Vice Chancellor Shafirs. Shafir. Return to public service

SHAFIROV AND HIS DESCENDANTS

Savva Dudakov

The Russian intelligentsia for several centuries mostly came from the nobility - the most diverse class of the Russian people. What kind of blood is not mixed in it! Russia, capturing new spaces, needed talented builders of the empire. Khazars, Cumans, Tatars, Lithuanians, Poles, Germans, French, Italians, Scots, Spaniards, Georgians, Armenians - the sons of Western Europe and Asia, even Africa and America arrived in distant Russia, where they often succeeded in "catching happiness and ranks" , but the chopping block fell out no less often. Jews are no exception to this.

P. P. Shafirov.

Unknown artist of the 18th century.

The most interesting document, in my opinion, that tells about the Jews of the time of Peter the Great is the reports of the Jesuit Fathers to the papal throne in the period from 1698 to 1720. It should be noted that the information of the Jesuits (due to the well-known features of this order) was distinguished by high accuracy and scrupulousness. Explaining the reasons why the Muscovites could not be persuaded to conclude a union with Rome, they also pointed to the Jews: “The tenth difficulty is the power of the Jews. There are quite a lot of Jewish families here, who arrived from neighboring Poland. Although they are baptized, they celebrate the Sabbath secretly, or even quite openly, as they did before. And such and such people are promoted to the first positions. One of them is in charge of the chancellery of the Most Serene Prince, the other manages several major departments, the third is the most important manager of Prince Menshikov, the fourth serves as governor in Vologda ... They are the first and, in comparison with others, the most cruel enemies of the Holy Church ...

And now they defend the Lutheran and Calvinist heresy with all their might, and when they have the opportunity to harm us, they, in turn, do not remain without the support of their allies. (“Letters and reports of the Jesuits about Russia at the end of the XVII - early XVIII centuries St. Petersburg, 1904). It should be noted that Nikita Moiseevich Zotov was the head of the royal office until 1718; the chief manager of Menshikov is Fyodor Solovyov, the founder of the noble family of the Solovyovs; and the manager of several major departments was Baron Pyotr Pavlovich Shafirov (1669-1739).

The grandfather of Pyotr Pavlovich, the Smolensk Jew Shafir, after the annexation of Smolensk to Russia, was baptized in 1654, receiving the name Pavel and patronymic Filippovich. The son of the newly-minted Pavel, also Pavel, knew several foreign languages, which is why he was invited to serve in the Ambassadorial Department. And his son (the grandson of the Smolensk Shafir) became under Peter the Great "the same" Shafirov.

The contribution of Vice-Chancellor Baron Shafirov to the history of Russia is as great as it is well known. The abundance of awards he deserved, however, did not ensure immunity. It must be said that Shafirov, a true child of his time, did not disdain from time to time to put his hand into the state treasury for his own benefit. In the end, for bribery, as well as for hiding his Jewish origin, he ended up on the block. And only at the last moment, when the executioner's ax had already plunged into the block next to the neck of the condemned, the most merciful decision was announced: to replace the death penalty with eternal exile. From there, the disgraced nobleman was returned only after the death of Peter and again exalted high.

Meanwhile, in contrast to a difficult and uneven political career family life Shafirov was extremely happy. His wife, Anna Stepanovna (Samoilovna) Kop'eva, may have been his distant relative. She bore Peter Pavlovich six children. Daughters, when their term came, were married to the most aristocratic families, including the Rurikovich-Gediminovichs. As for the son of Isaiah, he seems to have been the only grief of his parents: he drank, gambled and died without showing himself in any way in life.

Shafirov's daughter Anna married Prince Alexei Matveevich Gagarin and gave birth to Princess Anna Alekseevna Gagarina (1722-1804), who in marriage became Countess Matyushkina. And Countess Matyushkina, Shafirov's granddaughter, was the first lady of state of Empress Catherine II, and then the chief chamberlain at the court of Empress Maria Feodorovna. Her daughter married the Polish Count Vielgorsky. Their children - the famous musicians Matvey and Mikhail Vielgorsky - did a lot for Russian musical culture. The elder brother is a talented composer, the younger brother is an outstanding cellist and founder of the Symphony Society, the first director and founder of the Russian Musical Society, later the Imperial Russian Musical Society. The brothers provided all possible support to Mikhail Glinka, patronized Anton and Nikolai Rubinstein. They kept in touch with Alexander Pushkin, Nikolai Gogol, Franz Liszt and many other figures of Russian and world culture...

The second granddaughter of Shafirov from Anna's daughter, Princess Darya Alekseevna, was married to Field Marshal Prince Golitsyn. She left a curious testimony about her mother Anna Petrovna, who bravely refused to accept a glass of wine from the Great Peter, which caused the tsar's displeasure. The same incident, only described in more detail by Historian K. Valishevsky: “The daughter of Vice-Chancellor Shafirov refused a glass of vodka brought by Peter, and he shouted to her: “Evil Jewish breed, I will teach you to obey!” - and reinforced the exclamation with two strong slaps in the face.

Another daughter of the baron, Marfa Petrovna (1697–1762), married Prince Sergei Grigoryevich Dolgorukov. Of her descendants, Count Sergei Yulievich Witte (1849–1915), one of the greatest statesmen of the era of Alexander III and Nicholas II, is primarily known. Witte was an outstanding diplomat and administrator, in him, more than in anyone else, the character traits of his ancestor were repeated. However, Shafirov worked at the foundation Russian Empire, and Witte at its sunset. Sergei Yulievich did not enjoy the favor of Nicholas II, who did not heed the warnings of his mother, Maria Feodorovna, the widow of Alexander III: "Listen to Sergei Yulievich in everything." Count Witte was a consistent supporter of Jewish equality, and in monarchical circles he was not called otherwise than a "Jewish hireling."

