Children's health scientific articles. Children's health on the threshold of the 21st century: ways to solve the problem. The introduction of mass iodine prophylaxis ensures

How to keep a child healthy or help him cope with illness is an overwhelming science for many young parents. In this section you can find all the necessary information about children's health, methods of preventing diseases and strengthening the immune system.

Articles about childhood diseases and newborn diseases

A healthy baby in the first year of life sleeps a lot, eats normally, and plays actively. What should you do if your child starts crying constantly or has a rash on his face? Does he spit up often, or have you discovered sores on his gums? Articles about childhood diseases up to one year old are published here, in which you can study in detail the symptoms of the diseases of interest, the causes of their occurrence and methods of treatment.

Articles about diseases of children of primary preschool age

If you need to find the most informative and easy-to-present articles about the health of a young child up to school age, You are exactly where you need to be. The Childdevelop website contains materials about all types of infectious and colds, such as tonsillitis, sinusitis, laryngitis, chickenpox, whooping cough, measles. In the section - Child Health you will find articles that will help ensure health for children during the period of active growth and development, teach you how to recognize diseases and describe methods of treating them.

Healthy eating for children

For adults and children, a healthy gastrointestinal tract ensures normal growth and development. What should you do if your child refuses to eat and looks lethargic and pale? Our website contains complete information about healthy nutrition for children, detailed description symptoms of dysbacteriosis, dyskinesia, gastritis, dispersion, helminthiasis, methods of prevention and treatment are described.

A healthy child and how to improve your child’s health

The beginning of school is characterized by an increased risk of contracting viral diseases, from the common flu to rubella and chickenpox. To prevent the body from being susceptible to such microorganisms, you should pay attention to articles on how to improve your child’s health.

A healthy child is an active, loud and naughty person. If you think that something is wrong with the psycho-emotional state of the baby, you have come to the right place. The articles in this section will introduce you to the norms of child behavior, their deviations and much more. Experts will give you advice on how to make sure your child grows up healthy.

Life in the 21st century presents us with many new problems, among which the most pressing today is the problem of maintaining health. This problem is especially acute in educational field, where any practical work aims to improve children's health by improving health services. Domestic and foreign scientists have long established that human health depends only 7-8% on the success of healthcare, and 50% on lifestyle. Against the backdrop of environmental and social tension in the country, against the backdrop of an unprecedented increase in diseases of “civilization,” in order to be healthy, you need to master the art of preserving and strengthening it.

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Topic: “The state of health of children and adolescents at the present stage.”

Introduction. . . . . . . . . 3
Morbidity in children and adolescents. . . . . 5
Factors influencing the health of children and adolescents10
Problems and solutions. . . . . . . 13
Conclusion. . . . . . . . 15
List of used literature. . . . 16

Introduction.

Life in the 21st century presents us with many new problems, among which the most pressing today is the problem of maintaining health. This problem is especially acute in the educational field, where any practical work is aimed at strengthening the health of children by improving the health service. Domestic and foreign scientists have long established that human health depends only 7-8% on the success of healthcare, and 50% on lifestyle. Against the backdrop of environmental and social tension in the country, against the backdrop of an unprecedented increase in diseases of “civilization,” in order to be healthy, you need to master the art of preserving and strengthening it. This art should be given as much attention as possible in an educational institution. In addition, it must be taken into account that now there are practically no ideally healthy children. We should also not forget that only in childhood is the most favorable time for developing healthy habits, which, in combination with teaching children methods of improving and maintaining health, will lead to positive results. Therefore, the problem of improving the health of children is not a one-day campaign, but a purposeful, systematically planned work of the entire team educational institution for a long period.

TO current problems modern medicine and health care includes finding ways to improve the health of children and adolescents. Preserving and strengthening the health of the child and mother, the role of various factors in its optimization determine one of the leading areas of development social policy states and are the most important strategic task modern children's healthcare, since the health of the nation as a whole, the increase in active life expectancy and creative longevity of the inhabitants of our country depend on the level of health of these population groups.

The health of the child population is determined by a number of factors, among which the leading ones are lifestyle and heredity, the course of pregnancy and childbirth, place of residence and the state of the external environment, the quality of medical care and other factors. Modern socio-economic conditions, despite the implementation of measures to modernize the healthcare system, have an adverse impact on the health of some of the population, primarily children, therefore the primary task of healthcare is the development of therapeutic and health measures aimed at a positive change in the health indicators of children and adolescents.

An analysis of published materials shows that for the period from 1990 to 2000. The birth rate decreased by 2 times, reaching its minimum value in 2000. the subsequent moderate increase in the number of births was partly due to the fact that larger generations of women born in the 1980s began to enter fertile age.

Despite the positive dynamics of growth in the number of newborns since 2005, there has been a decrease in the share of children in the overall structure of the population since 1990: from 23.1% in 1990 to 15.3% in 2012.

Morbidity in children and adolescents.

