Russian tsars in the 16th–17th centuries

IVAN IV VASILIEVICH THE TERRIBLE (08/25/1530-03/18/1584) - Grand Duke Moscow and All Russia since 1533, the first Russian Tsar since 1547

The son of Grand Duke Vasily III Ivanovich and his second wife, Elena Vasilievna Glinskaya. In 1533, Vasily III died and the three-year-old Ivan Vasilyevich became the Grand Duke of Moscow.

In the early childhood of the Grand Duke, the state was ruled by his mother Elena Glinskaya. In 1538, she died suddenly and power actually passed to the Boyar Duma. Constant intrigues and a fierce struggle for power between various boyar groups had a significant impact on the formation of the character of the young sovereign. From the age of twelve, Ivan IV began to take independent solutions. In 1543, he ordered the boyar Andrey Shuisky to be sent to the kennels for desecration. Shuisky was killed on the way to prison. Many boyars Ivan sent some into exile, some into prison, and some ordered to cut out the tongue.

On January 16, 1547, in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin, Ivan IV Vasilyevich was married to the kingdom and was the first of the Moscow sovereigns to officially be called the king. This act meant that the Russian state placed itself on a par with the most powerful powers in Europe.

The first Russian tsar surrounded himself with new advisers, whose opinion on how to manage state affairs, he greatly valued. At that time, his confessor, the priest of the Kremlin Annunciation Cathedral Sylvester, the nobleman Alexei Adashev, Metropolitan Macarius, enjoyed a special influence on the tsar at that time. These people headed a new, near council under the sovereign ("The Chosen Rada"), pushing the Boyar Duma. The Chosen Rada pursued a policy of state centralization, sought to reconcile the interests of the boyars, nobles, and clergy and subordinate them to national tasks. The reforms carried out by the Rada with the personal and very active participation of the tsar made it possible to significantly strengthen the Russian state and expand its borders.

In 1551, on the initiative of Ivan IV, the Stoglavy Cathedral took place, which made the most important decisions on the organization of church life. In May-October 1552, the tsar took part in the campaign against Kazan, which ended with the annexation of the Kazan Khanate. In 1556 the Astrakhan Khanate was conquered. In 1558, on the initiative of the king, Livonian War, the purpose of which was the return of Russian lands in the Baltic states.

In March 1553, Ivan IV fell seriously ill and was close to death. Boyars and princes had to swear allegiance to the prince, baby Dmitry. Dissensions arose among the boyars, in which Prince Vladimir Andreevich Staritsky, the tsar's cousin, also took part. The boyars were not opposed to swearing allegiance to Dmitry, but did not want to increase the power of the Zakharyin family, relatives of the prince. But in the end, the oath was taken. Ivan IV, who later recovered, viewed these disputes as a boyar conspiracy in favor of Vladimir Staritsky and treason.

Ivan IV was burdened by the fact that his actions were discussed by the members of " The chosen one is glad"and the boyars. In con. 1550s Sylvester and Adashev were removed from Moscow. Later, many other boyars and nobles were subjected to persecution and executions. Metropolitan Macarius died in 1563.

In the winter of 1564–1565 Ivan IV unexpectedly left Moscow and moved to Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda. At his request, the entire state was divided into two parts - the oprichnina and the zemshchina. Oprichnina became a special inheritance, which was ruled by the tsar himself - it included many districts in different regions of the country, including part of the territory of Moscow. The oprichnina had its own army, its own thought, its own orders and the royal oprichnina court.

Life in Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda was organized according to the example and likeness of monasteries. The king's associates were considered monks, and the king himself was the abbot of this peculiar monastery.

With the help of the oprichnina troops, Ivan IV began the persecution of his subjects, for which he received his nickname Terrible. Over 4,000 people were executed during the oprichnina. Executions acquired a special scope in 1568–1570, when Novgorod and Pskov were defeated, Metropolitan Philip was secretly strangled, and several princely and boyar families were destroyed. Vladimir Andreevich Staritsky was also executed with the whole family. The king personally took part in many executions.

In 1572, the oprichnina was abolished, Ivan returned to Moscow, but the repressions continued for several more years. During the time of the oprichnina, the autocratic power of the tsar was significantly strengthened, but the state was subjected to terrible ruin.

In 1573 Ivan the Terrible set out to take the Polish throne. For two years, he negotiated this issue. In October 1575, Ivan IV unexpectedly renounced the royal throne and installed the baptized Tatar, Khan of Kasimov, Simeon Bekbulatovich, as Grand Duke in Moscow. He himself called himself the Prince of Moscow and left the Kremlin. And Ivan Vasilyevich wrote to Grand Duke Simeon loyal petitions: “To the Sovereign Grand Duke Simeon Bekbulatovich of All Russia, Ivanets Vasilyev with his kids, with Ivanets and Fedorets, beats with his brow.” In the same year, new repressions began, which were now primarily subjected to former guardsmen. Only in August 1576 did Ivan IV return to the royal throne.

In 1579-1580. Russian troops suffered several serious defeats in the Livonian War. Ivan the Terrible decided to start peace negotiations and turned to the mediation of Pope Gregory XIII. In 1582–1583 peace agreements were signed with Poland and Sweden. The Livonian War ended with the defeat of Russia.

In 1582, Ivan the Terrible revised his attitude towards those executed during the years of the oprichnina. By his decree, the Synodik was compiled - a memorial list of the executed, for the repose of whose souls it was necessary to pray in all churches and monasteries.

Ivan the Terrible was married several times. In his first marriage to Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina-Yuryeva, he had three sons and three daughters. The first son, Dmitry, died in 1553 in infancy - he drowned in the lake during a pilgrimage royal family Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery. The second son, Ivan Ivanovich, died in 1581 at the hands of his father during a quarrel. The third son, Fyodor Ivanovich (1557–1598), succeeded to the throne after the death of his father. Daughters died in childhood.

After the death of Anastasia Romanovna in 1560, Ivan the Terrible had six more wives. In 1561 he married Maria Temryukovna Cherkasskaya. In this marriage, they had a son, Vasily, who died in childhood. In 1571, the tsar married Martha Sobakina, but she died 15 days later. The fourth wife of Ivan the Terrible was Anna Koltovskaya, but already in 1572 she was forcibly tonsured a nun. In con. In the 1570s, the fifth wife of the tsar, Anna Vasilchikova, ended up in the monastery. Then Ivan IV took his sixth wife - a certain Vasilisa Melentievna. But this marriage was not church. The last queen in 1580 was Maria Fedorovna Nagaya, in marriage with whom another son of Ivan the Terrible, Dmitry Ivanovich (1582-1591), was born.

AT last years Ivan IV was seriously ill for a long time. Various rumors circulated about the cause of his death. It was said that death happened "by the will of the stars." Later, a version spread that the tsar was poisoned not without the participation of Boris Godunov. It is only known that Ivan Vasilyevich died suddenly while playing chess.

Ivan IV the Terrible was the author of several epistles. Outstanding work ser. 16th century are his letters to Prince A. M. Kurbsky, in which he formulated his religious, historical and political views. According to modern researchers, Ivan the Terrible was the author of several church hymns (stichera) and hymns.

FEDOR IVANOVICH (May 31, 1557 - January 6, 1598) - Tsar from March 1584, the last Russian sovereign from the Rurik dynasty.

Son of Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible and Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina-Yuryeva. Since 1573, he was repeatedly nominated as a candidate for the Polish throne. After the death at the hands of Ivan IV of his eldest son Ivan (1582), Fedor became the actual heir to the throne, although his father considered him incapable of governing the state. Before his death, Ivan IV established a regency council to help Fedor from among the most influential boyars and two duma clerks - the Shchelkalov brothers.

The first years of the reign of Fyodor Ivanovich were marked by a fierce struggle between palace groups. According to contemporaries, Fedor Ivanovich paid little attention to state affairs. He devoted most of his time to the palace economy, decorating the Kremlin chambers, and made generous contributions to the monasteries. The king's favorite pastime was bear fights.

Since 1587, power in the country has actually been concentrated in the hands of the boyar.

BORIS GODUNOV (c. 1552-13.4.1605) - king from 1598

The son of the Vyazma landowner Fyodor Ivanovich Krivoy-Godunov. According to legend, the Godunovs and the related surname Saburovs were the impoverished descendants of the Tatar Murza Chet, who left the Golden Horde to serve the Moscow prince ca. 1330

After the death of his father, Boris was brought up in the family of his uncle Dmitry Ivanovich Godunov, who was enrolled in the guardsmen, and soon became the royal bedkeeper. Boris married the daughter of Malyuta Skuratov, Maria Grigoryevna. Boris's sister, Irina, became the wife of Tsarevich Fyodor Ioannovich. In 1584, Boris Fedorovich received the rank of boyar.