Sergey Yulievich was brought up in the house of the uncle of General Rostislav Fadeev, the one who distinguished himself in suppressing the uprising of the highlanders in the Caucasus and received as a gift from Prince Baryatinsky, who captured Shamil near the village of Gunib, the battle banner of the rebellious imam. The general fought in Turkestan, and in the Balkans, even in Africa - he commanded the troops of the Egyptian Khedive ruler. For Saltykov-Shchedrin, the "restless" general became the prototype of the voivode Polkan-Rededi...

Witte's aunt Elena Gan (1814–1842) entered Russian history. She is known as a writer, author of romantic stories under the pseudonym Zinaida R-voi. Her writings were compared by contemporaries with the prose of Pushkin, Lermontov, George Sand. And yet the fame of her daughter undoubtedly surpassed that of her mother. This is Helena Blavatsky, writer and theosophist. There is an opinion that for years traveling through the wild places of Tibet, India, Ceylon, she, perhaps, combined the study of oriental mysticism with the fulfillment of delicate assignments of Russian intelligence.

Another descendant of Shafirov through his daughter Marfa is the famous poet Pyotr Vyazemsky (1792–1878), a close friend of Pushkin, one of the pillars of the Russian poetic school. It is to him, a descendant of Shafir and Rurik, that the expression that has become a textbook belongs: "What is great for a Russian is a Karachun for a German." And about himself, he remarked: "It is a shame to sit in someone else's sleigh for a native Russian." Nevertheless, the "native Rusak" was seriously interested in the Jewish theme. He compared its resolution with the resolution of the problem of serfdom. It seems that it was not by chance that Vyazemsky undertook a difficult trip to Palestine at that time.

It is also worth mentioning that the famous historian and writer N.M. Karamzin. Yu.N. Tynyanov believed that it was Ekaterina Andreevna who was the very “nameless love” of Pushkin, to whom he dedicated the famous elegy “On the hills of Georgia lies the darkness of the night” ... And, finally, one more interesting fact: M.Yu. Lermontov on the line of the grandmother E.A. Arsenyeva is a relative of the Evreinovs, and Matvey Evreinov, the founder of this family, is a relative of P.P. Shafirov.

The third daughter of Shafirov, Natalya Petrovna, married Count Alexander Fedorovich Golovin, the son of Fedor Alekseevich, a great associate of Peter I, who himself was both a patron and a friend to Shafirov. Admiral Stepan Lesovsky (1817–1884) should be noted in this line. In 1863, he commanded a squadron that arrived in New York to support President Lincoln in a heated civil war. Soviet historians were inclined to believe that the sudden appearance of Lesovsky's squadron kept Britain from intervening in the war on the side of the southern states.

The fourth daughter of the baron, Ekaterina Petrovna, was married off by her caring father to Prince Vasily Petrovich Khovansky. By the beginning of the twentieth century, their offspring amounted to more than four hundred people. Here the branch of the Samarins should be noted - one of them in 1915 was the chief prosecutor of the Synod, replacing the baptized Jew V.K. Saber. Proud Samarin could not stay in the Synod due to open enmity with the all-powerful Rasputin. By the way, Shafirov's seed was directly related to the murder of the "holy devil" ... The blood of the baron flowed in the veins of Prince Felix Yusupov-Sumarokov-Elston, the famous murderer of Grigory Rasputin.

The direct descendants of Ekaterina Shafirova and Vasily Khovansky were the princes Trubetskoy and the Counts Stroganovs, one of whom, Pavel Alexandrovich, commanded a combined division in the Battle of Borodino and showed excellent courage. Russian writer Alexei Nikolaevich Tolstoy is also one of the descendants of Ekaterina Petrovna.

Maria Petrovna, the fifth daughter of Shafirov, like her sisters, married quite well - to Senator and President of the Chamber Collegium Mikhail Saltykov, a Russian nobleman whose roots stretch back to the khans of the Golden Horde. One of the descendants of this couple - Alexander Chicherin - devoted himself to military affairs, served in the famous Semenovsky regiment and died young in the battle of Teplitz-Schönau in 1813. He left the most interesting diaries, in which we do not hide a keen interest in Jewry - a hobby, where as unusual for a Russian nobleman of those times. Chicherin writes about visits to Jewish quarters, synagogues, about Jews he met... Is it just natural curiosity or is it a persistent genetic memory?

In conclusion, I want to note that the Shafirov family is also represented in modern Israel. For example, Elena Tolstaya-Segal, the granddaughter of the writer A.N. Tolstoy, teaches literature at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

Monthly literary and journalistic magazine and publishing house.

(Baron Pyotr Pavlovich, 1669-1739) - a well-known diplomat of the Petrine era.