The study and analysis of morbidity among children is gaining great importance, since, knowing the level and structure of morbidity, it is possible not only to objectify the degree of loss of health, but also to determine the amount of medical, social and economic damage, to develop priority areas to improve the health of the analyzed population group. Considering that parents almost always consult a doctor when their child becomes ill, studying morbidity rates allows us to obtain the most complete information about the health of the assigned contingent. In this regard, when assessing the health of children and adolescents, attention is paid primarily to the analysis of morbidity indicators.

It has been established that over the period from 1995 to the present, the frequency of births of children born sick or ill in the first days of life has increased by 25.7%, and the frequency of births of children in whom pathology arising in the perinatal period has been identified has increased by 1.9 times. It was noted that the frequency of births of children with congenital anomalies and developmental defects remains almost at the same level.

An analysis of the morbidity level of children in the first year of life showed that for the period from 1990 to the present time, the most high level was observed in 2000, which by 2011 decreased by 8.1%.

The structure of morbidity is a qualitative characteristic of morbidity and allows us to determine the leading pathology for the population group being studied, the nature of changes in pathology over time, and focus attention on identifying risk factors for the occurrence of a particular pathology.

In the structure of morbidity among children of the first year, respiratory diseases lead, accounting for 43.7% of all identified pathologies. In general, diseases occupying the first five places account for 76.0% of all identified pathologies.

A detailed analysis of the dynamics of the morbidity structure of children in the first year of life showed that the first three places over the past 20 years have been consistently occupied by respiratory diseases, conditions arising in the perinatal period, and diseases nervous system. However, if the level of respiratory diseases tends to decrease, the level of conditions arising in the perinatal period has doubled.

Other diseases included diseases of the eye and its adnexa, trauma and poisoning, diseases of the genitourinary system, ear and mastoid process.

A study of the incidence of children and adolescents showed that its level has a steady upward trend. In general, over the past 20 years, the morbidity rate among children has increased by 68.4%, and among adolescents - by 98.4%.

The structure of morbidity among adolescents is almost identical to the structure of morbidity among children. The first four places are occupied, respectively, by diseases of the respiratory system, trauma and discharge, diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, and diseases of the digestive system. In 5th place instead of infectious diseases are diseases of the genitourinary system. The first five places account for 75.8% of all identified pathologies.

The level of all of these classes of diseases has had a steady upward trend over the past 10 years. Noteworthy is the increase in the level of injuries among children and adolescents by 1.5 times, diseases of the musculoskeletal system by 4.8 times, the genitourinary system by 3.9 times, the digestive system by 2.1 times, the skin and subcutaneous tissue by 1 ,9 times, the eyes and its appendages by 28.3%. A favorable point is the reduction in the incidence of infectious diseases by 22.6%.

The most vulnerable group are long-term and frequently ill children and adolescents. It has been established that the proportion of this group, depending on age, ranges from 15 to 30% of the total number of children. This group maintains a high morbidity rate among children and adolescents. Such children are more likely to develop chronic diseases and maintain a high prevalence of chronic pathology. The presence of a chronic process often leads to disability, which remains at a high level. The number of disabled children has increased from 156 thousand in 1990. up to 541 thousand currently. According to expert estimates, the number of disabled children will double in the next 5 years. The number of healthy children, according to various studies, currently does not exceed 4-9%.

The listed trends in the health of children are associated with a complex of factors that adversely affect the growing body. The most significant of them can be considered:

Deterioration social status most children;

Changes in food quality;

Impact of environmental factors: the role of ecopathogenic factors in the deterioration of the health of modern children is undeniable. This is due to the constantly increasing technogenic load on a growing organism. Industrial pollution of places of residence increases the level of chronic pathology by 60%, including respiratory diseases by 67%, digestive diseases by 77.6%, musculoskeletal diseases by 21%, neoplasms by 15%;

Increasing severity of endemic goiter: the cessation of iodine prophylaxis in Russia led not only to the prevalence of endemic goiter, but also to an increase to 9-12% in the number of children with stunted growth, to 14% of schoolchildren with learning difficulties, to 5-12% of the proportion of adolescents with disorders of puberty;

Drug “aggression”: the still widespread practice of unjustified inclusion of potent antibiotics in therapy and the high drug burden on children leads to many negative changes in the children’s body, primarily to a decrease in natural defense mechanisms and the development of multiple organ pathologies;

Introduction of new forms of education: reform school education without taking into account the health status of children, significantly increased the incidence. With the introduction of new forms of education, when hundreds of new programs literally fell upon students, daily school classes exceeded the permissible norms by 3-5 hours. With this “anti-child” reform, the school has turned into a factor destroying health. This is evidenced by the fact that the number of healthy children in modern educational institutions from the first to the eleventh grade of school it decreases by at least a third.

Thus, the data presented indicate that the health status of children and adolescents in the Russian Federation is characterized by an increase in the level of morbidity in general and for certain classes of diseases; an increase in the proportion of children suffering from chronic diseases; a decrease in the number of healthy children in all age and sex groups.