Under Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich, Godunov became one of the first persons in the state, and from 1587 he was titled "the royal brother-in-law and ruler, servant and equestrian boyar and yard voivode and ruler of the great states - the kingdom of Kazan and Astrakhan." In order not to leave service people, the main military force of that time, without workers on the estate, Boris Fedorovich was forced to pursue a policy of attaching peasants to the land. Decree of 1592/1593. the transfer of peasants from one owner to another on St. George's Day was prohibited, and a 5-year period for the search for fugitive peasants was established by decree of 1597.

At the Zemsky Sobor, convened after the death of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich on February 17, 1598, Boris Fedorovich was elected to the kingdom. Boris's sister Tsaritsa Irina Feodorovna retired to the Novodevichy Convent and took monastic vows there.

A well-educated and far-sighted man, Boris was the first of the Russian sovereigns who tried to attach Russia to the achievements European civilization: patronized foreigners, formed a detachment of bodyguards from German mercenaries, intended to open a university in Moscow, invited foreign masters - miners, cloth makers, watchmakers, architects, sent Russian youths to study abroad (to England, Germany and France).

Under him, intensive construction was carried out in Moscow: the first almshouses appeared, a water supply system was built in the Kremlin with a powerful pump that raised water from the Moscow River, a pillar of the Ivan the Great Bell Tower was built on, the border city of Smolensk is surrounded by a powerful fortress wall built by the architect Fyodor Kon. The crowning achievement of Godunov's creative efforts was to be the grandiose Holy of Holies Cathedral.

But all Godunov's plans were thwarted Time of Troubles. After the summer frosts of 1601 and 1602. A three-year famine began in the country, during which up to a third of the entire population died.

In 1604, the army of the impostor False Dmitry I, who declared himself the legitimate heir to the throne, Tsarevich Dmitry Ioannovich, began to invade Russia from the territory of Poland.

In the midst of the struggle with this adventurer, Tsar Boris died suddenly, perhaps he was poisoned. He was buried in the Archangel Cathedral of the Kremlin. But after False Dmitry I came to power, the bodies of Boris and his relatives were transported to the Ascension Varsonofiev Monastery on Sretenka and buried within the monastery fence. Later, under Tsar Vasily IV Shuisky, the ashes of the Godunovs were transferred to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery.

FEDOR BORISOVICH GODUNOV (1589-10.06. 1605) - Tsar from April 14 to June 10, 1605. The son of Tsar Boris Fedorovich Godunov and Maria Grigoryevna, nee Skuratova-Belskaya. The young sovereign surprised those who communicated with him with his knowledge of the sciences. They made a map of the Russian state with their own hands. “Although he was young,” a Russian contemporary wrote about him, “he surpassed everyone in sense and reason. Malice and all wickedness was by no means hated. Tsar Fyodor Godunov ruled the country for less than two months. After the death of Boris Godunov, the main part of the Russian army went over to the side of the impostor False Dmitry I. An uprising broke out in the capital against the Godunovs. Fyodor Borisovich was deposed from the throne and, together with his mother, was imprisoned in the old boyar court of the Godunovs. From the camp of False Dmitry I, nobleman M.A. Molchanov arrived in Serpukhov. On June 10, 1605, Fyodor Borisovich and his mother were strangled by Molchanov and his henchmen. Officially announced the death of the Godunovs from the "potion" (poison).

VASILY IV IVANOVICH SHUISKY (1552 - 12.09.1612) - Russian Tsar in 1606-1610.

He came from a family of Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal princes, the son of Prince Ivan Andreevich Shuisky. In 1584 he was granted the rank of boyar. In 1591, he led the investigation into the circumstances of the death of Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich in Uglich. In 1605, Vasily Ivanovich was one of the governors who defeated the army of the impostor False Dmitry I near the village of Dobrynichi. In June 1605, shortly after the accession of the impostor, he led a conspiracy against him, was exposed and sent into exile. However, some time later he was returned from exile and in May 1606 led a new conspiracy that ended in the death of False Dmitry I.

On May 19, 1606, Vasily Ivanovich was elected to the kingdom by an incomplete Zemsky Sobor. Soon, the remains of Tsarevich Dmitry were transported from Uglich to Moscow. On the initiative of Vasily Shuisky, the church council of 1606 canonized the tsarevich as a saint. In 1606–1607 The troops of Vasily Shuisky crushed the uprising led by Ivan Bolotnikov. However, during 1607-1608. the tsarist army was defeated by the army of False Dmitry II, who approached Moscow in the summer of 1608. In September 1609, the Polish king Sigismund III began the siege of Smolensk. On July 17, 1610, in the battle near the village of Klushino, Shuisky's troops were defeated by the army of the crown hetman S. Zholkevsky.

On July 19, 1610, an uprising broke out in Moscow, as a result of which Vasily Ivanovich was deposed from the throne and forcibly tonsured a monk. In September 1610, he was extradited to Hetman Zolkiewski and taken along with his two brothers to Smolensk and then to Poland. Vasily Ivanovich died in captivity in Gostyn Castle near Warsaw.

FALSE DMITRYI (? - 17.5.1606) - impostor, Russian tsar in 1605-1606.

According to the Moscow authorities, the impostor was Grigory (Yuri) Bogdanovich Otrepiev, a fugitive monk of the Kremlin Chudov Monastery, who fled to Lithuania in 1602. There he declared himself miraculously saved Tsarevich Dmitry, son of Tsar Ivan IV. However, these assumptions caused reasonable doubts. Even contemporaries were struck by the sophistication of False Dmitry in military affairs, in the intricacies of European politics. Interest in this problem was added by the assertion of Konrad Bussov that the first of the famous Moscow impostors was an illegitimate son Polish king Stefan Batory.

The Russian historian S. F. Platonov believed: “It cannot be assumed that the impostor was Otrepiev, but it cannot also be argued that Otrepiev could not be him: the truth is still hidden from us.”

It remains hidden to this day. But be that as it may, the impostor, using the secret help of the Polish king Sigismund III, recruited a small army (according to various estimates, from 4 to 6 thousand people) and in October 1604 crossed the border of the Moscow state. Many Russian people believed in the miraculous salvation of Tsarevich Dmitry, it was beneficial for others to think so, fighting under the banner of the impostor with the army of Boris Godunov. By the end of November 1604, the power of False Dmitry was recognized by many cities and volosts. However, on January 21, 1605, he suffered a crushing defeat from the troops of Boris Godunov near the village of Dobrynichi and fled to Putivl. After the death of Boris Godunov in April 1605, most of the Russian troops stationed near Kromy went over to the impostor.

The united army moved to Moscow. On June 20, 1605, the impostor solemnly entered the Russian capital and a month later he was married to the kingdom under the name of Dmitry. Even earlier, his envoys and the Moscow boyars brutally dealt with the family of Boris Godunov, strangling his son Fyodor, who occupied only two months royal throne, and the widow Tsarina Maria Grigorievna. But the reign of the impostor was short-lived. Moving towards Moscow, False Dmitry was generous with promises. He kept some of them: he granted a number of privileges to the southern Russian cities, gave gifts to the Cossacks, insisted on restoring the right of the peasants to pass from one owner to another. But not all promises were kept. Moreover, the daily activities of the tsar and his inner circle, his open disregard for Russian customs, caused a sharp rejection of the church, the boyars, and the majority of the townspeople. Muscovites were especially unhappy, suffering from the arbitrariness of the Cossack and gentry environment of False Dmitry. The situation was heated to the extreme by his marriage to the Catholic Marina Mniszek, a magnificent wedding with which took place on May 8, 1606.

Muscovites grumbled, and among the boyars a conspiracy was ripening, headed by the boyar Prince Vasily Ivanovich Shuisky. At dawn on May 17, bells were rung throughout Moscow. A rumor spread throughout the city that the Poles wanted to kill the sovereign. Crowds of townspeople began to smash the courtyards of the Poles. Taking advantage of the turmoil, Shuisky's people broke into the palace and disarmed the guards of False Dmitry. The king tried to escape, but, having jumped out of the palace window from a height of 20 cubits, he broke his leg and was killed. The corpse of False Dmitry was dragged to Red Square and thrown into the mud in the middle of the market rows. Heralds read letters in the squares, denouncing the imposture of Grishka Otrepyev. Three days later, his body was buried in a field outside the Serpukhov Gates. Some time later, a rumor spread in the city about witchcraft, that strange blue lights were burning over the place of the impostor's burial at night. The corpse of False Dmitry I was dug up, burned at the stake, the ashes were mixed with gunpowder and fired from a cannon in the direction from which he had come to Moscow.

FALSE DMITRY II("Tushinsky Thief")(? - December 11, 1610) - an impostor who pretended to be "Tsar Dimitri Ivanovich" (that is, False Dmitry I), who allegedly escaped the reprisals of Muscovites.

