How does the modern school differ from the old Russian. What were the schools in Russia in the old days. Available to everyone

In Russia

Vologda-Perm chronicle about the school of Vladimir Svyatoslavich: 988. "The great prince Volodimer, having gathered 300 children, taught literacy far away." This post is where the story begins. Russian education. During the reign of Prince Vladimir, only boys could study at school, and the book business became the first subject for their education.

Only a hundred years later, in May 1086, the very first women's school appeared in Russia, the founder of which was Prince Vsevolod Yaroslavovich. Moreover, his daughter, Anna Vsevolodovna, simultaneously headed the school and studied science. Only here young girls from wealthy families could learn to read and write and various crafts.

At the beginning of 1096, schools began to open throughout Russia. The first schools began to appear in such large cities as Murom, Vladimir and Polotsk, and were most often built at monasteries and temples. Thus, the priests were considered the most educated people in Russia.

Basically, at that time they wrote on birch bark, and in such "business correspondence" even references to primary education in Russia were preserved:

.vologou sobi copy a child por [t] and k.- [d] aI literacy ouchiti. [Buy a Vologda for yourself, and let the child learn to read and write]

Moreover, thanks to one confused boy who lost all his birch bark at once, study records were found on the birch bark. These are the famous birch bark letters of Onfim, a Novgorod boy of the 13th century, the author of birch bark letters and drawings, mainly of an educational nature. In total, 12 letters were written in Onfim's handwriting: Nos. 199-210 and 331, and in addition, he owns several birch bark drawings that are not numbered as letters, since they do not contain text. The bulk of his letters and drawings were found on July 13-14, 1956.

Letter No. 206, containing warehouses, a fragment from the troparion: “Even at the sixth hour ...”, as well as seven funny little men, the number of fingers of which varies greatly.

Judging by the drawings, Onfim was 6-7 years old. Apparently, Onfim lost all his letters and drawings at the same time, due to which they were found together. The bulk of Onfim's letters are educational records. The letters performed by Onfim look quite clear, it does not look like he is mastering them for the first time. V. L. Yanin suggests that his exercises are fixing during the transition from the cera (wax tablet) to birch bark, the writing on which required effort. One of Onfim's letters is a bottom of a birch bark tues, which was often given to children for exercises (similar letters of other nameless students were found). Three times he writes out the full alphabet, then after it comes warehouses: ba va ga da zha for ka ... be ve ge de ze ke. bi wi gi di ji ki… This is a classic form of literacy training (“buki-az-ba”), known back in Ancient Greece and lasted until the 19th century.

Onfim's notes are valuable evidence of primary education in Ancient Russia. From a linguistic point of view, it is interesting that in the texts Onfim does not use the letters b and b (replacing them with O and E), although they are in the alphabets he wrote out; Thus, when teaching the so-called "everyday system" of writing, the student also mastered the full inventory of the alphabet in order to quickly learn to read book texts.

Teachers of the X—XIII centuries. due to the imperfection of teaching methods and individual work in the process of studying with each student individually, he could not deal with more than 6-8 students. The prince recruited a large number of children to the school, so at first he was forced to distribute them among teachers. This division of students into groups was common in schools. Western Europe that time. About this number of students is also evidenced by the birch-bark letters of the aforementioned Novgorod schoolboy of the 13th century. Onfima. There is no question of any school uniform, which can be seen in the images of students below.

Sergius of Radonezh at school. Miniature from the obverse "Life of St. Sergius of Radonezh". 16th century

Since the 15th century, educational institutions at monasteries ceased to be built, and private schools appeared, which at that time were called "masters of literacy."

In the 16th century in Stoglav (a collection of decisions of the "Stoglavy Sobor") chapter 25, one can read the following mention of schools in Russia:

Stoglav, chapter 25: About the rankers who want to be deacons and priests, but they know little about literacy. And they were appointed as saints in opposition to the sacred rule. And do not put, otherwise the holy churches will be without singing, and the Orthodox Christians will learn to die without repentance. And according to the sacred rule, elect a saint as a priest, appoint 30 years, and 25 years as a deacon. And they would be able to read and write, so that they could support the church of God and the children of their spiritual, Orthodox Christians, they could govern according to the sacred rule, and their saints torture them with a great prohibition, why they know little about literacy. And they fix the answer: "We, de, learn from our fathers or from our masters, but there is nowhere for us to learn. As much as our fathers and masters can, therefore they teach us." And their fathers and their masters themselves, therefore, know little and do not know the power in divine writing, and there is nowhere for them to learn. And above all, in the Russian kingdom in Moscow and in the great Novgorod and in other cities there were many schools, they taught literacy and writing and singing and honor. And therefore, then there was a lot of literacy and writing and singing, and there was a lot of honor. But the singers and the chants and the good scribes have been glorious throughout the earth even to this day.