Factors influencing the health of children and adolescents

In the process of ontogenesis, childhood and adolescence, from 0 to 17 years, is an extremely intense period of morphofunctional changes, which should be taken into account when assessing the formation of health. At the same time, this age period is characterized by the influence of a whole social environment and the frequency of their change (nursery, kindergarten, school, vocational training, work).

The child population is exposed to a variety of environmental factors, many of which are considered risk factors for the development of adverse changes in the body. Three groups of factors play a decisive role in the occurrence of deviations in the health of children and adolescents:

Factors characterizing the genotype of a population (“genetic load”);
Lifestyle;
State of the environment.

Social and environmental factors do not act in isolation, but in complex interaction with biological, including hereditary, factors. This determines the dependence of the morbidity of children and adolescents both on the environment in which they are located, and on the genotype and biological patterns of growth and development.

According to the World Health Organization, the contribution of social factors and lifestyle in the formation of health is about 40%, environmental pollution factors - 30% (including the actual climatic conditions - 10%), biological factors - 20%, medical care- 10%. However, these values are averaged and do not take into account age characteristics growth and development of children, the formation of pathology in certain periods of their life, the prevalence of risk factors. The role of certain socio-genetic and medical-biological factors in the development of adverse changes in health varies depending on the gender and age of the individual. The health status of children is influenced by certain factors:

Medical and biological risk factors during pregnancy and childbirth of the mother: the age of the parents at the time of the birth of the child, chronic diseases of the mother during pregnancy, taking various medications during pregnancy, psychological trauma during pregnancy, complications of pregnancy (especially gestosis in the second half of pregnancy) and childbirth, and etc.;
Risk factors early childhood: body weight at birth, nature of feeding, deviations in health in the first year of life, etc.;
Risk factors characterizing the conditions and lifestyle of the child: living conditions, income and level of education of parents (primarily mothers), smoking of parents, family composition, psychological climate in the family, attitude of parents to the implementation of preventive and therapeutic measures.

When assessing the contribution of individual factors that make up a social-hygienic group, it is necessary to remember that their role is different in different age groups.

At the age of up to 1 year, among social factors, the nature of the family and the education of the parents are decisive. At the age of 1-4 years, the importance of these factors decreases, but still remains quite significant. However, already at this age the role of living conditions and family income, keeping animals and smoking of relatives in the house increases. An important factor is whether the child attends a preschool institution. It is most important in the age group 1-4 years. At school age highest value have factors of the intra-housing environment, including the intra-school environment, which amount to 12.5% in primary school, and by the end of school – 20.7%, i.e. increase almost 2 times. At the same time, the contribution of social and hygienic factors during the same period of child growth and development decreases from 27.5% upon entry into school to 13.9% at the end of education.

Among biological factors in all age groups of children, the main factors that have the greatest impact on morbidity are diseases of the mother during pregnancy and complications of pregnancy. Since the presence of complications during childbirth (premature, late, rapid labor, heart failure) can lead to poor health in the future, this also allows us to evaluate their risk factors.

Among the factors of early childhood, natural feeding and hygienic proper child care are of particular importance.

Each age is characterized by the predominance of certain risk factors, which determines the need for a differentiated approach to assessing the role and contribution of factors, planning and implementation of preventive and health measures.

It is most advisable to objectively study the factors influencing the health of children and adolescents using special formalized cards, questionnaires, etc.

Problems and solutions

Already today, the quality of health of children and adolescents has significantly reduced the social opportunities of adolescents and young people. 30% of them have restrictions in obtaining a decent education, 26% - to serve in the Armed Forces Russian Federation. Every fourth person has a high risk of reproductive dysfunction. A significant proportion of children and adolescents have a low level of physical activity, do not follow doctor’s recommendations, have insufficient sleep and eating disorders, do not consult a doctor in a timely manner, have tried smoking, drinking alcoholic beverages, and have other negative factors of medical activity. On average, there are 4-6 negative factors per child.

A survey of school-age children about factors that maintain health showed that the majority of respondents (73.4%) consider health the main value in life, therefore they are convinced of the need proper nutrition, high motor activity, absence of bad habits.

At the same time, the desired behavior is not always carried out in Everyday life. Unfortunately, children receive information about a healthy lifestyle and factors influencing health mainly not from medical workers (29.6%) and parents (18.9%), but from friends and comrades (49.6%) , as well as from our own, not always successful, experience (45.7%). It is noteworthy that the vast majority of children and adolescents (86.3%) do not always trust advertising of a healthy lifestyle and more than half of them (63.6%) would like to follow the recommendations of a specialist doctor on a healthy lifestyle. At the same time, the family plays a leading role in the formation of elements of a healthy lifestyle.

It is quite obvious that preserving and restoring the health of children in modern conditions requires the introduction of mass preventive programs, the creation of optimal conditions for education and training, on the one hand, harmonious development and competent treatment of diseases, on the other.