Diplomatic activity of Shafirov

Petr Shafirov

He came from a family of Polish Jews who lived in Smolensk and converted to Orthodoxy after the capture of the city by the Russians in Polish war 1654–1667 He began his service in 1691 as an interpreter of the Embassy Department, in which his father, Pavel Filippovich, also served (before baptism, Shaya Sapsaev). Shafirov was first nominated by Golovin, who awarded him the title of secret secretary (1704). Golovin's successor, I. Golovkin, elevated Shafirov to vice-chancellor. In this rank, Shafirov, for the most part, managed the embassy order. Accompanying Peter the Great during his travels and campaigns, Shafirov took part in concluding an agreement with Polish king August II (1701) and with the ambassadors of the seven-grad prince Rakoczy. In 1711, Shafirov concluded the memorable Treaty of Prut with the Turks and himself, together with Count M.P. Sheremetev, remained a hostage to them. Upon his return to Russia (1714), he concluded (1715) an alliance with Denmark against the Swedes, an agreement on the marriage of Princess Catherine Ioannovna with the Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin Karl-Leopold (1716) and agreements with Prussia and France on maintaining peace in Europe (1717) . Around 1716, Shafirov, on behalf of Peter the Great, wrote the famous Discourse on the Causes of the War, which was published twice (1716 and 1722). The struggle with the Swedish king seemed there to be a necessity caused by the vital needs of Russia. In the conclusion to Shafirov's "Discourse", Peter I held the idea that peace with the Swedes should not be concluded until the possession of the Baltic Sea was secured. Around the same time, Shafirov also wrote "Dedication, or Offering to Tsarevich Peter Petrovich about the wise, brave and generous deeds of His Majesty Sovereign Peter I."

Opala Shafirov

In 1723, a brilliant service career suddenly collapsed after his collision with the chief prosecutor Skornyakov-Pisarev. At the end of the reign of Peter I, the bribery of nobles acquired dimensions that were dangerous for the very existence of the state. The increased power of the oligarchy of wealthy dignitaries was already a threat to the monarchical power itself, the various parties of the nobility entered into a fierce struggle with each other. To curb the "chicks of his nest" Peter resorted to bloody measures. In 1722, the vice-governor of Voronezh, Kolychev, was punished with a whip for embezzlement and extortion in the amount of up to seven hundred thousand rubles. Soon a case arose about the sub-chancellor Shafirov, who had hitherto enjoyed the sovereign's unfailing confidence. Initially, an investigation began that Menshikov populated many extra people in his Little Russian estate Pochepa and seized extra land. Shafirov was against Menshikov in the Senate, along with Golitsyn and Dolgoruky. The chief prosecutor of the Senate, Skornyakov-Pisarev, was for Menshikov against Shafirov.

Soon Skornyakov accused Shafirov of attempting to steal. Shafirov wanted his brother Mikhail, when moving from one service to another, to be given an extra salary, and brought him under the law on foreigners. Skornyakov-Pisarev sharply noted that the Shafirovs were not foreigners, but Jews, and their grandfather was a "best man" (housekeeper) in Orsha - hence their surname came from. This extremely irritated Shafirov, and Skornyakov hooked him again a few days later. The Senate heard the case of the mail, which was led by Shafirov. The chief prosecutor demanded that Shafirov leave the Senate presence in accordance with the royal decree, which ordered judges to leave the presence when cases concerning themselves or their relatives were heard. Shafirov did not listen, cursed Skornyakov-Pisarev as a thief, and then uttered barbs to Chancellor Golovkin and Menshikov. They left the meeting themselves and submitted the opinion that Shafirov should be deprived of the title of senator for illegal actions.

Peter I was then Persian campaign. Returning in January 1723, he appointed to the Preobrazhensky court of senators and several senior military commanders. He sentenced Shafirov to death. The verdict was to be carried out in the Moscow Kremlin on February 15, 1723. On this day, Shafirov was taken to the scaffold, and he already laid his head on the chopping block when Makarov's cabinet secretary announced that the tsar, for Shafirov's previous merits, would grant him life and replace the death penalty with exile in Siberia . The shame of the scaffold upset Shafirov to such an extent that the surgeon had to bleed him. “It would be better,” Shafirov said at the same time, “if the executioner bled me, and my life expired with it.” On the way to Siberia, Peter allowed Shafirov to stay "for residence" in Nizhny Novgorod "under strong guard", where he and his whole family were allowed to support 33 kopecks a day. Deprived of all property, Shafirov lived in extreme poverty. Russian nobles and even foreign ministers sent him alms. Catherine asked the sovereign to pardon Shafirov, but Peter was inexorable.

But at the same time Peter dismissed Skornyakov-Pisarev from the post of chief prosecutor, took away the granted villages from him. However, the following year he appointed Skornyakov superintendent of works on the Ladoga Canal. Two senators who held the side - Prince Dolgoruky and Dmitry Golitsyn - were sentenced by Peter to a fine and six months in prison, but four days later he forgave them, at the request of the empress. Skornyakov-Pisarev's quarrel with Shafirov prompted the tsar to issue a special law imposing fines for indecent behavior in a public office.

The return of Shafirov to the diplomatic field after the death of Peter I

Peter I died two years after Shafirov's conviction, and Catherine I, immediately after accession to the throne, returned him from exile, returned everything taken away to him, made him president of the College of Commerce and entrusted the compilation of the history of Peter the Great. In 1730, Shafirov traveled as a minister plenipotentiary to Gilan, where he concluded a trade and peace treaty with the Persian Shah. In 1733 he was again made a senator. In 1734, together with Osterman, he participated in the conclusion of a trade treaty with England, and in 1737, in the conclusion of the Nemirovsky treatise. In 1739 Peter Shafirov died.

