Russian language - A short theoretical course for schoolchildren - Litnevskaya E.I. Russian language. A short theoretical course for schoolchildren. Litnevskaya E.I. Short school course of the Russian language

Part 1. Phonetics. Orthoepy. Graphics and spelling

Foreword

Russian language today in the middle(grades 5-9) there are three official alternative educational complexes that are certified by the Ministry of Education, recommended by him and sent to school libraries.

Complex 1 is an educational complex (authors: M. T. Baranov, T. A. Ladyzhenskaya, L. T. Grigoryan and others for grades 5-7 and S. G. Barkhudarov, S. E. Kryuchkov, L. Yu Maksimov, L. A. Cheshko for grades 8 and 9), reprinted more than 20 times by 2000; to date, this complex continues to be the most common.

Complex 2 is an educational complex edited by V. V. Babaitseva, which appeared in the early 90s.

Complex 3, edited by M. M. Razumovskaya and P. A. Lekant, began to appear in 1995.

These complexes have no conceptual differences: the material is structured by levels from phonetics to syntax and is “diluted” with spelling, punctuation and speech development. However, some discrepancies in theory (the transcription system, the status of formative suffixes, the system of parts of speech, description of phrases and types subordinate clauses), terminology and the order of the sections create tangible difficulties both for the student (especially when moving from school to school), and for the formation of a program for entering a philological university.

It is also necessary to keep in mind the possibility of teaching in a number of schools on alternative and experimental curricula, which represent a significantly modified course of the Russian language. Unfortunately, in recent years there have been a large number educational literature extremely dubious quality.

A feature of this stage of development high school is that after a long break the Russian language in high school introduced as a compulsory subject.

Existing programs and manuals designed for learning the Russian language in grades 10-11 can be divided into several groups: programs in which the practical importance of the Russian language as a subject (spelling and punctuation or speech) is strengthened, and programs in which the main emphasis is made to strengthen the theoretical base, its systematization (for the humanitarian or -? already - philological profile).

There are programs and benefits for each of these types. Handbooks with a practical spelling and punctuation focus include, for example, “A Handbook for Russian Language Classes in Senior Secondary Schools” by V. F. Grekov, S. E. Kryuchkov, L. A. Cheshko, which has already gone through about 40 reprints. The manuals of D. E. Rosenthal “Russian language. 10-11 grades. Benefit for general education educational institutions”, “Russian language for high school students and university applicants”, “Russian language. A collection of exercises for high school students and those entering universities.

The second group includes programs and manuals with enhanced speech orientation. This is the program of A. I. Vlasenkov “Russian language. 10-11 grades”, provided with a manual for students “Russian language: Grammar. Text. Speech styles” by A. I. Vlasenkov and L. M. Rybchenkova (published since 1996).

The third group should include programs and manuals with a strong theoretical orientation. The main user of these programs is the future philologist, who, due to the variety of programs and textbooks for secondary schools, often receives conflicting information about the language. The future philologist needs a systematizing course that can become an intermediate link in a single chain "school - university" and ensure the continuity and succession of the teaching of the Russian language. Especially for senior classes of gymnasiums, lyceums of a humanitarian profile at the philological faculty of Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov, a program was created for a systematizing course of the Russian language, repeating, generalizing and deepening students' knowledge of the theory of language, forming the skills and abilities of students to work with language material of different levels of complexity. The program is provided with a textbook "Russian language: A textbook for in-depth study in high school" in 2 volumes, authors V. A. Bagryantseva, E. M. Bolycheva, I. V. Galaktionova, L. A. Zhdanova, E. I. Litnevskaya (M., 2000).

In addition, in high school, the Russian language course is often replaced by a course in stylistics, rhetoric or literature.

Such a variety of textbooks and teaching aids on the Russian language sharply raises the question of the need for repetitive and generalizing materials on the Russian language. The proposed materials systematize and generalize information about the Russian language as a language system, presented in the three main educational complexes, if necessary, commenting on the differences between them. Spelling and punctuation in the proposed materials is included only in a theoretically generalized form, specific spelling and punctuation rules are not considered.

Linguistics as a science. The main sections of the science of language

Linguistic science is represented in school studies by the following sections that study modern Russian literary language:

phonetics,

Lexicology (traditionally called vocabulary in the school course and includes material on lexicology and phraseology),

Morphemics and word formation (called in different complexes depending on their specificity or morphemics, or word formation),

morphology,

Syntax.

Sections such as graphics and spelling are usually not studied independently, but are combined with other sections. So, graphics are traditionally studied together with phonetics, spelling - throughout the study of phonetics, word formation and morphology.

Lexicography as an independent section is not studied; information about dictionaries is presented in the main sections.

Stylistics is studied during lessons on the development of speech.

Punctuation is taught in conjunction with the syntax section.

Sections of linguistics describe the language from different angles, that is, they have their own object of study:

phonetics - sounding speech,

morphemic - the composition of the word,

word formation - the production of a word,

lexicology - the vocabulary of the language,

morphology - words as parts of speech,

syntax - phrases and sentences.

Morphology and syntax make up grammar.

Modern Russian literary language

The object of study of all sections of the science of the Russian language at school is the modern Russian literary language.

modern is the language that we understand without a dictionary and that we use in communication. These two aspects of language use are not the same.

It is generally accepted that without a “translator” (dictionary, reference book, commentator) we understand the language starting from the works of A. S. Pushkin, however, modern man will not use many expressions used by the great poet and other writers and thinkers of the 19th and early 20th centuries and some will not understand; in addition, we read the texts of the 19th century in modern orthography, and not in the one that was in force at the time of their writing. Nevertheless, most of the sentences from the work of Russian classical literature of that time correspond to the norms of the modern Russian language and can be used as illustrative material.

If we understand the term modern language"as a language that we understand and use, then the language should be recognized as modern since the second half of the twentieth century. But even during this historical period, significant changes took place in the language, especially in its vocabulary: many neologisms appeared, many words became passive vocabulary(See section of lexicology).

Thus, the term "modern language" is understood in two meanings:

1) the language we understand without a dictionary is the language from Pushkin;

2) the language we use is the language from the middle of the 20th century.

Russian language is the language of the Russian people and the Russian nation. It belongs to the group of East Slavic languages and stood out in the XIV-XV centuries, together with the Ukrainian and Belarusian languages, from a common ancestor language - the Old Russian (East Slavonic) language.

Literary language - the language of culture and the language of communication of cultured people. The signs of a literary language are its normalization (the presence of a language norm) and codification.

Literary norm - a set of rules for the choice and use of language means in a given society in a given era. It serves for uniformity in the use of linguistic means (the same and therefore understandable to all pronunciation, spelling and word usage), filters the flow of borrowings, jargon, dialectisms; restrains excessively fast development literary language to ensure the continuity of speech culture.

Codification - fixing the language norm in written and oral sources (dictionaries, reference books, textbooks, speech of cultured people).

The literary language is part of the national language, which also includes dialects, professional vocabulary, jargon, and urban vernacular.

Phonetics. Orthoepy. Graphics and

Moscow: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 2006 - 240 p.

The manual is compiled in accordance with the theoretical guidelines adopted in pre-university training at the Faculty of Philology of Moscow State University. M. V. Lomonosov.

For high school students, applicants and teachers.