Stoglav, chapter 26: ABOUT BOOK SCHOOLS IN ALL THE CITY. And we, on the royal advice, laid a council, in the reigning city of Moscow and throughout the city, by the same archpriest and the oldest priest and with all the priests and deacons each in his city, with the blessing of your saint, choose good spiritual priests and deacons and deacons married and pious who have the fear of God in their hearts, who are able to use others, and would be much more literate and honor and write. And at those priests and deacons and deacons, arrange in the houses of the school so that the priests and deacons and all Orthodox Christians in every city give them their children for the teaching of reading and writing and for the teaching of book writing and church singing of the psalter and reading of the nalaynago. And those priests and deacons and elected deacons would teach their disciples the fear of God and literacy and writing and singing and honor with all spiritual punishment, most of all, they would take care of their students and keep them in all purity and guard them from any corruption, most of all from vile Sodom sin and masturbation and from all uncleanness, so that by your fermentation and teaching, having come to an age worthy of being a priestly rank. Yes, they would have punished their disciples in the holy churches of God and taught the fear of God and all deanery, psalmody and reading and singing and canarchy according to the church order. And you would teach your students enough to read and write, as much as you yourself know how. And they would say their strength in writing according to the talent given to you from God, nothing concealing, so that your students would teach all the books that the catholic holy church accepts, so that later on they could not only use themselves, but also others, and teach the fear of God about all useful things, they would also teach their students honor and sing and write, as much as they themselves can, concealing nothing, but expecting bribes from God, and here from their parents gifts and honors accepting according to their dignity.

And only at the beginning of the 17th century, the study of sciences and arts in schools began in a new way. The Russian school of the 17th century was organized like this. The students sat all together, but each teacher gave his task. Learned to read and write - finished school.

Russian school of the 17th century

Children wrote with goose quills on loose paper, on which the pen clung, leaving blots. Written sprinkled with fine sand - so that the ink does not spread. They punished for inaccuracy: they flogged with rods, put them in a corner on their knees on scattered peas, and there were countless numbers of cuffs on the back of the head.

In the era of Peter 1, the first school in the city of Kyiv was opened in the systematic sciences, which the tsar himself called a new step in the education of every person. True, only children from noble families could still get here, but there were more people who wanted to send their children to study. In all schools in the 17th century, teachers taught subjects such as grammar and Latin.

It is with the era of Peter 1 that historians associate fundamental changes in the educational sphere. At this time, not only school institutions were opened, which were an order of magnitude higher than the very first schools, but also new schools and lyceums. The main and compulsory subjects for study are mathematics, navigation and medicine. However, school uniforms were never introduced into this reform.

It happened later - in 1834. It was in this year that a law was adopted that approved a separate type of civilian uniforms. These included gymnasium and student uniforms.

A high school student's costume distinguished a teenager from those children who did not study, or could not afford to study. The uniform was worn not only in the gymnasium, but also on the street, at home, during celebrations and holidays. She was a point of pride. In all educational institutions, the uniform was of a military style: invariably caps, tunics and overcoats, which differed only in color, piping, buttons and emblems.

Caps were usually light blue and with a black visor, and a crumpled cap with a broken visor was considered a special chic among the boys ... There was also a day off or festive uniform: navy blue or dark gray uniform with silver trimmed collar. A schoolbag was an invariable attribute of high school students. The style of the uniform changed several times, as did the fashion of that time.

At the same time, women's education began to develop. Therefore, a student uniform was also required for girls. The girl's uniform was approved as much as 60 years later than the boy's - in 1896, and ... as a result, the first outfit for students appeared. It was a very strict and modest outfit. But the uniform for girls will please us with the familiar brown dresses and aprons - it was these costumes that were the basis for the uniform of Soviet schools. And the same white collars, the same modesty of style.

But the color scheme was different for everyone. educational institution: For example, from the memoirs of Valentina Savitskaya, a graduate of gymnasium No. 36 in 1909, we know that the color of the fabric of the dresses of the gymnasium girls was different, depending on age: for the younger ones it was dark blue, for 12-14-year-olds it was almost the color of the sea waves, and for graduates - brown.