Isai Shafirov

his son Isai Petrovich Shafirov(1699-1756), who studied abroad, served first in the King of Arms office, then as a translator for his father, and later as an adviser in the patrimonial and commerce colleges (until 1740). For his addiction to alcohol and the card game, Isai, at the behest of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, was kept for several years in the Moscow Donskoy Monastery, where he probably died.

Articles and books about Shafirov

The article "Shafirov" in the Brockhaus-Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary

Article "Shafirs" in the Electronic Jewish Encyclopedia

Markish D. Jew of Peter the Great. novel

Turbin S. I. Chicks of Peter the Great. "Russian antiquity", 1872. Volume 5, number 6.

SHAFIROV Pyotr Pavlovich (1669,?, - 1739, St. Petersburg), baron (since 1710), Russian statesman, diplomat.

Born into a Jewish family. Shafirov's father, Shaya Sapsaev, during the Russo-Polish War of 1654–67 a six-year-old child was taken prisoner, baptized, later worked as an interpreter in Embassy order. Shafirov received an excellent education for that time, he was fluent in Polish, German, Dutch, French, English languages later learned Turkish.

From August 1691, he began working as a translator in the Posolsky Prikaz, at the same time translating calendars into Russian. Participated in the Great Embassy of the Russian diplomatic mission in 1697–98. in Western Europe, during which he attracted the attention of Peter I. Participated in the preparation of the Russian-Danish-Polish alliance of 1699 and the Russian-Polish alliance of 1701. Shafirov became close to F. Golovin, who held the post of chancellor (Shafirov's daughter married the chancellor's son). From 1703 Shafirov was secret secretary under F. Golovin, from 1709 he was vice-chancellor and post manager. He was present at the royal headquarters on the battlefield during the Battle of Poltava (June 27, 1709). Shafirov was the first in the Russian Empire to receive the title of baron (1710).

During the Prut campaign (1711) he was at the headquarters of Peter I, commander of the Russian army. After the Russian army was surrounded by many times outnumbered Turkish troops and left with virtually no food, Shafirov was sent to negotiate peace, having with him Peter's order to agree to the surrender of Azov and other Russian conquests in the south to Turkey, everything, what Russia won in the Northern War with Sweden, except for St. Petersburg, as well as Pskov. Shafirov managed to conclude the Prut Peace Treaty, under which Azov retreated to Turkey, Russia was obliged to tear down the fortresses in the south, but retained everything gained in the Northern War. In 1711–14 as an envoy and at the same time a hostage was in Istanbul. After Turkey decided to declare war on Russia on October 31, 1712, Shafirov, along with the entire staff of the embassy, was imprisoned. In March 1713 he was released from prison and led the Russian delegation in negotiations with Turkey. On June 13, 1713, the Adrianople Peace Treaty was concluded, which basically repeated the Prut Treaty and did not allow military operations to unfold. Even the Soviet historian N. Molchanov, who was unfriendly to Shafirov, wrote about the conclusion of an agreement in his book “The Diplomacy of Peter the Great” (Moscow, 1984): “If it is true that diplomacy is the art of the possible, then in this case our diplomats have achieved the impossible.” Shafirov played a big role in concluding allied treaties with Poland and Denmark in 1715, with Prussia and France in 1717, which largely determined the defeat of the Swedes in the war.

From 1717 - Vice-President of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs, actually led the foreign policy of Russia, prepared the most important points for the future Treaty of Nystadt in 1721, which completed northern war(1700–1721). In 1723, he fell victim to the struggle of court groups, consisting of representatives of the old and new nobility (due to family ties, Shafirov joined the old nobility). He was put on trial by a Senate commission of 10 senators on charges of embezzlement, violent behavior in the Senate and hiding his Jewishness, but this charge was dropped. He was sentenced to death with the deprivation of ranks, titles and estates. During the execution (the ax fell next to Shafirov's head), the sentence was replaced by exile to Siberia.

On the way to Siberia, he was allowed to settle in Nizhny Novgorod. After the death of Peter I (1725), Empress Catherine returned Shafirov from exile, he was given most of the confiscated property. In 1725–27 Shafirov served as president of the Commerce Collegium. He was also instructed to write the history of the reign of Peter. Shafirov’s Peru owns a political treatise justifying Russia’s participation in the war against Sweden, “Discourse, what are the legitimate reasons for His Majesty Peter the Great to start a war against Charles XII Swedish in 1700 had ... ”(1722), which was published at that time with a huge circulation of 20 thousand copies and withstood several editions.

From 1727 to 1730 Shafirov was retired, in 1730-32. was ambassador to Persia, concluded the Resht Treaty of Russia with Persia in 1732 on joint military operations against Turkey. In 1733–39 was President of the College of Commerce.

Shafirov was one of the executors of the reforms of Peter I. So, he set up the post office in an exemplary manner, became one of the first manufacturing manufacturers in Russia, tried to organize a silk-spinning factory in Moscow, established fishing in the White Sea and the extraction of walrus, whale and cod oil and the export of whalebone to Europe. Shafirov actively participated in the creation of the Spiritual Regulations - a legislative act on the reform of church administration. The library confiscated from Shafirov formed the basis of the future library of the Academy of Sciences.

Shafirov never forgot his Jewish origin. According to some evidence, privacy Shafirov's family did not eat pork. At Shafirov's trial, it turned out that the family maintained ties with their unbaptized relatives in Vorsha. Shafirov also kept in touch with the Jews of the West. It is known that he borrowed large funds from Jewish bankers for Emperor Peter. In turn, Western European Jews, through Shafirov, asked the tsar about the possibility of opening trading offices in Russia.