Format: doc/zip

The size: 582 Kb

/ Download file

Table of contents
Part 1. Phonetics. Orthoepy. Graphics and spelling
Foreword
Linguistics as a science. The main sections of the science of language
Modern Russian literary language
Phonetics. Orthoepy. Graphics and spelling
sound and letter
Phonetic transcription
Formation of vowels and consonants
Vowel sounds and vowels Stressed vowels
Unstressed vowels
Consonants and consonants
Voiceless and voiced consonants
Positional stun / voicing
Reflection of deafness / voiced consonants in writing
Hard and soft consonants
Positional softening of consonants
Designation of hardness and softness of consonants in writing
Functions and spelling of b and b
Positional assimilation of consonants on other grounds. Distinguishing consonants
Simplifying consonant clusters (silent consonant)
Qualitative and quantitative relationships between letters and sounds in Russian
Syllable
stress
Orthoepy
Graphic arts. Spelling
Writing morphemes ( meaningful parts the words)
Continuous, separate and hyphenated spelling
Use of uppercase and lowercase letters
Transfer Rules
Rules for graphic word abbreviations
Phonetic parsing
Part 2. Morphemics and word formation
morphemic subject. Morpheme. Alternation of vowels and consonants in morphemes
Classification of Russian morphemes
Root
Word-forming morphemes: prefix, suffix
Formative morphemes: ending, formative suffix
The ending
formative suffix. Modifications of the verb stem
The foundation
Principles of morphemic analysis of a word
Algorithm for morpheme articulation of stem
Connecting elements in a word (interfixes)
Zero derivational suffix
Morphemic parsing(word analysis by composition)
Subject and basic concepts of word formation
Means and method of word formation
Methods of education independent parts speeches
Noun
Adjective
numeral
Pronoun
Verb
Adverb
Formation of words by transition from one part of speech to another
Word-building analysis of the word
Reflection of the morphemic composition of the word and its word-formation relations in dictionaries
Part 3. Lexicology and lexicography
Lexicology and lexicography
The word as a unit of vocabulary. Meaning of the word
single and multiple words. Direct and figurative meaning of the word. Portable Value Types
Homonyms
Synonyms
Antonyms
Outdated vocabulary
Neologisms
Common vocabulary and vocabulary of limited use
Dialectisms
Special vocabulary
Jargon
Stylistic layers of vocabulary
Original Russian vocabulary
Borrowed vocabulary
Old Church Slavonicisms
Phraseologisms
Speech. Text
Speech styles. Genres of speech
scientific style
Formal business style
Journalistic style
Art style
Conversational style
Types of speech
Part 4. Morphology
Parts of speech in Russian
Noun
Noun ranks by value
Animate and inanimate nouns
Gender as a morphological feature of a noun
Number as a morphological feature of a noun
Case as a morphological feature of nouns
Noun declension
Morphological analysis of a noun
Adjective
Ranks of adjectives by meaning
Declension of adjectives
Degrees of comparison of adjectives
Completeness / brevity of adjectives
Transition of adjectives from category to category
Morphological analysis of the adjective
Numeral
Digits of numerals by value
Digits of numerals by structure
Grammatical signs of cardinal numbers
Grammatical signs of ordinal numbers
Morphological analysis of the numeral
Pronoun as a part of speech
Pronoun ranks by meaning
Ranks of pronouns by grammatical features
Grammatical features of pronouns-nouns
Grammatical features of pronouns-adjectives
Grammatical features of pronouns-numerals
Morphological analysis of the pronoun
Parsing Pronouns
Parsing pronouns-adjectives
Analysis of pronouns-numerals
Adverb
Classification of adverbs by function
Classification of adverbs by meaning
Grammatical signs of adverbs
Degrees of comparison of qualitative adverbs in -o / -e
comparative
State category
Morphological analysis of the adverb
Verb
Indefinite form of the verb (infinitive)
Transitivity / intransitivity of the verb
Return / non-return
View as a morphological feature of the verb
Mood as a morphological feature of the verb
Time as a morphological feature of the verb
Person as a morphological feature of the verb. Impersonal verbs
Conjugation
Genus. Number. The relationship of verb categories
Morphological analysis of conjugated forms of the verb and infinitive
Participle
Dependence of the number of participial forms on transitivity and the form of the verb
Valid participles
Passive participles
Participles and verbal adjectives
Morphological analysis of the sacrament
Parsing the participle as a form of the verb:
Parsing the participle as an independent part of speech:
gerund
Morphological analysis of the participle
Scheme of morphological analysis of the gerund as a form of the verb:
Scheme of morphological analysis of the participle as an independent part of speech:
Parsing the participle as a form of the verb:
Parsing the participle as an independent part of speech:
Service parts of speech
Pretext
Morphological analysis of the preposition
Union
Morphological analysis of the union
Particle
Morphological parsing of a particle
Interjection
Part 5. Phrase
Phrase. Relationship of words in a phrase
Part 6. Offer
The sentence as a unit of syntax. Classification of sentences according to the purpose of utterance and intonation
Offer members. grammatical basis. Classification of sentences by the number of grammatical bases
Simple sentence
The main members of the proposal
Subject, ways of expressing it
Predicate. Predicate types
Simple verbal predicate, ways of expressing it
Compound verb predicate
Compound nominal predicate
Features of agreement of the predicate with the subject.
Inconsistent predicate
One-part sentence, the expression of the main member in it
Definitely personal, indefinitely personal sentences, generalized personal sentences
impersonal proposals
Name sentences
Secondary members of the sentence
Types of secondary members of the proposal. Grammar and syntactic question
Definition, ways of expressing it
Addition, ways of expressing it
Circumstance, ways of its expression. Types of circumstances
Classification of simple sentences by prevalence and completeness
Complicated sentences
Homogeneous members of a sentence
Separate members of the sentence
Appeal
Introductory words, phrases and sentences.
Plug-in structures
Direct and indirect speech
Quotes
Parsing simple sentence
Parsing Sequence
Ways to underline members of a sentence
Designation of words and phrases that are not members of the sentence
Description of the complicating members of the sentence
One-part sentences
Difficult sentence
Compound sentence
Complex sentence
Classification of types of subordinate clauses
Complex sentences with subordinate clauses
Complex sentences with subordinate explanatory clauses
Adverbial clauses
Complex sentences with clauses of time
Complex sentences with subordinate clauses
Complex sentences with subordinate clauses
Complex sentences with subordinate corollaries
Complex sentences with subordinate conditions
Complex sentences with subordinate goals
Complex sentences with subordinate concessions
Complex sentences with subordinate comparisons
Complex sentences with adverbial modalities
Complex sentences with subordinate measures and degrees
Complex sentences with subordinate clauses
Types of subordinate clauses in Russian
A complex sentence with two or more subordinate clauses
Associative compound sentence
Complex syntactic constructions (complex sentences mixed type)
Syntactic analysis of a complex sentence
Parsing order
Building a proposal schema

Part 1. Phonetics. Orthoepy. Graphics and spelling

Foreword

Complex 2 is an educational complex edited by V. V. Babaitseva, which appeared in the early 90s.

Complex 3, edited by M. M. Razumovskaya and P. A. Lekant, began to appear in 1995.

These complexes have no conceptual differences: the material is structured by levels from phonetics to syntax and is “diluted” with spelling, punctuation and speech development. However, some discrepancies in theory (the transcription system, the status of formative suffixes, the system of parts of speech, the description of the phrase and types of subordinate clauses), terminology and the order of the sections create tangible difficulties both for the student (especially when moving from school to school), and for the formation programs for admission to a philological university.

It is also necessary to keep in mind the possibility of teaching in a number of schools according to alternative and experimental curricula, which represent a significantly modified course of the Russian language. Unfortunately, recently a large amount of educational literature of extremely dubious quality has appeared.