However, soon after the revolution, as part of the struggle against the legacy of the tsarist-police regime, a decree was issued in 1918 that completely abolished the wearing of school uniform. The official explanations were as follows: the form demonstrates the lack of freedom of the student, humiliates him.

The period of "shapelessness" lasted right up to 1949. School uniform becomes mandatory again only after the Great Patriotic War, a single school uniform is introduced in the USSR.

In 1962, the gymnasts were changed to gray wool suits with four buttons, but they did not lose their militarized look. Important accessories were a cap with a cockade and a belt with a badge. Hairstyles were strictly regulated - under the typewriter, as in the army. And the form of girls remained old.

In 1973, a new school uniform reform took place. Appeared new form for boys: it was a blue wool blend suit, embellished with an emblem and five aluminum buttons, cuffs and the same two pockets with flaps on the chest.

But nothing has changed for the girls again, and then mother needlewomen sewed black aprons from fine wool for their beauties, and white aprons from silk and cambric, decorating them with lace.

In the early 1980s, a uniform for high school students was introduced. (This uniform began to be worn from the eighth grade). Girls from first to seventh grade wore a brown dress, as in the previous period. Only it became slightly above the knees. For boys, trousers and a jacket were replaced with a trouser suit. The fabric color was still blue. Also blue was the emblem on the sleeve. For girls, a blue three-piece suit was introduced in 1984, consisting of an A-line skirt with pleats at the front, a jacket with patch pockets and a vest. The skirt could be worn either with a jacket, or with a vest, or the whole suit at once. In 1988, Leningrad, regions of Siberia and the Far North were allowed to wear blue trousers in winter.

Years pass, and in 1992, by the decision of the Government of Russia, with the introduction of a new Law on Education. The ban has been lifted, you can walk in anything, as long as the clothes are clean and tidy.

The official explanation is to bring the law into line with the Convention on the Rights of the Child, which says that every child has the right to express their individuality as they please. School uniforms restrict freedom of expression and have therefore been abolished.

Although some nostalgia for school uniforms has survived - on last call graduates very often wear something reminiscent of the Soviet uniform.

So in our country they again introduced the form - welcome to the real world

(Material from the site: http://www.istorya.ru/articles/school_uniform.php)

Every year, schoolchildren sit down at their desks to “nibble on the granite of science” again. This has been going on for over a thousand years. The first schools in Russia were fundamentally different from modern ones: before there were no directors, no grades, or even a division into subjects. the site found out how the training took place in schools of past centuries.

The lessons of the "breadwinner"

The first mention of the school in ancient chronicles dates back to 988, when the Baptism of Russia took place. In the 10th century, children were taught mainly at the priest's house, and the Psalter and the Book of Hours served as textbooks. Only boys were admitted to schools - it was believed that women should not learn to read and write, but do household chores. Over time, the learning process has evolved. By the 11th century, children were being taught reading, writing, counting, and choral singing. "Schools of book learning" appeared - a kind of ancient Russian gymnasium, whose graduates entered public service: scribes and translators.

At the same time, the first women's schools were born - however, only girls from noble families were taken to study. Most often, the children of feudal lords and the rich studied at home. Their teacher was a boyar - "breadwinner" - who taught schoolchildren not only literacy, but also several foreign languages, as well as the basics of public administration.

Children were taught to read and write. Photo: Painting by N. Bogdanov-Belsky "Oral Account"

Little information has been preserved about the Old Russian schools. It is known that training was carried out only in large cities, and with the invasion of Russia by the Mongol-Tatars, it generally stopped for several centuries and was revived only in the 16th century. Now the schools were called "schools", and only a representative of the church could become a teacher. Before going to work, the teacher had to pass the knowledge exam himself, and the acquaintances of the potential teacher were asked about his behavior: cruel and aggressive people were not hired.

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The day of the schoolboy was not at all the way it is now. There was no division into subjects at all: students received new knowledge in one common stream. The concept of change was also absent - during the whole day the children could only break once, for lunch. At school, the children were met by one teacher, who taught everything at once - there was no need for directors and head teachers. The teacher did not grade the students. The system was much simpler: if the child learned and recited the previous lesson, he received praise, and if he did not know anything, he would be punished with rods.