He appeared in the spring of 1607 in the city of Starodub in Seversk Ukraine. Cossacks, Poles and Lithuanians, who participated in the Rokoshe uprising against King Sigismund III, began to flock to the new impostor. Tsar Vasily IV Shuisky at first underestimated the impending danger. And only after the defeat of his governors in the battle of Volkhov in May 1608, he tried, but unsuccessfully, to organize a rebuff to the campaign of False Dmitry II against Moscow.

Having gone out to the capital, the impostor nevertheless could not master it. Well-fortified Moscow stubbornly resisted, hoping for help from the northern Russian cities. The troops of False Dmitry II were located in the village of Tushino, a few miles north-west of the capital at the confluence of the small river Skhodnya into the Moscow River. Here he sat Boyar Duma, his orders worked, from here his detachments left to fight and rob Russian cities and lands that did not submit to him. The wife of False Dmitry I, Marina Mnishek, was also brought here to the impostor, who “recognized” her husband in him. They surprisingly quickly hit it off and together began to rule their bandit "kingdom".

For almost a year and a half, the siege of Moscow by the “Tushins” continued. Deliverance came from Novgorod, where M. V. Skopin-Shuisky, having gathered the zemstvo army and attached to it hired Swedish detachments, moved with them to the rescue of Moscow. Adherents of the Tushino impostor left him very quickly. In December 1609, leaving the empty camp near Moscow, he secretly, hiding in a cart with dung, fled to Kaluga. Here, in the new "capital", on December 11, 1610, False Dmitry II was killed by his own guards.

FALSE DMITRY III (? - July 1612) - an impostor who pretended to be "Tsar Dmitry Ivanovich" (i.e., False Dmitry II), who allegedly escaped murder in Kaluga for the second time. Its origin is unclear. According to one version, the real name of the impostor is Sidorka, according to another, Matyushka (Moscow clerk). In March 1611, he appeared in Ivangorod, where Cossacks began to flock to him. Unsuccessfully tried to get support from the Swedes. In December 1611, he occupied Pskov with the Cossacks (hence his nickname Pskov Thief). In addition to the Pskovites, part of the detachments of the First Home Guard, who were stationed near Moscow, swore allegiance to him. The reckless arbitrariness, debauchery and violence perpetrated by the new "tsar" and his army soon aroused the discontent of the Pskovites. In May 1612, False Dmitry III fled from Pskov, but was overtaken by the Pskov governor, Prince I. A. Khovansky, returned to Pskov and imprisoned, and in July 1612 was taken to Moscow. According to some sources, he was already killed on the way, according to others, he was executed in the camp of the First Militia near Moscow, according to others, he was hanged in Moscow after the accession of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov.

Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov (July 12, 1596-July 13, 1645) - Tsar since 1613, the first of the Romanov dynasty.

The son of the boyar Fyodor Nikitich Romanov (later Patriarch Filaret) and Xenia Ivanovna Romanova (née Shestova, monastic Martha). After forced tonsure and exile to distant monasteries of his parents, five-year-old Mikhail Fedorovich lived in the family of his aunt Marfa Nikitichna Cherkasskaya. Since 1605, after the return of his mother from the Zaonezhsky churchyards, he lived with her in Klin, in one of the Romanov family estates. After the capture of Moscow by the Poles, he ended up in a city besieged by the Zemstvo militias. He was released along with other Moscow boyars on October 22, 1612. Together with his mother, he left for Kostroma and there he learned about his election as tsar at the Zemsky Sobor convened in Moscow. February 21, 1613 Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was elected to the kingdom. On May 2, he arrived in Moscow and on June 11, 1613, he was married to the kingdom.

The new sovereign inherited the heavy legacy of ten years of Troubles, war and intervention. Military conflicts with the Commonwealth and Sweden continued. The Swedes, led by King Gustav II Adolf, made a number of new attempts to take Pskov. In the central part of Russia, the moment of greatest danger was the autumn of 1618, when the Polish army, led by Prince Vladislav and Hetman K. Khodkevich, approached Moscow and again occupied the village of Tushino, which was the residence of False Dmitry II during the Time of Troubles. However, neither the Swedes nor the Poles managed to achieve their goals. The interventionists, defeated in the attacks, were forced, in the end, to withdraw the troops that had suffered heavy losses and begin peace negotiations. Stolbovsky peace with Sweden (1617) and the Deulino truce with the Commonwealth (1618) brought

The Muscovite state had huge territorial losses, but was given a much-needed peaceful respite.

The main concern of the first years of the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was the reconstruction of the economy that had fallen into complete decline, the strengthening of the shaken state apparatus. The activities of Zemsky Sobors, which considered the most important issues of state policy, became noticeably more active.

The number of nationwide orders has increased. In addition to the full restoration of the former administrative institutions, the quarter orders were finalized and a number of new ones were created - Cossack, Pansky, New quarter and the order of the Big Treasury.

In 1619, the father of Tsar Filaret returned from Polish captivity, who was immediately elected Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia. Until his death in 1633, Patriarch Filaret actually ruled the state.

The measures of the authorities allowed the country to get stronger, but the forces of the state and the people were restored slowly. The war with Poland for the return of Smolensk and Chernigov lands, which began in 1632, was lost. Others major events the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich began the capture of Azov by the Don Cossacks in 1637 (“Azov seat”) and the further development of Siberia. The cities of Tambov, Kozlov, Penza, and Simbirsk were founded in the south of Russia. Mikhail Fedorovich was married twice - the first marriage to Maria Vladimirovna Dolgorukova (she died 4 months after the wedding), the second - to Evdokia Lukyanovna Streshneva. All of his 10 children were born from his second marriage.

ALEXEY MIKHAILOVICH (March 19, 1629-January 29, 1676) - Tsar since 1645, from the Romanov dynasty.

The son of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich from his marriage to Evdokia Lukyanovna Streshneva. Alexey Mikhailovich from a young age, under the guidance of the "uncle" boyar B. I. Morozov, was preparing for state activity. In the early years of the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich Morozov became the first person at his court.

The main concern of the new government was the replenishment of the state treasury. To this end, in 1646, the royal decree increased the duty on salt. Due to the sharp rise in the price of salt, the population refused to buy it, and the revenues of the treasury fell. In 1647 the salt tax was abolished. At the same time, tax arrears for the previous two years began to be collected from the taxable population. In 1648, the mass discontent of the townspeople in Moscow led to the "Salt Riot". Alexei Mikhailovich was forced to make concessions. Morozov was exiled to the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery. His place at court was taken by the boyar N. I. Romanov and Prince Ya. K. Cherkassky. Later, Alexei Mikhailovich brought talented statesmen N. I. Odoevsky, A. L. Ordin-Nashchokin, A. S. Matveev closer.

In September 1648, after the pacification of the unrest, the tsar convened the Zemsky Sobor, which adopted the Council Code of 1649, which became the main legislative act of the Russian state for almost two centuries. In 1650, the tsar again turned to the Zemsky Sobor for support in connection with the uprisings in Pskov (“Pskov Gil”) and Novgorod.

In 1649–1652 the so-called township building was carried out - white settlements (private estates exempted from taxes) in the cities were unsubscribed “to the sovereign”, and their inhabitants, along with black (state) settlements, began to pay taxes to the treasury Alexei Mikhailovich took a number of measures to protect Russian trading people from competition by foreign merchants. In 1649, a decree was issued on the expulsion of English merchants from Russia. The decree motivated this measure with the following arguments: because of the British, Russian merchants "impoverished", and the latter "enriched"; in addition, the English "did a great evil deed with all the land, they killed their sovereign Carlus the king to death." The decision of Alexei Mikhailovich remained unchanged even after the personal intervention of the son of King Charles I, who was executed during the English Revolution, the future King Charles II: And they are worthy of execution for their evil deeds, and not mercy. And in the Moscow state it is still obscene for such villains to be.” Alexei Mikhailovich contributed to the adoption of the Customs (1653) and Novotrade (1667) statutes, which encouraged the development of domestic and foreign trade.

In the early years of the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, the cultural and religious life of Russia intensified. At the end of the 40s. 17th century at his court, a “Circle of zealots of piety” (“God-lovers”) was formed under the leadership of the royal confessor Stefan Vnifantiev. The activities of the Moscow Printing House expanded, among the publications of which books of an educational nature stand out. In 1649, the “Cathedral Code” and “Code of Court Cases” were printed and reprinted many times here. In 1653, the Pilot was published - a set of church rules and regulations. In 1647, a translated work was published - “The Teaching and Cunning of the Military Structure of Infantrymen” by Johann Jacobi von Wahlhausen. The members of the Vnifantiev circle are credited with spreading literacy and establishing schools in Russia. Alexei Mikhailovich issued a series of decrees condemning those who organized or participated in "demonic games": fortune-telling, Christmas masquerades, invited buffoons, etc.