A feature of this stage of development of the secondary school is that after a long break, the Russian language in high school introduced as a compulsory subject.

There are programs and benefits for each of these types. Handbooks with a practical spelling and punctuation focus include, for example, “A Handbook for Russian Language Classes in Senior Secondary Schools” by V. F. Grekov, S. E. Kryuchkov, L. A. Cheshko, which has already gone through about 40 reprints. The manuals of D. E. Rosenthal “Russian language. 10-11 grades. Manual for General Educational Institutions”, “Russian Language for High School Students and Applicants to Universities”, “Russian Language. A collection of exercises for high school students and those entering universities.

In addition, in high school, the Russian language course is often replaced by a course in stylistics, rhetoric or literature.

Such a variety of textbooks and manuals on the Russian language sharply raises the question of the need for repetitive and generalizing materials on the Russian language. The proposed materials systematize and generalize information about the Russian language as a language system, presented in the three main educational complexes, if necessary, commenting on the differences between them. Spelling and punctuation in the proposed materials is included only in a theoretically generalized form, specific spelling and punctuation rules are not considered.

Linguistics as a science. The main sections of the science of language

Linguistic science is represented in school studies by the following sections that study the modern Russian literary language:

phonetics,

Lexicology (traditionally called vocabulary in the school course and includes material on lexicology and phraseology),

Morphemics and word formation (called in different complexes depending on their specificity or morphemics, or word formation),

morphology,

Syntax.

Lexicography as an independent section is not studied; information about dictionaries is presented in the main sections.

Stylistics is studied during lessons on the development of speech.

Punctuation is taught in conjunction with the syntax section.

Sections of linguistics describe the language from different angles, that is, they have their own object of study:

phonetics - sounding speech,

morphemic - the composition of the word,

word formation - the production of a word,

lexicology - the vocabulary of the language,

morphology - words as parts of speech,

syntax - phrases and sentences.

Morphology and syntax make up grammar.

Modern Russian literary language

The object of study of all sections of the science of the Russian language at school is the modern Russian literary language.

modern is the language that we understand without a dictionary and that we use in communication. These two aspects of language use are not the same.

If we understand the term "modern language" as a language that we understand and use, then the language should be recognized as modern since the second half of the 20th century. But even during this historical period, the language, especially in its vocabulary, underwent significant changes: many neologisms appeared, many words moved into the passive vocabulary (see the section on lexicology).

Thus, the term "modern language" is understood in two meanings:

1) the language we understand without a dictionary is the language from Pushkin;

2) the language we use is the language from the middle of the 20th century.

Russian language - Brief theoretical course for schoolchildren - Litnevskaya E.I. - 2006.

The manual contains a systematic presentation of all sections of the course "Russian language" with an overview of the material presented in three educational complexes, as well as diagrams and samples of the analysis of all language units and comments on these analyzes. The task of the manual is to generalize and systematize students' knowledge of language and speech.
The manual is compiled in accordance with the theoretical guidelines adopted in pre-university training at the Faculty of Philology of Moscow State University. M. V. Lomonosov.
For high school students, applicants and teachers.

Part 1. Phonetics. Orthoepy. Graphics and spelling
Foreword
Linguistics as a science. The main sections of the science of language
Modern Russian literary language
Phonetics. Orthoepy. Graphics and spelling
sound and letter
Phonetic transcription
Formation of vowels and consonants
Vowel sounds and vowels Stressed vowels
Unstressed vowels
Consonants and consonants
Voiceless and voiced consonants
Positional stun / voicing
Reflection of deafness / voiced consonants in writing
Hard and soft consonants
Positional softening of consonants
Designation of hardness and softness of consonants in writing
Functions and spelling of b and b
Positional assimilation of consonants on other grounds. Distinguishing consonants
Simplifying consonant clusters (silent consonant)
Qualitative and quantitative relationships between letters and sounds in Russian
Syllable
stress
Orthoepy
Graphic arts. Spelling
Writing morphemes (meaningful parts of a word)
Continuous, separate and hyphenated spelling
Use of uppercase and lowercase letters
Transfer Rules
Rules for graphic word abbreviations
Phonetic parsing

Part 2. Morphemics and word formation
morphemic subject. Morpheme. Alternation of vowels and consonants in morphemes
Classification of Russian morphemes
Root
Word-forming morphemes: prefix, suffix
Formative morphemes: ending, formative suffix
The ending
formative suffix. Modifications of the verb stem
The foundation
Principles of morphemic analysis of a word
Algorithm for morpheme articulation of stem
Connecting elements in a word (interfixes)
Zero derivational suffix
Morphemic analysis (word analysis by composition)
Subject and basic concepts of word formation
Means and method of word formation
Methods for the formation of independent parts of speech
Noun
Adjective
numeral
Pronoun
Verb
Adverb
Formation of words by transition from one part of speech to another
Word-building analysis of the word
Reflection of the morphemic composition of the word and its word-formation relations in dictionaries

Part 3 Lexicology and lexicography
Lexicology and lexicography
The word as a unit of vocabulary. Meaning of the word
single and multiple words. Direct and figurative meaning of the word. Portable Value Types
Homonyms
Synonyms
Antonyms
Outdated vocabulary
Neologisms
Common vocabulary and vocabulary of limited use
Dialectisms
Special vocabulary
Jargon
Stylistic layers of vocabulary
Original Russian vocabulary
Borrowed vocabulary
Old Church Slavonicisms
Phraseologisms
Speech. Text
Speech styles. Genres of speech
scientific style
Formal business style
Journalistic style
Art style
Conversational style
Types of speech

Part 4 Morphology
Parts of speech in Russian
Noun
Noun ranks by value
Animate and inanimate nouns
Gender as a morphological feature of a noun
Number as a morphological feature of a noun
Case as a morphological feature of nouns
Noun declension
Morphological analysis of a noun
Adjective
Ranks of adjectives by meaning
Declension of adjectives
Degrees of comparison of adjectives
Completeness / brevity of adjectives
Transition of adjectives from category to category
Morphological analysis of the adjective
Numeral
Digits of numerals by value
Digits of numerals by structure
Grammatical signs of cardinal numbers
Grammatical signs of ordinal numbers
Morphological analysis of the numeral
Pronoun as a part of speech
Pronoun ranks by meaning
Ranks of pronouns by grammatical features
Grammatical features of pronouns-nouns
Grammatical features of pronouns-adjectives
Grammatical features of pronouns-numerals
Morphological analysis of the pronoun
Parsing Pronouns
Parsing pronouns-adjectives
Analysis of pronouns-numerals
Adverb
Classification of adverbs by function
Classification of adverbs by meaning
Grammatical signs of adverbs
Degrees of comparison of qualitative adverbs in -o / -e
comparative
State category
Morphological analysis of the adverb
Verb
Indefinite form of the verb (infinitive)
Transitivity / intransitivity of the verb
Return / non-return
View as a morphological feature of the verb
Mood as a morphological feature of the verb
Time as a morphological feature of the verb
Person as a morphological feature of the verb. Impersonal verbs
Conjugation
Genus. Number. The relationship of verb categories
Morphological analysis of conjugated forms of the verb and infinitive
Participle
Dependence of the number of participial forms on transitivity and the form of the verb
Valid participles
Passive participles
Participles and verbal adjectives
Morphological analysis of the sacrament
Parsing the participle as a form of the verb:
Parsing the participle as an independent part of speech:
gerund
Morphological analysis of the participle
Scheme of morphological analysis of the gerund as a form of the verb:
Scheme of morphological analysis of the participle as an independent part of speech:
Parsing the participle as a form of the verb:
Parsing the participle as an independent part of speech:
Service parts of speech
Pretext
Morphological analysis of the preposition
Union
Morphological analysis of the union
Particle
Morphological parsing of a particle
Interjection