The priority scientific tasks include:

Assessment of children's adaptive capabilities of different ages to the influence of environmental factors: feeding characteristics, inadequate physical activity, xenobiotics, stress, increased school loads, etc.;

Development of new technologies for preserving and promoting health, based on age-specific forecasts of adaptation, increasing the body’s functional reserves to the effects of risk factors;

Justification and assessment of the quality of children's health;

Development of new algorithms for the treatment of various diseases of the newborn period, providing for a reduction in the drug burden on immature (premature) children;

Study of the modern etiological structure of infectious pathology in newborns and development effective methods their prevention and treatment.

For successful implementation of results scientific research and effective preventive technologies are needed: to make the protection of the health of children and adolescents a national priority of the state. At the same time, only clear interaction and continuity among educational and medical institutions can ensure improved health indicators for children.

Conclusion.

When solving the most important issues of disease prevention, it is necessary to take into account the psychological patterns of personal development in a team, considering its influence on the individual as the most important condition explaining the cause, nature and nature of the pathogenesis of many types of somatic disorders. Experts have repeatedly drawn attention to the need to combat risk factors not only at the individual level, but also at the public level. Participation of government and public organizations in mass campaigns to create conditions for the health of Russians.

Consequently, among value orientations, concern for a healthy lifestyle should be in one of the first places and realized through appropriate behavior. Probably the sage was right when he once said that over time, illnesses will be seen as a consequence of a perverted way of thinking, as a sign of lack of culture, lack of knowledge, and therefore it will be shameful to get sick.

List of used literature:

1. Badalov O. Yu., Kozlovsky I. Z. The concept of the activities of an institution that favors adolescents and youth // Sat. works Problems of territorial health care. – M., 2005. – P. 105–110.

2. Baranov A. A., Kuchma V. R., Sukhareva L. M. The state of health of modern children and adolescents and the role of medical and social factors in its formation // Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. – 2009. – No. 5. – P. 6–11.

3. Baranov A. A., Albitsky V. Yu. Social and organizational problems of pediatrics. Selected Essays. – M., 2006. – 505 p.

4. Children in Russia, 2009: statistics. Sat. / Unicef, Rosstat. – M.: IRC “Statistics of Russia”, 2009. 121 p.

5. Onishchenko G. G. Ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the children's population of Russia // Hygiene and Sanitation. – 2008. – No. 2. – P. 72–78.

6. On the sanitary and epidemiological situation in the Russian Federation in 2009. State report. – M.: Federal Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology of Rospotrebnadzor, 2010. – 456 p.

Z and over the past decade, the incidence of childhood diseases has been growing catastrophically. High growth rates were noted in the number of diseases among children under 14 years of age, such as anemia (1.3 times), diseases of the endocrine (1.5 times) and musculoskeletal system (1.5 times), allergic diseases (1.5 times). .3 times), diseases of the circulatory system (1.3 times), neoplasms (1.3 times).

The most serious situation is registered among adolescents. There is an increase in anemia by 1.8 times, diseases of the endocrine system by 1.9 times, allergic diseases by 1.6 times, diseases of the circulatory system by 1.5 times, neoplasms by 1.8 times, diseases of the genitourinary system by 1.5 times , musculoskeletal system by 1.9 times.

Due to the increase in the proportion of long-term somatic diseases, psychosomatic pathology doubled during this period. As a response to the impact of negative environmental factors, the number of reactive states and psychopathy increased by a third.

The number of drug addiction disorders in the 90s increased 3.7 times, drug addiction - 15 times, alcoholic psychoses - 15.5 times, chronic alcoholism - 2 times. According to special studies, the real number of adolescents suffering from alcoholism has increased by 2-3 times, those suffering from drug addiction and substance abuse - by 6-10 times, and substance abusers - by 5.6 times.

There is convincing evidence of a slowdown in the previously observed accelerated physical development of children and adolescents and even of their deceleration.

The disability indicator can be considered a concentrated reflection of the level and quality of health of the younger generation. It most clearly illustrates the sharp decline in children and adolescents functionality organism, adaptation and defense reactions. Over the past 10 years, the number of disabled children has increased 4 times and reached 600 thousand. According to expert estimates, the number of disabled children will double in the next 5 years. The number of healthy children, according to various studies, currently does not exceed 4-9%.

In general, in Russia the health status of the younger generation is characterized by the following features:

Increased chronic morbidity

Increasing level of disability

Violation of the development of the reproductive system

Mental health disorders

Increasing number of maladjusted children

Decrease in physical development indicators.

The listed trends in the health of children are associated with a complex of factors that adversely affect the growing body.

Deterioration of the social status of most children

Change in food quality

Impact of environmental factors

Increasing severity of endemic goiter

Drug-induced “aggression”

Introduction of new forms of training.

The deterioration of the social status of the majority of children is evidenced by the increase in the number of socially disadvantaged children. Thus, 600 thousand children have no parents, 500 thousand annually “lose” one of their parents, 300 thousand children are born out of wedlock every year. 160 thousand children are refugees and migrants, 12 million children live in families with incomes below the subsistence level, 10 million - in poor families, 2 million - neglected. Given this state of affairs in the country, the social background can be a serious prerequisite for the formation of diseases and their progression.