Not everyone was taken to school, but only the smartest and most savvy guys. The children spent the whole day in the classroom from morning to evening. Education in Russia took place slowly. It is now that all first graders can read, and earlier in the first year, schoolchildren learned the full names of the letters - “az”, “beeches”, “lead”. Second-graders could put intricate letters into syllables, and only in the third year did children know how to read. The main book for schoolchildren was the primer, first published in 1574 by Ivan Fedorov. Having mastered the letters and words, the children read passages from the Bible. To XVII century new subjects appeared - rhetoric, grammar, surveying - a symbiosis of geometry and geography - as well as the basics of astronomy and poetic art. The first lesson according to the schedule necessarily began with a common prayer. Another difference from modern system education was that the children did not carry textbooks with them: all the necessary books were kept at school.

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After the reform of Peter I, a lot has changed in schools. Education acquired a secular character: theology was now taught exclusively in diocesan schools. By decree of the emperor, the so-called digital schools were opened in the cities - they taught only literacy and the basics of arithmetic. The children of soldiers and lower ranks went to such schools. To XVIII century education has become more accessible public schools which even serfs were allowed to visit. True, forced people could study only if the landowner decided to pay for their education.

Previously, there was no division into subjects in schools. Photo: Painting by A. Morozov "Rural Free School"

Only in the 19th century elementary education became free for everyone. Peasants went to parochial schools, where education lasted only one year: it was believed that this was quite enough for serfs. The children of merchants and artisans attended county schools for three years, and gymnasiums were created for the nobles. The peasants were taught only to read and write. Philistines, artisans and merchants, in addition to all this, were taught history, geography, geometry and astronomy, and the nobles were prepared in schools to enter universities. Women's schools began to open, the program in which was designed for 3 years or 6 years - to choose from. Education became public after the adoption of the relevant law in 1908. Now the system school education continues to develop: in September, children sit down at their desks and discover the whole world new knowledge - interesting and immense.

difference new school from the old
These comments were written in response to the program "Parents' meeting", in which several indifferent leaders of elite Moscow schools explained to the whole country how well everyone is taught now and, in short, no matter how you teach, everything will come out sooner.

There is a point of view that the desire to return the program of the Soviet school is nostalgia for youth, when the grass was greener and the water was sweeter for three kopecks. It seems to me that if it would be possible to provide in a modern school the conditions that existed in good (! - not all schools were good, but good schools there were many) schools, the number of dissatisfied would be reduced to a minimum. So it's not about nostalgia. I will try to enumerate the features of the modern school - no matter what the standard is: Soviet, pre-revolutionary, Neanderthal, whatever.

1) The program is far behind in age. 4th summer program elementary school was introduced to create a "zero" grade. The first grade age was returned to 7 years, and the program remained for senior group kindergarten- and keeps getting easier. In 20-30 years in the first class, even in rural schools, counted up to a hundred and ended the year with the rudiments of multiplication. Today they are finishing the first class with the task “Lena had 6 dolls, how many dolls did she give away?” (see Moreau's textbook) What kind of eight-year-old child is this task designed for?! The whole program is focused on developmental delays, normal children by the end of grade 4, without straining their brains even once, come out as ideal and hopeless mental lazybones. Moscow International Gymnasium in Perovo (school of city subordination), grade 1 - children read ... "Teremok". Then we passed the "Turnip". In the second grade they read The Fox and the Crane.

2) The child's horizons primary school narrowed down to a world of three years: you need to love your mother, you need to love animals, it’s fun to walk together. Dictation about the rivers of Siberia, poems about war heroes,

stories about military and civil feat and childhood experiences (what happens if you lie, are greedy, behave uncomradely) - instead of Zhitkov, Aleksin, Alekseev, Mayakovsky, Dragunsky - endless Charushin (Bianchi is too difficult). The absence of children's organizations and clubs (for example, search groups in school museums) also contributes. Again: you don’t like the Soviet school, let’s take a gymnasium - the tasks were full of names of cities and goods, trains went from Moscow to Torzhok, and not endless identical dolls sat on shelves and in boxes, as in today’s textbooks. Ushinsky wrote that for a good teacher, each task is an entertaining encyclopedia. Today, nine-year-old children do not know how many kopecks are in a ruble - some say sixty, some say ten. Do you understand that these are retarded children? It's not that today they are lagging behind in development, but tomorrow they will become academicians - that's it! they will not become academics. A couple more years of such a life - they will no longer become engineers.
And how many children in general can be counted in the class, carried away by some of the subjects and dreaming of the corresponding profession?