Part 5 phrase
Phrase. Relationship of words in a phrase

Part 6 Sentence
The sentence as a unit of syntax. Classification of sentences according to the purpose of utterance and intonation
Offer members. grammatical basis. Classification of sentences by the number of grammatical bases
Simple sentence
The main members of the proposal
Subject, ways of expressing it
Predicate. Predicate types
Simple verbal predicate, ways of expressing it
Compound verb predicate
Compound nominal predicate
Features of agreement of the predicate with the subject.
Inconsistent predicate
One-part sentence, the expression of the main member in it
Definitely personal, indefinitely personal sentences, generalized personal sentences
impersonal proposals
Name sentences
Secondary members of the sentence
Types of secondary members of the proposal. Grammar and syntactic question
Definition, ways of expressing it
Addition, ways of expressing it
Circumstance, ways of its expression. Types of circumstances
Classification of simple sentences by prevalence and completeness
Complicated sentences
Homogeneous members of a sentence
Separate members of the sentence
Appeal
Introductory words, phrases and sentences.
Plug-in structures
Direct and indirect speech
Quotes
Parsing a simple sentence
Parsing Sequence
Ways to underline members of a sentence
Designation of words and phrases that are not members of the sentence
Description of the complicating members of the sentence
One-part sentences
Difficult sentence
Compound sentence
Complex sentence
Classification of types of subordinate clauses
Complex sentences with subordinate clauses
Complex sentences with subordinate explanatory clauses
Adverbial clauses
Complex sentences with clauses of time
Complex sentences with subordinate clauses
Complex sentences with subordinate clauses
Complex sentences with subordinate corollaries
Complex sentences with subordinate conditions
Complex sentences with subordinate goals
Complex sentences with subordinate concessions
Complex sentences with subordinate comparisons
Complex sentences with adverbial modalities
Complex sentences with subordinate measures and degrees
Complex sentences with subordinate clauses
Types of subordinate clauses in Russian
A complex sentence with two or more subordinate clauses
Associative compound sentence
Complex syntactic constructions (complex sentences of mixed type)
Syntactic analysis of a complex sentence
Parsing order
Building a proposal schema

Free download e-book in a convenient format, watch and read:
Download the book Russian language - A short theoretical course for schoolchildren - Litnevskaya E.I. - fileskachat.com, fast and free download.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

E.I. Litnevskaya. Russian language: a short theoretical course for schoolchildren

1. Phrase. Relationship of words in a phrase

phrase- is a combination of two independent words connected by a subordinating relationship. Subordinating a connection is called that connects unequal components, one of which is the main one, and the other is dependent; from the main word to the dependent one can put a question.

The function of a phrase, like the function of a word, is to name the realities of reality (nominative function), but the phrase does this more precisely, in more detail than the word (cf .: house --wooden house).

A phrase differs from a word in its separate form (consists of two or more independent words) and production in speech (we do not produce a word and phraseological unit, but reproduce it as a finished unit with permanent staff). The meaning of a phrase is made up of the meanings of its constituent words, in contrast to the meaning of a phraseological unit, the meaning of which is not the sum of the meanings of its constituent components. Wed: phraseologism lead by the nose(`deceive') -- free phrase lead by the hand.

A phrase differs from a sentence in that it is not a communicative unit: we communicate not with phrases, but with sentences, and phrases are “building material” for sentences. In addition, a sentence can consist of one word ( It's getting light), but the phrase is not.

There is another understanding of the phrase - as a combination of words connected by any type of connection. With this understanding, they speak of coordinating phrases ( difficult but interesting) and about the main members of the sentence as a phrase ( He's sleeping.) Such an understanding blurs the opposition of a phrase and a sentence and is not generally accepted, but is reflected in complex 2.

The components of the phrase are connected with each other by a subordinate relationship, which can be of three types: agreement, control, adjoining.

Coordination- a subordinating relationship, in which the dependent word is likened to the main one in its morphological features.

main word when agreed, a noun or any part of speech in the function of a noun (i.e., in an objective meaning): heard in the gardenavian trills (n.). Dear mourners , free the wagons(adj.).

dependent word upon agreement, it can be expressed

1) an adjective in any form (except for a simple comparative and a compound superlative degree of comparison built on its basis), which is consistent with the main word in gender, number, case: interesting book, a short adjective in the position of definition -- in gender and number: Angry at my friend, I stopped texting him,

him, her, them), agreement is the same: my book,

3) ordinal number and numeral one, agreement is the same: fifth / one book,

4) communion; agreement is the same: book read,

5) a noun - an agreed application that agrees with the main word in case and number (if the agreed noun changes in numbers): mom-teacher,

6) quantitative numerals in indirect cases; agreement in the case, but for the word both and in the genus (see morphology section): both girls, both boys.

Control- a subordinating connection, in which a noun or pronoun in the form of a certain case with or without a preposition depends on the main word.

main word in management is expressed

2) noun: book reading,

3) adjective: happy with success,

4) quantitative numeral in I. (V.) case: three chairs, five chairs.

dependent word in control, a noun, a pronominal noun, or any part of speech in the function of a noun: look at a friend / at him / at a sitting.

adjoining- a type of subordinating connection, in which an unchangeable dependent word or a form of a changeable dependent word that does not have the ability to agree is attached to the main word (verb infinitive, adverbial form, simple comparative degree of an adjective or adverb). The connection between the main and dependent word is carried out only by meaning.

main word when connected:

1) verb: run fast,

2) adjective: very fast,

3) adverb: very fast,

4) noun: soft-boiled egg, flared trousers, older children.

dependent word when attached, it is expressed

1) adverb, including in the form of degrees of comparison: walk,write faster,

2) gerund: stuttered,

3) infinitive: asked to write,

4) comparative degree of the adjective: older kids,

5) invariable (analytical) adjective: khaki,

6) pronominal adjective him, her, them: his house / book / window,

7) noun - inconsistent application: in the newspaper "Izvestia".

The subject and predicate do not constitute phrases, they are the basis of the sentence and are interconnected by a two-way connection, in which the conjugated form of the predicate agrees with the subject in number and gender or person, and the predicate controls the subject, requiring it to be set in the nominative case: Tomorrow I ? on duty. (Compare: Tomorrow me ? be on duty).

2. Sentence

2.1 The sentence as a unit of syntax. Classification of sentences according to the purpose of utterance and intonation

Sentence- is a set of words or a word, grammatically designed in terms of time and reality / unreality, intonation complete and expressing a message, question or motivation for action.

The main function of a sentence is communicative: a sentence is the smallest unit of communication. The sentence contains a message about an event that can be thought of as real and occurring at some time or as unreal (in linguistics, this fundamental property of the sentence is called predicativity).

Depending on the purpose of the statement (message), all sentences are divided into three groups: narrative, interrogative and incentive.

narrative sentences serve to communicate:

I will come at five o'clock.

Interrogative sentences are used to express a question:

Will you come at five o'clock?

When will you come?

Among the interrogative sentences, there is a special group of rhetorical questions that do not require an answer and contain a hidden statement:

Who doesn't know this?= `everyone knows'

Incentives sentences contain an incentive (request, order, wish) to perform some action:

Come at five o'clock.

Narrative, interrogative and incentive sentences differ both in form (they use different forms of the mood of the verb, there are special words - interrogative pronouns, incentive particles), and in intonation. Wed:

He will come.