Shafirov's wife Anna Stepanovna (Samoilovna) Kopeva, was of Jewish origin. They had five daughters and a son. All the daughters of Baron Shafirov married representatives of the first families of Russia - Prince A. Gagarin, Prince S. Dolgorukov, Count Golovin, Princes V. Khovansky and M. Saltykov. Among the descendants of Shafirov are Prime Minister Count S. Witte, theosophist Helena Blavatskaya, poet P. Vyazemsky, Slavophile Y. Samarin, Princess Zinaida Yusupova and her son F. Yusupov, director of the police department A. Lopukhin, writer A. N. Tolstoy and a lot others.

At the son of Shafirov, Isaiah(1699–1756), had eight children, but all of his sons died in infancy. The baronial family of the Shafirovs died out.

(1739-03-01 )
St. Petersburg Father: Pavel Filippovich Shafirov Spouse: Anna Stepanovna (Samoilovna) Kopeva Children: Ekaterina, Martha, Natalia, Isaiah, Anna, Maria Awards:

Baron Pyotr Pavlovich Shafirov ( (1669 ) - March 1, St. Petersburg) - the second in rank after Gavrila Golovkin, a diplomat of the time of Peter the Great, vice-chancellor. Knight of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called (1719). In 1701-1722, he was in fact in charge of the Russian post office. In 1723 he was sentenced to death on charges of abuse, but after Peter's death he was able to return to diplomatic activity. Shafirovsky Prospekt of Saint Petersburg is named after him.

Biography

Opala

When the case of Shafirov about abuses in the postal department, identified by Skornyakov-Pisarev, was considered by the Governing Senate, the accused, in violation of the regulations, refused to leave the hall and entered into a noisy squabble with his enemies Menshikov and Golovkin. As a result, by a commission of 10 senators, he was deprived of his rank, title and estate and sentenced to death; Peter I replaced the last one with a link to Siberia, but on the way there he allowed him to stop "for residence" in Nizhny Novgorod "under strong guard", where he and his whole family were given 33 kopecks for maintenance per day.

Contribution to the development of Russian mail

P. P. Shafirov made a great contribution to the development of Russian mail, which he headed from 1701 to 1723. In the Table of Ranks, Shafirov was noted in 1722 as a postmaster general, the first in Russia.

Family

Wife - Anna Stepanovna (Samoilovna) Kopeva. Children (bearing a baronial title):

Anna, married to Prince Alexei Matveyevich Gagarin, son of the Siberian governor, they have a son Matthew and a daughter Anna;
Maria, married to Mikhail Mikhailovich Saltykov, senator, president of the College of Commerce; they have a son Alexander.
Ekaterina, married to Prince Vasily Petrovich Khovansky (January 22, 1694 - January 9, 1746), master of the horse to Elizabeth Petrovna, chief president of the Chief Magistrate;
Martha(1697-1762), married to Prince Sergei Grigoryevich Dolgorukov (executed in Novgorod on November 8, 1739); their great-grandson was the poet P. A. Vyazemsky;
Natalia(1698-1728), married to Count Alexander Fedorovich Golovin (1694-1731), son of Peter's chancellor;
Isaiah(1699-1756) - studied abroad, served in the King of Arms office, then as a translator with his father, an adviser in the patrimonial and commerce colleges (until 1740); for addiction to alcoholic beverages and a card game, he was kept, at the behest of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, for several years in the Moscow Donskoy Monastery, where he probably died; since 1721 he was married to Evdokia Andreevna Izmailova (1704-1750), daughter of A.P. Izmailov; their kids
- Anna(1726-1783), married to Pyotr Mikhailovich Vlasov (1726-1799), captain of the guard, founder of the Gorushki estate;
- Basil
- Paul
- Martha(1729-1786), since 1756 maid of honor, since 1759 married to Alexander Grigoryevich Petrovo-Solovovo, lieutenant general, real privy councillor, was his first wife; “Dry, ugly-faced, with a crane neck,” as Empress Elizaveta Petrovna spoke of Shafirova, was at one time the subject of passion for her husband’s second cousin, Grand Duke Peter Fedorovich.
- Natalia(1740 - 21.07.1796), married to Peter Bogdanovich Passek, governor-general of Mogilev and Polotsk governorships,
- Peter(d. 1820), married to Princess Elizaveta Kropotkina,
- Maria(1736-1799), married (since 1763) to Prince Nikolai Ivanovich Romodanovsky-Ladyzhensky (1746-1803);
- Ekaterina, married to Prince Mikhail Sergeevich Volkonsky (1745-1812);

Awards

Order of Generosity (Prussia)
Order of St. Andrew the First-Called (30.5.1719)

In literature

Historical novel by D. Markish "The Jew of Peter the Great"

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Notes

Links

V. R-v.// Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
Shafirov Pyotr Pavlovich // Great Soviet Encyclopedia: [in 30 volumes] / ch. ed. A. M. Prokhorov. - 3rd ed. - M. : Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
- article from the Electronic Jewish Encyclopedia
Dudakov S. Yu.. - M.; Jerusalem: E. B. Rakitskaya, 2011. - 434 p. - ISBN 978-5-905016-13-4.
Turbin S.I.] // Russian antiquity. - 1872. - V. 5, No. 6. - S. 903-951.