Change in food quality

According to numerous studies, in last years Children not only receive less protein, fats and food sufficient to replenish energy, but also experience a deep deficiency of vitamins, minerals and microelements. Thus, specialists from the Research Institute of Nutrition of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, who examined Moscow schoolchildren, found that the concentration of ascorbic acid in the blood was below normal in 40%, vitamin E in 33%, and vitamin A in 28% of schoolchildren. In Orenburg, 95% of children had vitamin C levels significantly below normal, including 10% who were severely deficient. Similar indicators were noted in other regions of Russia.

A sharp decrease in the consumption of milk and dairy products, meat, vegetables and fruits has created a new problem - the body of a modern child is forced to work in a mode of insufficient supply of calcium, iron, and many other macro- and micronutrients. Calcium supply currently requires the greatest attention, which is associated with an increase in the number of children and adolescents with osteoporosis, the prevalence of which has reached, according to our data, 44%.

It is necessary to take into account that in a number of regions of Russia not only children, but also 40-90% of pregnant women experience varying degrees deficiency of one or another macro- or micronutrient.

Disorders arising in health due to malnutrition are one of the first places. These primarily include: an increase in the number of low birth weight children, starting from birth, a decrease in resistance to environmental factors, repeated respiratory diseases, an increase in diseases of the digestive system, deterioration in physical endurance, rapid fatigue, weakening of cognitive and motor activity, delayed puberty, increased proportion of children with decreased visual acuity.

Impact of environmental factors

The role of ecopathogenic factors in the deterioration of the health of modern children is indisputable. This is due to the constantly increasing technogenic load on a growing organism. Industrial pollution of places of residence increases the level of chronic pathology by 60%, including diseases of the respiratory system - by 67%, digestive diseases - by 77.6%, musculoskeletal diseases - by 21%, neoplasms - by 15%.

Increasing severity of endemic goiter

The cessation of iodine prophylaxis in Russia led not only to the prevalence of endemic goiter, but also to an increase to 9-12% in the number of children with stunted growth, to 14% of schoolchildren with learning difficulties, and to 5-12% in the proportion of adolescents with disorders of puberty.

Drug-induced “aggression”

The still widespread practice of unjustified inclusion of potent antibiotics in therapy and the high drug burden on children leads to many negative changes in the children’s body, primarily to a decrease in natural protective mechanisms and the development of multiple organ pathologies.

Introduction of new forms of training

Reforming school education without taking into account the health status of children has significantly increased the incidence of illness. With the introduction of new forms of education, when hundreds of new programs literally fell upon students, daily school classes exceeded the permissible norms by 3-5 hours. With this “anti-child” reform, the school has turned into a factor destroying health. This is evidenced by the fact that the number of healthy children in modern educational institutions from the first to the eleventh grade of school decreases by at least a third.

Problems and solutions

It is quite obvious that maintaining and restoring the health of children in modern conditions requires the widespread implementation of mass preventive programs, the creation of optimal conditions for education and training, on the one hand, and the optimization of nutritional support, harmonious development and competent treatment of diseases, on the other. Pediatric science and practice have extensive experience in solving these problems. The importance of assessing the importance of prevention in preserving the health of children can be judged by the results that the implementation of some of these programs promises to bring.

The introduction of mass iodine prophylaxis ensures:

Reduction by 10-20% in the number of preschool children with disharmonious physical development

30% reduction in the number of children with chronic diseases

Reducing by 20-25% the number of children who do not master the basic curriculum

Reduction by 15% in the number of children at risk of antisocial behavior

Preventing severe forms of mental retardation in up to 1,000 children annually

Reducing the incidence of thyroid cancer by 3 times.

Prevention of calcium deficiency in children and adolescents, it can reduce the incidence of musculoskeletal diseases in people of working age to 40-45%.

Improving medical care for adolescents 15-18 years old can:

Reduce the incidence of adverse outcomes of chronic diseases by a third

Increase the detection of functional disorders and chronic diseases by 5 times, especially the cardiovascular system, digestive organs and musculoskeletal system

Reduce the incidence of disability in working age by 18-20%.

Organizing children's health improvement directly at school will allow:

Reduce by 2 times the number of children with underweight

Reduce the incidence of ARVI by 2.2 times

Reduce the number of relapses of chronic diseases by 22%

Reduce by 2 times the frequency of ENT pathologies

Improve school performance by 15%.

Nowadays, it is more important than ever to intensify scientific research in pediatrics. The child is dynamic, he is distinguished by the ability to react sharply to all changes in the environment. Therefore, at each stage of the development of society, pediatrics faces new scientific tasks, the solution of which determines the effectiveness of preventive and organizational technologies.

The priority scientific tasks include:

Assessment of the adaptive capabilities of children of different ages to the influence of environmental factors: feeding characteristics, micronutrient provision, inadequate physical activity, xenobiotics, stress, increased school loads, etc.

Development of new technologies for preserving and promoting health, based on age-specific forecasts of adaptation, increasing the body’s functional reserves to the effects of risk factors.

Justification and assessment of the quality of children's health.