He will come? Will he come? When will he arrive?

Let him come.

Declarative, interrogative and incentive sentences can be accompanied by increased emotionality and be pronounced with a special intonation - raising the tone and highlighting the word expressing emotion. Such proposals are called exclamatory.

2.2 Offer members. grammatical basis. Classification of sentences by the number of grammatical bases

Words and phrases that are related grammatically and in meaning are called proposal members.

The members of the proposal are divided into main and secondary.

Main members -- subject and predicate, secondary -- definition, addition, circumstance. Secondary members serve to explain the main ones and may have minor members explaining them.

The main members of the sentence form the grammatical basis of the sentence. A sentence containing both main members is called two-part. A sentence that has one of the main members is called one-piece. Wed: Sky it got dark in the distance --It got dark.

A sentence can have one grammatical basis ( simple sentence) or several grammatical stems ( difficult sentence). Wed: They are late due to heavy rain -- They are late because it was strongrain .

Any member of the sentence can be expressed in one word and more than one word. With a non-single-word expression, a sentence member is expressed by a phrase, and this phrase can be phraseologically free (each word in it retains its lexical meaning) and phraseologically related (the meaning of a phraseological unit is not equal to the sum of the values of its constituent components).

2.3 Simple sentence

2.3.1 The main members of the proposal . Subject, ways of expressing it

Subject-- is the main member of a two-part sentence; which names what the sentence is about.

This part of the sentence can be either a single word or a phrase.

Subject--one word:

1) words of different parts of speech in the objective meaning:

Noun in I. p.:

Goesrain .

Pronoun-noun in I. p .:

I I like autumn.

An adjective in the function of a noun (substantiated) in I. p .:

Bearded looked back.

Participle in the function of a noun (substantiated) in I. p .:

Sitting raised his head.

Adverb:

Yourtomorrow I'm fed up.

Interjection:

Spread through the forest"ay" .

2) quantitative numbers in quantitative (non-objective) meaning:

Ten is not divisible by three.

3) infinitive with the meaning of action or state: To study --the right thing.

The location of the subject, expressed by the infinitive, is not fixed in the sentence (for example, behind the absolute beginning of the sentence); compare: The right thing -- to study . If in a sentence one of the main members is expressed by a noun in I. p., and the other by an infinitive, then the infinitive will act as a subject.

4) a word of any part of speech in any grammatical form, if in the sentence it is judged as a linguistic unit: go --the form of the imperative mood of the verb; Not -- negative particle.

Subject--phrase:

1. Subject - phrase:

1) structure design A with B(I. p. noun (pronoun) + With+ Etc. another noun) with the meaning of compatibility, if the predicate is in plural. including:

Brother and sister returned separately-- cf.: Mother went to the doctor with the child.

2) a word with a quantitative meaning (quant. numeral, noun, adverb) + noun. in R. p .:

Gonethree years .

A bunch of things piled up in a corner.

I havea lot of work .

3) when designating an approximate amount, the subject can be expressed by a phrase without I. p .:

About / up to a thousand people fit in this room.

Five to ten percent of students leave the session early.

4) structure design A from B(the word of the nominal part of speech in I. p. + from+ noun in R. p.) with an emphasis:

Any of them could do it.

Three of the graduates received gold medals.

The smartest student could not solve this problem.

5) infinitive + infinitive / name (the volume of such a subject coincides with the volume of a compound verb or compound nominal predicate - see below):

be literate prestigious.

Want to become literate naturally.

2. Subject -- phraseological unit:

Get hysterical out of the blue was his favorite pastime.

Him skillful fingers.

2.3.2 Predicate. Predicate types

Predicate-- the main member of a two-part sentence, denoting the action or sign of what is expressed by the subject.

The predicate has lexical meaning(names what is reported about the reality named in the subject) and grammatical meaning(characterizes the statement from the point of view of reality or irreality and the correlation of the statement with the moment of speech, which is expressed by the forms of the mood of the verb, and in the indicative mood - and time).

There are three main types of predicates: simple verb, compound verb and compound nominal.

Simple verbal predicate, ways of expressing it

A simple verbal predicate (PGS) can be expressed in one word and more than one word.

PGS--one word:

1) a verb in conjugated form, that is, the form of one of the moods; In these cases, the predicate agrees with the subject:

2) verbal interjection or infinitive; there is no agreement between the predicate and the subject:

A hat bam right on the floor.

As the music starts, the boy will immediately dance.

PGS--phrase:

1. PGS -- phraseologically free, but syntactically related the phrase -- can have the following structure and typical meaning:

1) repetition of the verb form to indicate the duration of the action:

I go, I go, but the forest is still far away.

2) repetition of the verb form with a particle So to indicate an intensive or fully implemented action:

That's it said so said.

3) repetition of the same verb in different forms or single-root verbs to enhance the meaning of the predicate:

He himself does not sleep and others do not gives.

I can't wait for spring.

4) a semantic verb with an auxiliary verb form that has lost or weakened its lexical meaning and introduces additional semantic shades into the sentence:

And he take it and say /know yourself singing.

5) two verbs in the same grammatical form to denote an action and its purpose:

I'll go for a walk in the garden.

6) a verb with a particle It was, which introduces the value of the failed action:

I was going to the cinema, but did not go.

7) design with the value of the intensity of action:

All he does is sleep.

2. PGS- phraseological unit denotes a single action, inseparable in meaning into an action and its material object, in most cases this phraseological unit can be replaced by one verb: take part, come to your senses, fall into a rage, score anxiety, to have the opportunity, to have the intention, to have the habit, to have the honor, to have the right; to express a desire, to burn with desire, to acquire a habit, to consider oneself entitled, to consider it necessary etc.:

He attended the conference(=participated).

Compound verb predicate

The compound verbal predicate (CHS) has the following structure:

pre-infinitive part + infinitive.

The infinitive expresses the main lexical meaning of the predicate - it names the action.

The pre-infinitive part expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, as well as an additional characteristic of the action - an indication of its beginning, middle or end (phase meaning) or possibility, desirability, degree of commonness and other characteristics that describe the attitude of the subject of the action to this action (modal meaning).

Phase meaning is expressed by verbs to become, to begin (begin), to begin (accept), continue (continue), stop (stop), stop (stop) and some others (most often these are synonyms for the above words, characteristic of the colloquial style of speech):

The modal value can be expressed

1) verbs able, able, willing, wish, try, intend, dare, refuse, think, prefer, get used to, love, hate, beware etc.

2) linking verb to be(currently in zero form) + short adjectives glad, ready, obligated, must, intend, able, as well as adverbs and nouns with a modal meaning:

I was ready / willing / able to wait.

Both in the pre-infinitive part and in the position of the infinitive can be used phraseological unit:

He is eager to participate in the conference(= wants to participate)

He wants to attend the conference(= wants to participate).

He is eager to take part in the conference(= wants to participate).

The complication of CGS occurs due to the additional use of a modal or phase verb in its composition:

I started to want to eat.

I felt that soon I could start to want to eat.

A special type of CGS is presented in sentences, the main members of which are expressed by verbs in an indefinite form: Wolves to be afraid --do not go to the forest. The auxiliary part of such predicates is not typical for compound verbs: it is represented by a linking verb to be, which occurs in compound nominal predicates. Except to be, the auxiliary part can also be represented by the verb to mean, for example:

Don't come --means to offend.