Alexei Mikhailovich provided patronage to zealots of the Orthodox faith who advocated changes in church life. An innovation in the practice of worship was the sermons with which the priests addressed the parishioners. The tsar supported the reforms of the new Patriarch Nikon, considering the unification of church rites of the Russian and Greek churches a necessary prerequisite for the growth of the international authority of the Russian state. However, soon due to Nikon's claims to supreme power in the state, Alexei Mikhailovich severed relations with him and at a church council in 1666 he acted as one of the main accusers of the patriarch. In the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, a split occurred in the Russian Orthodox Church. Opponents of church reform - the "Old Believers" more than once "revolted the people" against the tsar and the patriarch. The stronghold of the Old Believers became Solovetsky Monastery. From 1668 to 1676 the royal governors could not bring the monks into obedience. The "Solovki seat" ended after the death of the tsar.

In con. 40 - early. 50s 17th century the construction of defensive fortifications on the southern borders of the country continued. The Belgorod zasechnaya line was built, stretching for almost 500 versts; Tambovskaya line passed in the eastern direction, along the Kama coast - the Zakamskaya line. In a relationship Crimean Khanate Moscow sought to achieve a peaceful course of affairs; Khan and the Crimean nobility were sent annual "wake" - generous gifts of money and furs.

In 1654 Left-Bank Ukraine was annexed to Russia. As a result of the Russian-Polish war of 1654-1667. returned Smolensk Seversk land with Chernigov and Starodub. Russo-Swedish War 1656–1658, undertaken in order to achieve access to the Baltic Sea, ended with the conclusion of the Valiesar truce, which was beneficial for Russia, but later, under the influence of failures in the Russian-Polish war, its terms were revised when the Peace of Cardis was signed in 1661.

Long wars demanded the strain of all the financial possibilities of the state. In the interests of service people, there was a further expansion of serfdom. The government levied extraordinary taxes from merchants and townspeople: “fifth money”, “tenth money” (respectively 20 and 10% of the value of the property), took large loans from monasteries. In 1654, the government introduced copper money into circulation, which was supposed to circulate on a par with silver. However, after a few years, the accelerated issue of copper money led to their depreciation. The critical situation in the country, one of the manifestations of which was the "Copper Riot" in 1662 in Moscow, forced the authorities to abolish copper money. In 1670–1671 The tsarist army suppressed the uprising of Stepan Razin, which engulfed the southern and part of the central regions of Russia.

There was a further development of Siberia. In 1648, the Cossack Semyon Dezhnev discovered the strait separating Eurasia from North America (now the Bering Strait). In con. 40 - early. 50s 17th century explorers Vasily Poyarkov and Erofei Khabarov made trips to the river. Amur and brought the population of this region to Russian citizenship. In 1655, the Kalmyks recognized themselves as subjects of the Russian Tsar. Russian embassies were sent to the khans of Khiva and Bukhara, as well as to China. By order of Alexei Mikhailovich, information was collected about India and the routes to this country.

Aleksey Mikhailovich actively recruited foreigners, mainly military specialists, doctors, and manufacturers. In the Russian army, the importance of "foreign regiments" sharply increased. In 1669 in the village. Dedinovo on the Oka was built a three-masted ship "Eagle" and several small vessels. The first Russian Naval Charter was drawn up for the flotilla.

By the end of his reign, the king less and less turned to the advice of "the whole earth." The activities of Zemsky Sobors gradually faded away. The personal power of the sovereign increased significantly, the competence of the central authorities expanded, and the influence of the prikaz bureaucracy increased. In 1654, by decree of Alexei Mikhailovich, the “Order of his great sovereign of secret affairs” was created, where all the threads of state administration converged, he oversaw all civil and military affairs that were under the jurisdiction of others public institutions. In 1672, in Zapisny Prikaz, a historical and genealogical work was compiled on the Romanov dynasty, designed to show its succession to the Rurik dynasty: the richly illustrated Titularnik included a portrait gallery of Russian sovereigns, drawings of coats of arms of cities and regions, as well as images of foreign monarchs.

At the court of Alexei Mikhailovich, outstanding scientists and educators Simeon Polotsky, Epiphanius Slavinetsky, icon painter Simon Ushakov and others worked.

An adherent of Western European innovations, Alexei Mikhailovich started gardens and "gardens" in Moscow and the royal villages near Moscow, including for the needs of Apothecary order. In with. Preobrazhenskoye, a “comedy temple” was built, where in 1672 the first theatrical performance took place. Rebuilt and decorated with. Izmailovo. In 1669, a grandiose wooden palace was erected in the village. Kolomenskoye, nicknamed by contemporaries "the eighth wonder of the world." In Moscow, a stone Embassy yard was built, as well as a new Apothecary yard, where, according to the royal decree, the poor and wanderers were fed.

Alexey Mikhailovich left an extensive literary legacy: letters, memoirs, poetry and prose (“Message to Solovki”, “The Tale of the Repose of Patriarch Joseph”, unfinished notes on the Russian-Polish war). Unofficially, Alexei Mikhailovich was called Quiet.

From the first marriage of Alexei Mikhailovich with Maria Ilinichnaya Miloslavskaya, sons were born - the future tsars Fedor Alekseevich and Ivan V - and a daughter Sofya Alekseevna (future ruler); from the second marriage, with Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina, - the future Tsar Peter I.

FEDOR ALEKSEEVICH (05/30/1661-27/04/1682) - Tsar from 1676

The son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and his first wife Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya. Like other children from his first marriage, Fedor Alekseevich was a pupil of Simeon Polotsky, a supporter of Russia's rapprochement with the countries of the Catholic world, knew Polish and latin languages, wrote poetry. During his reign, in 1678, a general census of the population was carried out, which made it possible already in 1679 to introduce household taxation. In 1682, a specially convened Zemsky Sobor abolished localism. The government of Fedor Alekseevich began preparations for a war with Sweden for the return of the lands lost during the Time of Troubles along the river. Neva and in Karelia, but the betrayal of the Ukrainian hetman P. D. Doroshenko, who captured Chigirin in 1676, and the war with Ottoman Empire forced the Moscow authorities to abandon plans to fight for the Baltic states.

At the end of the reign of Fedor Alekseevich, the persecution of the Old Believers was intensified. On April 14, 1682, Archpriest Avvakum Petrov and other prisoners from Pustozero were burned “for great blasphemy against the royal house”.

He was married by his first marriage to Agafya Semyonovna Grushetskaya (she died in childbirth in 1681). The second marriage - with Marfa Matveevna Apraksina - was childless.

IVAN V ALEKSEEVICH (June 27, 1666-January 29, 1696) - Tsar since 1682

The son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and his first wife M. I. Miloslavskaya. As a result of a sharp struggle between two court parties - the Miloslavskys, supported by the rebellious archers, and the Naryshkins, to whose family the second wife of Alexei Mikhailovich belonged, after the death of the eldest son of Alexei Mikhailovich, Tsar Fedor Alekseevich (1682), Ivan, proclaimed by the Zemsky Cathedral, was crowned king " the first" king, and his half-brother Peter, who became the "second" king. In the early childhood of Ivan and Peter, real power was concentrated in their hands. older sister Princess Sophia Alekseevna.

In 1689, power actually passed to Peter. Distinguished by poor health, Ivan did not take any part in public affairs either under Sophia or under Peter, staying, according to his contemporaries, "in unceasing prayer and firm fasting." He was married to P. F. Saltykova; their daughter Anna Ivanovna in 1730–1740. occupied the imperial throne.

SOFIA ALEKSEEVNA (September 17, 1657-July 3, 1704) - princess, ruler of the Russian state in 1682-1689. under the juvenile tsars Ivan V and Peter I.

The daughter of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich from the first wife of M. I. Miloslavskaya. She received an excellent education: her teachers were Simeon Polotsky, Sylvester Medvedev, Karion Istomin.

After the death of the tsar's brother Fyodor Alekseevich (April 27, 1682), Sophia actively joined the struggle of the court parties, grouped around the Miloslavskys and Naryshkins (relatives of the second wife of Alexei Mikhailovich). At first, the supporters of the Naryshkins won, proclaiming the youngest son Alexei Mikhailovich, ten-year-old Peter I, the king.

After the Streltsy rebellion that broke out in Moscow on May 15, 1682, both parties eventually compromised: two half-brothers Ivan V (son of Alexei Mikhailovich from his first marriage) and Peter I were proclaimed kings. On May 29, Sofya Alekseevna became the ruler under both underage kings. Her name was included in the official royal title "Great Sovereigns and the Great Empress Princess and Grand Duchess Sofia Alekseevna ...". In 1684, Sophia ordered that her image be minted on coins. Since 1686, she called herself autocrat, and in January 1687 she formalized this title by a special decree. The closest advisers to Sophia were the boyar Prince V.V. Golitsyn, the Duma clerk F.L. Shaklovity and others.

In the autumn of 1682, with the help of the noble army loyal to her, Sofya Alekseevna suppressed a riot in Moscow, Prince I. A. Khovansky and his closest relatives, who were declared the instigators of the riot, were executed.