Development of new algorithms for the treatment of various diseases of the newborn period, providing for a reduction in the drug burden on immature (premature) children.

Study of the modern etiological structure of infectious pathology in newborns and the development of effective methods for their prevention and treatment.

To successfully implement the results of scientific research and effective preventive technologies, little is needed: to make the protection of the health of children and adolescents a national priority of the state.

Protecting and promoting the health of preschool children as a social and pedagogical problem.

Klimentyeva T.A.,

physical education instructor,

State Public Enterprise "Nursery - Garden No. 16 of the city akimat"

Kostanay Department of Education of the Akimat

city of Kostanay"

Preschool age– a special period of child development. Since it is during this period that we teachers and parents lay the foundation for the health of children, the endurance and resistance of their body to the adverse influences of the external environment. One of the aspects of the development of a child’s personality is physical development, which is most directly related to health. During preschool childhood, the foundations of a healthy lifestyle, comprehensive motor training and harmonious physical development are laid. The outstanding teacher V. A. Sukhomlinsky emphasized that their spiritual life, worldview, mental development, strength of knowledge, and self-confidence depend on the health and cheerfulness of children.

Currently, the World Health Organization carries out its work under the humane slogan for the entire history of mankind: “In the 21st century, health for every person on the planet!” And the concept of “health” is defined as physical, mental and social well-being. This interpretation raises the role of physical education to a completely new level; it becomes the basis for the formation of a healthy lifestyle for people in general. P.I. Kalyu noted that some authors interpret health as a state, others as a dynamic process, and others bypass the concept. Analyzing all the authors, he comes to the conclusion that currently teachers are inclined to believe that health is a dynamic process. Having analyzed the existing concepts of “health”, we can identify four main models: medical, biomedical, biosocial, value-social.

Along with environmental pollution in the republic, the acceleration of the pace of life of society, the associated increase in negative emotions of children, external instability and economic difficulties associated with financial crises, there is an exhaustion of protective mechanisms, a breakdown of the immune system of preschool children, and an increase in pathologies. The most critical group of the population, in whose depths the foundations of the future health and well-being of the nation of the republic are laid, are preschool children. These factors and pathologies are manifested in the destruction of the upbringing and education of children in families, the high level of morbidity among parents themselves, and not just children, pedagogical and medical problems, and also contributes to the increase in children with disabilities in health, and make the problem even more pressing.

The health of a preschool child mainly depends on the conditions of society, family life, hygienic culture, health and education status, social and pedagogical problems in the republic, the world.

The problem of preserving and strengthening the health of children upon admission to preschool 27.5% of children with health problems are identified; with poor posture – 24.5%; Every year the percentage of diseases of the digestive system increases - this accounts for almost half of the children attending preschool institutions; and there is also a tendency towards an increase in circulatory diseases - 42%.

Having analyzed the morbidity of preschool children from 3 to 6 years of age, we can say that a child during preschool childhood is often exposed to various factors (ecology, humans, nature). The percentage of children with acute respiratory diseases, tonsillitis, otitis media is increasing, and this leads to underdevelopment of both physical qualities and the mental and psychological development of the child. Often sick children encounter diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. In the Republic there is a large percentage of children with a positive Mantoux test, which leads to lung diseases. That is, preschool children have a weak percentage of immunity.

The causes of deterioration in health are varied, Vfrom just a few of them:

To climatic conditions : lack of oxygen, long winter accompanied by low air temperatures, short daylight hours in winter, sudden changes in atmospheric pressure and air temperature, lack of bright natural colors,lowcontentiodine in water and much more;

With social conditions . Intensification of work leads to frequent stress, prolonged physical or intellectual stress. In recent years, we are increasingly faced with situations where, in fear of losing their jobs, mothers have to leave even six-month-old babies with grandmothers and nannies. Which also negatively affects somatic and umchild's social health;

T technologization of life . Some pregnant women, due to their profession, have to work at a computer. And it is known that even minimal radiation harms the health of the fetus. This also includes frequent, uncontrolled use of a cell phone.

The health of children also depends on their social well-being, that is, the family. The concept of preschool education pays attention to the connection between the family and the preschool institution in the field of health. Family and kindergarten in a chronological series they are connected by a form of continuity, which facilitates the continuity of the upbringing and education of children. However, a preschooler is not a baton that the family passes into the hands of teachers. What is important here is not the principle of parallelism, but the principle of interpenetration of two social institutions... The most important condition for continuity is the establishment of confidential business contact between the family and the preschool institution, during which the educational position of parents and teachers is adjusted.

The implementation of the main provisions related to the protection and promotion of health of preschool children was directed to the search for innovative physical education and health work of teachers, assessment of health and physical development.

Preserving and strengthening the health of pupils, as the main task of a preschool institution, should be based on children’s conscious attitude to health and should become a systemic factor in physical education and health activities, subject to certain pedagogical conditions.