The predicates expressed are not compound verbal predicates:

1) the compound form of the future tense of the imperfective verb in the indicative mood: I will work tomorrow;

2) a combination of a simple verbal predicate with an infinitive that occupies the position of an object in the sentence in the case of different subjects of action in the conjugated form of the verb and the infinitive: Everyone asked her to sing (everyone asked, a sing must she is);

3) a combination of a simple verbal predicate with an infinitive, which in a sentence is a circumstance of the goal: He went outside for a walk.

It is easy to see that in all these cases the conjugated form of the verb before the infinitive has neither phase nor modal meaning.

Compound nominal predicate

The compound nominal predicate (CIS) has the following structure:

nominal part (copy) + nominal part.

The nominal part expresses the lexical meaning of the predicate.

The adjectival part expresses grammatical or grammatical and part lexical meaning predicate.

Indicative part happens:

1)abstract: verb to be(in the meaning of "to appear", and not "to be" or "to be"), which expresses only the grammatical meaning of the predicate - mood, tense, person / gender, number; in the present tense, the abstract connective appears in the zero form:

He/was a student.

2) semi-significant(semi-abstract): verbs show up (to be), to be, to appear (to appear), to present (to appear), to become (become), to become (to be made), to remain (to remain), to be considered etc., which express the grammatical meaning of the predicate and complement the meaning expressed by the nominal part; these verbs are usually not used without a nominal part:

He turned out to be a student.

She seemed tired.

3) significant(full-valued): verbs of movement, state, activity go, walk, run, return, sit, stand, lie down, work, live and etc.:

We returned home tired..

He worked as a janitor.

He lived as a hermit.

The significant and semi-significant copula, when determining the type of predicate, can be replaced by an abstract one.

Nominal part can be expressed in one word and in one word.

Single word expression nominal part:

1) a noun in case form, more often in I. p. / T. p.:

He/was a janitor.

The skirt was in a cage.

2) adjective in full and short form, in the form of any of the degrees of comparison:

His words were stupid.

He became taller than his father.

He is the tallest in the class.

3) full or short participle:

The letter was not printed.

4) pronoun:

This pencil is mine!

5) numeral:

He was eighth in line.

6) adverb:

The conversation will be frank.

I felt sorry for the old man.

Multiple expression nominal part:

1) phraseologically free, but syntactically related a phrase can have the following structure:

a) a word with a quantitative meaning + a noun in R. p:

The boy was five years old.

b) a noun with words dependent on it, if the noun itself is not very informative, and the semantic center of the statement is located precisely in the words dependent on the name (the noun itself in this case can be thrown out of the sentence almost without loss of meaning):

He is the best student in the class.

2) phraseological unit:

He was the talk of the town.

The linking part can also be expressed phraseologism:

He looked gloomy and distracted- phraseologism in the connective part;

A compound nominal predicate, like a compound verb, can be complicated by introducing a modal or phase auxiliary verb into it:

She wanted to appear tired;

He gradually began to become an expert in this field..

Features of agreement of the predicate with the subject

Inconsistent predicate

The agreement of the predicate with the subject is carried out in number, gender (for predicates expressed in forms that have a generic characteristic) and person (for subjects expressed by personal pronouns and predicates in the present / future tense and imperative mood).

The main problems in agreeing the predicate with the subject are associated with agreement in number. Subjects that cause such problems can be divided into three groups.

I. In the subject of the wordmajority, minority, part

the only number, if

1) these words have no dependent words in the subject:

Most decided to go to the cinema.

2) they have a dependent word in singular:

Most of the class decided to go to the cinema.

3) in the predicate there is a passive participle:

Most of the class was invited to the birthday party.

The predicate is placed in plural including, if the plurality or independence of subjects is emphasized:

Most of the boys and girls decided to go to the cinema.

II. Subject--numeral + noun in the genitive case

In this case, the predicate is placed in the only number, if

1) the unity or totality is emphasized:

One hundred people fit in the hall.

2) time or space is indicated:

Forty years have passed.

3) the numeral ends in one:

Thirty-one people went on the tour.

4) numerals are used (grammatically - nouns) thousand, million, billion:

A thousand people came to the concert.

The predicate is placed in plural number, if

1) in the subject, numerals ending in two three four:

Two guys came up to us.

2) the subject has definitions all, these, specified etc.:

All three guests arrived at the same time.

In other cases, the predicate can be either in the singular or in the plural.

III. Subject--turnover in and.n. +With + n. in T.P.

In this case, the predicate is placed in plural including, if the independence and equality of subjects are emphasized:

Brother and sister returned separately.

If the main producer of the action is a person expressed in the nominative case of a noun, then the predicate is put in the singular, and only the noun in I. p . will be subject:

Mother I went to the doctor with my child.

Predicate consistent with the subject in person or gender.

Agreement in the face occurs if the predicate is in the indicative mood of the present / future tense and in the imperative mood. The predicate is put in 1 person with pronouns me, we, in the 2nd with pronouns you you, in the 3rd with pronouns he, she, it, they and nouns.

Gender agreement occurs in the predicate in the form of the past tense of the indicative mood and in the conditional mood. Problems arise in the following cases:

1) the subject has an application with it. With an application - a common noun, agreement occurs with the main word:

Mom teacher came home.

If there is a proper name, the predicate in gender agrees with it (in this case given name-- subject, common noun -- application):

Doctor Petrova received patients.

2) subject - unchangeable word requires a predicate in cf. R. units hours:

“Ay” echoed through the forest.

inconsistent the predicate is characteristic mainly of colloquial speech and is expressed

1) the form of the imperative mood in the meaning of the conditional mood or indicative mood of the past tense:

If he had come on time, nothing would have happened(= would come).

I'll come to him at the wrong time(= came).

2) verb form there is in the meaning of "has":

There is a person who thinks otherwise. There are people who think differently.

3) a verb in the infinitive form:

And he laugh.

4) verb in interjection form:

And the hat bam right in his face.

2.4 One-part sentence, the expression of the main member in it

A one-part proposal has only one of the main members. Main member is independent in it, therefore it would be incorrect to characterize the main member of any one-part sentence in terms of a two-part one - as a predicate or subject. However, in school practice, the traditional classification of one-component sentences is preserved: with the main member - the predicate and with the main member - the subject:

One-part in itself does not indicate the incompleteness of the sentence, since the presence of only one of the main members is sufficient to understand the meaning of this sentence.

2.5 Definitely personal, indefinitely personal sentences, generalized personal sentences

AT definitely personal sentences, the main member is expressed by the verb in the form of 1 and 2 persons of the singular and plural of the indicative mood (in the present and in the future tense), and in the imperative mood; the producer of the action is defined and can be called personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person I, you, we, you:

Go here.

I'm going.

Let's go to the cinema.

AT vaguely personal sentences, the main member is expressed by the verb in the form of the 3rd person plural (present and future tenses in the indicative mood and in the imperative mood), the plural form of the past tense of the indicative mood and a similar form of the conditional mood of the verb. The producer of the action in these sentences is unknown or unimportant:

In the door. knock /. knocked.

Let them knock.

If they had knocked louder, I would have heard.

AT generalized personal sentences speak of an action that is attributed to everyone and everyone individually. In these sentences, the main member is expressed in the same way as in a definite or indefinite personal sentence: by a verb in the form of the 2nd person singular of the indicative and imperative moods or in the form of the 3rd person of the plural of the indicative mood:

Do you like to ride --love to carry sleds.

Do not count your chickens before they are hatched.

Such sentences are presented in proverbs, sayings, catchphrases, aphorisms.