In an effort to stabilize the state of affairs in the state, the government reduced the number of archery regiments in Moscow, replacing those removed with selected people from the border regiments. In 1683, a decree was issued on the capture of runaway serfs and their return to their masters or eternal exile in Siberian cities. The order of 1684 allowed the peasants who went out to the cities to stay in the settlements, but henceforth prohibited such exits. Sophia's government continued a fierce struggle with the Old Believers. In 1683, a decree was issued on the widespread investigation and trial of schismatics.

The courtyard of Sofya Alekseevna became the center of the cultural life of Moscow and all of Russia. A significant event in the history of Russian education was the opening in 1687 in the Moscow Zaikonospassky Monastery of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. The period of Sophia's reign is characterized by the desire to attract foreigners to the Russian service - merchants, experts in crafts, scientists.

The government of Sofya Alekseevna led an active, albeit unpopular foreign policy. In 1684, the terms of the Peace of Cardis of 1664 with Sweden were confirmed, in 1686 the “Perpetual Peace” was concluded with the Commonwealth, in 1689 it signed Nerchinsk Treaty with China, which established a border line between the two states. During her reign, Russia joined the alliance of a number of European states against

Ottoman Empire (“Holy League”), which resulted in the unsuccessful Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689. The failure of the Crimean campaigns became a harbinger of a new turmoil.

In 1689, Sophia's relations with the boyar-noble group that supported Peter I sharply escalated. Peter's marriage to E.F. Lopukhina (January 27, 1689), which became a formal confirmation of his coming of age, deprived Sophia of the right to guardianship. On August 7, an anonymous letter appeared in Moscow about the allegedly preparing campaign of Peter's "amusing" troops from the village of Preobrazhenskoye to the Kremlin with the aim of assassinating Tsar Ivan V. Sophia decided to take preemptive measures. By her personal order, detachments of archers were put up in the Lubyanka and in the Kremlin. Forewarned in advance, Peter demanded an explanation from his sister. Losing supporters and feeling the growing influence of Peter, the princess decided to reconcile with him. On August 27, accompanied by the boyars, she left for the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, where by that time Peter and his entourage had moved and where numerous representatives of the Moscow nobility flocked, seeking to show loyalty to the youngest of the kings. Halfway, near the village of Vozdvizhenskoye, Sophia received an order to return to Moscow. Here, the archers accompanying her were defeated and partly arrested. Shaklovity was executed near the walls of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, V.V. Golitsyn and his relatives were sent into exile to the north. Returning to Moscow, Sophia gave the boyars permission to freely go to the Trinity.

On September 7, Peter issued a decree on the exclusion of the royal title from the name of Sophia, Ivan V meekly agreed with his brother's decision. Sofya Alekseevna was removed from the court and imprisoned in the Novodevichy Convent. For "strong maintenance" at the monastery, a guard was posted from the soldiers of the Preobrazhensky Regiment.

During the Streltsy rebellion of 1698, Sophia's supporters, taking advantage of the absence of Peter, who was with the Great Embassy in Europe, intended to "shout out" her to the kingdom. Urgently returning to Moscow, Peter personally interrogated his sister. Sophia with dignity rejected involvement in the rebellion. Nevertheless, as a warning to his sister, Peter ordered the execution of archers near the walls of the Novodevichy Convent. For several months, the bodies of the archers hung in front of the windows of Sophia's cell. In October 1698, Sophia was tonsured a nun under the name of Susanna. She spent the last years of her life in a convent. She was buried in the Smolensky Cathedral of the monastery.

4. THE RUSSIAN TSAR-KHANS OF THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY The dynastic history of the tsars-khans of the Great = "Mongolian" Empire before the XIV century is very poorly known. In general, the XIII century is a dark and deep antiquity. Only from the moment of the great = "Mongolian" conquest does history become clearer.

7. RUSSIAN TSAR-KHANS OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY 7.1. VASILY I VASILY I DMITRIEVICH 1389–1425 after , , . See fig. 6.26. On the pages of Western European chronicles, he was reflected as Habsburg "VENTSESLAV" 1378-1400 on. The name VENTSSLAV could mean either the CROWN OF GLORY, or the GLORIOUS CROWN, or

author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

7. RUSSIAN TSARS KHANS OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY 7.1. VASILY III VASILY III IVANOVICH, also bore the names: IVAN, VARLAAM, GABRIEL, p.68, and also, p.173. See fig. 7.4, fig. 7.5 and fig. 7.6. Ruled in 1505–1533 by, or 1507–1534 by,. On the pages of Western European chronicles reflected as

From the book Reconstruction of World History [text only] author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

6. RUSSIAN TSAR-KHANS OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY 6.1. BORIS "GODUNOV" BORIS FEDOROVICH "GODUNOV" 1598-1605 by . See fig. P1.27. He is the son of the previous Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich. See fig. 8.2. At first - a calm reign without major internal unrest. Government of Boris Fedorovich

From the book Slavic Conquest of the World author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

2.7. Etruscan Roman kings of Tarquinia It is believed that “at the head of Rome were the Etruscan kings. According to Roman legends, these were TARQUINIUS Priscus, Servius Tullius and TARQUINIUS the Proud ... In Etruscan written monuments, the name TARCHUNYES is indeed found (! - Auth ..), that is

From the book Reconstruction true history author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

8. Emperors of the Great Empire = Russian Tsar-Khans of the 16th century Vasily III Vasily III Ivanovich, also bore the names: Ivan, Varlaam, Gabriel, p. 68, and also, p. 173. Ruled in 1505-1533 according to, or 1507-1534 according to,. On the pages of Western chronicles reflected as Habsburg, that is

From the book of Et-Russians. The mystery they don't want to solve author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

2.7. Etruscan Roman kings of Tarquinia It is believed that “at the head of Rome were the Etruscan kings. According to Roman legends, these were TARQUINIUS Priscus, Servius Tullius and TARQUINIUS the Proud ... In Etruscan written monuments, the name TARCHUNYES is indeed found (! - Auth.), That is

From the book The Millennium Battle for Tsargrad author Shirokorad Alexander Borisovich

APPENDIX I Grand Dukes of Moscow and Russian tsars (names: years of reign - years of life) Ivan I Danilovich Kalita: 1328-1340 - 1283-1340 Semyon Ivanovich Proud: 1340-1353 - 1316-1353 Ivan II Red: 1353-1359 - 1326-1359 Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy: 1359-1389 - 1350-1389 Vasily I Dmitrievich: 1389-1425 - 1371-1425 Vasily II

author Istomin Sergey Vitalievich

author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

4.4. Russian Tsars-Khans of the 14th century The dynastic history of the Tsars-Khans of the Great Empire until the 14th century is very poorly known. In general, the XIII century is a dark and deep antiquity. Only from the moment of the “Mongolian” conquest, history becomes clearer. Apparently, with the emergence of a huge Empire

From the book Book 1. Western myth ["Ancient" Rome and "German" Habsburgs are reflections of the Russian-Horde history of the XIV-XVII centuries. Legacy of the Great Empire in a cult author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

5.5. Russian Tsars-Khans of the 15th century Vasily IVASILY I DMITRIEVICH 1389–1425 after,,. See fig. 1.25. On the pages of Western European chronicles, he was reflected as Habsburg "VENTSESLAV" 1378-1400 on. The name VENTSLAV could mean either the CROWN OF GLORY, or the GLORIOUS CROWN, or came from the name

From the book Book 1. Western myth ["Ancient" Rome and "German" Habsburgs are reflections of the Russian-Horde history of the XIV-XVII centuries. Legacy of the Great Empire in a cult author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

6.6. Russian Tsars-Khans of the sixteenth century Vasily IIIVASILY III IVANOVICH, also bore the names: IVAN, VARLAAM, GABRIEL, p. 68, and also, p. 173. See fig. 1.33. Ruled in 1505–1533 by, or 1507–1534 by,. On the pages of Western European chronicles was reflected as Habsburg, that is

From the book Book 1. Western myth ["Ancient" Rome and "German" Habsburgs are reflections of the Russian-Horde history of the XIV-XVII centuries. Legacy of the Great Empire in a cult author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

7.6. Russian Tsars-Khans of the seventeenth century Boris "Godunov" BORIS FEDOROVICH "GODUNOV" 1598-1605 on. See fig. 1.46. He is the son of the previous Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich. At first - a calm reign without major internal unrest. The government of Boris Fedorovich is trying to achieve

From the book The Golden Age of Sea Robbery author Kopelev Dmitry Nikolaevich

Russian tsars and sea robbery Ivan the Terrible and the “Muscovite Admiral” Carsten Rode In 1561, the Livonian Order collapsed. The vacuum on the Baltic shores created by his disappearance was quickly filled by neighbors, dividing the lands and spheres of influence of the once powerful

From the book I know the world. History of Russian tsars author Istomin Sergey Vitalievich

The first Russian tsars Grand Duke and Tsar Ivan IV - (1533–1584) Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich - (1584–1598) Tsar Boris Godunov - (1598–1605) Tsar Fyodor Godunov - (1605) Tsar False Dmitry I - (1605–1606) Tsar Vasily Shuisky -

Over the long history of imperial Russia, many rulers and the political forces behind them have changed. The coming to power of those who ruled after Peter I did not always take place legally and peacefully. Immediately after the death of this most famous emperor, a period began, which historians call the era of palace coups.

