Postwar years

In the post-war years, much has changed in Stalin's biography. After all, he was the main country that defeated world evil.

In this regard, the "father of peoples" wanted to create a world socialist system, which ran counter to the interests of Western countries.

As a result of this and other factors, the Cold War began, which affected politics, the economy, the military power of countries, etc. The main confrontation took place between the USSR and the USA.

June 27, 1945 Joseph Stalin was awarded the title of Generalissimo of the Soviet Union. A year later, he was approved as Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and Minister of the Armed Forces of the USSR.

After the end of the war in the Soviet Union, totalitarianism resumed again. The autocratic regime did not allow people to have their own point of view, and freedom of speech was strictly controlled by official censorship.

By order of the leadership, constant purges were carried out, concerning both the state apparatus and ordinary people. At the same time, anti-Semitic sentiments began to appear in society.

Achievements

At the same time, despite the fact that there are many dark spots in Stalin's biography, it is fair to note his achievements.

During the reign of the “father of nations”, by the end of the 40s, it developed so rapidly that by 1950 it was 100% higher than its indicators in relation to 1940.

An interesting fact is that in 2009 he spoke out that under the leadership of Stalin the country "turned from an agrarian into", which is simply impossible to argue with.

In addition, the leader paid great attention to increasing the military power of the USSR. He was also the initiator of the "atomic project", thanks to which the Soviet became a superpower.

Personal life

Stalin's first wife was Ekaterina Svanidze, whom he married in 1906. In this marriage, their son Yakov was born.

However, the very next year, Catherine died of typhus. For Stalin, this was a real tragedy, from which he could not recover for a long time.

Stalin's second wife is Nadezhda Alliluyeva. She gave birth to the leader of two children: Vasily and Svetlana.

Stalin and his wife Nadezhda Sergeevna Alliluyeva

Stalin with his children

Death of Stalin

Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin died on March 5, 1953 at the age of 74. There are still heated discussions regarding the causes of his death.

According to the official version, he died as a result of a cerebral hemorrhage. After his death, the body of the leader was exhibited in the Moscow House of the Unions so that people could say goodbye to him.

After that, his body was embalmed and placed in the Mausoleum next to Lenin.

However, in 1961, at the 22nd Congress of the CPSU, party members decided that the coffin with Stalin could not be in the Mausoleum, since he "seriously violated Lenin's precepts."

Stalin's biography has caused a lot of controversy over the years. Some consider him "the devil in the flesh", while others say that he was one of the best rulers of Russia, and even the world.

Today, many documents have been declassified that allow a better understanding of the character and actions of the Soviet leader.

Based on this, everyone is able to independently draw conclusions about who Joseph Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili-Stalin really was.

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Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili is one of the most controversial politicians twentieth century. He was considered and now is considered by many to be a tyrant and despot, he was hated and adored at the same time.

Stalin is not an easy biography, and until now many of its moments remain a mystery to historians. He changed direction abruptly several times. A tough, strong-willed person who does not bow to difficulties - that's who Joseph Stalin was. His biography was described by the most different people. I. was accused of having connections with the tsarist secret police and of betrayal. But, in spite of everything, the USSR found itself at the peak of its economic and military power at the beginning of the second half of the 20th century, and it was Stalin who made a significant contribution to this. short biography, presented below, is unlikely to fully describe the talent of this person.

On December 18, 1878, Joseph Stalin was born in the small Georgian village of Gori. At the age of ten, he entered the theological seminary, where he showed himself from the best side, and on the advice of teachers, at the age of 16 he went to study at the theological seminary in the city of Tiflis.

In 1897, young Dzhugashvili learned about Marxism. From that moment on, his fate began to change dramatically. A year later, in August 1898, he became a member of Mesame Dasi, a small social democratic organization, and in the fall of 1901, I. V. Dzhugashvili became a member of the committee of the RSDLP of the city of Tiflis. There he took the name Koba in honor of one of the heroes of the novel, Alexander Kazbegi. After the second congress of the RSDLP, a split appeared in the organization, the party was divided into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. Koba took the side of the former, their principles and norms.

Party comrades characterized Stalin as an unprincipled revolutionary: the cause was much more important to him, and people were only a means to an end. Acquaintance with Lenin, which took place in 1905, made an unpleasant impression on him: Stalin became disillusioned with the Leader as a person. By 1917, a significant part of the Russian population was already leaning towards the Bolshevik movement. At this time, Stalin, together with Kamenev, headed the newspaper Pravda.

IN Soviet government Dzhugashvili has already entered office People's Commissar on the affairs of nationalities. His desire for centralization of power led to numerous conflicts with the leaders of Georgia and Ukraine.

In 1922, Stalin accepted the post of general secretary. After the death of V. I. Lenin, Koba appeared before the people as his successor. In his farewell speech, he spoke on behalf of the Party and the people. He was supported by friends whom Koba appointed to high positions in the country's administration.

Having defeated the opposition, Stalin threw all his strength into the spread of socialism throughout the planet. People in his understanding were pawns. They had to either die or complete the task. His collectivization program sparked a wave of protests. The dispossessed peasants gathered in gangs and went into the forests.

Stalin conducted the political struggle in the same way. All the growing talk about his removal from office was voiced at the 17th Congress of the CPSU (b). The name of Kirov was also pronounced on it. A shot fired on the first day of the winter of 1931 ended the life of a man who could have succeeded Stalin in his post. Koba blamed his longtime opponents, Zinoviev and Kamenev, for the murder.

The so-called purge that began after this process affected about four to five million people, of whom about 10 percent were shot. The "population" of the Gulag archipelago at that time was about 13 million people. Against the backdrop of such events, the name of Stalin was praised. He was extolled as the true savior of the people: there appeared the so-called

By 1939 the purge was complete, Stalin turned his attention to foreign policy. The USSR was faced with a choice: to go for rapprochement with England and France, which did not seek to get closer at all, to remain alone or to agree with Hitler. The last option turned out to be the most profitable. The war was postponed for two whole years. The training of military personnel began, then the first consequences of the purge, which manifested itself in the lack of senior command personnel, were revealed. The rearmament of the army was carried out slowly, the factories were only mastering new production.

The outbreak of the war completely unsettled I.V. Dzhugashvili, for a month the army was virtually without leadership. At this time, Stalin was depressed, he was in severe psychological shock. He had to work 18 hours a day, his face became haggard, his character became angry and irritable. Not being a good strategist, he studied with Zhukov, Shaposhnikov and other military leaders the basics of military art. After the Soviet victory over Nazi Germany the Leader of the Peoples, as Stalin was called, had several more vivid epithets: “the greatest commander”, “wise strategist”.

Victory in World War II became the climax Gradually, especially after the seventieth anniversary, he began to surrender. His pressure increased, and the fear of conspiracies turned into a mania. He did not let doctors near him, because he did not trust them and was afraid of them. Shaken nerves and a weak heart caused the death of Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin at the age of 75.

Joseph Stalin - his biography will be completely rewritten, his name will be covered with mud and a lot of myths will be invented that expose this person in an unsightly light. But be that as it may, the people no longer lived in a poor, devastated country, but in a superpower that dictated its terms to dozens of countries around the world. In the 20th century, there was no more "effective" leader of the country than Stalin. His biography, written dispels most of the myths about the life and actions of this person. He ruled the country harshly, but cruel times demanded it. There were many mistakes in Koba's life, and most of them were paid for with the blood of ordinary people. But from a devastated country, he built a great superpower that won the world war and was prepared to go into space.