Generalized-personal sentences also include sentences like Sometimes you go outside and marvel at the transparency of the air. The speaker, in order to give a generalized meaning, instead of the form of the 1st person, uses the form of the 2nd person.

2.6 impersonal proposals

Main member impersonal the sentence is in the form of the 3rd person singular (in the present or future tense of the indicative mood) or the neuter gender singular (in the past tense of the indicative mood and in the conditional mood) - this is the so-called impersonal form.

The main member of an impersonal sentence may be similar in structure to PGS and is expressed:

1) an impersonal verb, the only syntactic function of which is to be the main member of impersonal one-part sentences:

It's getting colder/it's getting colder/it's getting colder.

2) a personal verb in an impersonal form:

It's getting dark.

3) verb to be and word No in negative sentences:

There was no wind / no.

GHS, may have the following expression:

1) modal or phase verb in impersonal form + infinitive:

Outside the window it began to get dark.

2) linking verb to be in impersonal form (currently in zero form) + adverb + infinitive:

It was a pity / it was a pity to part with friends.

It's time to get on the road.

The main member, similar in structure to SIS, is expressed:

1) linking verb in impersonal form + adverb:

I felt sorry for the old man.

On the street. it was getting fresh.

2) linking verb in impersonal form + short passive participle:

The room was smoky.

A special group among impersonal sentences is formed by infinitive suggestions:

He's on duty tomorrow.

Everybody get up!

Impersonal sentences mean:

1) subjectless states:

It's getting dark outside.

2) actions occurring against the will of the subject:

I'm shivering.

3) actions in the description of which the action itself is more important than its producer:

The wave washed away the boat.

2.7 Name sentences

A nominal sentence is a one-part sentence with the main member-subject. In denominative sentences, the existence and presence of an object is reported. The main member of the denominative sentence is expressed by the form of the I. p. of the noun:

Insomnia . Homer . tightsail

(O. E. Mandelstam).

Descriptive sentences may include demonstrative particles out, here, and for the introduction of emotional evaluation - exclamation particles Well, which, like this:

Whichweather ! Wellrain ! Like thisthunderstorm !

The distributors of the nominal sentence can be agreed and inconsistent definitions:

Lateautumn .

If the distributor is a circumstance of place, time, then such sentences can be interpreted as two-part incomplete:

Soonautumn . Wed: Coming soonautumn .

On the streetrain . Wed: On the street goesrain .

2.8 Secondary members of the sentence . Types of secondary members of the proposal. Grammar and syntactic question

In Russian, there are three types of secondary members - definition, addition and circumstance.

2.8.1 Definition, ways of expressing it

Definition- a minor member of the sentence, denoting a sign of a person or object and answering a question which? whose?.

According to the nature of the connection with the word being defined, all definitions are divided into agreed and inconsistent.

Agreed definitions are likened to the word being defined in the forms of number, case, and in the singular - and gender, that is, they are associated with it by agreement. The agreed definitions are expressed:

1) adjective:

I will wear a white shirt.

2) pronominal adjective (except him, her, them):

Give me your hand.

3) ordinal number:

Bring the fifth volume.

4) participle:

There is an unopened letter on the table.

For these parts of speech, agreement is carried out in number, case, gender (in singular):

5) noun; agreement in case and number (if the noun-application changes in numbers):

Siskin slammed the villainess trap(I. A. Krylov) .

Inconsistent definitions are associated with the word being defined by control or adjunction and are expressed:

1) a noun in the indirect case with or without a preposition (including an inconsistent application):

I love Chekhov's plays.

She was wearing a plaid skirt.

We subscribe to the magazine "Behind the wheel".

2) a noun in I. p. - an inconsistent application:

I visited Lake Baikal.

2) possessive pronoun him, her, them:

This is his home.

You can't see him at home.

3) invariable adjectives:

Net weight of this box --five kilos.

4) adverb:

We were served soft-boiled eggs and Warsaw-style coffee..

5) verb in infinitive form:

He had a great desire to learn.

Inconsistent definitions can also be expressed by a phrase, which is

1) phraseologically free phrase:

He has sons eight and fifteen years old.

2) phraseological unit:

Neither fish nor meat, he nevertheless was somewhat sympathetic to me.

A variety of definitions are applications-- definitions, expressed by a noun and and associated with the word being defined by agreement or contiguity. Applications have the following meanings:

1) quality, property of the subject:

An old woman stood on the porch.

2) age, rank, occupation of a person:

Doctor Gudilin is taking today.

3) explanation, more precise name:

BUT. FROM. Pushkin, the great Russian poet, laid the foundation for the modern language.

Rosehip grows in the garden --shrub with large, rose-like flowers.

4) title literary works, enterprises, brands, etc.:

I love the novel "Eugene Onegin".

5) geographical names:

I want to see Lake Baikal.

The majority of applications are agreed-upon definitions, with the exception of applications-names enclosed in quotation marks, some geographical names and nicknames:

I subscribe to the newspaper "Evening Moscow".

I live in Moscow.

The historian's message was dedicated to Vsevolod the Big Nest.

2.8.2 Addition, ways of expressing it

Addition -- minor member of a sentence with subjective meaning. The object answers the questions of indirect cases and is expressed by the same parts of speech as the subject:

1) a noun or pronoun-noun in oblique cases with or without a preposition:

I read the letter and think of you.

2) any part of speech in the function of a noun:

He looked at the newcomer.

3) infinitive:

Everyone asked her to sing.

4) numeral:

Divide ten by two.

5) phraseologically free combination of a numeral with a noun in R. p .:

I bought five books.

6) phraseologically related phrase:

I ask you not to hang your nose.

Additions explain

1) main - verb (see examples above)

2) a noun with the meaning of an action or a doer:

He is the leader of the group.

He leads the circle.

3) adjective in short or - rarely - in full form:

I'm mad at my friend.

4) comparative degree adjective or adverb:

The rose is more fragrant than other flowers.

He jumped higher than his father.

If the object refers to a transitive verb or adverb, naming the object to which the action is directed, and is expressed in the form of the accusative case without a preposition, then such an object is called direct. In addition to the form of the accusative case without a preposition of words of any nominal part of speech ( I have already read these books), the direct object can be expressed as:

1) the form of R. p. without a preposition in negative sentences: I have not read these books;

2) the form of R. p. without a preposition with transitive verbs that combine the meaning of achieving a result with a quantitative meaning: I'm going to buy bread;

3) the form of R. p. with some adverbs - predicates of an impersonal sentence: I'm sorry for wasted time.

All other add-ons indirect.

2.8.3 Circumstance, ways of its expression. Types of circumstances

Circumstance- a minor member of the sentence, which serves to characterize the action or sign and indicates the way the action is performed, the time, place, reason, purpose or condition for the course of the action.

By meaning circumstances

1) mode of action (answer questions as? how?):

We went on foot.

2) time ( when? since when? How long?):

We arrived yesterday.

3) places ( where? where? where?):

I ran ahead.

4) reasons ( why?):

I'm dizzy from fatigue.

5) goals ( why?):

I came to reconcile.

6) measures and degrees ( to what extent?) - these circumstances mainly refer to adjectives, participles, adverbs:

He was very attentive and did everything right.

7) conditions ( under what condition?):

You can't go there without calling.

8) concessions ( in spite of what?):

Despite the rain, we still left the house.

Circumstances are expressed

1) adverbs (for adverbs, this syntactic function is the main one):

We arrived in the morning.

2) gerunds (including with dependent words - gerunds):

He sat basking in the sun.

3) nouns (including with conjunctions as, as if, as if, exactly etc. - comparative turnovers):

He read poetry with expression, like a professional reader.