1) Timely professional development of physical education instructors. One of the most important priority tasks is health-saving technologies, without which the educational process of preschool education cannot proceed. Health-saving pedagogical process - the process of educating and teaching preschool children in the mode of upbringing physical culture, health-preserving and health-enriching; specially organized in time and within a certain framework educational system interaction between children and teachers. Health-saving technology is aimed at solving a priority problem of modern preschool education, preservation and enrichment of children's health in a preschool setting. The goal of health-saving technologies is to develop a child’s conscious attitude towards his health, to accumulate knowledge about it and the ability to protect it, to have knowledge of valeological competence, which allows a preschooler to independently solve the problems of a healthy lifestyle.

2) Creation of conditions and maintenance of a health-preserving environment for preschool children in preschools. The full and comprehensive development of children cannot be achieved without correctly organized motor activity of preschool children at a sufficient level, which has a great impact on health and physical development. The organization of motor activity contributes to the effective organization of the pedagogical process and allows solving a number of problems:

development of movements and improvement of motor functions;

achieving the necessary physical fitness;

prevention of various disorders of the musculoskeletal system;

education of strong-willed personality traits, activity, independence;

creating conditions for children’s recreation, various activities during routine moments, that is, games, entertainment, sports events, health days, etc.

When organizing the educational process, we take into account age and individual characteristics children, their interests and abilities. And an important principle in organizing the educational process is the principle of health-improving orientation, which dominates health of all forms educational work with kids. The most important principle can also be identified as the harmony of three principles; they are, in harmonious combinations, directions in the development of a child: physical, emotional-personal, intellectual.

Many years of research conducted by leading scientists have proven that preschool age is extremely important for the formation of intelligence, personality, social and emotional development person.

In turn, the implementation of the social order of society, parents, primary school on the formation of the personality of a preschool child who has not only a set of knowledge, but also knows how to apply this knowledge in practice, and quickly adapt to environment, involves updating the content educational programs. In the program of education and training of children of primary preschool age “Zerek Bala” (from 3 to 5 years), in the program of education and training of children of primary preschool age “Bfrom mektepke baramyz"(from5 before6 years) involves the use of new modern approaches to the organization of a pedagogical process focused on the needs and capabilities of the child, aimed at his competence development. And this, in turn, requires a thoughtful, creative teacher who knows not only teaching methods, but also, to a greater extent, methods of designing his activities, predicting the processes of child development, methods of observing and assessing his development.

Literature.

1. Antonov, Yu. E. Healthy preschooler: social and health technology of the 21st century / Yu. E. Antonov. – M.: Education, 2008. – 198 p.

2. Butuzova, A. S. Medical and pedagogical health work / A. S. Butuzova, P. A. Volkov // Preschool education. – 2003. - No. 4. – 44 s.

3. State compulsory education standard of the Republic of Kazakhstan. – A.: Min.o. and n. RK, 2012. – 55 p.

4. Gupp, G. M. Modern technologies of health protection: textbook. allowance / G. M. Gupp - St. Petersburg. 2010. – 185 p.

5. Kamenskaya, V.G. Conceptual Framework Health-saving technologies for the development of children of preschool and primary school age: textbook. village / V. G. Kamenskaya, S. A. Kotova; edited by N. A. Notkina. - St. Petersburg: Book House, 2008. – 224 p.

6. Kochetkova, L. V. Health improvement of children in kindergarten / L. V. Kochetkova. – M.: Education, 2005. – 233 p.

In the last decades of the 20th century, psychological support for children in kindergartens, schools and additional education institutions became widespread in Russia. This is due to the stressful life of adults, their preoccupation primarily with work, which leads to an increase in psychological and psychosomatic disorders in children. Enormous loads as a consequence of the early education of preschoolers and intensive education of schoolchildren, which is so popular in our time, also have a negative impact on the child’s health. An imbalance in the development of children, caused by the desire of adults to give them as much knowledge as possible to the detriment of the formation of intuition, imagination, and creative abilities, can also be noted as a risk factor.

It is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of mental and psychological health. Mental health is understood as a set of characteristics that provide an integral element of health as a whole. Mental health is an important component of a person’s adaptation in society. Psychological health is an important characteristic of a person’s personality. It is closely related to mental development throughout his entire life, i.e. psychological health is an opportunity for human development throughout its entire life path. The concepts of mental and psychological health are closely related to each other.

The psychological health of a child is evidenced by the formation of his basic age-related personal formations, and certain difficulties in their formation indicate certain violations of psychological health.

Thus, already the first year of life makes an important contribution to the formation of the child’s self. By the end of this period, he develops a prerequisite for self-respect, a primary image of the world around him arises, in which he feels trust. But an unstable or negative attitude towards oneself, a need for constant help, care, as well as distrust of the world around us, and a feeling of insecurity can also develop. We can say that the foundations of emotional development are being laid - optimism and cheerfulness, emotional responsiveness. But it is also possible to develop apathy or an inability to experience emotional contagion, to make emotional contacts in general (the “loss of feelings” syndrome).

The most important condition for the formation of positive neoplasms in infancy is the interaction of the mother with him that is adequate for the age and temperament. In relation to the first three to four months, many psychologists talk about the need for a mother-child “ensemble”, in which the child “solos”, and the mother listens to his desires and needs and builds her behavior in accordance with this.