3) The attitude towards the student in the Soviet school and pre-revolutionary gymnasium was demanding, but automatically - respectful, as to a whole little person. And the little man sounds proud. In a modern school, primary school students are “babies”, “dolls”, i.e. "little idiots" They must not be upset and must be entertained in the most base way. I studied - there were no questions: the text in English must be read 10 times. Today, try to say that you need to read it at least five times - moms faint "how can you torture children like that?" How are we alive? In the 70s - in each class - one or two works of classical English literature, from the 6th grade - without editing, just with comments ("Alice in Wonderland", fairy tales by Kipling and Oscar Wilde - two whole volumes, "The Call of the Wild", Lorna Doone, Little Women, Six Weeks with the Circus, Incredible Journey, Stuart Little). Imagine how much you had to look into the dictionary on the page, all the books were written with a pencil or pen. And now in the first grade, it turns out, you can not write more than three lines a day. The kids are tired. In the lesson - there are three lines in the copybook, there is no homework - you can’t do homework at the age of 7, children are still small.
Here is the result - they treat themselves accordingly, they do not respect themselves. There is stupid aplomb, self-esteem (not to mention the efficiency of purposefulness) - no.

4) The same type of tasks that do not require the work of the brain. When I studied, the program at school was designed in such a way that, after going through the material, the student would be able to use it. When simplifying expressions with polynomials, the efficiency of the solution was evaluated - i.e. you could simplify, however, if you chose the clumsy, long path, the score was lower. Modern seventh graders go through the square of the sum - solve examples for the square of the sum, go through the following formula - solve examples for it. At the end, three examples will be given for mixed use, no one will solve them - well, okay, all the fives got when solving according to the model. Also in the Russian language - they passed the rule - they inserted letters into the corresponding words in a printed notebook: there are no complex dictations, no expositions, nor - God forbid - essays. In MMG, our children wrote their first essay in the 6th grade - “description of the room” - in their native language! not foreign! Let's take another tsarist gymnasium - interest rates have passed - if you please now solve a whole section of problems on the profitability of bills, and not just "you need to divide by a hundred and multiply by a number."
The whole program is divided into formal steps, within which tasks must be done according to the samples. It is very convenient for teachers to check, there is no need to prepare for lessons. But it's so easy to check the teacher's work - to conduct tests not at the school level, but at the district and city level and give assignments in which the passed rules will be only elements for combinations. In English - do not say the text by heart, but tell about a similar object (give a story in pictures with the day of the boy or girl and the time on the clock - 16, 20, 30 options for such a day with alternating classes in the pictures - and hear if the student really speaks on this topic).
I give 30 students in grades 8-9 from different schools (excellent students, good students - a group of artists) the task of constructing a segment of the length of the square root of five. Nobody could decide! For some, the root of five is twenty-five. The most popular fun puzzle was the application of the Pythagorean theorem for high school.
In the fifth grade, she asked me to stage the two indicated events by the ready dates: the construction of the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir and the baptism of Russia. “And we,” they say, “have not gone through this!” These children don't even have the creeps to turn on their heads.

5) In addition to the formalization of knowledge in textbooks, many definitions and rules have been added., it is not known why they are inserted there, often postulating elementary things, with the understanding of which there have never been problems. As, for example, the following abracadabra for memorization appeared in the Russian language textbook for the second grade:
“In the same part (at the root) of the same word and in the same root words, a consonant sound paired in deafness-voicedness is indicated by the same letter.”
Or was it clear to everyone what the word being checked was? So what? You never know what is clear, you need to come up with a definition, put it in a textbook and memorize it:
“A word to be checked is a word that checks the spelling of a letter denoting a consonant paired by deafness-voicedness at the end of a word or at the root before another paired consonant.”

6) The use of speech is kept to a minimum. Compositions, presentations, reports on the topic (except for abstracts printed by parents or copied paragraphs), discussion of literature have sunk into oblivion. The use of notebooks on a printed basis makes not just writing - speech unnecessary. I look in the Russian language textbook for the 2nd grade of a three-year-old - on each page of the task “finish the story”, “complete the sentences”, “answer the questions”, “make questions”, “read the verses aloud and write them from memory”, “rewrite the sentences, choosing the right word according to the meaning”, “write off the sentences, opening the brackets and putting the words in the right form”, etc., etc. - all 178 pages of the textbook. I had no idea how many statements we had to generate on our own in our native language. But it's the teacher's job to do! Listen, check written - but who will refuse printed notebooks now?