At this time, contradictions intensified between various groups of the nobility, who ambiguously perceived the Peter's heritage. The split occurred due to numerous reforms that were not always realized and accepted, as well as due to the unresolved issue of succession to the throne.

Emperors and Empresses

Below in chronological order the names of autocrats are given, each of whom ruled after Peter.

• Catherine I ascended the throne in 1725, immediately after the death of Peter I. Ruled until 1727.
• Peter II, the grandson of Peter the Great, stayed on the throne for only three years - from 1727 to 1730.
• Anna Ioannovna ruled the empire from 1730 to 1740.
• John Antonovich (Ivan VI), the infant emperor, and his mother Anna Leopoldovna ruled from 1740 to 1741.
• Elizaveta Petrovna, who was the daughter of Peter I and Catherine I, stayed on the throne for twenty years: from 1741 to 1761.
• Peter III, who came to power in 1761 after a change in the ruling dynasty, did not remain at the head of the state for long - until 1762.
• Catherine II - the wife of Peter III, who overthrew him from the throne, remained in power from 1762 to 1796.
• Paul I was the son of the deposed Peter III and his wife, Empress Catherine II. His reign was short - from 1796 to 1801.
• Alexander I, son of Paul I. Ruled the Russian Empire from 1801 to 1825.
• Nicholas I, his brother, took the throne in 1825 and ruled the state for thirty years - until 1855.
• Alexander II is the son of Nicholas I. Like his father, he was at the throne for a long time, from 1855 to 1881.
• Alexander III, son of Alexander II, ruled from 1881 to 1894
• Nicholas II - the last Russian emperor who ruled after Peter I, son of Alexander III. He succeeded his father on the throne in 1894, ruled until the coup d'état and the overthrow of imperial power, which took place in 1917.

Now you know about all the autocrats after Peter the Great, who ruled the Russian lands until the revolution itself. You will also be interested in our other articles.

The Old Russian chronicle of the XII century "The Tale of Bygone Years" introduces us to a very interesting event which happened in 862. It was in this year that the Varangian Rurik was invited by the Slavic tribes to reign in Novgorod.

This event became fundamental in counting the beginning of the statehood of the Eastern Slavs and received the conditional name "The Calling of the Varangians." It is from Rurik that the countdown of the rulers of the Russian lands begins. Our history is very rich. It is filled with both heroic and tragic events, and all of them are inextricably linked with specific personalities that history has arranged in chronological order.

Novgorod princes (862-882)

Novgorod princes of the pre-Kiev period. The state of Rurik - this is how the emerging Old Russian state can be called conditionally. According to The Tale of Bygone Years, this time is associated with the calling of the Varangians and the transfer of the capital to the city of Kyiv.

Kyiv princes (882-1263)

We refer to the Kievan princes the rulers of the Old Russian state and the Kievan principality. From the end of IX to early XIII century, the throne of Kyiv was considered the most prestigious, and it was occupied by the most authoritative princes (as a rule, from the Rurik dynasty), who were recognized by the rest of the princes in the order of succession to the throne. At the end of the 12th century, this tradition began to weaken, the influential princes did not personally occupy the throne of Kyiv, but sent their proteges to it.

Ruler	Years of government	Note
Yaropolk Svyatoslavich
Svyatopolk Vladimirovich	1015-1016; 1018-1019
Izyaslav Yaroslavich
Vseslav Bryachislavich
Izyaslav Yaroslavich
Svyatoslav Yaroslavich
Vsevolod Yaroslavich
Izyaslav Yaroslavich
Vsevolod Yaroslavich
Svyatopolk Izyaslavich
Mstislav Vladimirovich the Great
Yaropolk Vladimirovich
Vyacheslav Vladimirovich
Vsevolod Olgovich
Igor Olgovich	August 1146
Izyaslav Mstislavich
Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky
Vyacheslav Vladimirovich	August 1150
Izyaslav Mstislavich	August 1150
	August 1150 - early 1151
Izyaslav Mstislavich
Vyacheslav Vladimirovich		co-ruler
Rostislav Mstislavich	December 1154
Izyaslav Davydovich
Izyaslav Davydovich
Mstislav Izyaslavich
Rostislav Mstislavich
Izyaslav Davydovich
Rostislav Mstislavich
Vladimir Mstislavich	March - May 1167
Mstislav Izyaslavich
Gleb Yurievich
Mstislav Izyaslavich
Gleb Yurievich
Mikhalko Yurievich
Roman Rostislavich
Yaropolk Rostislavich		co-ruler
Rurik Rostislavich
Yaroslav Izyaslavich
Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich	January 1174
Yaroslav Izyaslavich	January - 2nd half 1174
Roman Rostislavich
Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich
Rurik Rostislavich	late August 1180 - summer 1181
Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich
Rurik Rostislavich	summer 1194 - autumn 1201
Ingvar Yaroslavich
Rurik Rostislavich
Rostislav Rurikovich	winter 1204 - summer 1205
Rurik Rostislavich
Vsevolod Svyatoslavich Chermny	August - September 1206
Rurik Rostislavich	September 1206 - Spring 1207
Vsevolod Svyatoslavich Chermny	spring - October 1207
Rurik Rostislavich	October 1207 - 1210
Vsevolod Svyatoslavich Chermny	1210 - summer 1212
Ingvar Yaroslavich
Mstislav Romanovich
Vladimir Rurikovich
Izyaslav Mstislavich	June - late 1235
Vladimir Rurikovich	late 1235-1236
Yaroslav Vsevolodovich	1236 - 1st half of 1238
Vladimir Rurikovich
Mikhail Vsevolodovich
Rostislav Mstislavich
Daniel Romanovich
Mikhail Vsevolodovich
Yaroslav Vsevolodovich

Grand Dukes of Vladimir (1157-1425)

The Grand Dukes of Vladimir are the rulers of North-Eastern Russia. The period of their reign begins with the separation of the Rostov-Suzdal principality from Kyiv in 1132 and ends in 1389, after the entry of the Vladimir principality into the Moscow principality. In 1169, Andrei Bogolyubsky captured Kyiv and was proclaimed the Grand Duke, but did not go to Kyiv to reign. From that time on, Vladimir received the status of grand duke and turned into one of the most influential centers of the Russian lands. After the start of the Mongol invasion, the princes of Vladimir are recognized in the Horde as the oldest in Russia, and Vladimir becomes the nominal capital of the Russian lands.

Ruler	Years of government	Note
Mikhalko Yurievich
Yaropolk Rostislavich
Mikhalko Yurievich
Yuri Vsevolodovich
Konstantin Vsevolodovich
Yuri Vsevolodovich
Yaroslav Vsevolodovich
Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich	1246 - early 1248
Mikhail Yaroslavovich Khorobrit	early 1248 - winter 1248/1249
Andrey Yaroslavovich
Yaroslav Yaroslavovich Tverskoy
Vasily Yaroslavovich Kostroma
Dmitry Alexandrovich Pereyaslavsky	December 1283 - 1293
Andrey Alexandrovich Gorodetsky
Mikhail Yaroslavovich Tverskoy
Yuri Danilovich
Dmitry Mikhailovich Terrible Eyes (Tverskoy)
Alexander Mikhailovich Tverskoy
Alexander Vasilievich Suzdalsky
		co-ruler
Semyon Ivanovich Proud
Ivan II Ivanovich Red
Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy	early January - spring 1363
Dmitry Konstantinovich Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod
Vasily Dmitrievich

Moscow princes and grand dukes (1263-1547)

During the period of feudal fragmentation, Moscow princes were increasingly at the head of the troops. They managed to get out of conflicts with other countries and neighbors, seeking a positive solution to their own political issues. Moscow princes changed history: they overthrew Mongolian yoke restored the state to its former glory.

Ruler	Years of government	Note
	nominally 1263, actually from 1272 (no later than 1282) - 1303
Yuri Danilovich
Semyon Ivanovich Proud
Ivan II Ivanovich Red
Vasily II Vasilyevich Dark
Yuri Dmitrievich	spring - summer 1433
Vasily II Vasilyevich Dark
Yuri Dmitrievich Zvenigorodsky
Vasily Yurievich Kosoy
Vasily II Vasilyevich Dark
Dmitry Yurievich Shemyaka
Vasily II Vasilyevich Dark
Dmitry Yurievich Shemyaka
Vasily II Vasilyevich Dark
		co-ruler Basil II
Ivan Ivanovich Young		co-ruler
Dmitry Ivanovich Vnuk		co-ruler
		co-ruler of Ivan III

Russian tsars

Rurikovichi

In 1547, the sovereign of all Russia and the Grand Duke of Moscow, Ivan IV Vasilyevich the Terrible, was crowned tsar and received full title“Great Sovereign, by the grace of God the Tsar and Grand Duke of All Russia, Vladimir, Moscow, Novgorod, Pskov, Ryazan, Tver, Yugra, Perm, Vyattsky, Bulgarian and others”; subsequently, with the expansion of the borders of the Russian state, the title was added "Tsar of Kazan, Tsar of Astrakhan, Tsar of Siberia", "and the ruler of all the Northern countries."