At an early age (from one to three years), the child’s self develops due to the initial awareness of himself. By the end of early childhood, an autonomous position is formed, that is, the ability to independently make one’s own choices and achieve its implementation. However, difficulties may arise in its development, resulting in passivity, dependence on the assessments of adults, or a constant desire to assert one’s freedom with all one’s might. This period is important for the development of the child’s ability to obey socially accepted norms. The child learns to follow some “dos” and “don’ts,” and consciously accept the simplest rules (dressing independently, cleaning up scattered cubes, etc.).

Begins to develop at an early age emotional sphere child. In case of impaired development, the child hides his aggressiveness from others and becomes emphatically peaceful. In another variant, destructive aggressiveness develops, i.e. the desire to destroy objects (break toys, tear books, own things) or violate norms of behavior, and first of all, disobey adults.

At preschool age, the child’s self stabilizes; he begins to think about whether he is good or bad. The most important role in this is played by the process of identification with the parent of the same sex, i.e. not simple imitation or partial acceptance of the qualities of the parent, but the desire to feel strong, confident or gentle, caring - the way the child would like to see himself. Self-awareness also actively develops in preschool age. The child realizes that in general he is good, but has some shortcomings, and begins to understand: in order to be good, he must meet parental requirements. We can talk about the so-called phenomenon of parental programming - the formation, under the influence of parental directives, of the child’s basic life scenarios. If the child does not feel good enough to receive the attention he needs in positive ways, then he may develop and consolidate various forms of receiving attention through negative manifestations, such as behavior disorder, fighting, lying, etc. In this case, the child prefers to be punished, but definitely noticed by adults.

There are objective (independent of the child) and subjective (correctable) factors in the deterioration of the psychological health of modern children.

Objective ones include:

1. Parents’ workload and lack of communication between parents and children. Now the family does not carry the social functions that it carried before (there is no close circle of relatives and there are no people nearby who would emotionally protect the child).

2. Information overload of children. Children watch a lot of TV (including scenes of violence). The child associates with the main characters. This is where the child develops fears, phobias, low self-esteem, high level of anxiety, often leading to neuroticism.

3. Most parents are characterized by such a style of parent-child relationships as hyper-custody and hyper-protection. Parents try to isolate their children from any problems and matters. Raising a child is done using verbal methods, not visually effective ones.

4. Disharmony family relations and family education within parental relationships or disturbances in the sphere of child-parent relationships (conflicts, quarrels, frequent swearing), from which children often take a model of behavior. Preschool age is characterized by a child’s close emotional attachment to his parents (especially his mother), not in the form of dependence on them, but in the form of a need for love, respect, and recognition. Therefore, firstly, very often quarrels between parents are perceived by the child as an alarming event, a situation of danger (due to emotional contact with the mother), and secondly, he is inclined to feel guilty for the conflict that has arisen, the misfortune that has occurred, since he cannot understand the true reasons what is happening and explains everything by saying that he is bad, does not live up to his parents’ hopes and is not worthy of their love. Thus, frequent conflicts and loud quarrels between parents cause preschool children a constant feeling of anxiety, self-doubt, emotional stress and can become a source of their psychological distress and psychosomatic problems (tics, stuttering, enuresis, motor disinhibition).

5. Disorders of child development in the perinatal period (asphyxia, low level of maternal health).

6. The mother goes to work early and the child is placed in a nursery.

Placing children at an early age (up to three years old) in a preschool institution or hiring a nanny to raise them is a strong psychotraumatic event, since such children are not yet ready for separation from their mother: a two-year-old child has a highly developed sense of attachment to his mother, community, and unity with her (considers himself only in unity with his mother - the “WE” category). With frequent and long-term separations from their mother (placement in a nursery or sanatorium), the need for affection increases in young children, which can lead to neurotic reactions. On average, only by the age of three does a child develop a desire to “separate” from his mother and become more independent. In addition, at this age there is already a strong need to communicate with peers and play together with other children. Therefore, a child at the age of three can be placed in kindergarten without risking his mental health.

Subjective reasons can be corrected and include:

The nature of parent-child relationships;

Moral values of the family and adults involved in raising a child.

In general, modern preschool children differ significantly from children of past years, namely:

1. Large differences in calendar, physiological and psychological age.

2. Children have different levels of development, degrees of emotional and psychological readiness to start school.

3. Children have extensive, but unsystematic information on almost any issue. But it is often contradictory in nature, resulting in anxiety and uncertainty.

4. Children have a freer sense of self and independent behavior.

5. Today's children have poorer physical health.

6. Modern children play less role-playing games, which often replace TV and computers.

Bibliographic link

Michurina Yu.A., Drobyshevskaya D.A., Vasilchenko K.A. MODERN ASPECTS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN // International Student Scientific Bulletin. – 2015. – No. 5-2.;
URL: http://eduherald.ru/ru/article/view?id=13306 (access date: 01/31/2020). We bring to your attention magazines published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural Sciences"