7) Thoughtless gadgetization of education under the same sauce that education must go forward. Where should it go next? To learn how to write, you still need to write, and not look at pictures on a computer. All homework in the second grade is to click on the desired letter in the names of 8 vegetables. And nothing in the notebook. And at the lesson, they handed out macs, typed a sentence with one finger, sorted out its structure and assembled macs. It was a Russian lesson.
In order to count - you won't believe it - you need to count and communicate with the objects of the account, and not go into the virtual from the real. Good teachers they brought jars of beans to the class and forced them to sort through the beans while counting, laying them out, because the mathematical representation is a representation of objects, including tactile and visual. (Mathematics is subjective, which is why word problems with situational conditions thrown out of textbooks are so important.)
Education must go forward in the sense that it is necessary to come up with new ways to make children THINK, make mistakes, achieve, and not repeat and shorten texts under different pictures, because it is difficult for children to read to the end.
The time of becoming a person is the time when it is necessary to actively get acquainted with all the facets of the objective world, and not abstract it with a two-dimensional identical screen. (Apart from the fact that our teachers are increasingly replacing any real educational process using a computer - when you can sit in the back of the classroom instead of teaching while the children "work with the computer").
The psychological priorities of learning in primates are such that the most active way to gain experience is to repeat after comrades, communicate and discuss.

8) No alternative school system. "Gymnasiums" actually have the same level of curriculum as ordinary schools, even those that were created on the basis of old specialized schools. The only difference is funding. You can go to a gymnasium to study - and just like in a school in your own yard, learn to count to 100 for the first three years. The programs of the “English” “special school” have been completely destroyed: reading English literature every year for 1-2 classical works, tasks for texts in the amount of 35 questions, 30 sentences per exercise (and exercises for the text - at least a dozen), mandatory English matinees and evenings of English dramatization, newspaper reading, listening, etc. - and all with the appropriate district and city checks. In modern "gymnasiums" they study according to the same Russian textbooks as in "non-gymnasiums" (according to longer versions), they do not use any audio and video materials (once every six months, perhaps), there are no tests for listening comprehension at all, presentations and essays are at least , lexical minimums by topics - they seem to have forgotten about this in general, they just hammer the corresponding texts by heart.
So, in " Soviet time"- no, I'd rather say "during the time before the collapse of the school" (it does not matter, Soviet, tsarist) - there were guaranteed schools where students were required more: English, physics and mathematics, biological. Elitism was determined not by special care for students, but by the level of requirements. Pupils had to study a lot, they were periodically expelled (asked to leave) - for behavior and poor progress. Special schools trained hard-working, responsible people, who almost entirely comprised the faculties of universities and, accordingly, the scientific environment. It is a myth that you can somehow study for ten years and then become a scientist. However, some "yard" schools were also very good - a smart pedagogical team crept up. Of course, there were also bad schools in the country.
Now read the reviews of former "special students" about the "gymnasiums" created on the basis of their native schools: "there is no school left, only teachers' grayness." A child who is ready to work for real: write reports and essays in elementary school, read Gerald Durrell, Conan Doyle, Jules Verne, Mayakovsky, perform actions with numbers within a thousand in the second grade (as it was in the 20s in ALL schools), - there is simply nowhere to go.

9) The rules of conduct are forgotten at school. Discipline is an important part of the learning process. Knowledge is not acquired in bedlam. It's very simple: a well-mannered child should be friendly, tidy, in a conversation - look at the interlocutor (especially if the interlocutor is a teacher), and not at the game console, you can't run in the school building, you can't come in clothes that expose inappropriate clothing public place body parts, phones must be turned off during the lesson, etc. If there are rules and there is a desire to maintain them - first of all, teachers! -Children learn decent behavior. If an adult doesn’t give a damn, conversations begin that these are children, that there are no opportunities, etc.
Today, the teacher does not even have an idea of ​​what he should be, a good student. She only has a desire not to get involved. Of course, after a good gift from parent committee, unless there will be a desire to conflict?
What kind of talk is this that girls at school are not banned from using cosmetics? There are great schools where girls are not allowed to come with makeup - and the girls in these schools are alive and well, wearing makeup on dates and discos, and also understanding that there are places where the use of makeup is inappropriate.
The lack of discipline at school is partly explained by the corruption and helpfulness of the teaching staff, partly by the laziness and indifference of adults, partly by the loss of standards and their own inability to behave, partly by the fact that many adults were “on the sidelines” in their youth and now prove to themselves and others that in fact they are extremely liberated and do not force others.
But it's so simple: there are rules, children must follow them, adults must follow the children and demand from them.