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An excerpt characterizing Shafirov, Pyotr Pavlovich

“Well, now that’s all,” said Kutuzov, signing the last paper, and, getting up heavily and straightening the folds of his white plump neck, with a cheerful face, he headed for the door.
Popadya, with blood rushing to her face, grabbed the dish, which, despite the fact that she had been preparing for so long, she still did not manage to serve it on time. And with a low bow, she brought it to Kutuzov.
Kutuzov's eyes narrowed; he smiled, took her chin in his hand and said:
- And what a beauty! Thank you dove!
He took a few gold pieces out of his trousers pocket and put them on a dish for her.
- Well, how do you live? - said Kutuzov, heading to the room allotted for him. Popadya, smiling with dimples on her ruddy face, followed him into the upper room. The adjutant went out to Prince Andrei on the porch and invited him to breakfast; half an hour later, Prince Andrei was called again to Kutuzov. Kutuzov was lying on an armchair in the same unbuttoned frock coat. He held a French book in his hand, and at the entrance of Prince Andrei, having laid it with a knife, he rolled it up. It was Les chevaliers du Cygne, the composition of madame de Genlis [The Knights of the Swan, Madame de Genlis], as Prince Andrei saw from the wrapper.
“Well, sit down, sit down here, we’ll talk,” said Kutuzov. - It's sad, very sad. But remember, my friend, that I am your father, another father ... - Prince Andrei told Kutuzov everything he knew about the death of his father, and about what he saw in the Bald Mountains, passing through them.
- To what ... to what they brought! - Kutuzov suddenly said in an excited voice, obviously clearly imagining, from the story of Prince Andrei, the situation in which Russia was. “Give me time, give me time,” he added with an angry expression on his face and, obviously not wanting to continue this conversation that worried him, he said: “I called you in to keep you with me.
“I thank your grace,” answered Prince Andrei, “but I’m afraid that I’m no longer fit for headquarters,” he said with a smile that Kutuzov noticed. Kutuzov looked at him questioningly. “And most importantly,” added Prince Andrei, “I got used to the regiment, fell in love with the officers, and the people, it seems, fell in love with me. I would be sorry to leave the regiment. If I refuse the honor of being with you, then believe me ...
An intelligent, kind, and at the same time subtly mocking expression shone on Kutuzov's plump face. He interrupted Bolkonsky:
- I'm sorry, I would need you; but you're right, you're right. We don't need people here. There are always many advisers, but there are no people. The regiments would not be like this if all the advisers served there in the regiments, like you. I remember you from Austerlitz ... I remember, I remember, I remember with the banner, ”said Kutuzov, and a joyful flush rushed into the face of Prince Andrei at this memory. Kutuzov pulled him by the hand, offering him his cheek, and again Prince Andrei saw tears in the eyes of the old man. Although Prince Andrei knew that Kutuzov was weak for tears and that he now especially caresses him and pities him because of the desire to show sympathy for his loss, Prince Andrei was both joyful and flattering in this memory of Austerlitz.
- Go with God on your own path. I know your road is the road of honor. He paused. - I felt sorry for you in Bucarest: I should have sent. - And, changing the conversation, Kutuzov began to talk about Turkish war and the enclosed world. - Yes, they reproached me a lot, - said Kutuzov, - both for the war and for peace ... but everything came on time. Tout vient a point a celui qui sait attendre. [Everything comes on time for someone who knows how to wait.] And there were no less advisers there than here ... - he continued, returning to the advisers, who apparently occupied him. - Oh, advisers, advisers! - he said. If we had listened to everyone, we would not have concluded peace there, in Turkey, and we would not have ended the war. Everything is faster, and the soon comes out for a long time. If Kamensky had not died, he would have disappeared. He stormed the fortresses with thirty thousand. It is not difficult to take a fortress, it is difficult to win a campaign. And for this you do not need to storm and attack, but you need patience and time. Kamensky sent soldiers to Ruschuk, and I sent them alone (patience and time) and took more fortresses than Kamensky, and forced the horse meat of the Turks to eat. He shook his head. And the French will too! Believe my word, - Kutuzov said, inspired, hitting his chest, - I will eat horse meat! And again his eyes filled with tears.
“However, will it be necessary to accept the battle?” - said Prince Andrew.
- It will be necessary, if everyone wants it, there is nothing to do ... But, my dear: there is no stronger than those two warriors, patience and time; they will do everything, but advisers n "entendent pas de cette oreille, voila le mal. [they don't hear with this ear - that's what's bad.] Some want it, others don't. What to do?" he asked, apparently waiting for an answer. "Yes, what do you order to do?" he repeated, and his eyes shone with a deep, intelligent expression. "I'll tell you what to do," he said, since Prince Andrei still did not answer. "I'll tell you what to do and what am I doing. Dans le doute, mon cher, - he paused, - abstiens toi, [In doubt, my dear, refrain.] - he said with a pause.
- Well, goodbye, my friend; remember that I carry your loss with you with all my heart and that I am not your brightest, not a prince and not a commander in chief, but I am your father. If you need anything, come straight to me. Farewell, dove. He hugged and kissed him again. And even before Prince Andrei had time to go out the door, Kutuzov sighed reassuringly and again took up Madame Genlis's unfinished novel Les chevaliers du Cygne.
How and why this happened, Prince Andrei could not explain in any way; but after this meeting with Kutuzov, he returned to his regiment reassured about the general course of the case and about the one to whom it was entrusted. The more he saw the absence of everything personal in this old man, in whom there seemed to be only the habits of passions and instead of the mind (grouping events and drawing conclusions) only the ability to calmly contemplate the course of events, the more he was calm that everything would be the way it was. should be. “He won’t have anything of his own. He won’t invent anything, he won’t do anything, thought Prince Andrei, but he will listen to everything, remember everything, put everything in its place, won’t interfere with anything useful and won’t allow anything harmful. He understands that there is something stronger and more significant than his will - this is the inevitable course of events, and he knows how to see them, knows how to understand their significance and, in view of this significance, knows how to renounce participation in these events, from his personal waves aimed at other. And most importantly, thought Prince Andrei, why do you believe him, is that he is Russian, despite the Janlis novel and French sayings; it is that his voice trembled when he said: “What have they brought!”, and that he sobbed, saying that he would “make them eat horse meat”. On the same feeling, which everyone more or less vaguely experienced, was based the unanimity and general approval that accompanied the popular, contrary to court considerations, the election of Kutuzov to the commander in chief.