4) infinitive:

I want to go for a walk

5) stable non-phraseological and phraseological combinations:

I lost my notebook two days ago.

He ran headlong, but still came to the hat analysis.

2.9 Classification of simple sentences by prevalence and completeness

By the presence of secondary members (definition, addition, circumstance), simple sentences are divided into common and non-common. A sentence consisting only of the main (main) members of the sentence is called uncommon. If in addition to the main members there is at least one minor member in the proposal, then such a proposal is called widespread.

Individual members may be omitted from the proposal. This mainly happens when they have already been used in the previous context:

I went home and he --to the cinema.

Sentences with lexically unexpressed members, which are easily restored in meaning from the context, are called incomplete. Sentences that contain all the main and secondary members necessary to understand their meaning are called complete. The incompleteness of sentences often occurs in dialogic speech and in cases where simple sentences become parts of a complex one:

-- Where are you going?

-- To the library.

Both common and non-common sentences, both two-part and one-part sentences, can be incomplete. Wed:

-- Is anyone else cold?(single-component, common, complete)

-- To me.(single-component, common, incomplete)

2.10 Complicated sentences

The complication of the sentence arises in the presence of members of the sentence and units that are not members of the sentence with relative semantic and intonational independence. The complication of the proposal is caused

1) homogeneous members,

2) separate members(including clarifying, explanatory, connecting, participial, participle, comparative turnover),

3) introductory words and suggestions, plug-in designs,

4) appeals,

2.11 Homogeneous members of a sentence

Homogeneous are two or more members of the sentence, bound friend with a friend writing or unionless bond and perform the same syntactic function.

Homogeneous members are equal in rights, do not depend on each other.

Homogeneous members are connected by coordinating unions or simply enumerative intonation. In rare cases homogeneous members can be connected subordinating unions(causal, concessive), for example:

It was helpfulbecause educational game.

The book is interesting,although complex.

Homogeneous can be both main and secondary members.

Homogeneous members may have the same or different morphological expression:

He often had colds and lay in bed for weeks.

There is some difficulty in identifying the homogeneity of definitions. Definitions are considered homogeneous in the following cases:

1) they are used to list the varieties of objects, characterizing them on the one hand:

Red, blue, green pencils are scattered on the table.

2) they list the signs of one object, evaluated positively or negatively, i.e., synonymous emotionally:

It was a cold, snowy, boring time.

3) the following definition reveals the content of the previous one:

New, unknown horizons opened before him.

4) the first definition is an adjective, the second is a participial turnover:

On the table lay a small, illegibly signed envelope.

5) with reverse word order (inversion):

There was a briefcase on the table --big leather.

With homogeneous members, there can be generalizing words- words with a more general meaning in relation to homogeneous members. Generalizing words are the same member of the sentence as homogeneous members, and can be both before and after homogeneous members.

1. Generalizing word to homogeneous members:

All changed: and mineplans , and mymood .

All : and mineplans , and mymood --suddenly changed.

All changed somehow:circumstances , myplans , mymood .

2. Generalizing word after homogeneous members

On the table, in the cabinets --scraps of papers and newspapers were scattered everywhere.

On the table, in the cabinets --in a word, scraps of papers and newspapers lay everywhere.

2.12 Separate members of the sentence

Separate are called secondary members of the sentence, distinguished by meaning, intonation and punctuation.

Any members of the sentence can be isolated.

Detached definitions can be consistent and inconsistent, common and non-common:

This man, skinny, with a stick in his hand, was unpleasant to me.

The most common are isolated definitions expressed by participial phrases, adjectives with dependent words and nouns in oblique cases.

Detached circumstances are more often expressed by gerunds and participles:

Waving his arms, he spoke quickly.

Circumstances expressed by a noun with a preposition can also be isolated in spite of:

Despite my best efforts, I couldn't sleep.

The isolation of other circumstances depends on the intention of the author: they are usually isolated if they are given special significance or, on the contrary, are considered as a side note. Circumstances with prepositions are especially often isolated due to, owing to, in view of, due to lack of, according to, due to, due to, in spite of:

Contrary to the forecast, the weather was sunny.

From the number additions very few are isolated, namely, additions with prepositions apart from, besides, excluding, beyond, apart from, including:

In addition to him, there were five other people.

Some isolated members may be clarifying, clarifying or connecting.

Clarifying a member of the sentence is called, answering the same question as the other member after which it stands, and serving to clarify (usually it narrows the scope of the concept expressed by the member being specified). Qualifier members can be common. Any members of the sentence can be clarifying:

Hiscleverness , or ratherspeed of reaction , struck me(subject).

Below, in the shade, the river roared(circumstance).

explanatory is a sentence member that names the same concept as the explained member, but in different words. Explanatory terms are preceded or can be inserted with conjunctions namely, namely, that is, or(= that is):

The last, fourth part of the novel ends with an epilogue.

Connecting is a member of the proposal containing additional clarifications or comments. Attaching members are usually attached with words even, especially, in particular, for example, mainly, in particular, in particular, and moreover, moreover, and:

He was often laughed at, and rightly so.

2.13 Appeal

Appeal- this is a word or phrase that names the person (less often - the subject) to whom the speech is addressed. Appeal can be expressed in one word and ambiguous. A one-word appeal can be expressed by a noun or any part of speech in the function of a noun in I. p., a non-one-word appeal may include words or an interjection dependent on this noun about:

Dear granddaughter Why did you rarely call me?

Waiting for a flight from Sochi , go to the arrivals area.

I'm yours againoh young friends ! (the title of the elegy of A. S. Pushkin).

An appeal can be expressed by a noun in the form of an indirect case if it denotes a sign of the object or person to whom the speech is addressed:

Hey,in Hat , are you extreme?

In colloquial speech, the appeal can be expressed by a personal pronoun; in this case, the pronoun is distinguished intonation and punctuation:

Hey,you , come here!

The appeal is not grammatically related to the sentence, is not a member of the sentence, is separated by commas, and can take any place in the sentence. An appeal at the beginning of a sentence can be separated with an exclamation point:

Petya ! Come here immediately!(the sentence is one-part, definitely personal, common, complicated by appeal).

2.14 Introductory words, phrases and sentences. Plug-in structures

Introductory words and phrases show the attitude of the speaker to the expressed thought or to the way it is expressed. They are not members of the sentence; they are distinguished in pronunciation intonation and punctuation.

Introductory words and phrases are divided into groups depending on the meaning they express:

1) feelings, emotions: unfortunately, to annoyance, to horror, fortunately, to surprise, to joy, strange thing, the hour is not even, thanks again and etc.:

Luckily , the weather improved in the morning.

2) assessment by the speaker of the degree of reliability of the reported: of course, undoubtedly, perhaps, perhaps, it seems, should be, of course, in fact, in essence, in essence, in fact, I suppose, I think and etc.:

Perhaps the weather will be fine today.

3) the source of the reported: in my opinion, I remember, they say, they say, according to, they say, according to and etc.:

To my mind , he warned about the departure.

4) the connection of thoughts and the sequence of their presentation: firstly, finally, further, on the contrary, on the contrary, most importantly, thus, on the one hand, on the other hand and etc.:

One side , an interesting offer,with another --dangerous.

5) a way of designing thoughts: in a word, so to speak, otherwise / rather / more precisely, in other words and etc.:

Russian language - A short theoretical course for schoolchildren - Litnevskaya E.I. Russian language. A short theoretical course for schoolchildren. Litnevskaya E.I. Short school course of the Russian language

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Similar Documents