Godunovs

Godunovs - ancient Russian noble family, which after the death of Fedor I Ivanovich became the Russian royal dynasty (1598-1605).

Time of Troubles

At the very beginning of the 17th century, the country was struck by a deep spiritual, economic, social, political and foreign policy crisis. It coincided with the dynastic crisis and the struggle of boyar factions for power. All this has brought the country to the brink of disaster. The impetus for the beginning of the Troubles was the suppression royal dynasty Rurikovich after the death of Fyodor I Ioannovich and the not very clear policy of the new royal dynasty of the Godunovs.

Romanovs

The Romanovs are a Russian boyar family. In 1613, a Zemsky Sobor was held in Moscow to elect a new tsar. The total number of electors exceeded 800 representing 58 cities. The election of Mikhail Romanov to the throne put an end to the Troubles and gave rise to the Romanov dynasty.

Ruler	Years of government	Note
Mikhail Fedorovich
Patriarch Filaret		Co-ruler of Mikhail Fedorovich from 1619 to 1633 with the title "Great Sovereign"
Fedor III Alekseevich
Ivan V Alekseevich		Ruled until 1696 with his brother
		Until 1696 he ruled jointly with his brother Ivan V

Russian emperors (1721-1917)

The title of Emperor of All Russia was adopted by Peter I on October 22 (November 2), 1721. This adoption took place at the request of the Senate after the victory in northern war. The title lasted until the February Revolution of 1917.

Ruler	Years of government	Note
Peter I the Great
Catherine I
Anna Ioannovna
Elizaveta Petrovna
Catherine II the Great
Alexander I
Nicholas I
Alexander II
Alexander III
Nicholas II

Provisional Government (1917)

In February 1917 there was February Revolution. As a result, on March 2, 1917, Emperor Nicholas II abdicated the Russian throne. Power was in the hands of the Provisional Government.

After October revolution In 1917, the Provisional Government was overthrown, the Bolsheviks came to power and began building a new state.

These people can be considered formal leaders only because the post of General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Committee of the RCP (b) - VKP (b) - CPSU after the death of V. I. Lenin was actually the most important state position.

Kamenev Lev Borisovich		Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee
Sverdlov Yakov Mikhailovich		Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee
Vladimirsky Mikhail Fedorovich		And about. Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee
Kalinin Mikhail Ivanovich		Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, from 12/30/1922 - Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, from 01/17/1938 -
Shvernik Nikolai Mikhailovich		Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR
Voroshilov Kliment Efremovich		Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR
Brezhnev Leonid Ilyich		Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR
Mikoyan Anastas Ivanovich		Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR
Podgorny Nikolai Viktorovich		Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR
Brezhnev Leonid Ilyich
Kuznetsov Vasily Vasilievich
Andropov Yury Vladimirovich		Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council, at the same time General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU
Kuznetsov Vasily Vasilievich		And about. Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR
Chernenko Konstantin Ustinovich		Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council, at the same time General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU
Kuznetsov Vasily Vasilievich		And about. Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR
Gromyko Andrey Andreevich		Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR
Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeevich		Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council, at the same time General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU

General Secretaries of the Central Committee of the RCP(b), VKP(b), CPSU (1922-1991)

Khrushchev Nikita Sergeevich		First Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU
Brezhnev Leonid Ilyich		Until 04/08/1966 - First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, from 04/08/1966 - General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee
Andropov Yury Vladimirovich
Chernenko Konstantin Ustinovich
Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeevich

President of the USSR (1990-1991)

Presidency Soviet Union was introduced on March 15, 1990 by the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR with the introduction of appropriate amendments to the Constitution of the USSR.

Presidents of the Russian Federation (1991-2018)

The post of President of the RSFSR was established on April 24, 1991 on the basis of the results of the All-Russian referendum.

Proclamation of the course towards the "village NEP" -1925

XIV Congress of the CPSU (b) - December 1925 proclaimed a course towards industrialization

The defeat of the "new opposition"

"United opposition" -1926-1927

Expulsion of L.D. Trotsky from the USSR-1929

Locarno Conference-1925

Soviet-German Treaty of Non-Aggression and Neutrality-1926

The beginning of the participation of the USSR in the work of the League of Nations Disarmament Commission-1927

Accession of the USSR to the Briand-Kellogg Pact-1928

XV Congress of the CPSU (b), the adoption of the first five-year plan - December 1927, proclaimed a course towards collectivization

Grain procurement crisis-1927-1928

First Five-Year Plan-1928-1932

XVI Congress of the CPSU (b) -1930

The beginning of the Izotov movement-1932

Second Five-Year Plan-1933-1937

The beginning of the Stakhanov movement-1935

The appearance of the first MTS-1928

I.V. Stalin's message about the "radical change" in the collective farm movement - November 1929

Transition to the policy of "eliminating the kulaks as a class" -January 1930

Famine in grain regions-1932-1933

Completion of collectivization-1937

"Shakhty case" -1928

Trial in the case of the "Industrial Party" -1930

Trial in the case of the "Union Bureau of Mensheviks" -1931

The activities of the "Union of Marxist-Leninists" headed by M.N. Ryutin-1932

Decree of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks "On the restructuring of literary and artistic organizations" -1932

1st Congress of Soviet Writers-1934

Decree of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars "On Teaching civil history in the schools of the USSR "-1934

XVII Congress of the CPSU (b) - January 1934

Adoption of the new Constitution of the USSR-November 1936

Campaign against formalism-1936

Trial in the case of the "Terrorist Trotskyist-Zinoviev Center" -1936

Trial in the case of the "Parallel Anti-Soviet Trotskyist Center" -1937

Death of S. Ordzhonikidze-February 1937

Case of M.N. Tukhachevsky-1937

"Great Terror" -1937-1938

Publication of the "Short course of the history of the CPSU (b) -1938

The foreign policy of the USSR in the 1930s.

The entry of the USSR into the League of Nations-1934

Soviet-Franco-Czechoslovak Mutual Assistance Agreement-1935

Soviet-Japanese conflict on Lake Khasan-July 1938

Soviet-Japanese conflict on the river Khalkhin-Gol-May-September 1939

Anglo-French-Soviet negotiations in Moscow - June-August 1939

The entry of Soviet troops into Western Ukraine and Western Belarus - September 17, 1939

Mutual assistance pacts between the USSR and the Baltic countries - September-October 1939

The entry of Soviet troops into the Baltic States-June 1940

The entry of Soviet troops into Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina - June 1940

Establishment Soviet power in the Baltic States - July 1940

The entry of the Baltic States into the USSR - August 1940

Great Patriotic War-1941-1945

1941:

Evacuation of government offices from Moscow-

The transition of the Germans to the defense in the Moscow direction-

Resumption German offensive to Moscow-

June 22, 1941 Patriarchal Locum Tenens Metropolitan Sergius addressed the faithful, in which he called on them to defend their Fatherland from fascist robbers.

A radical turning point in the Great Patriotic War -

1942:

The unsuccessful offensive of the Red Army in the Crimea - April-May

Unsuccessful offensive of the Red Army near Kharkov - May

1943:

In September 1943 Stalin allowed the election of the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, as well as the formation of the Holy Synod - Sergius was elected patriarch.

The tank column, which received the name of Dmitry Donskoy, was created with the money of clergy and parishioners.

Guerrilla operation "Rail war" - August-September

Guerrilla operation "Concert" - September-October

1944: military operations

Leningradsko-Novgorodskaya - January-February

Korsun-Shevchenkovskaya - January-February

Dnieper-Carpathian - January-March

Crimean - April-May

Belorusskaya (Bagration) - June-August

Karelian - June-August

Lvivsko-Sandomirovskaya - July-August

Baltic - July-September

Iasi-Chisinau - August

Petsamo-Kirkenes - October

East Carpathian - September-October

Debrecen - October

1945:

Budapest - February

Balaton - March

Vistula-Oder - January-February

East Prussian and Pomeranian - January-April

Vienna - March-April

Formation and development of the anti-Hitler coalition:

Signing of the Atlantic Charter - August 1941

Accession of the USSR to the Atlantic Charter - September 1941

Moscow conference of representatives of the USSR, USA and Great Britain - September 29-October 1, 1941

Anglo-Soviet Alliance Treaty - May 1942

Soviet-American agreement - June 1942

Tehran Conference of the Heads of Government of the USSR, USA, and Great Britain - November 28-December 1, 1943

Allied opening of a second front in northern France

Yalta Conference of the Heads of Government of the USSR, USA and Great Britain - February 1945

Potsdam Conference of the Heads of Government of the USSR, USA and Great Britain - July 1945

Post-war recovery-1945-1953:

Fourth Five-Year Plan - 1946-1950

Cancellation of cards for food and industrial goods-1947.