After the departure of the sovereign from Moscow, Moscow life flowed in the same, usual order, and the course of this life was so usual that it was difficult to remember former days patriotic enthusiasm and enthusiasm, and it was hard to believe that Russia was really in danger and that the members of the English Club were, at the same time, sons of the fatherland, ready for any sacrifice for him. One thing that reminded of the general enthusiastic patriotic mood during the Emperor's stay in Moscow was the demand for donations in people and money, which, as soon as they were made, took on a legal, official form and seemed inevitable.
As the enemy approached Moscow, the Muscovites' view of their situation not only did not become more serious, but, on the contrary, even more frivolous, as is always the case with people who see a great danger approaching. When danger approaches, two voices always speak equally strongly in a person’s soul: one very reasonably says that a person should consider the very nature of the danger and the means to get rid of it; the other says even more sensibly that it is too hard and painful to think about danger, while it is not in the power of man to foresee everything and save himself from the general course of affairs, and therefore it is better to turn away from the difficult until it has come, and think about the pleasant. In solitude, a person mostly gives himself to the first voice, in society, on the contrary, to the second. So it was now with the inhabitants of Moscow. For a long time they did not have so much fun in Moscow as this year.
Rostopchinsky posters with the image at the top of the drinking house, the kisser and the Moscow tradesman Karpushka Chigirin, who, having been in the warriors and having drunk an extra hook on the poke, heard that Bonaparte wanted to go to Moscow, got angry, scolded all the French with bad words, left the drinking house and started talking under the eagle to the assembled people, were read and discussed on a par with the last burime Vasily Lvovich Pushkin.
In the club, in the corner room, they were going to read these posters, and some people liked how Karpushka taunted the French, saying that they would bloat from cabbage, burst from porridge, choke on cabbage soup, that they were all dwarfs and that one woman would throw pitchforks on three of them . Some disapproved of this tone and said that it was vulgar and stupid. It was said that Rostopchin had expelled the French and even all foreigners from Moscow, that among them were spies and agents of Napoleon; but they told it mainly in order, on this occasion, to convey the witty words spoken by Rostopchin during their departure. Foreigners were sent on a barge to Nizhny, and Rostopchin told them: “Rentrez en vous meme, entrez dans la barque et n” en faites pas une barque ne Charon.” [enter yourself and this boat and try not to let this boat became Charon's boat for you.] They said that they had already sent all government offices from Moscow, and they immediately added Shinshin's joke that Moscow should be grateful to Napoleon for this alone. They said that Mamonov's regiment would cost eight hundred thousand, that Bezukhov even more spent on his warriors, but what is best in Bezukhov's act is that he himself will put on a uniform and ride in front of the regiment and will not take anything for places from those who will look at him.
“You do no favors to anyone,” said Julie Drubetskaya, collecting and pressing a pile of plucked lint with thin fingers covered with rings.
Julie was going to leave Moscow the next day and made a farewell party.
- Bezukhov est ridicule [ridiculous], but he is so kind, so sweet. What a pleasure it is to be so caustique [evil-tongued]?
- Fine! - said a young man in a militia uniform, whom Julie called "mon chevalier" [my knight] and who went with her to the Lower.
In Julie's society, as in many Moscow societies, it was customary to speak only Russian, and those who made the mistake of saying French words, paid a fine in favor of the donation committee.
“Another fine for Gallicism,” said the Russian writer, who was in the living room. - “The pleasure of not being Russian.
“You do no favors to anyone,” Julie continued to the militia, not paying attention to the writer’s remark. “I am to blame for the caustique,” she said, “and I am crying, but for the pleasure of telling you the truth, I am ready to pay more; I am not responsible for Gallicisms,” she turned to the writer: “I have neither money nor time, like Prince Golitsyn, to take a teacher and study in Russian. Here he is, said Julie. - Quand on ... [When.] No, no, - she turned to the militia, - you won’t catch. When they talk about the sun, they see its rays, ”said the hostess, smiling kindly at Pierre. “We were only talking about you,” Julie said with the freedom of lies characteristic of secular women. - We said that your regiment, right, will be better than Mamon's.
“Ah, don’t tell me about my regiment,” Pierre answered, kissing the hostess’s hand and sitting down beside her. - He bored me so much!
"Are you sure you'll be in charge of it yourself?" - said Julie, exchanging sly and mocking glances with the militia.