10) The school should be a center of culture, but in fact it instills low, marginal standards. It would not be so scary if in the lives of millions Russian schoolchildren there would be some other center of culture.
There are entertainment and activities that are suitable for the family circle, if activities are suitable for a party at the office, there are those for a drunken group of friends, and there are those that are acceptable at school. It's all not the same thing.
The task of a school event is not to provide schoolchildren with such entertainment as they want (parents in the family circle can do this), but to accustom children to such a pastime so that they can enjoy not only "corporate parties" with large quantity alcohol and "spicy". You need to understand that bowling with a bar is for a team of friends outside of school, and a quiz “What? Where? When?" - for a school holiday. (And you don’t have to say in advance that a quiz is not interesting - especially if you have never had such quizzes. You should set yourself the task of making the most interesting cultural school events.)
It must be understood that the school should promote reading - despite the fact that children do not like it, not social networks.
Families that do not allow entertainment through the Comedy Club should not be placed in such conditions that it is unpleasant to let the child go to a party at school (or school in general). Rules must exist and be followed so that teachers who violate them are held accountable, not to mention delegating decisions about extracurricular activities to illiterate parents.
During breaks at school, they turn on the TV so that the children are not naughty. On the extension - a TV, the TV is turned on in the lobby of the school - I take the child with wandering eyes and impressions of second-rate cartoons. There is a TV on the extension, children sit in front of it and play their consoles and phones. What is this school? How can you leave a child here? (By the way, a school of urban subordination should have been an example.) I come to pick up the child from the last lesson - he finished work ahead of time and sits at the back of the desk playing someone else's phone in class, the teacher sees that she doesn’t care, just not to interfere .

11) Lack of control over teachers.
Indeed, teachers have become service personnel rather than mentors. Their own children sit at electronic games for hours, do not read books, do not shine in schools - this is the teacher's idea of ​​a normal child. She herself does not have enough stars from the sky, she studied at a very high school and there is no one to point out to her that in this school, in the one she works, children at the age of 10 read Sherlock Holmes and Jules Verne indiscriminately. She herself has not read The Children of Captain Grant and is not able to read it to the end. She got hooked on the pictures in the computer, forgets to check her notebooks, forgets to announce the Olympics - but she cooked a new presentation in powerpoint all night, there are photographs of bears and entertaining information that the bear sleeps in winter (for third graders). But she has ensured that the inscription appears smoothly.
In a good school - I'm not sure that such a teacher should exist - but if she exists (considering that teachers of elementary grades are a teacher's college, and not at all higher education) - there should be rules so that students do not suffer from the level of development or labor relaxation of teachers. Checkers should be periodically present at the lessons, there should be responsibility for mobile phones, working in the middle of the lesson for half the class (not to mention the electronic games in the lesson), for bedlam in the locker room, for lost notebooks.