Monetary reform-1947

Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR "On criminal liability for theft of state and public property" - 1947.

Test in the USSR of the atomic bomb-1949.

Fifth five-year plan - 1951-1955

XIX Congress of the CPSU-1952.

Test in the USSR of a hydrogen bomb-1953.

Decree of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks “On the magazines“ Zvezda ”and“ Leningrad ”-1946.

Decree of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks “On the repertoire of drama theaters and measures to improve it” - 1946

Decree of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks “On the film

"Big Life" -1946

Decree of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks “On the opera “The Great Friendship” by V. Muradeli” - 1948

Arrest of members of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee - 1948

Session of VASKhNIL, the defeat of genetics-1948.

The beginning of the campaign for the "fight against cosmopolitanism" -1949.

"Leningrad case" -1949

"The case of the MGB" -1951-1952.

Execution of members of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee-1952.

"The case of doctors" -1952.

The beginning of the "cold war" -W. Churchill's Fulton speech - 1946.

Marshall Plan 1947

Creation of Cominform-1947.

The establishment of communist regimes in Eastern Europe, 1947-1948.

Soviet-Yugoslav conflict-1948-1949.

Berlin Crisis-1948-1949

Creation of the FRG and the GDR-1949.

Creation of NATO-1949.

Creation of CMEA-1949.

War in Korea 1950-1953

Many believe that there is no need to know the history of their state. However, any historian is ready to thoroughly argue with this. After all, knowing the history of the rulers of Russia is very important not only for the overall development, but also in order not to make the mistakes of the past.

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In this article, we suggest that you familiarize yourself with the table of all the rulers of our country from the date of its foundation in chronological order. The article will help you find out who and when ruled our country, as well as what outstanding things he did for it.

Before the advent of Russia, a large number of different tribes lived on its future territory for many centuries, however, the history of our state started in the 10th century with the call to the throne of the Russian state of Rurik. He laid the foundation for the Rurik dynasty.

List of classifications of rulers of Russia

It's no secret that history is a whole science, which is studied by a huge number of people called historians. For convenience, the entire history of the development of our country has been divided into the following stages:

1. Novgorod princes (from 863 to 882).
2. Great Kyiv princes (from 882 to 1263).
3. Moscow principality (from 1283 to 1547).
4. Tsars and emperors (from 1547 to 1917).
5. USSR (from 1917 to 1991).
6. Presidents (from 1991 to the present day).

As can be understood from this list, the center of the political life of our state, in other words, the capital, has changed several times depending on the era and events taking place in the country. Until 1547, the princes of the Rurik dynasty were at the head of Russia. However, after that, the process of monarchization of the country began, which continued until 1917, when the Bolsheviks came to power. Further, the collapse of the USSR, the emergence of independent countries on the territory former Russia and, of course, the emergence of democracy.

So, to study this issue thoroughly., to learn details about all the rulers of the state in chronological order, we suggest studying the information of the following chapters of the article.

Heads of state from 862 to the period of fragmentation

This period includes the Novgorod and Great Kyiv princes. The main source of information that has survived to this day and helps all historians to compile lists and tables of all rulers is The Tale of Bygone Years. Thanks to this document, they were able to accurately or as close as possible to the exact set all the dates of the reign of the Russian princes of that time.

So, list of Novgorod and Kyiv princes looks like this:

Obviously, for any ruler, from Rurik to Putin, the main goal was to strengthen and modernize their state in the international arena. Of course, they all pursued the same goal, however, each of them preferred to go to the goal in their own way.

Fragmentation of Kievan Rus

After the reign of Yaropolk Vladimirovich, the process of a strong decline of Kyiv and the state as a whole began. This period is called the times of fragmentation of Russia. During this time, all the people who were at the head of the state did not leave any significant mark on history, but only brought the state into its worst form.

Thus, until 1169, the following personalities managed to visit the throne of the ruler: Izyavlav the Third, Izyaslav Chernigov, Vyacheslav Rurikovich, and also Rostislav Smolensky.

Vladimir princes

After fragmentation, the capital of our state was moved to a city called Vladimir. This happened for the following reasons:

1. The Kiev principality has undergone a total decline and weakening.
2. Several political centers arose in the country, which they tried to pull over the board.
3. Every day the influence of the feudal lords grew.

The two most influential centers of influence on Russian politics were Vladimir and Galich. Although the Vladimir time was not as long as the rest, it left a serious mark on the history of the development of the Russian state. Therefore, it is necessary to make a list following Vladimir princes:

• Prince Andrei - ruled for 15 years from 1169.
• Vsevolod - was in power for a long 36 years, starting in 1176.
• George Vsevolodovich - stood at the head of Russia from 1218 to 1238.
• Yaroslav - was also the son of Vsevolod Andreevich. Ruled from 1238 to 1246.
• Alexander Nevsky, who was on the throne for 11 long and productive years, came to power in 1252 and died in 1263. It's no secret that Nevsky was a great commander who made a huge contribution to the development of our state.
• Yaroslav III - from 1263 to 1272.
• Dmitry the first - 1276 - 1283.
• Dmitry II - 1284 - 1293.
• Andrey Gorodetsky - the Grand Duke, who ruled in the period 1293 - 1303.
• Mikhail of Tverskoy, also called "Saint". Came to power in 1305 and died in 1317.

As you may have noticed, the rulers were not included in this list for some time. The fact is that they did not leave any significant trace in the history of the development of Russia. For this reason, they are not studied in school course.

When the fragmentation of the country ended, there was a transfer of the political center of the country to Moscow. Moscow princes:

For the next 10 years, Russia again experienced a decline. During these years, the Rurik dynasty was broken off, and various boyar families were in power.

The beginning of the Romanovs, the rise of the tsars to power, the monarchy

List of rulers of Russia from 1548 until the end of the 17th century is as follows:

• Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible is one of the most famous and useful rulers of Russia for the history. Ruled from 1548 to 1574, after which the reign was interrupted for 2 years.
• Semyon Kasimovsky (1574 - 1576).
• Ivan the Terrible returned to power and ruled until 1584.
• Tsar Fedor (1584 - 1598).

After Fedor's death, it turned out that he had no heirs. From that moment on, the state began to experience new problems. They lasted until 1612. The Rurik dynasty was over. It was replaced by a new one: the Romanov dynasty. They began their reign in 1613.

• Mikhail Romanov is the first representative of the Romanovs. Ruled from 1613 to 1645.
• After the death of Mikhail, his heir Alexei Mikhailovich sat on the throne. (1645 - 1676)
• Fedor Alekseevich (1676 - 1682).
• Sophia, Fyodor's sister. When Fedor died, his heirs were not yet ready to come to power. Therefore, the emperor's sister ascended the throne. She ruled from 1682 to 1689.

It is impossible to deny that with the advent of the Romanov dynasty, stability finally came to Russia. They were able to do what the Rurikovichs had been striving for so long. Namely: useful reforms, strengthening of power, territorial growth and banal strengthening. Finally, Russia entered the world field as one of the favorites.

Peter I

Historians claim that for all the improvements in our state we owe it to Peter I. He is rightfully considered the great Russian tsar and emperor.

Peter the Great launched the heyday of the Russian state, the fleet and army strengthened. He pursued an aggressive foreign policy, which at times strengthened Russia's position in the global race for supremacy. Of course, even before him, many rulers realized that the armed forces were the key to the success of the state, however, only he managed to achieve such success in this area.

After Great Peter the list of rulers Russian Empire as follows:

The monarchy in the Russian Empire existed for quite a long time and left a huge mark on its history. The Romanov dynasty is one of the most legendary in the whole world. However, like everything else, it was destined to end after the October Revolution, which changed the structure of the state to a republic. There were no more kings.

USSR times

After the execution of Nicholas II and his family, Vladimir Lenin came to power. At this moment, the state of the USSR(Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) has been legalized. Lenin led the country until 1924.

List of rulers of the USSR:

During Gorbachev's time, the country again experienced colossal changes. There was a collapse of the USSR, as well as the emergence independent states within the territory of former USSR. Boris Yeltsin, president of independent Russia, came to power by force. He ruled from 1991 to 1999.

In 1999, Boris Yeltsin voluntarily resigned as president of Russia, leaving behind a successor, Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin. A year later, Putin was officially elected by the people and was at the head of Russia until 2008.

In 2008, another election was held, in which Dmitry Medvedev won, who ruled until 2012. In 2012, Vladimir Putin was again elected president Russian Federation and is the current president.