Regular Article Date of creation: 14.11.2011

Pyotr Pavlovich Shafirov

Occupation:	Diplomat
Date of Birth:	1669 (1669 )
Place of Birth:
Citizenship:
Date of death:	1739 (1739 )
A place of death:

Shafirov, Petr Pavlovich(1669, Moscow?, - 1739, St. Petersburg), baron (since 1710) - Russian statesman, diplomat.

Biographical information

Born in the family of a Polish Jew Shai Sapsaev, who during the Russian-Polish war of 1654-1667. A six-year-old child was taken prisoner. He became a serf of the boyar B. Khitrovo, converted to Orthodoxy and then was released (becoming, apparently, a commercial agent of his former master). Later he worked as a translator in the Posolsky Prikaz.

That is, P. P. Shafirov was Orthodox in the second generation. He received an excellent education for that time, he was fluent in Polish, German, Dutch, French, English, and later learned Turkish.

Beginning of diplomatic activity

From August 1691, he began working as a translator in the Posolsky Prikaz, at the same time translating calendars into Russian. Participated in the Great Embassy of the Russian diplomatic mission in 1697–98. to Western Europe, during which he attracted the attention of Peter I. Participated in the preparation of the Russian-Danish-Polish alliance of 1699 and the Russian-Polish alliance of 1701. Shafirov became close to F. Golovin, who held the post of chancellor (Shafirov's daughter married his son chancellor). From 1703 Shafirov was secret secretary under F. Golovin, from 1709 he was vice-chancellor and post manager. He was present at the royal headquarters on the battlefield during the Battle of Poltava (June 27, 1709). Shafirov was the first in the Russian Empire to receive the title of baron (1710).

At the headquarters of Peter I. War with Turkey. Conclusion of peace treaties

In 1711–14 as an envoy and at the same time a hostage was in Istanbul. After Turkey decided to declare war on Russia on October 31, 1712, Shafirov, along with the entire staff of the embassy, was imprisoned. In March 1713 he was released from prison and led the Russian delegation in negotiations with Turkey. On June 13, 1713, the Adrianople Peace Treaty was concluded, which basically repeated the Prut Treaty and did not allow military operations to unfold. Even the Soviet historian N. Molchanov, who was unfriendly to Shafirov, wrote in his book “The Diplomacy of Peter the Great” (Moscow, 1984) about the conclusion of the agreement: “If it is true that diplomacy is the art of the possible, then in this case our diplomats have achieved the impossible.”

Shafirov played a big role in concluding allied treaties with Poland and Denmark in 1715, with Prussia and France in 1717, which largely determined the defeat of the Swedes in the war.

Opala

From 1717 - Vice-President of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs, actually led the foreign policy of Russia, prepared the most important points for the future Peace of Nishtad in 1721, which ended the Northern War (1700-1721). In 1723, he fell victim to the struggle of court groups, consisting of representatives of the old and new nobility (due to family ties, Shafirov joined the old nobility).

He was put on trial by a Senate commission of 10 senators on charges of embezzlement, violent behavior in the Senate and hiding his Jewishness, but this charge was dropped. He was sentenced to death with the deprivation of ranks, titles and estates. During the execution (the ax fell next to Shafirov's head), the sentence was replaced by exile to Siberia.

After the death of Peter I

On his way to Siberia, he was allowed to settle in Nizhny Novgorod. After the death of Peter I (1725), Empress Catherine returned Shafirov from exile, he was given most of the confiscated property. In 1725-1727. Shafirov served as president of the Commerce Collegium. He was also instructed to write the history of the reign of Peter.

Shafirov’s Peru owns a political treatise justifying Russia’s participation in the war against Sweden - “Discourse on what legitimate reasons His Majesty Peter the Great had for starting a war against Charles XII of Sweden in 1700 ...” (1722), which was published in a huge circulation for that time in 20 thousand copies and withstood several editions.

Resignation and continued political activity

Shafirov actively participated in the creation of the Spiritual Regulations - a legislative act on the reform of church administration. The library confiscated from Shafirov (500 volumes) formed the basis of the future library of the Academy of Sciences.

Shafirov and Jewry

Shafirov never forgot his Jewish origin. According to some testimonies, Shafirov's family did not eat pork in private life. At Shafirov's trial, it turned out that the family maintained ties with their unbaptized relatives in Vorsha. Shafirov also kept in touch with the Jews of the West. It is known that he borrowed large funds from Jewish bankers for Emperor Peter. In turn, Western European Jews, through Shafirov, asked the tsar about the possibility of opening trading offices in Russia.

Descendants of P. P. Shafirov

Shafirov's wife, Anna Stepanovna (Samoilovna) Kop'eva, was of Jewish origin. They had five daughters and a son. All the daughters of Baron Shafirov married representatives of the first families of Russia - Prince A. Gagarin, Prince S. Dolgorukov, Count Golovin, Princes V. Khovansky and M. Saltykov. Among the descendants of Shafirov are Prime Minister Count S. Witte, theosophist Helena Blavatskaya, poet P. Vyazemsky, Slavophile Y. Samarin, Princess Zinaida Yusupova and her son F. Yusupov, director of the police department A. Lopukhin, writer A. N. Tolstoy and a lot others.

Shafirov's son, Isai (1699-1756), had eight children, but all of his sons died in infancy. The baronial family of the Shafirovs died out.

Sources

KEE, volume 10, col. 84-86

Notification: The preliminary basis for this article was the article