12) material question. Raising the salaries of teachers in Moscow reduced, rather than improved, the quality of the teaching staff: the work became attractive. Now possible accountants, secretaries, managers of trading floors are considering the path of a teacher as an acceptable option - and this is a completely new contingent. In combination with pedagogical colleges instead of a pedagogical university (3 years - and you are a teacher primary school, and even with in-depth training in the field in English or informatics! - moreover, it’s by no means a fact that there are only good marks in the certificate) we get yesterday’s standard three-year student at the teacher’s place, a girl from Contacts, who, during a working day, is one and a half times shorter than the average for the country, and with a vacation of two and a half times longer than the average, receives additional payments for mugs and additional ones, gifts from parents, as well as a complete lack of control from the administration and the education department.
The ability to manage finances instantly turned most of the directors into thieves and bribe takers, gaining parallels twice as many as the school is designed for, introducing incredible paid circles and classes, shielding themselves from parents by security guards and secretaries, tied with criminal ties to their own teachers and higher-ranking employees department.
* * *
So I admit, there are indeed occasions for nostalgia.
When I, as a child, went to school, there were three specialized "English" schools within half an hour's drive from home. At first I was sent to a “simple” school in the yard, but the program turned out to be too easy for me and I was a lot of hooligans. The teachers (thanks to them!) didn’t hush up the problem in my behavior (at 6 years old, I don’t make allowances for the “baby”) and my parents transferred me to one of the “English” schools (in Kuzminki), where there was no time to hooligan, but I had to catch up with the class (mostly - in mathematics, there was no English in the first grade then). Two recent years I studied at another "English" school (in Perovo) - out of 50 graduates, eighteen entered Moscow State University.
What about my children? A school in the yard is no longer an option - thanks to the proximity of the Vykhinsky market (I hope everyone understands everything). The eldest daughter has to travel to the gymnasium across Moscow for Lenin's mountains. I take the youngest to my former school in Perovo - or rather, in what was left of it: no discipline, no decency, no extracurricular activities, the program is even more unpretentious than in the "yard" school near the Vykhinsky market, each class has 4 parallels instead of two, - everything, if only the clients were satisfied (housewives with 2-3 jeeps per family and a Turkish beach during the holidays, which they tell their friends about at school every day before the new beach).
I went to my other old school (“English” in Kuzminki), talked with my parents - everything is the same as I wrote about the previous school. The parent contingent is only smarter.
So, having on one palm the school of our childhood, and on the other an outright genocide - not only talented or capable! - but just able-bodied, controlled children with a book instead of a game console in their backpack, it is quite understandable to succumb to nostalgia.

31.08.2016

On the eve of Knowledge Day, WE decided to ask our parents about their school days and young parents about what a schoolboy looks like today.

SOVIET SCHOOLBOY

- Stationery was the same for everyone. In the early days, students wrote with ink, so a special sheet, a “blotter”, was enclosed in each notebook, which quickly dried the ink and prevented it from smearing. Plastic rulers were considered a curiosity in some schools. Another attribute of the Soviet schoolchild is the sleeves, which were worn during labor lessons or while writing, so as not to soil the sleeves and wipe them.

Source: livejournal.com

The students had a strong sense of patriotism. Being in the Komsomol is a pride for a child. To get into the Komsomol, the children underwent a rigorous selection: excellent academic performance and knowledge of the charter. Many children could be upset to tears if they did not pass the selection.

— Appearance strictly standardized: a formal dress with black on weekdays and white on holidays apron, bows, rough but high-quality shoes, jackets with a regular or stand-up collar. Perhaps there was a variety of clothes in the city, but in rural stores, if the size approached, then the seller immediately wrapped the purchase and gave it to the buyer, since there was no point in choosing from something. Sports shoes for the students were not sneakers, but only sneakers.

Source: nnm.me

- The Soviet school provided its children with almost everything. If the students lived far from the school, they were often settled in a boarding school, where they were provided with everything necessary, sometimes milk and buns were given to the students for free, the gym was equipped with all kinds of equipment.

— Schoolchildren were more involved in sports. The system set strict requirements for children, and they, in turn, were more willing to comply with them.

MODERN SCHOOLBOY

— The child is now in an unimaginable thick of information, which is why today's teenagers and children are more advanced than their parents at their age, smarter and more purposeful. They can already clearly articulate how they see themselves in the future. In part, this situation is dictated by tougher competition and developed motivation.

“A student now has a huge choice. This applies to everything from the picture on the cover of a notebook to the teaching system.

Source: altaynews.kz

- Now children are less independent, as parents take care of them more. Moms and dads devote more time to their children, which cannot be said about the times when parents disappeared at work.

- In terms of school uniforms, now each school can show individuality. Red jackets, grey-green waistcoats, badges with a coat of arms - these signs can be used to find out which school a child is studying at. In other cases, schools adhere to state standards: white top, dark bottom.

Source: liter.kz

- The development of technology, of course, could not but affect the appearance of a modern student. Abstracts are now written exclusively on a computer and using the Internet, equations are solved on advanced phone applications, and schedules and cheat sheets are transmitted via WhatsApp and VKontakte. This could not but affect the health of children: many of them, before reaching the age of 17, already have problems with vision or posture.

What can you say about modern and Soviet schoolchildren?

We thank Kuanysh Dzhumataev, Yulia Goncharova, Madina Baibolova, Aliya Nurguatova, Yerbol Nurguatov, Elena Shikera, Gulzira Abdraimova, Damesh Misheleva, Zaira Mukhamedzharova and Altynshash Uspanova for their help in creating the material.

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